13-0429What to Do with Texas' Undercrowded Prisons-Schulman

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Texas Independent Bar Association Austin, Texas 78767

Alan Curry John G. Jasuta Doug O’Brien Helena Faulkner Charles Mallin Greg Sherwood Jeffrey S. Garon Gail Kikawa McConnell David A. Schulman Lee Haidusek Angela J. Moore Kevin P. Yeary

Editor-in-Chief: John G. Jasuta

Clicking a hyperlink (such as a judge’s name) will load the linked opinion It is TIBA’s policy that commentators do not summarize or comment on or document in your web browser. cases in which they were involved.

Volume 21, Number 17 ~ Monday, April 29, 2013 (No. 958) Featured Article

What to Do with Texas’ Undercrowded Prisons?

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According to figures gleaned from the official website site of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (“TDCJ”), Texas currently has 114 facilities, some operated by private contractors, but the majority operated by the State (see Table “A” attached hereto), which are capable of housing approximately 164,000 inmates. As the current Texas legislative session winds down, “inquisitive minds” wonder if there will be an effort by the Legislature to cut some long terms costs by closing some of the current units. In an article in the Fort-Worth Star Telegram (“Lawmakers Look to Close Private Prison in Mineral Wells”), writer Dave Montgomery detailed discussions in the Senate Finance Committee on the question of whether the State should close the privately run prison in Mineral Wells. Montgomery quoted Sen. John Whitmire, chair of the Senate’s Criminal Justice Committee, and who also serves on the Finance Committee, as saying that the State is “sitting on 12,000 empty beds.” Whitmire, who is in favor of closing the Mineral Wells Unit, said that Texas should close the unit and “take those savings and plow them back into additional public

John G. Jasuta holds a B.S.Ed. from the University of Texas at Austin and a JD from St. Mary's University School of Law in San Antonio. He has worked within the prison system as a member of the Staff Counsel for Inmates of the former Texas Department of Corrections, has served as General Counsel to the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles and as a member of the central staff of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals for over twenty-four years, rising to the position of Chief Staff Attorney and head of the writ section of that staff. He co-wrote Texas Criminal Writ Practice with Catherine Burnett and Rick Wetzel and has written other articles on habeas corpus and some of the more arcane aspects of that area including time computations under the law. He retired from the State of Texas in September 2003. Contact John at [email protected].

David A. Schulman, one of the founders of TIBA, has been a co-author of this report for many years. He was a member of the Court of Criminal Appeals' staff in 1991-1993, and has been lead counsel in hundreds of direct appeals and habeas corpus proceedings. David reviews every published criminal case from the Court of Criminal Appeals and every Court of Appeals on a daily basis. He has been Board Certified in Criminal Law since 1991 and was the first lawyer to apply for certification in the Criminal Appellate specialization area. He was one of the first attorneys to become Board Certified in both Criminal Law and Criminal Appellate law. See his website at www.davidschulman.com.

TIBA’s Texas Law Reporter - Vol. 21, No. 17 - April 29, 2013 - Page 1 safety programs.” The Mineral Wells Unit, which has a capacity of 2,100 inmates, but is currently housing only 1,600, “is one of Mineral Wells' largest employers, with an annual payroll of $11.7 million.” It has been operated since 1995 by the Nashville-based Corrections Corporation of America (“CCA”). Sen. Craig Estes, whose district includes the prison, voted against the closure, because he wanted to “fight for people in my district . . .,” demonstrating the politics involved in these issues. This is easy to understand - Montgomery reports that closing the prison would cost Mineral Wells 300 jobs.1 One should keep in mind that, unlike Sen. Estes, Sen. Whitmire will never have to stand for election in Mineral Wells. All that notwithstanding, in March, the Finance Committee voted 11-4 to close the Mineral Wells facility.2 CCA operates more than 60 facilities nationwide, with a total bed capacity of 90,000. In Texas, they operate seven units,3 providing nearly 10,000 of our total capacity of 164,000 beds. CCA also operates five facilities which serve federal law enforcement agencies. One of the voices calling for the closure of the Mineral Wells Unit is Lance Lowry, leader of a Texas union that represents prison guards. He has criticized the company for what he said are abuses and poor management. In an article in the Austin American Statesman this past Wednesday (“Legislators Spar over Downsizing Prisons”), staff writer Mike Ward discussed a move by which a “group of fiscally conservative Republican House members is pushing to keep open two prisons the state might not need . . ..” Ward’s article identified the question as being whether the State “should close lockups in Mineral Wells and Dallas to save money.”4 Also mentioned in Ward’s article was an effort by some West Texas lawmakers to have the State purchase the Jones County lock-up, The Empty Jones County Lock-Up situated north of Abilene. The Jones County facility is an 1,100-bed lockup which Ward

1 TDCJ reports the Unit has having 302 employees (see Table “A”).

2 See “Senate Committee Votes, 11-4, to Close Pre-parole Facility;” Mineral Wells Index; March 8, 2013.

3 Bartlett State Jail; Bradshaw State Jail; Bridgeport Pre-Parole Transfer Facility; Dawson State Jail; Lindsey State Jail; Mineral Wells Pre-Parole Transfer Facility; Willacy County State Jail.

4 Ward’s article did not identify the Dallas facility, but, in 2011, a group of legislators unsuccessfully moved to close the Mineral Wells Unit and the Dawson State Jail (2216 beds), which is also operated by CCA.

TIBA’s Texas Law Reporter - Vol. 21, No. 17 - April 29, 2013 - Page 2 reports the State “encouraged Jones County to build before the prison population began declining.” The Jones County facility, which cost $35million to build, and was financed with private bonds, was the result of a contract between the State and the County to house inmates. The State backed out of the deal, however, before the unit was finished, leaving Jones County holding the bag. Ward reported this past Saturday, however, that the Texas House voted to purchase the unit from Jones County for $19.5million (“House Votes to Buy West Texas Lockup, Despite Declining Prison Population”). In an article on “Private Prisons in Texas” earlier this year, we reported on two other Texas facilities which are currently on the block. The Bill Clayton Detention Center, in Littlefield, has a capacity of 383 inmates, and is for sale for $5million (“Now You Can Buy A Prison In Texas For $5 Million”). The Joe Corley Detention Center in Conroe, which has a capacity of 1288 beds, is for sale for $55million (“Multiple Firms Show Interest in Corley Facility”). With all these facilities in-flux or for sale, we are questioning the wisdom of closing or not buying these relatively new facilities, the oldest of which is less than 20 years old, when we continue to house inmates in several very old facilities. Texas currently houses more than 10,000 male inmates in eleven facilities built prior to 1920. We begin our thoughts by discussing those over-aged units.5

The Walls Unit - Huntsville The Huntsville or “Walls” Unit is the oldest unit in the TDCJ system, having been opened in 1849 as the “Texas State Penitentiary.” The first three prisoners arrived at the unit in October of that year.6 As anyone who has visited the unit will tell you, it is kept in pretty good shape, especially given its age. An exception is the “original cell block,” which has been closed for a long time. The Huntsville Unit has long served as the administrative headquarters of Texas’ prison system. According to the Texas State Historical Society, the superintendent and the other executive officers worked in the prison, and all of the central offices of the system's departments and all of the permanent records were located in the prison.7

5 Not to be confused with the Rufus Duncan facility in Diboll, which houses 275 male inmates, and is designated as a “GF” or “geriatric facility.

6 See “Correctional Institutions Division” - on the TDCJ website.

7 See “Texas State Penitentiary at Huntsville” on the Society’s website (“www.tshaonline.org).

TIBA’s Texas Law Reporter - Vol. 21, No. 17 - April 29, 2013 - Page 3 Texas’ execution chamber is at the Huntsville Unit. Until 1923, executions were a county function.8 Texas began using the electric chair (“Old Sparky”), and, between 1924 and 1964, more than 350 inmates were executed by electrocution.9 Texas has utilized “lethal injection” since 1982, and TDCJ lists nearly 500 “Executed Offenders” since that time. The Wynne Unit10 is our second oldest unit, having become part of the prison system in 1883. Although there is still a farming operation, the original buildings are long gone. They were replaced with a “spoke and wheel” design building in 1939.11 In the 1970s, the unit had only 17 day shift prison guards to oversee its 2,600 prisoners,12 with most of the “security” left to “building tenders,”13 inmates (often burly) used to guard the other prisoners. This was the norm in many Texas units until federal Judge William Wayne Justice compelled

Texas to replace its trusty system with the strictly Entrance to the Wynne Unit regulated "Support Service Inmate" (SSI) system, in Ruiz v. Estelle, 503 F. Supp. 1265 (S.D. Tex. 1980). David Ruiz, coincidentally, was an inmate at the Wynne Farm,14 as was singer David Crosby, housed there for 5 months following his 1980s drug convictions.

8 The last public hanging was on August 31, 1923, at Angleton, in Brazoria County. Nathan Lee, “an illiterate middle-aged black sharecropper,” was executed condemned to die for shooting his white employer dead in a dispute over money.

9 The actual number is either 361 or 362 executions, depending on which resource is viewed -- there are several.

10 Known as "Wynne Farm” when Mr. Jasuta worked there in the mid-1970s.

11 The spoke and wheel design, also known as the “hub and spoke” design, was first used in 1829 at Eastern State Penitentiary, in Pennsylvania. See www.phila.gov/prisons/house_of_corrections.htm.

12 The capacity (2600) remains the same, and the Texas Tribune reports there being 2582 inmates currently confined at Wynne.

13 Building Tenders were “Trusty” inmates given almost all of the duties and authorities historically assigned to guards.

14 David Ruiz served time in several different Texas prison units.

TIBA’s Texas Law Reporter - Vol. 21, No. 17 - April 29, 2013 - Page 4 In 1885, Texas purchased the Harlem Plantation and opened the “Harlem I Unit” and the “Harlem II Unit.” Sometime in the 1950s, the units were renamed the “Jester” units, after former Governor Beauford H. Jester. “Harlem I” became “Jester I,” while “Harlem II” became Jester II.” Today, Jester I is officially known as the “Beaufort Jester Unit,” while “Jester II” became the “Carol S. Vance Unit” in 1999, after a former Harris County The Jester Units DA. Despite their renaming, the two units are most often still referred to as “Jester I” and “Jester II.” Brick buildings at the two units were built in the early 1930s. Together, the two units can house a total of approximately 700 inmates. In 1890 William C. Clemens, the chairperson of the Texas Prison Board, purchased a parcel of land adjacent to his plantation and sugar mill. The “Clemens Unit,” not surprisingly named after Chairman Clemens, opened in 1893. The State bought the rest of Clemens plantation in 1899. It still operates as a prison farm and houses more than 1200 male inmates. Like other older Texas units, the main buildings at Clemens date to the early 1930s. The Goree Unit in Huntsville, named after Thomas Workers at Clemens Farm circa 1975 G o re e , a 1 9 t h Cent ury superintendent of the Texas prison system, is Texas’ sixth oldest unit. It opened in 1911 as the “Goree State Farm for Women.” It remained a women’s prison until the State moved most female inmates to facilities in Gatesville. Goree has been a mens’ prison since 1982. According to author Robert Perkinson,15 Goree's main brick building, which also dates to the early 1930s, “showcases a bygone nod to rehabilitation.” He thought that Goree appeared “more or less like a

15 See Texas Tough: The Rise of America's Prison Empire. First Edition. Metropolitan Books, 2010. 252. ISBN 978-0-8050-8069-8.

TIBA’s Texas Law Reporter - Vol. 21, No. 17 - April 29, 2013 - Page 5 college dormitory.” Currently, the Goree Unit houses nearly 900 inmates,16 although its stated capacity is over 1300. Next to the Wynne Unit, the Ramsey Prison Farm, later known as “Ramsey I” and “Ramsey II,” and currently known as the “WF Ramsey” and “Mac Stringfellow” units, are the second largest of Texas’ older units. They are located in Rosharon and opened in July 1908. With a listed capacity of nearly 1900 inmates, Ramsey currently houses 1665 males inmates,17 while Stringfellow houses 1123 men18 against a capacity of 1212 inmates. Ramsey and Stringfellow are “co-located” with the much newer TDCJ Terrell Unit on a 16,369 acre parcel of land. In 1878, the Imperial Sugar Company began leasing inmates from the State and using them on its sugar plantation (“Imperial Plantation”) in Sugarland, Thirty years later, in 1908, the State purchased the land and began operating the facility as the “Imperial State Prison Farm.” It was renamed the “Central State Prison Farm” in 1930. In 1963, before racial desegregation occurred, the Central Unit II housed male African American second offenders. One of its more famous inmates was Huddie Ledbetter (“Lead Belly”), who is reported Inmates at Imperial State Prison Farm 1908 to have written “The Midnight Special”19 while he was incarcerated there (1918-1925) for killing one of his relatives in a fight over a woman. Texas’ next oldest units are the Darrington Unit,20 in Rosharon, and the Eastham21 Unit, in Lovelady. They were both opened in 1917, and house a little over 4,000 inmates (1678 at

16 See www.texastribune.org/library/data/texas-prisons/units/goree.

17 See www.texastribune.org/library/data/texas-prisons/units/ramsey.

18 See www.texastribune.org/library/data/texas-prisons/units/stringfellow.

19 Check out the prison references in the song with Lead Belly singing on YouTube: “Still true today, "If you ever go to Houston, boy you better walk right.”

20 Believed by TDCJ officials to have been named after the original landowners of the area occupied by the prison.

21 Names after Mrs. D. Eastham, who in 1896, “leased” 119 inmates from the State for $14.50 per person per month, to work her farm land. See Perkinson, supra.

TIBA’s Texas Law Reporter - Vol. 21, No. 17 - April 29, 2013 - Page 6 Darrington22 and 2363 at Eastham23). The main buildings at both units are brick buildings, constructed by inmates, dating to the 1930s. Eastham uses a “telephone pole design,” so named because, when viewed from above, the layout of such a prison resembles the top of a telephone pole.”24 This brings us to the Wayne Scott Unit. It was opened as the “Retrieve Prison Farm” in 1919, on land formerly occupied by the Retrieve Plantation, which dated to 1839. Sugar was grown and processed there, and the sugar and syrup making equipment from the plantation was used long after the prison system began operating the unit. In 2003, the unit was renamed after a former Executive Director of the Department of Criminal Justice. Like many of TDCJ’s older prisons, the inmate built brick building housing the cellblocks where inmates are confined dates to the 1930s. The unit currently houses over 1000 male inmates. Having discussed Texas’ oldest prison units, we should discuss the long-term problems. Although the State’s population continues to increase, our prison population is decreasing, at least for now. While today we have too many beds, we will sooner or later have to deal with another problem: aging prisons. The Walls Unit is well-maintained and will probably remain so, given its function as “home base” for Texas prison system. The other eleven units we have described, each of which have primary facilities which are all 75-80 years old, collectively house nearly 9,000 male inmates. The now closed Central Unit, as it was later known, sits next to the Sugarland airport, and is in very close proximity to the city’s ever-growing residential developments. In 2011, citing primarily budget concerns, the Texas Legislature voted to close the unit. At the time of its closing, the unit housed 1500 inmates and had 300 employees. See Budget Writers Agree to Shut Old Prison, Austin American Central Unit Main Building Under Construction 1931 Statesman, May 17, 2011. The Central Unit is no older than any of the other ten units we described, in that all of the buildings date to the 1930s. It is hard

22 See www.texastribune.org/library/data/texas-prisons/units/darrington.

23 See www.texastribune.org/library/data/texas-prisons/units/eastham.

TIBA’s Texas Law Reporter - Vol. 21, No. 17 - April 29, 2013 - Page 7 to believe, therefore, that it alone merited closing because of its “budgetary” problems. We believe its location and real estate value is what kept local politicians from vigorously fighting its closure. As the Houston metropolitan area continues to develop, maybe Mineral Wells deserves a second look. Senator Whitmire may well be correct that some units need closing. Closing Mineral Wells doesn’t hurt Senator Whitmire’s constituents, but perhaps we should look forward to the not to distant time when, like the Central Unit’s acreage, the land the units south of Houston sit on simply becomes too valuable - if it isn’t already too valuable. Maybe a move to the west, so to speak, is in our future. Combine the salary demands of an urbanzing area, along with increased operating costs when compared to locales in which land, salaries and costs generally are lower, add it to the fact that the units sought to be closed by Sen. Whitmire are more modern and up to date than the older south of Houston units, and maybe the solution becomes obvious. In Lead Belly’s day Texas prisons had to deal with the crime of the big cities, Houston and Galveston, the centers of gambling and other prohibited activities, and, given transportation inadequacies, the locations evolved and made sense. Why not Mineral Wells or Jones County? Perhaps because it makes sense. So, here are some of our suggestions. Getting accurate figures about the number of inmates in the TDCJ is difficult, to say the least. Sen. Whitmire says we have 12,000 empty beds. Using figures from the Texas Tribune which were touted as accurate in February, nearly 4000 of those empty beds are in units which currently house females only. The female only TDCJ units in Gatesville have a capacity of 5,554 beds. The Alfred Hughes Unit, also in Gatesville but currently housing male inmates, has a capacity of 2984 beds. That means that the combined capacity of the TDCJ units in Gatesville is 8534 beds. There are less than 7,000 women incarcerated in our prison system. The two oldest of the women's units are a little over 30 years old, but units providing more than 6500 beds of the nearly 11,000 bed capacity, and more than 3,200 of the 12,000 currently empty beds, are in female only units built during the Bush-Perry governorships. None are more than 18 years old. Why not consolidate females so as to make some of the newer female units available for service as male units. This is exactly what the prison system did when it moved its female inmates from the Goree Unit (home of the fabled “Goree All Girl String Band” singing group)25 to the new units in Gatesville in the early 1980s. We understand this is a complicated question. We think it should not be a question resolved by elected officials, but will be best handled by bean counters (and only bean counters).

25 The "Goree All Girl String Band," popularly known as "The Goree Girls," was a band of eight female prisoners of the Goree Unit in the 1940s. It was one of the first all female country and western bands in the United States. See Skip Hollandsworth, "O Sister, Where Art Thou?" Texas Monthly. May 2003.

TIBA’s Texas Law Reporter - Vol. 21, No. 17 - April 29, 2013 - Page 8 We also understand it is complicated by the fact of the politics involved - it always has been. Nevertheless, the plan we have laid out is one solution -- there are certainly more. Emptying females units and populating them with males would allow TDCJ to close some of the very old units, many or most of which are located on land, the value of which is rising rapidly. Closing those units would allow TDCJ to lower its long-term maintenance costs, and make available some very prime real estate in the Houston area -- which the State could sell off to generate considerable funds. It’s something we should consider.

Table A - TDCJ Facilities

0 Opened Unit Name Location Employees Inmates

1 1849 Huntsville (Walls) Huntsville 430 1705

2 1883 John Wynne Huntsville 770 2621

3 1885 (1932) Beauford Jester Richmond 121 323

4 1885 (1933) Carol Vance (J-II) Richmond 115 378

5 1893 Clemens Brazoria 339 1215

6 1907 Thomas Goree Huntsville 335 1321

7 July 1908 WF Ramsey Rosharon 424 1891

8 July 1908 Mac Stringfellow Rosharon 310 1212

9 April 1909 Central Unit Sugarland 0 0

10 1917 Darrington Rosharon 568 1931

11 1917 Eastham Lovelady 617 2474

12 September 1919 Wayne Scott Angleton 289 1130

13 June 1962 Jim Ferguson Midway 578 2421

14 May 1964 James Byrd Huntsville 282 1365

15 June 1965 HH Coffield Tenn Colony 892 3818

16 July 1965 OB Ellis Huntsville 599 2482

17 June 1980 George Beto Tenn Colony 607 3471

18 August 1980 Christina Crain Gatesville 716 2115

19 April 1981 Hilltop Gatesville 264 553

TIBA’s Texas Law Reporter - Vol. 21, No. 17 - April 29, 2013 - Page 9 Table A - TDCJ Facilities

0 Opened Unit Name Location Employees Inmates

20 July 1982 Jester III Richmond 303 1131

21 July 1982 OL Luther Navasota 318 1316

22 July 1982 Louis Powledge Palestine 294 1147

23 May 1983 Hospital Galveston Galveston 487 365

24 September 1983 Wallace Pack Navasota 329 1478

25 September 1983 CR Terrell Rosharon 452 1603

26 June 1984 Jim Estelle Hunstville 680 3480

27 September 1987 Mark Michael Tenn Colony 796 2984

28 November 1987 Bridgeport PTF Bridgeport 66 200

29 July 1988 Skyview Rusk 387 562

30 June 1989 Kyle CC Kyle 117 520

31 August 1989 Bridgeport CC Bridgeport 116 520

32 August 1989 Price Daniel Snyder 260 1384

33 August 1989 Sandy Estes Venus 190 1040

34 September 1989 Cleveland CC Liberty 133 520

35 November 1989 William Hobby Marlin 303 1384

36 1989 Mineral Wells Mineral Wells 302 2100

37 January 1990 Alfred Hughes Gatesville 754 2984

38 March 1990 William Clements Amarillo 1093 3798

39 March 1990 LV Hightower Dayton 335 1384

40 August 1990 Gib Lewis Woodville 585 2232

41 August 1991 TL Roach Childless 296 1884

42 January 1992 Adolph Briscoe Dilley 258 1384

43 June 1992 Marlin TF Marlin 127 606

44 June 1992 San Saba TF San Saba 130 606

TIBA’s Texas Law Reporter - Vol. 21, No. 17 - April 29, 2013 - Page 10 Table A - TDCJ Facilities

0 Opened Unit Name Location Employees Inmates

45 June 1992 Tulia TF Tulia 128 606

46 July 1992 Cotulla TF Cotula 105 605

47 July 1992 Fort Stockton TF Fort Stockton 119 606

48 August 1992 William Boyd League 292 1372

49 August 1992 Rufus Duncan GF Diboll 139 606

50 August 1992 West Texas ISF Brownfield 53 275

51 September 1992 William McConnell Belville 578 2984

52 September 1992 French Robertson Abilene 742 2984

53 October 1992 Rufe Jordan Pampa 219 1008

54 October 1992 Preston Smith Lamesa 419 2234

55 January 1993 Lockhart CF Lockhart 188 1000

56 January 1993 Ruben Torres Hondo 302 1384

57 June 1993 Mark Stiles Beaumont 756 2981

58 November 1993 Jester IV Richmond 438 550

59 November 1993 Allan Polunsky Livingston 743 2984

60 December 1993 Joe Gurney TF Palestine 428 2128

61 December 1993 South Texas ISF Houston 117 450

62 January 1994 CA Holliday TF Huntsville 452 2128

63 January 1994 John Middleton TF Abilene 501 2128

64 February 1994 Garza East TF Beeville 458 2468

65 April 1994 Clarence Stevenson Cero 275 1384

66 May 1994 Garza West TF Belville 417 2278

67 May 1994 Daniel Wallace Colorado City 268 1448

68 July 1994 Thomas Havens Brownwood 153 596

69 August 1994 Walker Sayle Breckenridge 143 632

TIBA’s Texas Law Reporter - Vol. 21, No. 17 - April 29, 2013 - Page 11 Table A - TDCJ Facilities

0 Opened Unit Name Location Employees Inmates

70 September 1994 James Lynaugh Fort Stockton 282 1416

71 November 1994 Larry Gist SJ Beaumont 378 2276

72 December 1994 E Glossbrenner San Diego 116 612

73 December 1994 John Montford Lubbock 775 1044

74 December 1994 Nathaniel Neal Amarillo 389 1732

75 February 1995 Dalhart Dalhart 239 1398

76 March 1995 Jerry Hodge Rusk 335 989

77 March 1995 Ellen Halbert Burnet 135 612

78 March 1995 Joe Ney SJ Hondo 132 576

79 March 1995 Jim Rudd TC Brown field 144 512

80 March 1995 Manuel Segovia Edinburgh 229 1224

81 March 1995 JB Wheeler SJ Plain view 127 576

82 April 1995 Hutchins SJ Dallas 405 2276

83 April 1995 Baten ISF Pampa 78 420

84 May 1995 Dempsie Henley Dayton 129 576

85 May 1995 Dominguez SJ San Antonio 358 2276

86 May 1995 Choice Moore Bonham 247 1224

87 May 1995 Lucile Plane Dayton 403 2291

88 June 1995 James Allred Iowa Park 955 3722

89 June 1995 Diboll CC Diboll 135 518

90 June 1995 Clyde Johnston Winnsboro 157 612

91 June 1995 Richard LeBlanc Beaumont 245 1224

92 June 1995 Billy Moore Overton 118 500

93 July 1995 Bradshaw SJ Henderson 266 1980

94 July 1995 John Connally Kennedy 545 2232

TIBA’s Texas Law Reporter - Vol. 21, No. 17 - April 29, 2013 - Page 12 Table A - TDCJ Facilities

0 Opened Unit Name Location Employees Inmates

95 July 1995 Glen Goodman Jasper 150 612

96 July 1995 Pam Lechner SJ Humble 415 2276

97 July 1995 Mountain View Gatesville 316 645

98 July 1995 Barry Belford New Boston 730 2872

99 August 1995 Cole SJ Bonham 900 229

100 September 1995 Formby SJ Plan view 293 1100

101 September 1995 Lindsey SJ Jacksboro 198 1031

102 October 1995 Bartlett SJ Bartlett 199 1049

103 October 1995 Willacy County Raymondville 163 1069

104 November 1995 Lane Murray Gatesville 361 1341

105 February 1996 Rogelio Sanchez El Paso 277 1100

106 February 1996 Carole Young Dickinson 311 445

107 February 1997 Travis County SJ Austin 263 1161

108 April 1997 Dick Ware Colorado City 167 916

109 June 1997 Linda Woodman SJ Gatesville 260 900

110 July 1997 Dawson SJ Dallas 456 2216

111 July 1997 JW Hamilton Bryan 256 1156

112 November 1997 Lopez SJ Edinburgh 247 1100

113 October 1997 Joe Vegans SJ Houston 159 667

114 March 2004 East Texas XQ Henderson 500 2236

TOTALS: 39743 163796

TIBA’s Texas Law Reporter - Vol. 21, No. 17 - April 29, 2013 - Page 13