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The Brave Heart Society: an Oral History of an Indigenous Women's Society

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The Brave Heart Society: an Oral History of an Indigenous Women's Society University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2013 The Brave Heart Society: An Oral History of an Indigenous Women's Society Brook Spotted Eagle The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Spotted Eagle, Brook, "The Brave Heart Society: An Oral History of an Indigenous Women's Society" (2013). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 4209. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/4209 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BRAVE HEART SOCIETY: AN ORAL HISTORY & REVIEW OF AN INDIGENOUS WOMEN’S SOCIETY By BROOK SPOTTED EAGLE Bachelor of Arts, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA, 2009 Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology The University of Montana Missoula, MT Summer 2013 Approved by: Dr. Richard Sattler, Chair Department of Anthropology Dr. Kimber Haddix McKay Department of Anthropology Dr. Richmond L. Clow NativeAmerican Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...............................................................................................1 PREFACE............................................................................................................................2 I. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................3 Cultural Significance................................................................................... 3 Need for the Study........................................................................................4 Individual Representation.............................................................................6 II. METHODS.....................................................................................................................9 Ethnohistoric and Ethnographic Methods....................................................9 Data Collection ..........................................................................................10 Data Analysis Methods ..............................................................................13 III. BACKGROUND AND HISTORY...........................................................................15 Systems of Dispossession: Devised Deprivation.......................................16 Systematic Fragmentation: Fracturing a Collective Subjectivity...............19 Patterned Echoes: 20th Century Submission, Survival, and Struggle.........23 Ihanktonwan into the Present.....................................................................27 Red Rage....................................................................................................31 Invisible History: Sisters, Society, and Documentation.............................35 Brave Heart Society: The Need..................................................................39 IV. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.............................................................................43 Indigenous Feminism: Deconstructing Western Definition.......................43 Red Pedagogy: Cultural Transformation, Continuity, and Awakening.....44 Cultural Continuity.....................................................................................46 Cultural Transformation.............................................................................47 Cultural Awakening....................................................................................48 V. INTERVIEW DATA AND ANAYLSIS.......................................................................51 Oral Histories: Lifeways Revealed.............................................................52 Unsettling Cycles: Raising Awareness.......................................................61 Western Disconnects and Clinical Approaches..........................................71 Relationship Building: A Healthy Core for Healing .................................75 Calling the Spirit: Brave Heart Women’s Revival.....................................78 Detraumatize: Decolonize..........................................................................86 Brave Heart Girl-Culture: Isnati Awica Dowanpi......................................94 Outreach and Activities: A Brave Heart Family.......................................105 Brave Heart Activism................................................................................113 Braving the Future within the Present.......................................................115 Funding: “We are Not a Program, We are an Okodakiciye.”....................119 i VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS.....................................................................................133 Developmental Procedures.......................................................................133 Revitalization............................................................................................134 Brave Heart Significance..........................................................................135 REFERENCES CITED..................................................................................................139 ii LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Map of South Dakota and the Yankton Sioux Reservation..............................................4 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was made possible through the generously shared knowledge and support of the Cante Ohitika Okodakiciye (Brave Heart Society). The oral historical knowledge supplied by Brave Heart members afforded the documenting of an otherwise undocumented history. This manuscript is dedicated to the past Dakota/Nakota/Lakota people who were misunderstood and misrepresented in past anthropological literature. Pidamiye. Special thanks are due to Dr. Richard Sattler, Dr. Kimber Haddix McKay, and Dr. Richmond Clow of the University of Montana. Without the contributions of this women’s society and these individuals, this project would not have been possible. Wopida tanka (Thank you). 1 PREFACE The purpose of this research as put forth in the scope of work by the Brave Heart Society’s founding elders, is to document the cultural significance of the Brave Heart Society’s revitalization and existence. Further, this report aims to compile existing data on the development and functions of the society, the challenges members face, and the society’s future goals. This study approaches this autochthonous collective as not only a treasured cultural resource, but also an important resource for Dakota/Nakota/Lakota family systems seeking trauma resolution. Please note that this paper does not claim to be a representation of the Brave Heart Society as a whole, as I am only one member of this collective. Rather, I hope that the findings of this project compiled from archival sources and contemporary interviews will inform other Indigenous groups interested in reconstructing cultural approaches to collective trauma resolution and the profound significance of cultural practice and spirituality within individual and collective processes of healing for Native groups in the present-day. 2 I. Introduction “A lot of our women are angry, we call it Red Rage” --- Faith Spotted Eagle, 2004 Cultural Significance This study examines the Brave Heart Society and the ways in which Brave Heart1 collectively approaches trauma-healing outside of the programmatic structures of federally funded tribal systems. National statistics speak to the contemporary struggles impacting most US Indigenous2 populations in the present-day. Such struggles are residual symptoms rooted in a long history of domination and US imperialism. These data indicate that most tribes have not fully recovered from federally imposed systems of deprivation. Within the context of the Ihanktonwan Dakota community in southeastern South Dakota, the nuanced ways in which trauma impedes development and community wellness is both realized and unrealized by community members. Additionally this small community lacks the available resources to adequately treat trauma through culturally tailored approaches and frameworks. Breaking existing intergenerational cycles of trauma requires both collective and individual action. More clinical approaches integrating cultural practice and spirituality are needed for US Indigenous 1 Brave Heart will be used in this study interchangeably with Brave Heart Society. The members of Brave Heart will also be called Brave Hearts, which refer to both female and male participants. The society has expanded and now includes family systems, hence the inclusion of male members. 2 For the purpose of this study Indigenous, Native, and Tribal members will be used interchangeably in reference to the collectives and individuals lineally tied to the autochthonous, pre-invasion, pre-colonial societies originating from the territories within present US nation-states. 3 populations, however such approaches should be developed by the respective populations in need. Figure 1: Map of South Dakota and Yankton Sioux Reservation (Courtesy of South Dakota
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