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Diplomarbeit DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Albert de Rochas` Les sentiments, la musique et le geste, Ausdruckslehre, Attitüde und Tanz im Kontext des Okkultismus um 1900.“ Verfasserin Birke Maria Beatrice Immelmann angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 315 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Kunstgeschichte Betreuerin / Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Raphael Rosenberg VORBEMERKUNGEN Ein Seminar bei Prof. Raphael Rosenberg am kunsthistorischen Institut der Universität Wien mit dem Thema „Bilder hören, Klänge sehen – Äquivalenzen in Kunst-, Musik-, und Wissenschaftsgeschichte“ gab den Anstoß zur Beschäftigung mit Albert de Rochas. Im Seminar entstand die Idee, die von Rochas in Auftrag gegebenen Fotografien aus den Séancen im Kontext der Attitüdenvorstellungen der Lady Emma Hamilton zu analysieren. Die Seminararbeit „Mimik und Gestik in Affektdarstellungen und Attitüden und deren esoterische Rezeption um 1900“ ist Grundlage dieser Diplomarbeit. Für die Unterstützung bei meiner Diplomarbeit möchte ich Herrn Prof. Rosenberg für die umfassende Betreuung und die Anleitung zur strukturierten, wissenschaftlichen Arbeit danken. 1 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1. Einleitung .......................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Fragestellung und Vorgehensweise .................................................................................................. 4 1.2.Forschungsstand und Quellenlage .................................................................................................... 5 2. Albert de Rochas` wissenschaftliche Karriere und Wissenschaftsverständnis ........................... 8 2.1. Die Grundsätze der Forschung Rochas`: Hypnose, Astralkörper, Vibrationstheorie....................... 10 2.2. Definitionen und Begriffe: Esoterik, Okkultismus, Spiritismus ....................................................... 16 2.3. Die Bedeutung der Fotografie bei Rochas ...................................................................................... 18 2.4. Vibration als Inspiration: Albert de Rochas` Verständnis von Kunst, Musik und Gestik ................. 20 3. Albert de Rochas` Les sentiments, la musique et le geste: Hypnotische Ausdruckslehre im Kontext des Diskurses zur Expression des passions ......................................................................... 22 3.1. Die Ästhetik der Hypnose: Erste Versuche zum suggerierten Ausdruck ......................................... 24 3.2. Albert de Rochas` Bezüge auf einen Diskurs zur Ausdruckslehre ................................................... 30 3.3. Rochas` hypnotische Ausdruckslehre im Spiegel der Zeit ............................................................... 36 3.4. Weiterentwicklung der hypnotischen Ausdruckslehre durch Emile Magnin mit dem Medium Magdeleine ........................................................................................................................................... 40 3.5. Premier essai d`un ballet: Rochas` Überlegungen zu einem hypnotischen Tanz .......................... 45 4. Die kataleptische Attitüde? Albert de Rochas` Hypnoseexperimente im Kontext der Geschichte einer Attitüdenkunst .......................................................................................................................... 49 4.1. Ein Katalog antiker Heroinnen: Die Kunstform der Attitüde des ausgehenden 18. Jahrhunderts .. 50 4.2. Die Attitüdenkünstlerin als Marmorfigur und ekstatische Tänzerin: Die Faszination für das Wechselspiel aus Bewegung und Stillstand als Synthese von Naturalisierungsvorstellungen und Antikenrezeption ................................................................................................................................... 53 4.3. Kunstdidaktische Ansprüche: Attitüdenkünstlerinnen als Modelle für Affektstudien .................... 62 4.4. Salonunterhaltung und Europatourneen: Publikum und Wirkung von Séancen und Attitüdenvorstellungen. ........................................................................................................................ 64 4.5. Rezeption in der bildenden Kunst oder Anspruch als eigenständige Kunstgattung: Kataleptische Attitüde und hypnotischer Tanz als mediumistische Kunst? ................................................................. 67 5. Fazit: Mimisch-Plastische Sichtbarmachung von Klang. Parallelen zwischen modernem Ausdruckstanz und Rochas` Ballet-Pantomime. .............................................................................. 83 6. Anhang ............................................................................................................................................ 93 6.1. Abbildungen ................................................................................................................................... 93 6.2. La Musique éveillant l`âme humaine: Premier essai d`un ballet. Avec gestes et pas déterminés par les actions réflexes de la musique sur l`organisme humain Programmheft einer Vorstellung im Atelier Mucha am 03.12.1899 ......................................................................................................................... 119 6.3. Abkürzungsverzeichnis ................................................................................................................. 121 6.4. Bibliographie Albert de Rochas: Bücher, Artikel, Übersetzungen in chronologischer Folge ......... 122 6.5. Literaturverzeichnis ...................................................................................................................... 125 6.6 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 132 6.7. Lebenslauf .................................................................................................................................... 133 2 1. EINLEITUNG Albert de Rochas (1837-1914) war Offizier, Ingenieur und Interimsdirektor der militärischen École Polytechnique in Paris. Nach 1886 veröffentlichte er mehrere Schriften, in denen er einem wissenschaftlichen Positivismus treu, experimentell die Existenz parapsychologischer Phänomene beweisen wollte, darunter den Zustand der Hypnose, die Existenz eines Astralkörpers und die Vo rstellung von alles Seiende beeinflussenden Vibrationen. Zahlreiche Wissenschaftler und Esoteriker des 19. Jahrhunderts vertraten eine Theorie der Vibrationen, die das Bestehen der Welt sowie jede Form der Wahrnehmung auf kosmische Vibrationen zurückführte. Rochas war davon überzeugt, dass der Mensch unbewusst von diesen Vibrationen beeinflusst wird, woraus er die Entstehung von Kunst und Musik sowie von Gefühlen, und deren sichtbaren Abbildern Mimik und Gestik, folgerte. Seit 1886 machte Rochas Experimente mit durch verbale und musikalische Suggestion hervorgerufener Mimik und Gestik bei hypnotisierten Medien, die in dem 1900 veröffentlichten, opulenten Buch Les sentiments, la musique et le geste1 ihren Abschluss fanden. Rochas beschreibt hier ein Experiment in dem er eine hypnotisierte Frau, das Modell und Medium Lina2, unter verbaler und musikalischer Suggestion Attitüden und tänzerische Darbietungen vorführen lässt (Abb.1). Diese sind für ihn nicht nur ein Beweis der menschlichen Fähigkeiten im Zustand der Hypnose, der Einfluss der Musik, als künstliche Form der Vibration, auf das Medium ist für Rochas auch Bestätigung der Vibrationstheorie und von deren Einfluss auf den Astralkörper. Ähnliche Experimente wurden zwischen 1887 und 1905 auch von der Münchner Psychologischen Gesellschaft unter Albert von Schrenck-Notzing (1862-1929) sowie dem schweizerischen Magnetopathen Emile Magnin mit dem Medium Magdeleine durchgeführt.3 Die Fotografien, die Rochas von den hypnotischen Darbietungen anfertigen lässt, sind, da sie unbewusst und befreit von gesellschaftlichen Konventionen entstehen, laut Rochas eine authentische Studienmöglichkeit für sämtliche Künste.4 Rochas` Ausgangspunkt bei der 1 In der Folge mit SMG abgekürzt. 2 Rochas verwendet den Begriff „Sujet“, der in dieser Arbeit mit „Medium“ übersetzt wird. Zur Person Linas siehe Seite 31. 3 APS: Schrenck-Notzing [1887], Schrenck-Notzing [1904], Magnin [1905], APS: Magnin [1905] 4 Die Fotografien stammen hauptsächlich von Paul Nadar (1856-1939), dem Sohn Gaspard-Félix Tournachons (1820-1910), der unter dem Pseudonym Nadar 1854 ein bekanntes Pariser Fotoatelier eröffnete und dort 1874 für seine Malerfreunde die erste Ausstellung impressionistischer Malerei organisierte. Paul Nadar arbeitete im Atelier seines Vaters und übernahm dieses nach dessen Tod. Paul Nadars Autorschaft ist jedoch nur für wenige Fotografien aus SMG gesichert, weshalb sein künstlerisches Werk in dieser Arbeit nicht behandelt wird. 3 Studie sind daher kunsttheoretische Diskurse zur Darstellung von Leidenschaften und Gefühlen durch Mimik und Gestik in der bildenden Kunst, die er alle als unzureichend kritisiert. Auf Grund der enormen Ausdruckskraft des Mediums unter Hypnose bei verbaler Suggestion, stellt Rochas sein Experiment als Methode des Studiums der menschlichen Affekte in den Dienst der bildenden und darstellenden Künste.5 Die im Rahmen der Séancen entstandenen Fotografien, die dargestellten Sujets, die Rezeption des Experiments, kurz die Beurteilung und Wirkung der Darbietungen Linas, weisen dabei auch zahlreiche Merkmale auf, die auf die klassische Kunstform der Attitüde, die im ausgehenden 18. Jahrhundert von Emma Hamilton
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