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PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/39486 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-08 and may be subject to change. IXTO THE DEEP A THEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF THE STRUGGLE OF THE FILIPINA DOMESTIC WORKERS IN HONG KONG Gemma T. Cruz Grateful appreciation to the following for their generous assistance towards the printing of this book Stichting Sorniani Fonds Radboudfoundation scientific educationfund, Vught © 2006 by Gemma Tulud Cruz <[email protected]> Printed by: UST Publishing House, Manila, Philippines INTO THE DEEP A THEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF THE STRUGGLE OF THE FILIPINA DOMESTIC WORKERS IN HONG KONG A scientific essay in Theology Doctoral thesis to obtain the degree of doctor from the Radboud University Nijmegen on the authority of Rector Prof. dr. C.W.P.M. Blom according to the decision of the Council of Deans to be defended in public on monday, 22 may 2006 at 3:30 p.m. precisely by Gemma Tulud Cruz bom on the 3rd of February 1970 in Pangasinan, Philippines Supervisors : Prof. dr. G.M.F. Troch Prof. dr. M.A.C, de Haardt Doctoral Thesis Committee: Prof. dr. R. Schreiter Prof. dr. V. Küester Dr. H. Meyer Wilmes INTO THE DEEP A THEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF THE STRUGGLE OF THE FILIPINA DOMESTIC WORKERS IN HONG KONG een wetenschappelijke proeve op het gebied van de Godgeleerdheid proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. C.W.P.M. Blom, volgens besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag, 22 mei 2006 des namiddags om 3:30 uur precies door Gemma Tulud Cruz geboren op 3 Februari 1970 te Pangasinan, Filippijnen Promotores : Prof. dr. G.M.F. Troch Prof. dr. M.A.C, de Haardt Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. R. Schreiter Prof. dr. V. Küester Dr. H. Meyer Wilmes ACKNOWLEDGMENTS he past three years and four months that I worked on my dissertation, and the additional four months that it took me to arrange and wait for Tmy public defense, has been a journey of a lifetime. It has been a journey of joumeys made possible, meaningful, and memorable by the many people and institutions that have accompanied me. As I come to the end of this journey it is, then, but fitting to pay tribute to these people and institutions, without which this research would not have seen the light of day. My heartfelt thanks goes, first and foremost, to my family, especially to my parents, whose firm trust and support for all my endeavors has helped me to be the best person I could possibly be. Special thanks also go to my sister Nora, whose patience and generosity has made a lot of things easier not only on matters related to my research but even those on the home front. I would like to express my gratitude, as well, to Radboud University Nijmegen (RUN), particularly the Faculty of Theology, first, for the scholarship grant and for the kind company during my stay in Nijmegen. Thank you, especially, to the ever-supportive dean, Prof. Dr. Peter Nissen; Prof. Fr. Rogier van Rossum for his benevolent leadership at Nijmegen College, where I spent the crucial years of my research and my sojourn in the Netherlands; Prof. Dr. Frans Wijsen for his tireless work for the Graduate School of Theology; Frans Dokman, fellow Filipino students at RUN, and housemates at Nijmegen College and Dominicus College for the friendship; and Dr. Jan Hendrik Pranger for translating the summary of my research into Dutch. My sincerest thanks also go to esteemed mentors, Fr. Herman Hendrickx(+), ci.cm., Fr. Percy Bacani, m.j., Sr. Marjo Matias, r.a., and Mrs. Cory Villafania; dear friend Ingrid Diaz-Wolters; and to the many magnanimous institutions that significantly helped in my search for and acquisition of sources. In the Philippines, I am especially indebted to the Loyola School of Theology, Episcopal Commission for Migrants and Itinerant People of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines, Scalabrinian Migration Center, Kanlungan (Refuge) Center Foundation, and the Center for Women's Studies of the University of the Philippines. In Hong Kong, I am thankful for the help of the Christian Conference of Asia, Philippine Consulate, Bethune House of Refuge, Mission for Filipino Migrant Workers, United Filipinos in Hong Kong, -vu- viii Acknowledgments Asian Migrant Coordinating Body, Asia Pacific Mission for Migrant Filipinos, the Diocesan Pastoral Center for Filipinos, and the Asian Migrant Center. My gratitude goes as well to the International Catholic Migration Commission in Thailand, National Office of Human Development in Malaysia, Institute of Missiology in Germany, and the library staff of the University of Chicago, Lutheran School of Theology, and the Catholic Theological Union in Chicago. Last but not the least I am grateful to the staff of the Concilium Foundation based at RUN, who has given me generous access to their library collection, and to the staff of the RUN libraries that I have used, especially the Theology library. I also convey my appreciative regard to the esteemed team of experts — the manuscript committee — composed of Prof. Dr. Robert Schreiter, Dr. Hedwig Meyer-Wilmes, and Prof. Dr. Volker Küester for their favorable response to this research. This page will not be complete, however, without honoring the three people who have been most instrumental in accomplishing this research. I am profoundly grateful, first of all, to Prof. Dr. Lieve Troch and Prof. Dr. Maaike de Haardt — my promoters — who have been with me through it all. Thank you very much for your edifying scholarship, enabling mentorship, and warm friendship. Last but, definitely, not the least, my deepest gratitude goes to Edmund for his ever-reliable presence. Thank you so much for being with me through thick and thin, for being the one person I can count on. To all of these great people: Thank you for journeying with me. I enjoyed and will forever be grateful of your company! TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 1 Geographies of Domestication: Mapping the Oppression of the Filipina Domestic Workers in Hong Kong 1. Introduction 13 2. Experience of Oppression 15 2.1 As Migrant Filipinos 15 2.1.1 Geographical Differences 2.1.2 Cultural and Religious Differences 2.1.3 Racial and Ethnic Discrimination 2.2 As Migrant Filipino Women 24 2.2.1 Gendered Socialization, Gendered Migration 2.2.2 Gendered Transitions 2.2.3 Gendered Violence 2.3 As Migrant Domestic Workers 34 2.3.1 Job Discrimination 2.3.2 Exploitation 2.3.2.1 By Philippine Society 2.3.2.2 By Hong Kong Society 3. Summary and Conclusion 46 •ix- X Contents Frontiers of Struggle: Negotiating Filipina Hong Kong DHs' Ways of Dealing with Their Domestication 1. Introduction 60 2. DHs' Ways of Dealing with Domestication 61 2.1 Submission 61 2.1.1 Based on Gender 2.1.2 Based on Class 2.1.3 Based on Culture and Religion 2.2 Resistance 72 2.2.1 Political 2.2.2 Religio-Cultural 2.2.3 Economic 2.3 Accommodation 88 2.3.1 Cultural 2.3.2 Religious 2.3.3 Political-Economic 3. Summary and Conclusion 95 Expanding the Boundaries: Theological Challenges and Perspectives Arising from the Struggle of the Filipina Domestic Workers in Hong Kong 1. Introduction 113 2. Theological Challenges and Perspectives 114 2.1 A New Context: Migration as a Locus for Theological Reflection! 14 2.1.1 The Challenge of Borders and Strangers 2.1.2 The Call to Hospitality 2.1.3 The Implications of Migrant Religion 2.2 A Gendered Subject: Integration of Women's Experience and Perspective as a Continuing Challenge in Theological Reflection 122 Contents xi 2.2.1 Gendering the Quest for Global Economic Justice 2.2.2 Em-body-ing Theology 2.2.3 Re-thinking Suffering 2.3 An Expanded Category: Shifting Identity and Subjectivity as Challenges for 21s1 Century Theology 132 2.3.1 From Fixed and Specific to Multiple and Dynamic Identities 2.3.2 From the Power of the Powerful to the Power of the Power-less 2.3.3 From MwMcultural to /«fôrcultural Theology 3. Summary and Conclusion 143 4 Exploring Theological Markers: Delores Williams' Theology of Survival Quality of Life and Jung Young Lee's Theology of Marginalia 1. Introduction 156 2. Delores Williams: A Theological Profile 157 2.1 Basic Features of Williams' Theological Method 2.2 Lett Motif'm Williams' Theological Thought 3. Williams' Theology of Survival Quality of Life 162 3.1 Key Themes 162 3.1.1 Surrogacy 3.1.2 Survival Strategies 3.1.3 The Cross and Atonement 3.1.4 Wilderness 3.1.5 The Black Church 3.2 Appreciation 170 3.2.1 General Appreciation 3.2.2 Personal Appreciation 4. Jung Young Lee: A Theological Profile 174 4.1 Basic Features of Lee's Theological Method 4.2 Leit Motif in Lee's Theological Thought xii Contents Lee's Theology of Marginality 178 5.1 Key Themes 178 5.1.1 The Marginal Person 5.1.2 Jesus-Christ as the Margin of Marginality 5.1.3 The Church and Marginal Discipleship 5.2 Appreciation 185 5.2.1 General Appreciation 5.2.2 Personal Appreciation Summary and Conclusion 190 û ^£v&&£&wmmmxmawmAmtsî:w A Different Cartography: Mapping the God-Talk of a Feminist Theology of Struggle of Filipino Women Domestic Workers in the Context of Migration 1.
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