A Legitimação Da Fotografia No Museu De Arte: O Museum of Modern Art De Nova York E Os Anos Newhall No Departamento De Fotografia Volume I

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A Legitimação Da Fotografia No Museu De Arte: O Museum of Modern Art De Nova York E Os Anos Newhall No Departamento De Fotografia Volume I DIANA DE ABREU DOBRANSZKY A Legitimação da Fotografia no Museu de Arte: O Museum of Modern Art de Nova York e os anos Newhall no Departamento de Fotografia Volume I Tese de doutorado apresentada ao Instituto de Artes, da Universidades Estadual de Campinas, para a obtenção do Título de Doutor em Multimeios. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Fernando Cury de Tacca. CAMPINAS 2008 iii FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA BIBLIOTECA DO INSTITUTO DE ARTES DA UNICAMP Dobranszky, Diana de Abreu. D655L A Legitimação da fotografia no Museu de Arte: o Museum of Modern Art de Nova York e os anos Newhall no Departamento de fotografia / Diana de Abreu Dobranszky – Campinas, SP: [s.n.], 2008. Orientador: Fernando Tacca. Coorientador: Geoffrey Batchen. Tese(doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes. 1. Fotografia - Historia. 2. Fotografia artistica. 3. Arte. I. Tacca, Fernando. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Artes. III. Título. (em/ia) Título em ingles: “The legitimation of Photograhy in the art museum: the Museum of Modern Art of New York and the Newhall years at the Photography Department.” Palavras-chave em inglês (Keywords): Photography – History ; Artistic photography ; Art. Titulação: Doutor em Multimeios Banca examinadora: Prof.. Dr.. Fernando Tacca. Profa. Dra. Helouise Costa. Prof. Dr. Rubens Fernandes Junior. Profa. Dra. Iara Lis Franco Schiavinatto Prof. Dr. Mauricius Martins Farina. Profa. Dra.Maria de Fátima Moretti Profa. Dra. Dulcília Buitoni. Data da Defesa: 22-02-2008 iv v Dedico este trabalho ao meu avô Eduardo, quem eu nunca conheci mas cuja paixão e caminho compartilhei. vii AGRADECIMENTOS Ao meu orientador Prof. Dr. Fernando Tacca, sem cuja aposta em meu potencial eu jamais teria chegado até aqui. Foram oito anos de uma parceria muito enriquecedora. À Profa. Dr. Iara Lis Schiavinatto, que me apóia há anos em minhas pesquisas. Ao Prof. Dr. Geoffrey Batchen, da CUNY, que me recebeu em Nova York e em muito me ajudou em refinar minha pesquisa e em torná-la algo novo. À CAPES que me concedeu a bolsa de estágio de doutorado para que eu realizasse a minha pesquisa na cidade de Nova York por um ano (agosto de 2005 a julho de 2006). A experiência foi inestimável. E ainda por me conceder uma bolsa de doutorado para que terminasse a minha tese. À cidade de Nova York, com seus museus, parques, bibliotecas e civilidade. Ao Museum of Modern Art, onde trabalhei por um ano e fui muito bem recebida por todos os seus funcionários. Ao Graduate Center da City University of New York, ao me aceitar como pesquisadora visitante. E à minha familia, amigos e colegas. ix RESUMO O Departamento de Fotografia do Museum of Modern Art de Nova York foi fundado em 1940 e seu primeiro curador foi Beaumont Newhall. Através de exposições e acquisições ele e sua esposa Nancy - que o substituiu nos anos em que ele serviu nas forças armadas durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial - estruturaram esse que foi o primeiro Departamento de Fotografia independente em um museu de arte. A importancia do fato está no apoio institucional que o meio fotográfico recebeu e que possibilitou o reconhecimento da fotografia como arte. Ao mesmo tempo, pouco antes de ser indicado curador, Beaumont organizou a exposição Photography 1839-1937, cujo catálogo transformou-se no conhecido livro The History of Photography. O processo que levou ao Departamento assim como o trabalho desenvolvido pelos Newhall no MoMA entre 1940 e 1946 é tema de nossa pesquisa. Palavras-chave: Fotografia; Arte; Fotografia - História; Fotografia Americana. xi ABSTRACT The Photography Department of the Museum of Modern Art (New York) was created in 1940, and its first curator was Beaumont Newhall. With exhibitions and acquisitions he and his wife Nancy, who replaced him while he served the Navy during the World War I, structured this that was the first independent Photography Department in an art museum. The importance of this fact lies in the institutional support that established photography as an art form. At the same time, shortly before Beaumont was appointed curator he assembled the Photography 1839-1937 exhibition. Its catalogue evolved into the seminal book History of Photography. The process that led to the Department as well as the work developed by the Newhalls at the MoMA between 1940 and 1946 is the subject of this study. Key words: Photography; Art; History of Photography; American Photography. xiii SUMÁRIO Volume I Dedicatória vii Agradecimentos ix Resumo xi Abstract xiii Sumário xv Sumário de Exposições xvii 1. Introdução 1 2. A Fotografia no MoMA antes de Beaumont Newhall 7 3. A Contratação de Beaumont Newhall 15 4. Photography 1839-1937: a História da Fotografia Segundo Beaumont Newhall 17 4.1. O Ensaio de Newhall (versão de 1937) 27 5. American Photographs de Walker Evans e as exposições que precederam a Curadoria dos Newhall 57 6. O Departamento de Fotografia e a Primeira Exposição Oficial 47 7. Nancy Newhall, o Photography Center, e a Segunda Guerra Mundial 103 8. As Exposições 113 8.1. Guerra 115 8.2. Externas 131 8.3. Sobre a Fotografia (a técnica e o meio) 134 8.4. Exceções 145 8.5. Históricas 154 8.6. Coletivas 167 8.7. Individuais 179 9. Coleção Permanente: Exposições e Aquisições 197 9.1. A Coleção nos Anos Newhall e suas Preferências 207 A. As Fotógrafas 208 xv B. Os Fotógrafos Inativos 210 C. Nacionalidades 212 D. Participações em Exposições 214 E. A Representação dos Fotógrafos na Coleção 218 10. Uma Questão de Standards 225 11. A Crise (“Watch out for Steichen!) 237 Conclusão 241 Referencias Bibliográficas 247 Bibliografia 255 Anexo I 261 Volume II Apresentação 7 Apêndice I – Seleção de imagens e fotografias 9 Apêndice II – Checklists de Exposições 24 Apêndice III – Fotógrafos da Coleção do MoMA 197 Índice de Exposições 279 Índice de Fotógrafos da Coleção 281 xvi SUMÁRIO DE EXPOSIÇÕES Murals by American Painters and Photographers 8 Walker Evans: Photographs of 19th Century Houses 13 Photography 1839-1937 46 Walker Evans: American Photographs 57 Seven American Photographers 67 Charles Sheeler: Paintings, Drawing, Photographs 71 War Comes to People, a Story Written with the Lens by Therese Bonney 74 Sixty Photographs: A Survey on Camera Esthetics 90 The American Snapshot 108 Britain at War 115 Two Years of War in England: Photographs by William Vandivert 117 Tunisian Triumph: War Photographs by Elliot Elisofon 119 Pacific Report (Photographs by W. Eugene Smith) 120 Manzanar: Photographs by Ansel Adams of Loyal Japanese-American Relocation Center Road to Victory 121 Power in the Pacific (Official Battle Photographs of our Navy in Action on the Sea and in the Sky) 128 Still Photographs from Hollywood Studios 131 Dancers in Movement: Photographs by Gjon Mili 131 Modern American Dance 132 Faces and Places in Brazil: Photographs by Genevieve Naylor 133 How to Make a Photogram/ Painting with Light 134 Action Photography 135 Creative Photography 141 Image of Freedom 145 Photographs at $10 153 Photographs by D.O. Hill and R. Adamson 1843-1849 154 xvii Photographs of the Civil War and the American Frontier 157 100 Years of Portrait Photograhy 160 Pictorialism in Transition 162 French Photographs: Daguerre to Atget 165 Mexico: 8 Photographers 167 New Workers 171 New Photographers 175 Helen Levitt: Photographs of Children 179 Birds in Color: Flashlight Photographs by Eliot Porter 182 Photographs 1915-1945 by Paul Strand 183 The Photographs of Edward Weston 191 Henri Cartier-Bresson 195 New Acquisitions: 10 Photographs by Alfred Stieglitz 197 New Acquisitions: Photographs 198 Adams, Emerson, Stieglitz, Strand, Weston 200 Photography in Progress 200 Photographs from the Musem Collection 206 xviii 1. Introdução: As primeiras décadas do século XX testemunharam uma explosão de inovação nas artes tanto na Europa quanto nos Estados Unidos. Toda riqueza gerada nesse período, no velho e no novo continente, culminou na criação do MoMA - Museum of Modern Art de Nova York e na criação do Departamento de Fotografia do museu. A fotografia fez parte das novas tendências - e de suas próprias - e suas potencialidades como meio de expressão tornaram-se irrefutáveis. A investida do MoMA no campo da fotografia representou o apoio institucional necessário para que o meio obtivesse o reconhecimento como obra de arte legítima. Os antecedentes da história que contaremos em nossa tese foram estudados e difundidos por inúmeras publicações. Por conseguinte, faremos apenas uma breve citação sobre a arte nesses anos precedentes.1 Na Europa vários movimentos artísticos exploraram a fotografia: o Dadaísmo, o Surrealismo, o Construtivismo Russo e o formalismo da Bauhaus são os principais. As experiências desses grupos incluíram a fotomontagem, o fotograma, e novas formas de se representar a realidade ou o visível fotograficamente. As fotografias recortadas e remontadas criaram novas realidades e novas percepções do mundo. Ao mesmo tempo, a fotografia produzida de maneira tradicional era agora feita a partir de novos ângulos e de novas perspectivas. A necessidade desses artistas era a de renovação da visão e a busca de novos instrumentos que tornassem possível uma mudança verdadeira em sua sociedade – social, cultural e política. Man Ray e Moholy-Nagy reinventaram o fotograma para explorar formas e texturas na França e na Alemanha. Rodchenko fotografou a partir de perspectivas diferentes para criar uma linguagem que refletisse mudanças políticas com a criação da União Soviética. Moholy-Nagy, assim como os irmãos Feininger, adotaram a mesma 1 Ver: HANBOURG, Maria Morris & PHILLIPS, Christopher. The New Vision: Photography Between the Wars (Ford Motor Company Collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art: catálogo. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994. 1 técnica de Rodchenko, mas no intuito de explorar formas e o abstracionismo na Bauhaus. Como membro do grupo surrealista, André Kértesz distorcia o corpo feminino em suas fotografias com o uso de espelhos.
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