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Gabrielle K. Frawley, Dissertation The Legality of Existence in Exile from National Socialism: The Legal Delineation of Identity and Its Implications for Individuation and Migration as Manifest in German Exile Literature of the Period 1933-1945 By Gabrielle Katherine Frawley Submitted to the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________ Chairperson Professor Leonie A. Marx ________________________________ Professor William D. Keel ________________________________ Assistant Professor Ari Linden ________________________________ Professor Richard E. Levy ________________________________ Professor David N. Smith Date Defended: 22. April 2016 ii The Dissertation Committee for Gabrielle Katherine Frawley certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: The Legality of Existence in Exile from National Socialism: The Legal Delineation of Identity and Its Implications for Individuation and Migration as Manifest in German Exile Literature of the Period 1933-1945 ________________________________ Chairperson Professor Leonie A. Marx Date approved: 13. May 2016 iii Abstract This dissertation examines the legal status of refugees from the National Socialist (NS) regime and explores thereby the implications of statelessness for the refugee’s experience in exile, specifically his sense of belonging and place in the world, as manifest in select works of German exile literature of the period 1933-1945. The thesis pursued in this analysis is that the identity of the individual is inextricably tied to notions of time and space. The loss of the legal right to exist in a specific space at a specific time, a loss that defined the exile experience of refugees from the NS-regime, meant the expulsion of the refugee from a time-space continuum at a given moment to which he could never return. This loss calls into question the possibility of reintegration into this societal continuum, of the possibility of notions of self and place in the world independent of a legally recognized and sanctioned existence. The analysis of select German autobiographical and literary works of the NS-period evidences that the existence of the refugee in the space of the in-between, the space in which the legal, physical and socio-cultural Niemandsländer of exile overlap and coalesce, has profound implications for the refugee’s notions of identity, of his sense of belonging and place in the world. Integral to a discussion of the legality of existence in exile and its implications for identity is a comprehensive definition of identity itself. For this purpose, Richard Jenkins’ tripartite model of individual order, interaction order, and institutional order, as outlined in his work Social Identity (Third Edition), serves as a definition of identity and a foundation for the historical discussion and literary analysis of the four chapters. Chapter One, entitled “The Necessity of a Legally Documented and Sanctioned Existence: The Legal Status of German Refugees of the National Socialist Period (1933-1945),” provides a historical foundation for the subsequent three chapters in its discussion of the processes of legal iv erasure evident during the NS-period and the implications thereof for the legal status of the refugee in exile from the NS-regime. In the following chapters, representative works of German exile literature in which the experience of the in-between in Niemandsland proves to be of particular significance are discussed under various sub-points of analysis. Egon Schwarz’s autobiography is the focus of Chapter Two, which is titled “The Implications of Legal Otherness for the Refugee’s Notion of Identity: A Case Study of Egon Schwarz’s Keine Zeit für Eichendorff.” In this chapter Schwarz’s experiences in Niemandsland are discussed within the analytical framework of Jenkins’ tripartite model in order to determine the implications of exile and the consequent ruptures in the institutional order for Schwarz’s identity formation in the individual order, specifically his sense of personal agency in processes of identification and the interplay thereof with his notions of belonging and place in the world. Chapter Three focuses on the legal dimension of Niemandsland, specifically how statelessness affects the refugee’s sense of belonging to the national community from which he has been legally expunged. Entitled “The Interplay between Legally Sanctioned Space and Notions of Place in the World as Manifest in Select Works of German Exile Literature, 1933- 1945,” this chapter explores the incongruity between legal erasure and the linguistic, cultural and historical ties that endure between the stateless individual and his national community of origin as manifest in select works. The chosen works are representative of the diversity of German writers’ responses to the experience of statelessness in exile from the NS-regime across several genres. The argumentation of the chapter is supported by the analysis of excepts from these works: non-fiction political writings and speeches by Thomas Mann, including “Schrifsteller im Exil” and Deutsche Hörer!, the novels Kind aller Länder by Irmgard Keun and Transit by Anna Seghers, the drama Jacobowsky und der Oberst by Franz Werfel, and the “dialogisierte Tagespolitik” Flüchtlingsgespräche by Bertolt Brecht (White 137). This chapter investigates v how the authors of these works employ various techniques to demonstrate the ruptures in the institutional order and their implications for the individual order and identity in exile. The existing scholarship on these works is extensive, but the contribution of this dissertation lies in the fact that these works and their authors are being discussed within a unified analytical framework. In contrast to Chapters Two and Three, the analyses of which deal predominantly with the legal complications faced by the refugee of the NS-period and the implications of statelessness for processes of identification, Chapter Four, in its discussion of Mascha Kaléko’s exile poetry, focuses primarily on the devastating and irretrievable loss of home that exile represented for Kaléko. Titled “Exile in Nirgendland: The Poetry and Exile Experience of Mascha Kaléko,” this chapter explores a leitmotif in Kaléko’s poetry that the refugee is perpetually trapped in a Niemandsland, an in-between space that she refers to as Nirgendland. The four chapters of this dissertation explore the varying implications of legal erasure and statelessness for the refugee’s sense of belonging in the world, proving that the existence of the refugee in the space of the in-between, the space in which the legal, physical and socio-cultural Niemandsländer of exile overlap and coalesce, has profound implications for the refugee’s notions of identity, of his sense of belonging and place in the world. vi Acknowledgements It is with sincerest gratitude that I thank the individuals and organizations whose time, energy and support were integral to the completion of this dissertation. First and foremost, I thank my dissertation advisor Dr. Leonie A. Marx, without whom this project would have been inconceivable. From the first semester of my MA coursework in Fall 2009, Dr. Marx, through her courses and scholarship, deeply influenced my graduate work and ultimately my decision to pursue a Ph.D. in the field of German exile literature. I consider it an honor that she was willing to work with me and that she believed in the potential of this dissertation project from the very beginning. Dr. Marx spent countless hours working with me throughout the various stages of the dissertation, and it was through our many discussions that der rote Faden tying together the analysis finally emerged. That for which I am most humbled in gratitude is Dr. Marx’s profound patience and relentless support during periods of my graduate work in which I faced personal challenges. Her willingness to work with me despite these hurdles was a gift of her time and energy for which I will forever be grateful. Through her scholarship and person, Dr. Marx provided for me an outstanding model that I will forever strive to emulate in my future pursuits. I thank the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures at the University of Kansas for providing me with the invaluable opportunity to study and work through multi-year graduate teaching assistantships, summer research fellowships, and lecturer positions. The continued support of the Department throughout my graduate work made it possible for me to successfully complete my MA and Ph.D., and for this I am sincerely grateful. I would also like to thank the Max Kade Foundation for providing me with the Max Kade Dissertation Fellowship. Finally, I thank my husband Chris Hare and our “zoo” for their endless love and support. I look forward to our life together, and I find immense comfort and purpose in knowing that wherever Chris and I are together, I have found home. vii Table of Contents 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Presentation of Topic ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Thesis Statement .............................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Methodology ...................................................................................................................
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