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B MAINSTEM TRINITY RIVER Cb B WATERSHED ANALYSIS

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B MAINSTEM TRINITY RIVER Cb B WATERSHED ANALYSIS m UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT REDDING RESOURCE AREA MAINSTEM b TRINITY RIVER cb WATERSHED ANALYSIS b SECTION VI DETAILED INVESTIGATIO SECTION VI - DETAILED INVESTIGATIONS This section briefly describes the contents of detailed reports, focused on ecosystem components, that were prepared as part of this watershed analysis. The technical reports which contain data and the findings of various investigations and studies were prepared as the basis for the discussions and recommendations presented in the previous sections. Copies of the reports are available from Steve Borchard, 355 Hemstead Dr., Redding, CA, 96002, (916) 224-2100. A major benefit of conducting watershed analysis is the compilation of all existing knowledge about a geographic region. The materials presented here and the following bibliography accomplish that goal. Section VI-1: Channel Morphology/Fluvial Process is a comprehensive hydrologic analysis of stream discharge data for several streams in the Trinity River basin. The report presents the data and discusses the relationships between streamflow, channel morphology and wildlife habitat. A methodology for designing stream channel restoration utilizing various streamflow scenarios is presented, methods for selecting streamflow amounts and durations in order to mimic natural flows is described. Restoration opportunities are discussed in detail. Section VI-2: Fish Habitat and Populations reviews the historic and present conditions of the fishery in the main stem Trinity River and the major tributaries. Fishery data and the results of numerous studies were reviewed to prepare information on fish habitat, fish populations, and habitat needs of anadromous and resident fish. The life history patterns of anadromous species are described. The importance of tributary streams and historical information on each one is reviewed. The causes behind changes in fish populations and habitat are chronicled. Section VI-3: Wildlife discusses the diversity of wildlife and composition of aquatic and terrestrial fauna present on the Trinity River. The changes over the last 100 years and the factors responsible for change are discussed. Potential causal relationships between changes and species reactions are presented. Extensive tables of species are included. Section VI-4: Sediment Budget describes a method of estimating sediment production within a basin using streamflow and sediment discharge records. Sediment discharge rating curves were developed for suspended and bedload sediment for the Trinity River and Grass Valley Creek by plotting the log of sediment discharge against the log of the streamflow measurements. These sediment rating curves can be used to evaluate the sediment transport efficiency of various streamflow discharges currently being evaluated for the Trinity River, as was done for the present post dam flow regime (82-9 l) in this analysis. Sediment production from individual tributaries was estimated using sediment estimates based on the soil distribution patterns. Sediment production rate estimates for granitic soils and non-granitic soils, developed from sediment discharge rating curves, was applied throughout the basin. Estimates for each tributary were adjusted for land use patterns and erosion control treatments. Section VI-5: Land Use and Human Values depicts the impacts humans have had over time. It discusses the diverse array of human relationships with the land from the Native American peoples' sustainable interaction with the landscape; through the European settlement era which emphasized mining; to the post World War II logging boom; up to current conditions in the area. This section also touches on the economic and demographic status of the county as it relates to land use and social issues. The culmination of these human historical, cultural, social, and economic issues affect current expectations and the needs of residents and other users of the river and its waters. Section VI-6: Vegetation section describes the upland vegetation in terms of general categories (conifer forest, hardwood forest, montane chaparral, and grasslands). The riparian vegetation is described in terms of the current condition of the riparian corridor of the main stem Trinity River. Plant species of concern, (sensitive plants and noxious weeds) known or thought to occur along the main stem are described and their habitats characterized. Section VI-7: Soils, Geology and Climate covers some basic resource data which was compiled for the watershed analysis. Main Stem Trinity River Watershed Analysis VI-1 CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY / FLUVIAL PROCESSES Stream channels are constantly adjusting to the water and sediment supplied by the watershed. The history of channel conditions in the Trinity River and its tributaries corresponds to changes in . streamflow and sediment supply in the basin, as well as human manipulation of the channels themselves. Thus, an understanding of channel adjustments in this area requires an understanding of changes in streamflow and sediment production throughout the drainage. One of the earliest relations proposed for explaining stream channel behavior was suggested by Lane (1955), who related mean annual streamflow (Q,) and channel slope (S) to bed-material sediment load (Q) and median particle size on the streambed (d,): (Q,) * S - KU * (4,) (1) In this relationship bed-material load is that portion of the sediment load that interacts with and comprises part of the streambed. It may be carried in suspension or in contact with the channel bottom. Bed-material load is distinguished from wash load, i.e., the component of the sediment load that washes through the system and does not appear in appreciable quantities in the streambed. Lane’s relationship suggests that a channel will be maintained in dynamic equilibrium when changes in sediment load and bed-material size are balanced by changes in streamflow and channel gradient. For example, if the bed-material sediment load supplied to a channel is significantly increased with little or no change in streamflow, either the stream will attempt to increase its gradient (e.g., by reducing its sinuosity), or the median particle size of the bed will decrease.If the additional sediment load is associated with tributary deposits, both channel adjustments frequently will occur. Backwater upstream of the tributary delta will cause deposition of finer materials (smaller dso), and stream slope will increase through the delta deposit as the river seeks to return to its original grade. If the delta includes substantial amounts of finer sediments, median particle size will also decrease downstream as these finer materials are intruded into the streambed. Additional qualitative relations have been proposed for interpreting behavior of alluvial channels (i.e., channels with bed and banks composed of sediments being transported by the river).Schumm (1977) suggested that width (b), depth (d), and meander wavelength (L) are directly proportional, and channel gradient (S) inversely proportional to streamflow (Q,) in an alluvial channel: b, d. L Qw- s (2) Schumm (1977) also suggested that width (b), meander wavelength (L), and channel gradient (S) are directly proportional, and depth (d) and sinuosity (P) inversely proportional to sediment discharge (Q,) in alluvial streams: b, L, S Q- d,P (3) Equations (2) and (3) may be re-written to predict direction of change in channel characteristics, given an increase or decrease in streamflow or sediment discharge: VI-l-1 Main Stem Trinity River Watershed Analysis Q,’ - b’, d’, L’, S- (4) Q,‘ - b-, d-, L-, S’ (5) c - b’, 6, L’, S’, P (6) Q, - b-, d’, L-, s-, P’ (7) Combining equations (4) through (7) yields additional predictive relationships for the situation of concurrent increases or decreases in streamflow and/or sediment discharge: Qw’Q, b’. d+‘-, L’, Sd-, P, F (8) Q,‘Q- - b-, d”-, L-, S+$ P’, F Q,+Q,‘ - b+‘-, d’, L+/-, S-, P’, F (10) Qw-Q,’ - b”-, d-, L+‘-, S’, I’-, F+ (11) where F is the channel width/depth ratio at bankfull discharge and the other channel parameters are as defined above. Much of the Trinity River is bedrock controlled and does not meet the definition of an alluvial channel.However, most of the reach of the Trinity in the WA area is at least somewhat adjustable, flowing through materials originally deposited by the river. Before attempting to interpret land-use history and channel adjustments in the drainage basin, it would be interesting to determine if any quantitative relations can be developed to supplement the “direction-of-change” qualitative relationships described above. It is a remarkable characteristic of natural rivers that channel dimensions vary throughout a basin in a very systematic way. The hydraulic parameters of top width, mean depth, and mean velocity may be compared from cross section to cross section throughout a watershed (mainstem and tributaries) if flows of equal frequency of occurrence are compared for the various locations. Thus, if the mean annual discharge or the bankfull flow is compared at a number of cross sections throughout a drainage, the hydraulic parameters of top width, mean depth, and mean velocity may be systematically plotted as a function of discharge. The resulting quantitative relationships are referred to as the hydraulic geometry of the stream system (Leopold 1994). Hydraulic geometry relationships were found in the literature for a number of drainages in northern California (including the Napa, Russian, and lower Eel Rivers); however, no
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