DOCSLIB.ORG

Mapping a Many Headed Hydra: the Struggle Over the Dakota Access

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mapping a Many Headed Hydra: the Struggle Over the Dakota Access Infrastructure MAPPING Otherwise Report A no. 001 MANY HEADED HYDRA THE TEXT STRUGGLE KATIE MAZER IMAGES OVER MARTIN DANYLUK THE PHOTOS CHARMAINE DAKOTA CHUA & MADISON VAN OORT ACCESS DESIGN ELISE PIPELINE HUNCHUCK Contents Acronyms 3 00 Introduction 4 01 What is the Dakota Access Pipeline? 9 02 Protecting the Waters 12 03 The Broader Pipeline Context 18 04 Approving the DAPL: 25 Nationwide Permit No.12 05 Consolidating Control: 27 The Enbridge Example 06 Continental DAPL, Continental Fight 29 07 A Cartographic Time Series 30 08 Flashpoints: 33 A Timeline of Key Oil Pipeline Projects Notes 52 Acknowledgements 61 Acronyms bpd barrels per day DAPL Dakota Access Pipeline EEP Enbridge Energy Partners ETCOP Energy Transfer Crude Oil Pipeline ETP Energy Transfer Partners IEA International Energy Agency SLAPP strategic lawsuit against public participation SRST Standing Rock Sioux Tribe MAPPING A MANY–HEADED HYDRA 3 00 Introduction In April 2016, the Sacred Stone Camp was established at under Lake Oahe on the Missouri River, and promising the confluence of the Cannonball and Missouri Rivers, to launch a full environmental impact study.[2] At the near Cannon Ball, North Dakota, by LaDonna Brave Bull time, many hailed this as a historic victory, but with the Allard, an enrolled member of the Standing Rock Sioux impending Trump presidency just over a month away, Tribe and tribal historian. Two years after learning about concerns mounted that the win would be fleeting.[3] plans to build a pipeline adjacent to the Standing Rock While the movement overall began to focus on other Reservation, through unceded treaty land, and under the forms of action, many water protectors vowed to remain Missouri River, the Sacred Stone and subsequent camps in the camps through the depths of the North Dakota emerged as an urgent attempt to protect ancestral burial winter. Sure enough, within his first week in office, grounds and local waterways, including the Missouri President Trump signed executive orders expediting and Cannonball Rivers, by blocking construction of the the review and approval of both the Dakota Access and Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL). Importantly, not only Keystone XL Pipelines.[4] would the DAPL infringe on the tribe’s downstream water rights, it was also set to pass through 1851 and 1868 Fort While the off-reservation camps were forcibly evicted at Laramie Treaty boundaries: land that the Oceti Sakowin the end of February 2017, the tribe has vowed to continue never ceded to the U.S. government. Subsequent camps the struggle in court and in Washington and a global were established off-reservation to assert and defend this divestment campaign continues to gather steam. Beyond treaty territory. Water protectors and their allies held the DAPL, an international avowal has been issued to these camps for months, resolutely refusing to subject continue fighting the growing network of pipelines these lands and waters to the risks inherent in running an across North America.[5] oil pipeline through this territory This report goes behind the scenes of the Dakota Access Over this time, water protectors in the off-reservation Pipeline. It aims to shed light on the broader continental camps faced serious and escalating violence from police context of contemporary oil production, transportation, and private security forces: they were targeted by sound and trade in North America. Along the way, it addresses and water cannons, shot with rubber bullets and pepper themes including the geopolitics of oil, the political and spray, attacked by dogs, intimidated by riot gear and army corporate networks of power and finance that underpin tanks, and violently arrested.[1] Against this escalating the pipeline, and the industry’s strategies for getting oil to state violence deployed in defence of the oil industry, the the world market. camps continued to grow. In early December, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers finally stood down, denying When it comes to building energy infrastructure, the easement needed by Energy Transfer Partners to drill recent years have been marked by incredible dynamism. MAPPING A MANY–HEADED HYDRA 4 Repeatedly, where industry has proposed pipelines, people of North American oil pipeline proposals and efforts to have resisted, forcing companies to reconfigure their plans. protect waters and lands from these infrastructures, this The result has been an intimate, dynamic, and fraught report draws attention to the interconnectedness of North dialectic between the pushers of these infrastructure American pipeline projects. projects and the communities and movements working to protect lands, waters, and the climate. Importantly, this What becomes clear when we trace the changing contours dynamic has a continental character: while each proposed of these infrastructural and financial networks is that pipeline presents as a single or isolated project, we might the impacts of individual flashpoints like the standoff at instead think of them as flashpoints in a much larger Standing Rock ripple through the rest of the system. That ongoing struggle over the expansion of settler colonial is, these pipeline projects exist not plainly in competition, extractive capitalism on Turtle Island. In taking stock of but in relation to one another. This is reflected not only in the broader landscape of energy infrastructure, it is this the strategies used by the industry, but also in the tactics continental dynamic that this report aims to illustrate. and geographies of solidarity and resistance to the DAPL In this sense, it is not a report about the Dakota Access and other pipelines across North America. This was on Pipeline—others are much better positioned to provide clear display when water defenders resolutely refused to authoritative accounts and analyses of this struggle and abandon the camps after the Army Corps of Engineers the deep historical context that informs it.[6] Rather, denied the easement for the final portion of the pipeline in here, by surveying and mapping the dynamic nature December.[7] By maintaining that the fight was not over Mapping 2. Projects come back to life, sometimes multiple times. Over the course of the years covered in this report, the several projects have been repeatedly revived. Northern Gateway, for example, was first proposed in 2002, then Many–Headed Hydra: shelved in 2006 in favour of focusing on new lines to Key Dynamics U.S. markets. The company then revived the project in 2008 due to demand from producers and refiners. It At the end of this report, in Section 07 and 08 (beginning was ultimately rejected by the Liberal government of on page 33), you will find a series of visuals that Justin Trudeau in November 2016, on the same day illustrate the flux and contestation surrounding the that he approved two other major projects: the Kinder North American oil pipeline network. While there are Morgan Trans Mountain project and the Enbridge Line many dynamics at play in these images, below are three 3 “replacement,” the largest project in Enbridge history. key ones to keep in mind: We see here, again, the relationship between the multiple lives of these lines and the status of other projects, 1. Pipelines exist in relation to each other. The market conditions, resistance, and political climate.[2] conditions for one project change very quick depending on the status of other projects, market conditions, 3. The economic justification for pipelines is always resistance, political climate, and so on. For example, shifting. Over the years represented here, the justification in 2011 U.S. President Barack Obama announced that for why these pipeline projects are needed has shifted he would delay the approval of Keystone XL by at least back and forth between two main poles: one, the lines are a year. In reaction to this, the government of Stephen needed as a way to move oil to markets; and two, pipeline Harper aggressively asserted energy exports as a construction is needed as a form of economic stimulus. top government priority and claimed that diversifying After President Obama’s delay in approving Keystone markets away from the U.S. was a “strategic imperative” XL, for example, the Canadian government emphasised for Canada. Holding up Asia as the key target market, the imperative of moving tar sands oil to tidewater to the Canadian government turned its attention to pushing enable it to fetch world prices. More recently, industry forward the Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipeline. Then, and governments have been focused on the economic as resistance mounted to Northern Gateway we see the benefits of the infrastructure itself. In Canada, since the introduction of proposals for the Kinder Morgan Trans crash in oil prices starting in 2014, industry advocates Mountain Expansion and for TransCanada’s Energy have been arguing that private pipeline expansion is an East.[1] effective form of national economic stimulus.[3] These dynamics are also explored in Section 03. MAPPING A MANY–HEADED HYDRA 5 until the project was cancelled, protesters invoked the geographies of industry’s expansion plans and the extensive social and ecological geographies surrounding fragmentation of approval processes so as to obscure these and impacted by the pipeline that defy the boundaries of networks. But these continental networks are reflected the company’s tidy maps. right back in the transnational and organizing tactics that communities are using to stop this growing network of pipe. By highlighting some of the networks surrounding the Finally, the situation with North American energy DAPL and the struggle at Standing Rock, this report infrastructure is changing quickly, and increasingly illustrates that the Dakota Access is fundamentally so under the Trump administration. This report is transnational not only for its entrenchment in transnational not intended to be a real-time account.[9] Rather, by networks of infrastructure, commodity flows, and finance, contextualizing the Dakota Access Pipeline within the but also in a much more basic way.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Enbridge Responses to ADOE IR No. 1 Page 1 of 4 Transcanada
    Enbridge Responses to ADOE IR No. 1 Page 1 of 4 TransCanada Keystone Pipeline GP Ltd. (“Keystone”) Keystone XL Pipeline Application OH-1-2009 Responses to The Alberta Department of Energy Information Request No. 1 to Enbridge Pipelines Inc. (“Enbridge”) 1.1 Reference: Written Evidence of Enbridge Pipelines Inc., dated July 30, 2009 including the attached Muse Stancil Report and CAPP June 2009 report Preamble: We understand Enbridge’s evidence indicates that generally: (1) an additional one million b/d of take-away capacity from Western Canada on the Keystone Pipeline and the Enbridge system will be built by 2010; (2) while a certain level of excess pipeline capacity is advantageous, the advantage reverses when the cost of capacity outweighs the netback benefits; (3) the Keystone XL Pipeline project would create an unnecessary and unprecedented level of excess pipeline capacity between Western Canada and U.S. markets; (4) if Keystone XL is placed into service in late 2012, it will offload volumes from the Enbridge system; (5) this off loading will increase Enbridge system shippers’ costs, shipping between Edmonton and Chicago, by Cdn$315 million (Cdn$0.75 per barrel); (6) impact could be greater if volume shipped on either base Keystone or Keystone XL were more than contracted volumes; (7) Enbridge asked Muse Stancil to estimate aggregate net benefit to Canada of the Keystone XL Pipeline and Muse Stancil estimates it would only be US$102 million in 2013, as compared to Purvin & Gertz Inc. estimate of $3.4 billion benefit to Canadian heavy crude producers alone; (8) Enbridge is advancing the “Gretna Option” as a modification the Keystone XL Pipeline; (9) the Gretna Option would reduce the capital cost of the Keystone XL Pipeline by approximately US$2 billion and would reduce tolls on Enbridge system by about Cdn$0.35 per barrel; Enbridge Responses to ADOE IR No.
    [Show full text]
  • Keystone Pipeline System Keystone Pipeline System
    Keystone Pipeline System Keystone Pipeline System Keystone Pipeline System An innovative and cost-competitive solution to a growing North American demand for energy, the Keystone Pipeline System will link a reliable and stable source of Canadian crude oil with U.S. demand. Upon completion, the Keystone Pipeline System will be comprised of the 2,151- mile (3,461-kilometre) Keystone Pipeline and the proposed 1,661-mile (2,673-kilometre) Keystone Gulf Coast Expansion Project (Keystone XL). TransCanada affiliates will build and operate the Keystone Pipeline System in four phases. Keystone Pipeline (Phase I) Originating at Hardisty, Alta., Keystone Phase I transports crude oil to U.S. Midwest markets at Wood River and Patoka, Ill. Keystone Phase I began commercial operation in June 2010. The Canadian portion of Keystone Phase I involved the conversion of approximately 537 miles (864 kilometres) of existing TransCanada pipeline in Saskatchewan and Manitoba from natural gas to crude oil transmission service. Along with the construction of 16 pump stations Edmonton and approximately 232 miles (373 kilometres) of new pipeline in Canada, new facilities were also required Hardisty Alberta at the Keystone Hardisty Terminal, including: three Saskatchewan operational storage tanks, an initiating pump station, Calgary Regina Manitoba and interconnections with existing pipeline systems in the Winnipeg Ontario Hardisty area. The U.S. portion of the Keystone Pipeline included the North Dakota Helena construction of 1,084 miles (1,744 kilometres) of new, 30- Bismarck Minnesota inch diameter pipeline and 23 pump stations throughout Montana North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas, Missouri, and Illinois. Pierre Wisconsin Michigan South Dakota Wyoming Keystone Cushing Extension (Phase II) Iowa Chicago Measuring approximately 298 miles (480 kilometres) in Nebraska length,Ohio Keystone Phase II is an extension of Keystone Phase Lincoln Illinois Indiana I from Steele City, Neb., to Cushing, Okla.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cost of Pipeline Constraints in Canada by Elmira Aliakbari and Ashley Stedman
    FRASER RESEARCH BULLETIN FROM THE CENTRE FOR NATURAL RESOURCE STUDIES May 2018 The Cost of Pipeline Constraints in Canada by Elmira Aliakbari and Ashley Stedman MAIN CONCLUSIONS Despite the steady growth in crude oil From 2013 to 2017, after accounting for available for export, new pipeline proj- quality differences and transportation ects in Canada continue to face delays costs, the depressed price for Canadian related to environmental and regula- heavy crude oil has resulted in CA$20.7 tory impediments as well as political billion in foregone revenues for the Ca- opposition. nadian energy industry. This significant loss is equivalent to almost 1 percent of Canada’s lack of adequate pipeline ca- Canada’s national GDP. pacity has imposed a number of costly constraints on the nation’s energy sec- In 2018, the average price differen- tor including an overdependence on tial (based on the first quarter) was the US market and reliance on more US$26.30 per barrel. If the price differ- costly modes of energy transportation. ential remains at the current level, we These and other factors have resulted estimate that Canada’s pipeline con- in depressed prices for Canadian heavy straints will reduce revenues for Cana- crude (Western Canada Select) relative dian energy firms by roughly CA$15.8 to US crude (West Texas Intermediate) billion in 2018, which is approximately and other international benchmarks. 0.7 percent of Canada’s national GDP. Between 2009 and 2012, the average Insufficient pipeline capacity has re- price differential between Western sulted in substantial lost revenue for Canada Select (WCS) and West Texas the energy industry and thus imposed Intermediate (WTI) was about 13 per- significant costs on the economy as a cent of the WTI price.
    [Show full text]
  • Follow-Up Letter
    March 2, 2018 President Margarette May Macaulay Commissioner Antonia Urrejola Commissioner Francisco José Eguiguren Praeli Commissioner Esmeralda Arosemena de Troitiño Commissioner Luis Ernesto Vargas Silva Commissioner Joel Hernández García Commissioner Flávia Piovesan Executive Secretary Paulo Abrão Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 1889 F Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006 Re: Update on Effect of U.S. Executive Order “Expediting Environmental Reviews and Approvals for High Priority Infrastructure Projects” Dear Commissioners Eguiguren Praeli, Macaulay, Urrejola, Arosemena de Troitiño, Vargas Silva, and Piovesan, and Executive Secretary Abrão, We, the undersigned Indigenous and civil society organizations, write to update the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on President Trump’s Executive Order “Expediting Environmental Review and Approvals for High Priority Infrastructure Projects,” (Infrastructure EO) with a focus on developments since the March 21, 2017 hearing1 on this matter. The actions taken in the last year in direct and indirect furtherance of the Infrastructure EO – including granting permission for construction without conducting appropriate assessments and silencing opposition to that permission – severely impact the rights of Indigenous peoples in the United States to their land and culture, as well as to free, prior, and informed consent. We ask the Commission to maintain its involvement in monitoring and responding to this situation, including by taking the specific actions listed at the conclusion of
    [Show full text]
  • The Enbridge Line 3 Replacement Pipeline: Attitudes, Symbolism, and Geography
    Colby College Digital Commons @ Colby Honors Theses Student Research 2019 The Enbridge Line 3 Replacement Pipeline: Attitudes, Symbolism, and Geography Catherine W. Fraser Colby College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/honorstheses Part of the Environmental Studies Commons Colby College theses are protected by copyright. They may be viewed or downloaded from this site for the purposes of research and scholarship. Reproduction or distribution for commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the author. Recommended Citation Fraser, Catherine W., "The Enbridge Line 3 Replacement Pipeline: Attitudes, Symbolism, and Geography" (2019). Honors Theses. Paper 963. https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/honorstheses/963 This Honors Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at Digital Commons @ Colby. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Colby. The Enbridge Line 3 Replacement Pipeline: Attitudes, Symbolism, and Geography Catherine W. Fraser Environmental Studies Program Colby College Waterville, ME May 20, 2019 A thesis submitted to the faculty of the Environmental Studies Program in partial fulfillment of the graduation requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with honors in Environmental Studies ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ Philip Nyhus, Advisor Gail Carlson, Reader Daniel Abrahams, Reader Copyright © 2019 by the Environmental Studies Program, Colby College. All rights reserved ii ABSTRACT Oil pipelines, such as the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipelines, are increasingly controversial and contested in the United States. Since its proposal in 2015, the Enbridge Line 3 Replacement (L3R) pipeline in Minnesota has also generated considerable debate.
    [Show full text]
  • Amended Complaint
    Case 3:21-cv-00065 Document 71 Filed on 06/01/21 in TXSD Page 1 of 59 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS GALVESTON DIVISION STATE OF TEXAS; STATE OF MONTANA; STATE OF ALABAMA; STATE OF ALASKA; STATE OF ARIZONA; STATE OF ARKANSAS; STATE OF FLORIDA; STATE OF GEORGIA; STATE OF KANSAS; COMMONWEATH OF KENTUCKY; STATE OF INDIANA; STATE OF LOUISIANA; STATE OF Civ. Action No. 3:21-cv-00065 MISSISSIPPI; STATE OF MISSOURI; STATE OF NEBRASKA; STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA; STATE OF OHIO; STATE OF OKLAHOMA; STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA; STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA; STATE OF UTAH; STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA; and STATE OF WYOMING, Plaintiffs, v. JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR., in his official capacity as President of the United States; ANTONY J. BLINKEN, in his official capacity as Secretary of the Department of State; MERRICK B. GARLAND, in his official capacity as Attorney General of the United States; Case 3:21-cv-00065 Document 71 Filed on 06/01/21 in TXSD Page 2 of 59 ALEJANDRO MAYORKAS, in his official capacity as Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security; DEB HAALAND, in her official capacity as Secretary of the Interior; JENNIFER GRANHOLM, in her official capacity as Secretary of the Department of Energy; MICHAEL S. REGAN, in his official capacity as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency; THOMAS J. VILSACK, in his official capacity as the Secretary of Agriculture; PETE BUTTIGIEG, in his official capacity as Secretary of Transportation; SCOTT A. SPELLMON, in his official capacity as Commanding General of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • ET Rover Pipeline
    ROVER PIPELINE LLC Rover Pipeline Project RESOURCE REPORT 10 Alternatives FERC Docket No. CP15-___-000 February 2015 ROVER PIPELINE PROJECT Resource Report 10 – Alternatives TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page 10.0 ALTERNATIVES....................................................................................................................... 10-1 10.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 10-1 10.2 PURPOSE AND NEED .............................................................................................................. 10-2 10.3 NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE .................................................................................................. 10-3 10.3.1 Energy Conservation ...................................................................................................... 10-5 10.3.1.1 West Virginia .............................................................................................. 10-5 10.3.1.2 Pennsylvania .............................................................................................. 10-6 10.3.1.3 Ohio ............................................................................................................ 10-6 10.3.1.4 Michigan..................................................................................................... 10-7 10.3.2 Non-Gas Energy Alternatives ........................................................................................ 10-7 10.3.2.1 Fossil Fuels ...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • ANNUAL INFORMATION FORM for the YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015 February 19, 2016
    ENBRIDGE INC. ANNUAL INFORMATION FORM FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015 February 19, 2016 Enbridge Inc. 2015 Annual Information Form TABLE OF CONTENTS DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE As of the date hereof, portions of the MD&A and the audited consolidated financial statements of Enbridge as at and for the year ended December 31, 2015, as filed with the securities commissions or similar authorities in each of the provinces of Canada, as detailed below, are specifically incorporated by reference into and form an integral part of this AIF. These documents are available on SEDAR which can be accessed at www.sedar.com. Page Reference From Annual Financial AIF Statements MD&A GLOSSARY ................................................................................................... 1 PRESENTATION OF INFORMATION ........................................................... 4 12 FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION .........................................................5 CORPORATE STRUCTURE ......................................................................... 6 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS ............................................ 7 1-2, 14-19 GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUSINESS ....................................... 10 2-4, 8-9, 16-21, 23-39, 59-60, 67-69, 73-74 LIQUIDS PIPELINES ................................................................................... 16 1, 40-52 GAS DISTRIBUTION ................................................................................... 17 1, 52-55 GAS PIPELINES, PROCESSING AND ENERGY SERVICES
    [Show full text]
  • Trump Tax Cuts Could Start with Executive Action
    RobertRobert W. W. Wood Wood THETHE TAX TAX LAWYER LAWYER TAXES 2/27/2017 Trump Tax Cuts Could Start With Executive Action U.S. President Donald Trump flanked by business leaders holds a executive order establishing regulatory reform officers and task forces in US agencies in the Oval Office of the White House on February 24, 2017 in Washington, DC. Earlier in the day, Trump stated he would cut 75 percent of regulations. (Photo by Olivier Douliery – Pool/Getty Images) So far, President Trump has moved boldly—or rashly, depending on your perspective—with many executive actions, including: Proclamation 9570: National Day of Patriotic Devotion Executive Order 13765: Minimizing the Economic Burden of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Pending Repeal A Memorandum that was a type of Regulatory Freeze memo Pending Review Presidential Memorandum: Withdrawal of the United States From the Trans-Pacific Partnership Negotiations and Agreement Presidential Memorandum: Mexico City Policy, reinstituting and expanding a policy President Obama had rescinded restricting the use of foreign aid money to support family planning organizations that promote abortion. Presidential Memorandum: a federal Hiring Freeze Presidential Memorandum to bring back consideration of the Construction of the Keystone XL Pipeline Presidential Memorandum to reconsider Construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline Presidential Memorandum to review Construction of American Pipelines Executive Order 13766 Expediting Environmental Reviews and Approvals for High Priority Infrastructure Projects Presidential Memorandum Streamlining Permitting and Reducing Regulatory Burdens for Domestic Manufacturing Proclamation 9571: National School Choice Week, 2017 Executive Order 13767: Border Security and Immigration Enforcement Improvements, the “build the wall” executive order.
    [Show full text]
  • Power Dynamics of the Dakota Access Pipeline Protests: an Environmental Justice Analysis
    Student Publications Student Scholarship Spring 2018 Power Dynamics of the Dakota Access Pipeline Protests: An Environmental Justice Analysis Brittany Bondi Gettysburg College Follow this and additional works at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship Part of the Environmental Policy Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, and the Indigenous Studies Commons Share feedback about the accessibility of this item. Recommended Citation Bondi, Brittany, "Power Dynamics of the Dakota Access Pipeline Protests: An Environmental Justice Analysis" (2018). Student Publications. 616. https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/616 This open access student research paper is brought to you by The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The Cupola. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Power Dynamics of the Dakota Access Pipeline Protests: An Environmental Justice Analysis Abstract The Dakota Access Pipeline and the events of the accompanying protests are contemporary examples of environmental injustice, with the Standing Rock Nation facing a majority of the injustice. Analyzing Sioux history, the pipeline's previous routes, and the police and state responses to the "protectors", I propose that the Dakota Access Pipeline is a form of distributive, procedural, and substantive injustice. Keywords Dakota Access Pipeline, Protests, Environmental Justice Disciplines Environmental Policy | Environmental Studies | Indigenous Studies Comments Written
    [Show full text]
  • Media Representations of the Dakota Access Pipeline Protest by © 2019 Katie Grote B.A., Northern State University, 2016
    Pipelines, Protectors, and a Sense of Place: Media Representations of the Dakota Access Pipeline Protest By © 2019 Katie Grote B.A., Northern State University, 2016 Submitted to the graduate degree program in Geography and Atmospheric Science and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Chair: Dr. Jay T. Johnson Dr. Joseph Brewer Dr. Barney Warf Date Defended: 29 March 2019 ii The thesis committee for Katie Grote certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: Pipelines, Protectors, and a Sense of Place: Media Representations of the Dakota Access Pipeline Protest Chair: Dr. Jay T. Johnson Date Approved: 29 March 2019 iii Abstract Indigenous resistance to the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) garnered national and international media attention in 2016 as thousands gathered near the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation in protest. Increased media attention spurred enquiry concerning the representation of the Indigenous peoples leading the movement. The majority of the U.S. population is ill-informed about historical and contemporary issues concerning Indigenous peoples; this limited understanding of Indigenous experience is manifest in news outlets and their audiences’ knowledge of current issues impacting Indigenous peoples. This research employs a qualitatively-based content analysis of 80 news articles reporting on the DAPL protest. These articles range in political bias and can be categorized in one of the following groups: Conservative Bias, Liberal Bias, Mainstream News, Local News, and Indigenous News. Commonly occurring codes and themes are analyzed across each category. Word count and frequency of reporting are also considered to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the media representations as they develop through time.
    [Show full text]
  • Court Rules Dakota Access Pipeline Needs Further Environmental Review
    Legal Sidebari Court Rules Dakota Access Pipeline Needs Further Environmental Review Updated February 1, 2021 UPDATE: On January 26 2021, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit affirmed the district court’s decision requiring the Army Corps of Engineers to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) prior to issuance of an easement across federal land for the Dakota Access Pipeline, but reversed the district court’s injunction prohibiting the operation of the Pipeline and directing that it be emptied of oil. The original Sidebar discussing the district court case is below. The Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), a crude oil pipeline developed by Energy Transfer Partners, carries crude oil from the Bakken fields in northwest North Dakota to southern Illinois. As discussed in this Legal Sidebar, the DAPL has been the subject of extensive debate and media attention, as well as prolonged litigation. Much of the attention on the DAPL centers on the portion of the pipeline route that is near or runs under Lake Oahe in North Dakota, a lake that has particular significance to Native Americans in the region. The U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia (D.C. District Court) recently held that this controversial portion of the route needs further environmental review. Background on DAPL Environmental Review Because the pipeline crosses waters subject to regulation under the Clean Water Act and land controlled by the federal government, federal law required the Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) to issue several authorizations for the project, including authorization for the stretch of pipeline under Lake Oahe.
    [Show full text]