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LETTER Doi:10.1038/Nature14423
LETTER doi:10.1038/nature14423 A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran theropod with preserved evidence of membranous wings Xing Xu1,2*, Xiaoting Zheng1,3*, Corwin Sullivan2, Xiaoli Wang1, Lida Xing4, Yan Wang1, Xiaomei Zhang3, Jingmai K. O’Connor2, Fucheng Zhang2 & Yanhong Pan5 The wings of birds and their closest theropod relatives share a ratios are 1.16 and 1.08, respectively, compared to 0.96 and 0.78 in uniform fundamental architecture, with pinnate flight feathers Epidendrosaurus and 0.79 and 0.66 in Epidexipteryx), an extremely as the key component1–3. Here we report a new scansoriopterygid short humeral deltopectoral crest, and a long rod-like bone articu- theropod, Yi qi gen. et sp. nov., based on a new specimen from the lating with the wrist. Middle–Upper Jurassic period Tiaojishan Formation of Hebei Key osteological features are as follows. STM 31-2 (Fig. 1) is inferred Province, China4. Yi is nested phylogenetically among winged ther- to be an adult on the basis of the closed neurocentral sutures of the opods but has large stiff filamentous feathers of an unusual type on visible vertebrae, although this is not a universal criterion for maturity both the forelimb and hindlimb. However, the filamentous feath- across archosaurian taxa12. Its body mass is estimated to be approxi- ers of Yi resemble pinnate feathers in bearing morphologically mately 380 g, using an empirical equation13. diverse melanosomes5. Most surprisingly, Yi has a long rod-like The skull and mandible are similar to those of other scansoriopter- bone extending from each wrist, and patches of membranous tissue ygids, and to a lesser degree to those of oviraptorosaurs and some basal preserved between the rod-like bones and the manual digits. -
Evidence from the Fossil Record
Chapter 3 LESSON 1 Evidence from the Fossil Record Essential Question Pictures of the Past How are fossils used to learn about the history of To the untrained eye, fossils might look like ordinary rocks. But to a trained scientist, they are much more than that. They paint a picture life on Earth? of past organisms and environments that often look different from current organisms and environments. Warm Up When a Moroccan fossil collector showed scientist Nizar Ibrahim a box What clues about the of fossils, Ibrahim knew one of them was special. Years later he would past can you get from realize just how special it was. In 2014 the fossil collector led Ibrahim a fossil? and his team to the site where the fossil was found. It was in the middle of the Moroccan Sahara Desert. The team unearthed several more fossils. The fossils came from a dinosaur called Spinosaurus. They Vocabulary were about 100 million years old. biodiversity Spinosaurus was a large predatory dinosaur. The first Spinosaurus chordate fossils were discovered by Ernst Stromer in Egypt in 1912, but the fossils were destroyed during World War II. Since that time, Spinosaurus cyanobacteria had eluded scientists. microfossil Ibrahim and his team dug up many Spinosaurus bones. With the help paleontologist of Stromer’s original drawings, they used the bones to reconstruct the Spinosaurus skeleton. The skull was shaped like a crocodile’s, with sharp, cone-shaped teeth. Its back had a structure like a sail on top of it. Its hip bones were narrow. The bones in its feet were shaped like paddles. -
Index of Subjects
Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47594-5 — Dinosaurs 4th Edition Index More Information INDEX OF SUBJECTS – – – A Zuul, 275 276 Barrett, Paul, 98, 335 336, 406, 446 447 Ankylosauridae Barrick, R, 383–384 acetabulum, 71, 487 characteristics of, 271–273 basal dinosauromorph, 101 acromial process, 271, 273, 487 cladogram of, 281 basal Iguanodontia, 337 actual diversity, 398 defined, 488 basal Ornithopoda, 336 adenosine diphosphate, see ADP evolution of, 279 Bates, K. T., 236, 360 adenosine triphosphate, see ATP ankylosaurids, 275–276 beak, 489 ADP (adenosine diphosphate), 390, 487 anpsids, 76 belief systems, 474, 489 advanced characters, 55, 487 antediluvian period, 422, 488 Bell, P. R., 162 aerobic metabolism, 391, 487 anterior position, 488 bennettitaleans, 403, 489 – age determination (dinosaur), 354 357 antorbital fenestra, 80, 488 benthic organisms, 464, 489 Age of Dinosaurs, 204, 404–405 Arbour, Victoria, 277 Benton, M. J., 2, 104, 144, 395, 402–403, akinetic movement, see kinetic movement Archibald, J. D., 467, 469 444–445, 477–478 Alexander, R. M., 361 Archosauria, 80, 88–90, 203, 488 Berman, D. S, 236–237 allometry, 351, 487 Archosauromorpha, 79–81, 488 Beurien, Karl, 435 altricial offspring, 230, 487 archosauromorphs, 401 bidirectional respiration, 350 Alvarez, Luis, 455 archosaurs, 203, 401 Big Al, 142 – Alvarez, Walter, 442, 454 455, 481 artifacts, 395 biogeography, 313, 489 Alvarezsauridae, 487 Asaro, Frank, 455 biomass, 415, 489 – alvarezsaurs, 168 169 ascending process of the astragalus, 488 biosphere, 2 alveolus/alveoli, -
The Paleontograph______
__________The Paleontograph________ A newsletter for those interested in all aspects of Paleontology Volume 4 Issue 4 October, 2015 _________________________________________________________________ From Your Editor Welcome to our latest issue. This issue is one of the final things I do before shutting down my office for my move west. With all that is going on, I've only managed 4 issues so far this year. My field season has suffered also although I did manage a few days of collecting dinosaur material in SD thanks to a friend that brought me along on one of his trips. I met a bunch of nice people and had a good time playing in the dirt for a few days. I set my booth up at the Denver Coliseum show again this year and had an extremely successful show. For those of you that don't go to shows, I recommend it even if you are not a buyer. There are always cool things to see and cool people to meet. I went to shows for years before I started my business because I was always fascinated by what the commercial market brings to light that the scientific community just misses due to lack of funding, time, storage and just plain lack of interest. The shame of it is that as many in that community try to shut down the fossil marketplace, there are fossils out there just eroding away into dust. Anyone that spends time in the field as opposed to time at a desk can attest to this. The desk people also don't realize the chilling effect this will have on the pursuit of knowledge. -
The Expanding Earth: Indisputable Evidences of the Gobi Desert
Open Journal of Geology, 2020, 10, 1-12 https://www.scirp.org/journal/ojg ISSN Online: 2161-7589 ISSN Print: 2161-7570 The Expanding Earth: Indisputable Evidences of the Gobi Desert Alexey Ju. Retejum Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia How to cite this paper: Retejum, A.Ju. Abstract (2020) The Expanding Earth: Indisputable Evidences of the Gobi Desert. Open Journal The most striking contrasts that are found on the continents in paleogeographic of Geology, 10, 1-12. reconstructions of the end of the Mesozoic era are the occurrence on the place of https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2020.101001 the disappeared humid subtropics of the largest Gobi Desert in Eurasia with air temperatures falling below 50˚ from the freezing point and annual precipitation Received: October 28, 2019 Accepted: December 28, 2019 totals at the level of 100 mm. Science does not know the processes that can lead Published: December 31, 2019 to a cooling of the atmosphere at 70˚ and other equally radical changes in nature with a stable position of the blocks of the earth’s crust in space. Changes in the Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and environment of this magnitude can only be the result of land moving north- Scientific Research Publishing Inc. ward for a distance equal to about half the radius of the Earth. Titanosaurs, This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International described by the remains in the Gobi deposits, had a body volume, which at License (CC BY 4.0). modern gravity corresponds to a mass of 10 to 30 ton. -
A Century of Spinosaurs - a Review and Revision of the Spinosauridae
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Queen Mary Research Online A century of spinosaurs - a review and revision of the Spinosauridae with comments on their ecology HONE David William Elliott1, * HOLTZ Thomas Richard Jnr2 1 School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK 2 Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA Abstract: The spinosaurids represent an enigmatic and highly unusual form of large tetanuran theropods that were first identified in 1915. A recent flurry of discoveries and taxonomic revisions of this important and interesting clade had added greatly to our knowledge, however, spinosaur body fossils are generally rare and most species are known from only limited skeletal remains. Their unusual anatomical adaptations to the skull, limbs and axial column all differ from other large theropods and point to an unusual ecological niche and a lifestyle intimately linked to water. Keywords: Theropoda, Megalosauroidea, Baryonychinae, Spinosaurinae, palaeoecology E-mail: [email protected] 1 Introduction The Spinosauridae is an enigmatic clade of large and carnivorous theropods from the Jurassic and Cretaceous that are known from both Gondwana and Laurasia (Holtz et al., 2004). Despite their wide temporal and geographic distribution, the clade is known primarily from teeth and the body fossil record is extremely limited (Bertin, 2010). As such, relatively little is known about this group of animals, although their unusual morphology with regard to skull shape, dentition, dorsal neural spines and other features mark them out as divergent from the essential bauplan of other non-tetanuran theropods (Fig 1). -
Stromer 1915
Proceedings of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Science Mathematical-physical Division Volume XXVIII, Paper 3 __________________________________ Results of Prof. E. Stromer's Research Expedition in the Deserts of Egypt II. Vertebrate Remains from the Baharîje Beds (lowermost Cenomanian) 3. The Type of the Theropod Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec.* by Ernst Stromer with 2 double-page plates Presented on November 6, 1915 Munich 1915 A publication of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Science in commission of G. Franz's Press (J. Roth) ===================================================================================== Translation by R.T. Zanon, 1989. * Original citation: Stromer, E. 1915. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharîje-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 3. Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse 28(3):1-32. 3. The Type of the Theropod Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec. Three km north of Gebel el Dist, thus in the plain at the base of the Baharîje Valley and in the deepest layer "7 p" (Stromer 1914, p. 28 and 29, fn. 1), out of a small hill, from a whitish-gray to yellowish, clayey, gypsum-free sandstone, below a cover of 30 cm ferruginous sandstone and 1 m of hard clay, in Spring 1912, the collector Markgraf excavated a number of remains, lying closely together, of a large theropod, namely the two mandibular rami without the posterior ends with a few teeth in situ, a ? left angular, a little piece of the left upper jaw, over a dozen individual teeth or tooth crowns, two cervical, seven dorsal, two and a half sacral, and one anterior caudal vertebrae, many incomplete ribs and lateral gastralia. -
Ernst Freiherr Stromer Von Reichenbach – Wikipedia
Ernst Freiherr Stromer von Reichenbach – Wikipedia https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Freiherr_Stromer_von_Reichenbach aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie Karl Heinrich Ernst Freiherr Stromer von Reichenbach (* 12. Juni 1871 in Nürnberg; † 18. Dezember 1952 in Erlangen) war ein deutscher Paläontologe und einer der bedeutendsten Dinosaurier- Forscher. 1 Herkunft 2 Werdegang 3 Wissenschaftliche Leistungen 4 Ehrungen 5 Dokumentarfilm 6 Schriften 7 Siehe auch 8Literatur Ernst Stromer (ca. 1914) 9 Weblinks 10 Einzelnachweise Ernst Stromer von Reichenbach gehört einem Adelsgeschlecht an, das im Mittelalter zu den wichtigsten Patrizierfamilien der Reichsstadt Nürnberg gehörte. Einige Mitglieder der Familie Stromer (vorher auch Stromair und Stromeyer) fungierten als Vorderster Losunger (Verwalter der städtischen Steuern[1]) und Bürgermeister von Nürnberg. Die Familie war seit ihrer Einwanderung nach Nürnberg mit Unterbrechungen im 16. und 17. Jh. im „Inneren Rat“ von Nürnberg vertreten. Ulman Stromer (1329–1407) schrieb das früheste Werk der Nürnberger Geschichtsschreibung und gründete und betrieb die erste Papiermühle Deutschlands. Sein Halbbruder Peter Stromer erfand 1368 die Nadelwaldsaat, durch die es zum ersten Mal in der Forstwirtschaft gelang, planmäßig und in großem Ausmaß Wald anzusäen. Ab 1754 gehörte der Familie Stromer das Schloss Grünsberg in Mittelfranken. Während seines Studiums wurde er Mitglied des AGV München.[2] Ernst Stromer von Reichenbach machte sich um die Erforschung fossiler Wirbeltiere verdient. Er wirkte in Leiden/Holland (1897 Konservator an der Geologisch-Mineralogischen Abteilung des Reichsmuseums (Rijskmuseum)) und in München (1901 Habilitation, 1908 außerordentlicher Professor, 1928 Hauptkonservator und Abteilungsleiter sowie 1930 Abteilungsdirektor an der „Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und historische Geologie“, 1921 Honorarprofessor). 1916 wurde er zum außerordentlichen Mitglied der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften gewählt, 1921 wurde er ordentliches Mitglied der Mathematisch-physikalischen Klasse. -
Dinosaur (DK Eyewitness Books)
Eyewitness DINOSAUR www.ketabha.org Eyewitness DINOSAUR www.ketabha.org Magnolia flower Armored Polacanthus skin Rock fragment with iridium deposit Corythosaurus Tyrannosaurus coprolite (fossil dropping) Megalosaurus jaw www.ketabha.org Eyewitness Troodon embryo DINOSAUR Megalosaurus tooth Written by DAVID LAMBERT Kentrosaurus www.ketabha.org LONDON, NEW YORK, Ammonite mold MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI Ammonite cast Consultant Dr. David Norman Senior editor Rob Houston Editorial assistant Jessamy Wood Managing editors Julie Ferris, Jane Yorke Managing art editor Owen Peyton Jones Art director Martin Wilson Gila monster Associate publisher Andrew Macintyre Picture researcher Louise Thomas Production editor Melissa Latorre Production controller Charlotte Oliver Jacket designers Martin Wilson, Johanna Woolhead Jacket editor Adam Powley DK DELHI Editor Kingshuk Ghoshal Designer Govind Mittal DTP designers Dheeraj Arora, Preetam Singh Project editor Suchismita Banerjee Design manager Romi Chakraborty Troodon Iguanodon hand Production manager Pankaj Sharma Head of publishing Aparna Sharma First published in the United States in 2010 by DK Publishing 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 Copyright © 2010 Dorling Kindersley Limited, London 10 11 12 13 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 175403—12/09 All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-7566-5810-6 (Hardcover) ISBN 978-0-7566-5811-3 (Library Binding) Color reproduction by MDP, UK, and Colourscan, Singapore Printed and bound by Toppan Printing Co. -
Ornithomimids from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia
J. Paleont. Soc. Korea. Vol. 22, No. 1, (2006) : p. 195-207 ORNITHOMIMIDS FROM THE NEMEGT FORMATION OF MONGOLIA Yoshitsugu Kobayashi1 and Rinchen Barsbold2 1Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810 Japan, [email protected] 2Paleontological Center of Mongolian Academy of Sciences, PO Box 260, Ulaan Bataar 210351, Mongolia, [email protected] Abstract: Two ornithomimids (Gallimimus bullatus and Anserimimus planinychus) and an enigmatic ornithomi- mid (Deinocheirus mirificus) from the Nemegt Formation (Maastrichtian) of Mongolia are reviewed in this study. Gallimimus bullatus is one of the best-known ornithomimids, but its diagnoses need to be revised. The length ratio of the manus/humerus in Gallimimus bullatusis 0.61. This is the smallest value in ornithomimosaurs (approximately 0.8 or more in other ornithomimosaurs) and may be a good character to diagnose Gallimimus bullatus as suggested by previous studies. Anserimimus planinychus is a unique ornithomimosaur in having strong deltopectoral crest of the humerus, dorsoventrally flat and nearly straight manual unguals, and long forelimbs. Anserimimus planinychus shares two characters (position of the biceps tubercle and alignment of the glenoid) with Gallimimus bullatus and has a long metacarpal I as in Ornithomimus edmontonicus (derived ornithomimosaur) and a long metacarpal III as in Harpymimus okladnikovi (primitive ornithomimosaur). The phylogenetic position of Deinocheirus mirificus has been problematic since its discovery. Preliminary -
The Dinosaur Field Guide Supplement
The Dinosaur Field Guide Supplement September 2010 – December 2014 By, Zachary Perry (ZoPteryx) Page 1 Disclaimer: This supplement is intended to be a companion for Gregory S. Paul’s impressive work The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, and as such, exhibits some similarities in format, text, and taxonomy. This was done solely for reasons of aesthetics and consistency between his book and this supplement. The text and art are not necessarily reflections of the ideals and/or theories of Gregory S. Paul. The author of this supplement was limited to using information that was freely available from public sources, and so more information may be known about a given species then is written or illustrated here. Should this information become freely available, it will be included in future supplements. For genera that have been split from preexisting genera, or when new information about a genus has been discovered, only minimal text is included along with the page number of the corresponding entry in The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Genera described solely from inadequate remains (teeth, claws, bone fragments, etc.) are not included, unless the remains are highly distinct and cannot clearly be placed into any other known genera; this includes some genera that were not included in Gregory S. Paul’s work, despite being discovered prior to its publication. All artists are given full credit for their work in the form of their last name, or lacking this, their username, below their work. Modifications have been made to some skeletal restorations for aesthetic reasons, but none affecting the skeleton itself. -
On the Absence of Sternal Elements in Anchiornis (Paraves) and Sapeornis (Aves) and the Complex Early Evolution of the Avian Sternum
On the absence of sternal elements in Anchiornis (Paraves) and Sapeornis (Aves) and the complex early evolution of the avian sternum Xiaoting Zhenga,b, Jingmai O’Connorc,1, Xiaoli Wanga, Min Wangc, Xiaomei Zhangb, and Zhonghe Zhouc,1 aInstitute of Geology and Paleontology, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong 276000, China; bShandong Tianyu Museum of Nature, Pingyi, Shandong 273300, China; and cKey Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China Contributed by Zhonghe Zhou, June 14, 2014 (sent for review April 13, 2014) Anchiornis (Deinonychosauria: Troodontidae), the earliest known inferred importance of the sternum as part of the avian flight feathered dinosaur, and Sapeornis (Aves: Pygostylia), one of the apparatus and at odds with the phylogenetic distribution of os- basalmost Cretaceous birds, are both known from hundreds of sified sterna among maniraptoran theropods. All other groups specimens, although remarkably not one specimen preserves any that are or have been considered closely related to birds (Scan- sternal ossifications. We use histological analysis to confirm the soriopterygidae, Dromaeosauridae, and Oviraptorosauria) pos- absence of this element in adult specimens. Furthermore, the excel- sess paired, ossified sternal plates that fuse into a singular lent preservation of soft-tissue structures in some specimens sug- element (sternum) late in ontogeny in at least some taxa (e.g., gests that no chondrified sternum was present. Archaeopteryx,the dromaeosaurid Microraptor, oviraptorosaur Ingenia) (16–19). oldest and most basal known bird, is known from only 10 specimens Admittedly, the sternum is not one of the best-known skeletal and the presence of a sternum is controversial; a chondrified ster- elements in these clades; the presence of sternal plates is af- num is widely considered to have been present.