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Final Report, Los Angeles Air Force Base Vehicle-To-Grid Demonstration

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Final Report, Los Angeles Air Force Base Vehicle-To-Grid Demonstration California Energy Commission Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology Program FINAL PROJECT REPORT Los Angeles Air Force Base Vehicle- to-Grid Demonstratio n Logo of California Energy Commission California Energy Commission Edmund G. Brown Jr., Governor October 2018 | CEC-500-2018-025 PREPARED BY: Primary Author(s): Douglas Black, Jason MacDonald, Nicholas DeForest, and Christoph Gehbauer Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley, CA 94720 510-486-7100 www.lbl.gov Contract Number: 500-11-025 Prepared for: California Energy Commission Kiel Pratt Project Manager Fernando Piña Office Manager Energy Systems Research Office Laurie ten Hope Deputy Director ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DIVISION Kevin Barker Deputy Director FUELS AND TRANSPORTATION DIVISION Drew Bohan Executive Director DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as the result of work sponsored by the California Energy Commission. It does not necessarily represent the views of the Energy Commission, its employees, or the State of California. The Energy Commission, the State of California, its employees, contractors, and subcontractors make no warrant, expressed or implied, and assume no legal liability for the information in this report; nor does any party represent that the use of this information will not infringe upon privately owned rights. This report has not been approved or disapproved by the California Energy Commission nor has the California Energy Commission passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of the information in this report. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors acknowledge Peter Klauer, Senior Advisor, Smart Grid Technology, California Independent Systems Operator for his insight and support throughout the project. The authors also acknowledge the exhaustive assistance and support provided by Nicholas Pileggi, fleet manager, Los Angeles Air Force Base. i PREFACE Assembly Bill (AB) 118 (Nùñez, Chapter 750, Statutes of 2007), created the Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology Program (ARFVTP). The statute authorizes the California Energy Commission (Energy Commission) to develop and deploy alternative and renewable fuels and advanced transportation technologies to help attain the state’s climate change policies. AB 8 (Perea, Chapter 401, Statutes of 2013) re- authorizes the ARFVTP through January 1, 2024, and specifies that the Energy Commission allocate up to $20 million per year (or up to 20 percent of each fiscal year’s funds) in funding for hydrogen station development until at least 100 stations are operational. The ARFVTP has an annual budget of approximately $100 million and provides financial support for projects that: • Reduce California’s use and dependence on petroleum transportation fuels and increase the use of alternative and renewable fuels and advanced vehicle technologies. • Produce sustainable alternative and renewable low-carbon fuels in California. • Expand alternative fueling infrastructure and fueling stations. • Improve the efficiency, performance and market viability of alternative light-, medium-, and heavy-duty vehicle technologies. • Retrofit medium- and heavy-duty on-road and non-road vehicle fleets to alternative technologies or fuel use. • Expand the alternative fueling infrastructure available to existing fleets, public transit, and transportation corridors. • Establish workforce training programs and conduct public outreach on the benefits of alternative transportation fuels and vehicle technologies. To be eligible for funding under the ARFVTP, a project must be consistent with the Energy Commission’s ARFVTP Investment Plan, updated annually. The Energy Commission issued agreement 500-11-025 to demonstrate vehicle-to-grid ancillary services and demand response at Los Angeles Air Force Base. The recipient submitted an application and the agreement was executed as Contract 500-11-025 on September 7, 2012. ii ABSTRACT Electrification of non-tactical vehicle fleets represents a key efficiency and energy security objective for the United States Department of Defense. To achieve electrification, the department targeted vehicle-to-grid services as a way to decrease the overall cost of operating the vehicle fleet and achieve rough parity with traditional internal combustion engine vehicle fleets. This report describes efforts to aggregate a fleet of bi-directional electric vehicles and charging stations to provide regulation up and regulation down in the California Independent System Operator ancillary services market. A 29-vehicle electric vehicle demonstration fleet, consisting of mixed purpose and duty vehicles such as sedans, pickups, vans, and medium-duty trucks, was deployed at the Los Angeles Air Force base. The fleet provided frequency regulation to the California Independent System Operator’s wholesale electricity market to determine the capability of recouping some of the additional costs of procuring electric vehicles and their supporting infrastructure. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, with its partner Kisensum, LLC, developed the fleet scheduling, optimization, and control software to allow the vehicle fleet at the air force base to participate in the ancillary services markets. This report focuses on the control software and market interactions, the significant challenges faced and solutions devised to address them, and examines the potential of using the electric vehicle fleet as an energy storage resource for the base buildings, an application known as vehicle-to- building, in providing demand response and emergency backup power. The report discusses key findings related to providing frequency regulation to the California Independent System Operator market, electric vehicle fleet performance, compatibility of varying resource parameters of vehicle fleet aggregation, the need for automated methods for communicating hour-ahead energy bidding, challenges related to battery capacity and charge/discharge rates, and monthly settlement revenue. Keywords: Vehicle-to-grid, vehicle-to-building, electric vehicle, electric vehicle service equipment, bi-directional, ancillary services, frequency regulation Please use the following citation for this report: Black, Douglas, Jason MacDonald, Nicholas DeForest, and Christoph Gehbauer. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. 2017. Los Angeles Air Force Base Vehicle-to-Grid Demonstration. California Energy Commission. Publication Number: CEC-500-2018- 025. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. i Preface ................................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................... vii Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Project Overview .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Project Process ............................................................................................................................................. 2 Project Results ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Benefits to California .................................................................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 1: Vehicle-to-Grid and Ancillary Services Market Participation ............................. 5 Overview ............................................................................................................................................ 5 Structure of Report ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Reserved-Based Ancillary Services ........................................................................................................... 7 California Independent System Operator Ancillary Services Market Participation ........................ 8 Vehicle-to-Grid Control System for Ancillary Services ........................................................... 9 Grid Communications Interface ............................................................................................................... 9 Fleet Management System ....................................................................................................................... 10 Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model Optimizer Overview ......................... 11 Real-Time Charge Control Overview ....................................................................................................
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