DOCSLIB.ORG

B-179421 United States Programs in Ghana

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
B-179421 United States Programs in Ghana REPORT TO THE CONGRESS United States Programs In Ghana 8-179421 BY THE COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED S-I-AI-ES WASHINGTON. D.C. 20542 B-179421 To the President of the Senate and the 31 Speaker of the House of Representatives This is our report on U.S. programs in Ghana. We made our review pursuant,to the Budget and Account- ing Act, 1921 (31 U.S.C. 53), and the Accounting and Audit- ing Act of 1950 (31 U.S.C. 67). We are sending copies of this report to the Director, Office of Management and Budget; the Secretary of State; the Secretary of Commerce; and the Administrator, Agency for International Development. Comptroller General of the Unite-d States Contents Page DIGEST 1 CHAPTER 1 GHANAIANPOLITICAL AND ECONOMICDEVELOPMENTS 5 Political developments 5 Economic developments 6 2 GHANA'S EXTERNALDEBT BURDENAND THE U.S. ROLE. 10 Origins of the problem 11 Debt relief 12 Debt repudiation 15 Long-term lending 16 Conclusions 20 Matter for consideration by the Congress 21 3 U.S. ROLE IN MULTIDONORASSISTANCE 22 Leadership role of International Mone- tary Fund and World Bank 22 U.S. coordination with other donors 25 Conclusions 26 4 U.S. ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS 27 Studies loan 30 AID and Peace Corps coordination 31 Conclusions 33 Family planning program 34 Ejura Farms t Cooley loan 36 5 ASSISTANCEVERSUS TRADE PRIORITIES 41 U.S. trade relations and investments in Ghana 41 AID-funded textile loan 42 Third-country interests 47 Use of AID commodity loan to expand Ghana Textile production 47 Ghana Textile exports to the United States 48 Agency comments and GAO analysis 50 Recommendation 52 Public Law 480 program and Ghanaian ex- port expansion 52 CMPTER Page 6 SCOPE OF REVIEW 55 APPENDIX I Letter dated June 26, 1973, from the De- partment of State 57 II Letter dated May 24, 1973, from the Agency for International Development 62 III Letter dated July 26, 1973, from the De- partment of Commerce 69 IV Principal officials responsible for the ad- ministration of activities discussed in this report 74 ABBREVIATIONS AA/AFR Assistant Administrator, Bureau for Africa AID Agency for International Development AG Auditor General CCP Country Commercial Program EC European Economic Community GAO General Accounting Office GOG Government of Ghana IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop- ment IDA International Development Association LDCs less developed countries OPIC Overseas Private Investment Corporation USAID U.S. AID ?.!ission in Ghana USG U.S. Government i - CormWce objected to AID's providing --developing and expanding Ghanaian financial assistance to the textile markets for U.S. agricultural com- manufacturer. modities and ,& The Department of State, which has --encouraging economic development a central role in the determination in Ghana. (See pp. 32 to 54.) of U.S. interests in foreign coun- tries, said that determining rela- RECOMMENDATION tive priorities in conflict situa- tions, such as in the case GAO is GAO recommends that the Secretary of 19 reporting on, was difficult. 1 State, in cooperation with the De- ;i- & 'P partment of Commerce and AID, con- '"j i'7 GAO discussed with a Department of >sider developing more definitive State official whether criteria criteria to help resolve conflicting should be developed to specifi- U.S. interests such as those identi- cally identify issues involving U.S. fied in providing assistance to a interests for consideration in the Ghanaian textile firm. approval process. This official said that such criteria would be Criteria for determining eligibility difficult to develop and that he for a loan should specify such mat- doubted the practicality of develop- ters as the permissible percentage ing criteria for all aspects of the of the production that could be ex- developmental and U.S. interests is- ported to the United States; how sues involved. much displacement of U.S. trade should be permitted; and the bene- GAO believes that definitive cri- fits, if any, that could flow to teria can be developed covering is- third-country interests. sues involving U.S. interests, such as AGENCYACTIONS AND UNRESOLVEDISSUES --the percentage of production that The Department of State's comments could be exported to the United recognized the importance of con- States, sidering net-aid flows to countries, such as Ghana, that have significant --how much U.S. trade would be dis- debt problems. The Department re- placed, iterated its efforts to persuade creditor-donors to reschedule debts --the benefits, if any, that could on terms which would reduce the flow to third-country interests. drain on the resources available to Ghana from the United States and the GAO believes that this approach by other major sources of net foreign the concerned agencies would result assistance; i.e., the World Bank, in more consistent and uniform rec- West Germany, and Canada. ognition of U.S. interests. Both the Department of State and AID There are problems involving the expressed concern that GAO's report priorities of such Public Law 480 on this matter inferred that the program objectives as United States had shouldered a I&x Sheet 3 disproportionate burden in assist- MATTERFOR CONSIDERATIONBY TBE '= * ing Ghana. The amount of assist- CONGRESS ance given to any developing country apparently relates to U.S. interests in that country and to its Because of the seriousness of potential for economic development. Ghana's debt problem, the Congress Policy considerations involved in may wish to review with the Depart- determining the amount of such as- ment of State and AID the role that sistance for a particular country foreign, donors, including the United should be resolved by the agencies States, play in providing a net-aid with the Congress through the appro- flow to support Ghana's economic priation process. development. 4 CHAPTER 1 GHANAIAN POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS The Republic of Ghana, formerly the Gold Coast, became an independent nation within the British Commonwealth in 1957. Ghana was the first nation in tropical Africa to obtain in- dependence from European colonial rule. Almost all of Ghana's 9.3 million people are Sudanese Negroes, including a variety of ethnic groups speaking different West African languages. English is the official national language. From 1957 to 1966 Ghana was dominated by one man, Kwame Nkrumah. As the head of Ghana's Government and founder and leader of its only legal political party, Nkrumah sought to make Ghana the standard bearer for his concept of pan- Africanism and a model based on his ideals of African social- ism. In February 1966, while Nkrumah was in Asia on a visit, the Ghanaian army and police services deposed him in a brief, but successful, coup d'etat. Nkrumah took refuge for several years in Guinea; he died in Romania in April 1972. The leaders of the revolt quickly established the National Libera- tion Council and governed the country by decree. From 1966 to 1968 Ghana, with International Monetary Fund guidance and support, pursued a stabilization policy which reduced the disproportionately high levels and poor quality of Ghanaian investment, enforced economies on imports, and lessened inflationary pressures. The stabilization measures, however, brought no improvement in export performance and allowed a rapid growth in both private and public consump- tion. In 1968 a constituent assembly was established in Ghana, and in 1969 the assembly approved and promulgated a hew con- stitution. In elections held in August 1969, the leader of the Progress Party, K.A. Busia, became Prime Minister, bring- ing to an end more than 3 years of military rule. From late 1969 through 1971, the Busia government tried to move the Ghanaian economy from stabilization to development while promoting necessary structural changes. Although the policies of the Government were considered generally appro- priate, the tightness of the balance-of-payments situation had left little flexibility for their adoption and implemen- tation, Although the gross domestic product grew about 4 percent annually, as planned, export receipts declined, imports grew rapidly, and foreign exchange reserves remained very low. Short- term debt and Government expenditures also grew rapidly, and the burden of debt service on medium- and long- term debts rose. In January 1972, while Prime Minister Busia was in England, army officers seized power in Ghana, citing economic problems, Government mismanagement, and Government-imposed austerity measures as the reasons for their action. The Na- tional Redemption Council, composed almost exclusively of military officers, was established. The Ghanaian Parliament and all political parties were dissolved, the Constitution was suspended, and the Council ruled by decree. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS Most of the economic wealth and population of Ghana, which occupies an area about the size of Oregon on the coast of West Africa, are concentrated in the south where the staple food crops are produced and where the major urban centers are located. This southern area also has a rain forest which produces valuable timber and minerals and which is the source of Ghana’s main cash crop, cocoa. The northern two-thirds of the country is hot, dry, and economically poor; its chief occupations are subsistence farming and cattle raising. Ghana has been a traditional importer of foodstuffs, and between 1960 and 1971 the per capita agricultural produc- tion index actually declined. The principal current problems are: (1) achieving a better balance in external trade and payments, (2) obtaining substantial progress in import substitution and export pro- motion policies to insure a better longrun trade balance, (3) continuing emphasis on agricultural development strategy, particularly cocoa rehabilitation, and (4) for industrial development, reducing the high level of dependency on im- ported raw materials and revising the overemphasis on domestic consumption goods.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hydro-Power and the Promise of Modernity and Development in Ghana: Comparing the Akosombo and Bui Dam Projects
    HYDRO-POWER AND THE PROMISE OF MODERNITY AND DEVELOPMENT IN GHANA: COMPARING THE AKOSOMBO AND BUI DAM PROJECTS Stephan F. Miescher, University of California, Santa Barbara & Dzodzi Tsikata, University of Ghana n 2007, as Ghanaians were suffering another electricity crisis with frequent power outages, President J. A. Kufuor celebrated I in a festive mode the sod cutting for the country’s third large hydro-electric dam at Bui across the Black Volta in the Brong Ahafo Region.1 The new 400 megawatt (MW) power project promises to guarantee Ghana’s electricity supply and to develop neglected parts of the north. The Bui Dam had been planned since the 1920s as part of the original Volta River Project: harnessing the river by producing ample electricity for processing the country’s bauxite. In the early 1960s, when President Kwame Nkrumah began to implement the Volta River Project by building the Akosombo Dam, Bui was supposed to follow as part of a grand plan for the industrialization and modernization of Ghana and Africa. Since the 1980s, periodic electricity crises due to irregular rainfall have undermined Ghana’s reliance on Akosombo. By the turn of the century, these crises had created a sense of urgency to realize the Bui project in spite of an increasing international critique of large dams. Although there is more than a forty-year gap between the 1 See press reporting in Daily Mail, 24 August 2007, and the Ghanaian Chroni- cle, 27 August 2007. The sod cutting ceremony, analogous to a grass-cutting or ribbon-cutting event, symbolically marks the beginning of construction for a major infrastructure project.
    [Show full text]
  • An Epidemiological Profile of Malaria and Its Control in Ghana
    An Epidemiological Profile of Malaria and its Control in Ghana Report prepared by National Malaria Control Programme, Accra, Ghana & University of Health & Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana & AngloGold Ashanti Malaria Control Program, Obuasi, Ghana & World Health Organization, Country Programme, Accra, Ghana & The INFORM Project Department of Public Health Research Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Progamme Nairobi, Kenya Version 1.0 November 2013 Acknowledgments The authors are indebted to the following individuals from the MPHD, KEMRI-Oxford programme: Ngiang-Bakwin Kandala, Caroline Kabaria, Viola Otieno, Damaris Kinyoki, Jonesmus Mutua and Stella Kasura; we are also grateful to the help provided by Philomena Efua Nyarko, Abena Asamoabea, Osei-Akoto and Anthony Amuzu of the Ghana Statistical Service for help providing parasitological data on the MICS4 survey; Catherine Linard for assistance on modelling human population settlement; and Muriel Bastien, Marie Sarah Villemin Partow, Reynald Erard and Christian Pethas-Magilad of the WHO archives in Geneva. We acknowledge in particular all those who have generously provided unpublished data, helped locate information or the geo-coordinates of data necessary to complete the analysis of malaria risk across Ghana: Collins Ahorlu, Benjamin Abuaku, Felicia Amo-Sakyi, Frank Amoyaw, Irene Ayi, Fred Binka, David van Bodegom, Michael Cappello, Daniel Chandramohan, Amanua Chinbua, Benjamin Crookston, Ina Danquah, Stephan Ehrhardt, Johnny Gyapong, Maragret Gyapong, Franca Hartgers, Debbie Humphries, Juergen May, Seth Owusu-Agyei, Kwadwo Koram, Margaret Kweku, Frank Mockenhaupt, Philip Ricks, Sylvester Segbaya, Harry Tagbor and Mitchell Weiss. The authors also acknowledge the support and encouragement provided by the RBM Partnership, Shamwill Issah and Alistair Robb of the UK government's Department for International Development (DFID), Claude Emile Rwagacondo of the West African RBM sub- regional network and Thomas Teuscher of RBM, Geneva.
    [Show full text]
  • Initial Measures of New Regime. President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, While on a Visit to Communist China, Was Deposed on Feb
    Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives), Volume 12, March, 1966 Ghana, Page 21273 © 1931-2006 Keesing's Worldwide, LLC - All Rights Reserved. Initial Measures of New Regime. President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, while on a visit to Communist China, was deposed on Feb. 24 as the result of swift action in an Army coup which established in power a National Liberation Council led by Major-General Joseph A. Ankrah, the former Chief of Defence Staff of the Army. In the early hours of Feb. 24 units of the Ghanaian Army occupied key installations in Accra and the other principal towns and attacked President Nkrumah's presidential guard of about 200 men at Flagstaff House, the President's strongly fortified palace in Accra; many of the guard surrendered by 11 a.m. and were arrested, but others continued to resist until the following day. One of the coup leaders, Brigadier A. K. Ocran [see below], said on March 7 that the action had been carried out by two brigades totalling 3,000 men, and that no more than 27 persons had lost their lives, including seven members of the Army and between 10 and 20 presidential guards at Flagstaff House. Among those killed was Major-General Charles M. Barwah, the Deputy Chief of Staff. The leader of the military action, Colonel Emmanuel Kwashie Kotoka (the commander of the 2nd Army Brigade stationed in Kumasi) announced in a broadcast on Feb. 24: “The myth surrounding Kwame Nkrumah has been broken.” President Nkrumah and all his Ministers, Colonel Kotoka stated, had been dismissed, his Convention People's Party (C.P.P.) declared illegal, and Parliament dissolved.
    [Show full text]
  • Voting Pattern and Electoral Alliances in Ghana's 1996 Elections
    The African e-Journals Project has digitized full text of articles of eleven social science and humanities journals. This item is from the digital archive maintained by Michigan State University Library. Find more at: http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/africanjournals/ Available through a partnership with Scroll down to read the article. Afr. i. polit. sci. (1997). Vol. 2 No. 2. 38-52 Voting Pattern and Electoral Alliances in Ghana's 1996 Elections Felix K. G.Anebo* Abstract In the 1996 presidential and parliamentary elections, Ghana's two major opposi- tion political parties - the New Patriotic Party (NPP) and People's Convention Party (PCP) - which are traditionally very bitter opponents, formed an electoral alliance to defeat Rowlings and his National Democratic Congress. This paper analyses the factors that influenced the electoral alliance of the two traditional antagonists, and explains the reasons for their failure, in spite of their alliance, to win the elections. It argues, among other things, that changes in existing political alignments as well as voting patterns accounts for the electoral victory of Rowlings and his NDC in the elections. Introduction Common opposition to the Rawlings regime has made possible electoral co- operation between the country' s two major political antagonists, the New Patriotic Party (NPP) and People's Convention Party (PCP). In whatever way it is viewed, the electoral alliance between the NPP and PCP into what they refer to as "The Great Alliance" is politically very significant. The two parties come from two divergent political traditions and were historically bitter enemies. The PCP traces its ancestry to Kwame Nkrumah's Convention People's Party (CPP) which in its hey days was associated with radical nationalism, Pan-Africanism and socialism.
    [Show full text]
  • John F. Kennedy, Ghana and the Volta River Project : a Study in American Foreign Policy Towards Neutralist Africa
    University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-1989 John F. Kennedy, Ghana and the Volta River project : a study in American foreign policy towards neutralist Africa. Kurt X. Metzmeier 1959- University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Recommended Citation Metzmeier, Kurt X. 1959-, "John F. Kennedy, Ghana and the Volta River project : a study in American foreign policy towards neutralist Africa." (1989). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 967. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/967 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. JOHN F. KENNEDY, GHANA AND THE \\ VOLTA RIVER PROJECT A Study in American Foreign Policy towards Neutralist Africa By Kurt X. Metzmeier B.A., Universdty of Louisville, 1982 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of History University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky May 1989 JOHN F. KENNEDY, GHANA AND THE VOLTA RIVER PROJECT A Study in American Foreign Policy Towards Neutralist Africa By Kurt X. Metzmeier B.A., University of Louisville, 1982 A Thesis• Approved on April 26, 1989 (DATE) By the following Reading Committee: Thesis Director 11 ABSTRACT The emergence of an independent neutralist Africa changed the dynamics of the cold war.
    [Show full text]
  • Civitatis Ghaniensis Conditor: Kwame Nkrumah, Symbolic Nationalism And
    Nations and Nationalism 14 (3), 2008, 520–541. Civitatis Ghaniensis Conditor:Kwame Nkrumah, symbolic nationalism and the iconography of Ghanaian money 1957 – the Golden Jubilee HARCOURT FULLER International History Department, The London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK ABSTRACT. During his tenure as premier from independence in 1957 until he was ousted by a military and police coup in 1966, Kwame Nkrumah was the living personification of the Ghanaian nation-state. As the self-proclaimed Civitatis Gha- niensis Conditor – Founder of the State of Ghana – his image was minted on the new national money and printed on postage stamps. He erected a monument of himself in Accra, changed the national anthem to make references to himself, customised the national flag to match the colors of his CPP party, made his birthday a national day of celebration (National Founder’s Day), named streets and universities after himself, and amended the constitution whereby he became Life President. Since the coup, many of the symbols of nationhood that Nkrumah constructed have been debated, demolished, reconsidered and reengineered by successive governments to rewrite the Ghanaian historical narrative. This article analyses the contentions of one of Nkrumah’s first expressions of symbolic nationalism – that of the national coinage. KEYWORDS: Civitatis Ghaniensis Conditor; Ghana Cedi; Ghana money; icono- graphy and money; Kwame Nkrumah; nationalism; symbolic nationalism. The act of coining or producing currency has been synonymous with an expression of independence since the earliest years of coinage in Ancient Greece (Mudd 2005). r The author 2008. Journal compilation r ASEN/Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2008 Iconography of Ghanaian money 521 I want the Queen and the people of Britain to know .
    [Show full text]
  • Some Factors in the Establishment of Autocracy in Ghana
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 12-1963 Some Factors in the Establishment of Autocracy in Ghana Peter Martin Stephenson University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Stephenson, Peter Martin, "Some Factors in the Establishment of Autocracy in Ghana. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1963. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3213 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Peter Martin Stephenson entitled "Some Factors in the Establishment of Autocracy in Ghana." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Political Science. Lee S. Greene, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Vernon Iredell Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Augu st 12, 1963 To the Gradua te Counc il: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Peter Martin Stephenson entitled "Some Fa ctors in the Establishment of Au tocracy in Ghana .
    [Show full text]
  • Politics Betrayal N 13 May 1972, at the Elaborate Co-Secretary-General of the Ruling PDG Party
    Cover Story politics betrayal n 13 May 1972, at the elaborate co-secretary-general of the ruling PDG party. state funeral held for Nkrumah in Nkrumah was also settled in Villa Syli, a Conakry, Guinea, Amilcar Cabral, comfortable government guest house near O the charismatic leader of Guinea the sea, from where he worked on several Bissau, seemed to sum it all up when he books published in his exile years. said in his powerful tribute to Nkrumah: He had earlier lived temporarily in Belle “Nobody can tell us that Nkrumah died of a Vue, another government guest house, but cancer of the throat or some other illness. No, it was too small for him and the large presi- Nkrumah was killed by the cancer of betrayal dential entourage which had accompanied which we must uproot from Africa if we really him on his cancelled peace mission to Hanoi, want to bring about the final liquidation of Vietnam, during that country’s protracted imperialist domination from this continent… war with America. As an African adage says, ‘those who dare to From Conakry, Nkrumah made very spit at the sky only dirty their own faces’… strenuous but fruitless efforts to regain power We, the liberation movements, will not forgive in Ghana. The query has always been why those who betrayed Nkrumah. The people of he was unsuccessful? For example, the most Ghana will not forgive. Africa will not forgive. serious effort to unseat the military junta that Ghana Progressive mankind will not forgive. Let overthrew him – the National Liberation those who still have to rehabilitate themselves Council (NLC) – was the 17 April 1967 in the eyes of Africa make haste to do so.
    [Show full text]
  • Ghana Housing Profile
    GHANA HOUSING PROFILE Copyright © United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), 2011 An electronic version of this publication is available for download from the UN-HABITAT web-site at http://www.unhabitat.org All rights reserved United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) P.O. Box 30030, GPO Nairobi 0010, Kenya Tel: +254 20 762 3120 Fax: +254 20 762 3477 Web: www.unhabitat.org DISCLAIMER The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the United Nations, and a failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. Excerpts from the text may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. HS Number: HS/131/11E ISBN Number (Volume): 978-92-1-132416-7 ISBN Number (Series): 978-92-1-131927-9 Layout: Gideon Mureithi/UNON Cover photos: Graham Tipple Printing: UNON, Publishing Services Section, Nairobi, ISO 14001:2004-certified. GHANA HOUSING PROFILE GHANA HOUSING PROFILE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS HOUSING PROFILE CORE TEAM Supervisor: Claudio Acioly Jr. Task Manager: Christophe Lalande, Channe Oguzhan Habitat Programme Officers in Ghana: Victoria Abankwa and Abena Ntori Principal Author: Graham Tipple National Profile Team: Oteng Ababio, Emmanuel Abeka, Irene Addo, Samuel Biitir, Ohene Sarfoh. Contributors: Yahaya Yakubu, Director of Housing, Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing and Theresa Tuffour, Deputy Director of Housing, Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing.
    [Show full text]
  • Kwame Nkrumah's Quest for Pan Africanism: from Independence
    KWAME NKRUMAH’S QUEST FOR PAN AFRICANISM: FROM INDEPENDENCE LEADER TO DEPOSED DESPOT A Thesis by Autumn Anne Lawson Bachelor of Arts, Acadia University, 2004 Submitted to the Department of History and the faculty of the Graduate School of Wichita State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts December 2010 Copyright 2010 by Autumn Anne Lawson All Rights Reserved KWAME NKRUMAH’S QUEST FOR PAN AFRICANISM: FROM INDEPENDENCE LEADER TO DEPOSED DESPOT The following faculty members have examined the final copy of this thesis for form and content, and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts with a major in History. _________________________________________ George Dehner, Committee Chair ___________________________________________ Robert M. Owens, Committee Member ____________________________________________ Chinyere Grace Okafor, Committee Member iii DEDICATION For my beloved and greatly missed father Robert K. Edmiston and my darling Maggie iv The evil that men do lives after them; The good is oft interred with their bones … - William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor Dr. George Dehner. Without your continued guidance, support and understanding I would never have found the motivation to finish. The great deal of time, encouragement and advice you have given over the years has proved to be invaluable. You are a true rarity in the academic world and I will be forever grateful that you agreed to take on what seemed like a hopeless thesis student. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Dr. Chinyere Okafor and Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright © 2005 James Gbadzine Aluong All Rights Reserved. The
    Copyright © 2005 James Gbadzine Aluong All rights reserved. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has permission to reproduce and disseminate this document in any form by any means for purposes chosen by the Seminary, including, without limitation, preservation or instruction. AN ANALYSIS OF THE CHURCH PLANTING STRATEGIES AND METHODS OF THE GHANA BAPTIST CONVENTION AND MISSION FROM 1960-2000 A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by James Gbadzine Akrong May 2005 UMI Number: 3173104 Copyright 2005 by Akrong, James Gbadzine All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3173104 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, M148106-1346 APPROV AL SHEET AN ANALYSIS OF THE CHURCH PLANTING STRATEGIES AND METHODS OF THE GHANA BAPTIST CONVENTION AND MISSION FROM 1960-2000 James Gbadzine Akrong Read and THESES Ph.D. .Ak73a 0199701934903 To Gladys, my dear lovely wife and best friend and to our children, Edem (Edwin), Efakomam (Michael) and Eyram (Abigail) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE..........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Nkrumah Ghana: the Legal Profile of a Coup
    Maurer School of Law: Indiana University Digital Repository @ Maurer Law Articles by Maurer Faculty Faculty Scholarship 1966 Post-Nkrumah Ghana: The Legal Profile of a Coup William Burnett Harvey Indiana University School of Law - Bloomington Follow this and additional works at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub Part of the African History Commons, African Studies Commons, and the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons Recommended Citation Harvey, William Burnett, "Post-Nkrumah Ghana: The Legal Profile of a Coup" (1966). Articles by Maurer Faculty. 1187. https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/facpub/1187 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by Maurer Faculty by an authorized administrator of Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. POST-NKRUMAH GHANA: THE LEGAL PROFILE OF A COUPt WILLIAM B. HARVEY* I. INTRODUCTION The coup d'6tat in Ghana on February 24, 1966, carried out by the army with police support, ended the fifteen year old government of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah. Of that period, almost nine years had elapsed since the British colonial power withdrew and granted sovereign independence to the former Gold Coast on March 6, 1957. Ghana was the first of the colonial territories of black Africa to achieve independence, and Dr. Nkrumah's government carried the hopes and aspirations not only of the Ghanaian people but of many others. Colonial apologists awaited the justification of a century's bearing of the white man's burden. Critics of imperialism wel- comed the cutting of political bonds as a first step toward complete economic and cultural emancipation.
    [Show full text]