Historic Farmsteads Preliminary Character Statement:Yorkshire and the Humber Region Acknowledgements The text of this document was prepared by Jeremy Lake In accordance with the Natural Environment and Rural and Bob Edwards with contributions to the national and Communities Act 2006, English Nature, the Rural regional (Yorkshire Wolds) sections from Susanna Wade Development Service and the Countryside Agency’s Martins and to the regional sections from Jen Deadman Landscape, Access and Recreation division are working with additional assistance from Peter Gaskell and Julie towards integration as a single body: Natural England. It Ryan. It was designed by Steve Dent and edited by Nicki will work for people, places and nature with Marshall of BiscuitBox Ltd.The research project was responsibility for enhancing biodiversity, landscapes and commissioned by English Heritage and the Countryside wildlife in rural, urban, coastal and marine areas, Agency and managed by Peter Gaskell of the University promoting access, recreation and public well-being, and of Gloucestershire.The assistance of the following people contributing to the way natural resources are managed is gratefully acknowledged: Freya Edwards and the many so that they can be enjoyed now and for future farmers and owners of buildings who gave their time to generations. discuss their farm buildings and allowed access for photography. The document should be cited as: Historic Farmsteads. Preliminary Character Statement: This document is one of eight Preliminary Character Yorkshire and the Humber Region. Statements which provide information on the characteristics of traditional farm buildings in each Published in August 2006 by the University of Region.They can be viewed and downloaded at Gloucestershire in association with English Heritage and www.helm.org.uk/ruraldevelopment and at the Countryside Agency. www.ahds.ac.uk. Copyright 2006 Authors, University of Gloucestershire, English Heritage is the Government’s adviser on the English Heritage and the Countryside Agency historic environment. Central to the role of English Heritage is the advice it gives to local planning The text in this document may be reproduced free of authorities, government departments and others on the charge in any format or medium without specific conservation of historic buildings, sites and areas, permission, subject to the material not being used in a archaeology on land and underwater, designed derogatory way.The copyright holders must be landscapes and the historic aspects of the landscape as a acknowledged, and the title of the publication must be whole. English Heritage also has a duty to enhance included in any published reference. people’s understanding and enjoyment of their heritage and, as part of this, it manages an estate of over 400 All photographs and illustrations are individually credited. historic properties open to the public. Countryside and Community Research Unit The Countryside Agency is the statutory body working Dunholme Villa to conserve and enhance England’s countryside.The aim The Park of the Countryside Agency’s Landscape, Access and Cheltenham Recreation division is to help everyone respect, protect Gloucestershire and enjoy the countryside, protect natural landscapes, GL50 2RF and encourage access to, enjoyment of and sustainable management and use of the countryside. Cover image: Dalby Bush Farm in the Howardian Hills, surrounded by a landscape of mixed agriculture and regular enclosure. © Michael Williams / Countryside Agency 2 Contents SUMMARY 6 4.1.4 1880 to 1940 29 4.1.4.1 Survival and value 30 1.0 INTRODUCTION 10 4.1.5 1940 to the present 30 4.2 FARMING IN YORKSHIRE AND 2.0 UNDERSTANDING CONTEXT AND THE HUMBER 31 CHARACTER 12 4.2.1 Yorkshire Dales 32 2.1 LANDSCAPE CHARACTER AND 4.2.2 Pennine Dales Fringe 34 CHARACTERISATION 12 4.2.3 Tees Lowlands 35 2.2 THE CHARACTER OF THE YORKSHIRE AND 4.2.4 Vale of Mowbray and Vale of York 35 HUMBER REGION:AN INTRODUCTION 12 4.2.5 North Yorkshire Moors and Cleveland Hills 35 2.3 THE CHARACTER OF 4.2.6 Vale of Pickering 36 RURAL SETTLEMENT 14 4.2.7 Yorkshire Wolds 36 2.3.1 National Framework 14 4.2.8 Howardian Hills 36 2.3.2 Rural Settlement in Yorkshire and 4.2.9 Southern Magnesian Limestone 37 the Humber 15 4.2.10 The Southern Pennine area and its fringes 38 4.2.11 Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Yorkshire 3.0 BUILDING MATERIALS 18 Coalfield 39 3.1 NATIONAL OVERVIEW 18 4.2.12 The Humberhead Levels 39 3.1.1 Walling 19 4.2.13 Holderness 39 3.1.1.1 Temporary structures 19 4.2.14 The Humber Estuary and to the south 40 3.1.1.2 Mass walling 19 3.1.1.3 Timber frame 19 5.0 FARMSTEAD TYPES 41 3.1.1.4 Timber cladding 19 5.1 NATIONAL OVERVIEW 41 3.1.1.5 Corrugated iron 20 5.1.1 Linear plans 43 3.1.2 Roofing 20 5.1.2 Parallel plans and L-shaped plans 43 3.1.2.1 Thatch 20 5.1.3 Dispersed plans 44 3.1.2.2 Plain clay tiles and stone slates 20 5.1.4 Loose courtyard plans 44 3.1.2.3 Corrugated iron and other prefabricated 5.1.5 Regular courtyard plans 44 modern materials 20 5.2 FACTORS INFLUENCING FARMSTEAD 3.2 BUILDING MATERIALS IN YORKSHIRE AND CHARACTER 44 THE HUMBER 20 5.2.1 Farm size 44 3.2.1 Walling 20 5.2.2 Estate policy 45 3.2.1.1 Stone 20 5.2.3 Local variation of farming systems 45 3.2.1.2 Earth 21 5.2.4 Internal workings of the farmyard 45 3.2.1.3 Timber 21 5.2.5 Development of farming systems 46 3.2.1.4 Brick 22 5.3 FARMSTEAD PLANS IN YORKSHIRE 3.2.2 Roofing 23 AND THE HUMBER 46 3.2.2.1 Thatch 23 5.3.1 Linear plans 46 3.2.2.2 Slate 23 5.3.1.1 Longhouses 46 3.2.2.3 Tiles 24 5.3.1.2 Laithe houses 47 5.3.2 L- and T-shaped layouts 47 4.0 AGRICULTURAL HISTORY AND 5.3.3 Courtyard layouts 47 FARM BUILDINGS 26 4.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH 6.0 KEY BUILDING TYPES:CROP AGRICULTURAL HISTORY AND FARM STORAGE AND PROCESSING 49 BUILDINGS:THEIR DEVELOPMENT, 6.1 BARNS 49 SURVIVAL AND SIGNIFICANCE 26 6.1.1 National Overview 49 4.1.1 Up to 1550 26 6.1.1.1 Plan form 49 4.1.1.1 Survival and value 26 6.1.1.2 Size 50 4.1.2 1550 to 1750 26 6.1.1.3 Combination barns 50 4.1.2.1 Survival and value 27 6.1.1.4 Evidence for mechanisation 50 4.1.3 1750 to 1880 27 6.1.1.5 Evidence for reuse and adaptation 52 4.1.3.1 Survival and value 29 6.1.2 Barns in Yorkshire and the Humber 52 3 6.1.2.1 Mechanisation 54 7.4.1 National Overview 66 6.2 GRANARIES 54 7.4.2 Pig housing in Yorkshire and the Humber 67 6.2.1 National Overview 54 7.5 SHEEP HOUSING 67 6.2.2 Granaries in Yorkshire and the Humber 55 7.5.1 National Overview 67 6.3 CART SHEDS AND IMPLEMENT SHEDS 57 7.5.2 Sheep housing in Yorkshire and the Humber 67 6.3.1 National Overview 57 7.6 DOVES AND POULTRY 68 6.3.2 Cart sheds in Yorkshire and the Humber 58 7.6.1 National Overview 68 6.4 HAY BARNS AND OTHER CROP-RELATED 7.6.2 Doves and poultry in Yorkshire and BUILDINGS 58 the Humber 70 6.4.1 National Overview 58 6.4.2 Hay barns and other crop-related buildings in 8.0 KEY BUILDING TYPES: Yorkshire and the Humber 59 OTHER FARM BUILDINGS 71 8.1 OUTFARMS AND FIELD BARNS 71 7.0 KEY BUILDING TYPES:ANIMALS 8.1.1 National Overview 71 AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS 60 8.1.2 Outfarms and field barns in Yorkshire 7.1 CATTLE HOUSING 60 and the Humber 71 7.1.1 National Overview 60 8.2 MINOR AND MISCELLANEOUS 7.1.1.1 Longhouses 60 BUILDINGS 72 7.1.1.2 Ox houses 60 8.2.1 National Overview 72 7.1.1.3 Combination barns 60 8.2.2 Minor and miscellaneous buildings in Yorkshire 7.1.1.4 Open-fronted sheds 60 and the Humber 73 7.1.1.5 Lean-tos (outshots) 61 7.1.1.6 Free-standing cow houses 61 9.0 GLOSSARY 74 7.1.1.7 Looseboxes for fatstock 62 7.1.1.8 Covered yards 62 10.0 SOURCES 78 7.1.2 Cattle housing in Yorkshire and the Humber 62 10.1 GENERAL SOURCES 78 7.2 DAIRIES 62 10.2 NATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 79 7.2.1 National Overview6210.3 REGIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 83 7.2.2 Dairies in Yorkshire and the Humber 64 7.3 STABLES 64 11.0 JOINT CHARACTER AREA 7.3.1 National Overview 64 DESCRIPTIONS: URLS FOR 7.3.2 Stables in Yorkshire and the Humber 65 PDF DOCUMENTS 86 7.4 PIG HOUSING 66 4 Illustrations Figure 1 Geology & Landscape Character in Yorkshire Figure 17 Isometric view of a large, regular courtyard and the Humber 13–14 farmstead in Northumberland 44 Figure 2 Rural Settlement in Yorkshire and Figure 18 Farmstead plan types in Yorkshire and the the Humber 16 Humber 47 Figure 3 Distribution of aisled and cruck-framed barns Figure 19 Isometric cutaway view of a bank barn 50 18 Figure 20 Power in barns 51 Figure 4 Interiors of aisled and cruck-framed barns 19 Figure 21 Barns in Yorkshire and the Humber 53 Figure 5 Distribution of listed timber-framed barns Figure 22 Interior of a granary showing grain bins in England 20 and a louvered window 55 Figure 6 Distribution of listed thatched agricultural Figure 23 Isometric drawings of a free-standing granary buildings in England 21 on staddle stones and a granary at first floor Figure 7 Examples of walling materials in Yorkshire level as part of a range of buildings 56 and the Humber 22–3 Figure 24 Granaries and cart sheds in Yorkshire and Figure 8 Examples of roofing materials in Yorkshire the Humber 57 and the Humber 24 Figure 25 Hay Barns in Yorkshire and the Humber 58 Figure 9 Distributions of listed farmhouses in England Figure 26 Cattle housing: national examples 61 pre-1550 and 1550–1750 27 Figure 27 Cattle housing in Yorkshire and Figure 10 Distributions of listed barns in England the Humber 63 pre-1550 and 1550–1750 28 Figure 28 Interior of a stable 64 Figure 11 Farmsteads in the landscape: Figure 29 Stables in Yorkshire and the Humber 65 Aysgarth (Yorkshire Dales) 33 Figure 30 Pigsties: national examples