DOCSLIB.ORG

Large Country-Lot Quality Assurance Sampling

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Large Country-Lot Quality Assurance Sampling HNP DISCUSSION PAPER Public Disclosure Authorized Large Country-Lot Quality Assurance Sampling: A New Method for Rapid Monitoring and Evaluation of Health, Nutrition and Population Programs at Sub-National Public Disclosure Authorized Levels About this series... This series is produced by the Health, Nutrition, and Population Family (HNP) of the World Bank’s Human Development Network. The papers in this series aim to provide a vehicle for publishing preliminary and unpolished results on HNP topics to encourage discussion and debate. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper Bethany L. Hedt, Casey Olives, Marcello Pagano, Joseph J. Valadez are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. Citation and the use of material presented in this series should take into account this provisional character. For free copies of papers in this series please contact the individual authors whose name appears on the paper. Enquiries about the series and submissions should be made directly to Public Disclosure Authorized the Editor Homira Nassery ([email protected]) or HNP Advisory Service ([email protected], tel 202 473-2256, fax 202 522-3234). For more information, see also www.worldbank.org/ hnppublications. THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, NW Public Disclosure Authorized Washington, DC USA 20433 Telephone: 202 473 1000 Facsimile: 202 477 6391 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] May 2008 Large Country-Lot Quality Assurance Sampling: A New Method for Rapid Monitoring and Evaluation of Health, Nutrition and Population Programs at Sub-National Levels Bethany L. Hedt; PhD, MS Casey Olives; MS Marcello Pagano; PhD Joseph J. Valadez; PhD, SD, MPH May 2008 Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Paper This series is produced by the Health, Nutrition, and Population Family (HNP) of the World Bank’s Human Development Network. The papers in this series aim to provide a vehicle for publishing preliminary and unpolished results on HNP topics to encourage discussion and debate. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. Citation and the use of material presented in this series should take into account this provisional character. For free copies of papers in this series please contact the individual author(s) whose name appears on the paper. Enquiries about the series and submissions should be made directly to the Editor, Homira Nassery ([email protected]). Submissions should have been previously reviewed and cleared by the sponsoring department, which will bear the cost of publication. No additional reviews will be undertaken after submission. The sponsoring department and author(s) bear full responsibility for the quality of the technical contents and presentation of material in the series. Since the material will be published as presented, authors should submit an electronic copy in a predefined format (available at www.worldbank.org/hnppublications on the Guide for Authors page). Drafts that do not meet minimum presentational standards may be returned to authors for more work before being accepted. For information regarding this and other World Bank publications, please contact the HNP Advisory Services at [email protected] (email), 202-473-2256 (telephone), or 202- 522-3234 (fax). c 2008 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 All rights reserved. ii Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Paper Large Country-Lot Quality Assurance Sampling: A New Method for Rapid Monitoring and Evaluation of Health, Nutrition and Population Programs at Sub-National Levels Bethany L. Hedt; PhD, MSa Casey Olives; MSa Marcello Pagano; PhDa Joseph J. Valadez; PhD, SD, MPHb a Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA b Malaria Implementation Resource Team, AFTHD, The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA Paper prepared by the Malaria Implementation Resource Team, AFTHD, The World Bank, Washington DC, USA, May 2008. This work was funded in part by a grant to The World Bank from The ExxonMobil Foundation, and to Harvard School of Public Health by the National Institutes of Health (T32 AI007358 and R01 EB006195) Abstract: Sampling theory facilitates development of economical, effective and rapid mea- surement of a population. While national policy makers value survey results measuring indicators representative of a large area (a country, state or province), measurement in smaller areas produces information useful for managers at the local level. It is often not possible to disaggregate a national survey to obtain local information if that was not the intent of the original survey design. Cluster sampling is typically used for national or large area surveys because sampling in clusters lowers the cost of a survey. Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) is used to measure results at a local level, since it requires small random samples and produces results useful to local managers. However, current LQAS method- ology requires all local areas (strata) be included in the survey in order to be aggregated to produce point estimates for the nation or state. In large countries it is not feasible to sample all strata for logistical and financial reasons. This paper resolves this problem by presenting Large Country-Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LC-LQAS), a method with two concurrent objectives: (1) provide local managers with accurate local information to enable data driven decisions, and (2) provide central policy makers with the aggregate information they require. These are achieved by integrating cluster sampling with LQAS methodologies. Two examples of the implementation of LC-LQAS are provided, in an HIV/AIDS program in Kenya and a Malaria Booster Project in Nigeria. Classifications of local health units into performance categories and aggregate estimates of coverage, with associated confidence intervals, are provided for select indicators in order to demonstrate its use, analysis, and costs. This paper is written as a manual to support the use of LC-LQAS by others. iii Keywords: Monitoring and evaluation, malaria, HIV/AIDS, LQAS, community Disclaimer: The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in the paper are en- tirely those of the authors, and do not represent the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Correspondence Details: Professor Marcello Pagano, Department of Biostatistics, Har- vard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, Telephone: 1-617-432- 4911, [email protected] iv Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . ix ACRONYMS . xi LARGE COUNTRY-LOT QUALITY ASSURANCE SAMPLING:A NEW METHOD FOR RAPID MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF HEALTH, NUTRITION AND POPULATION PROGRAMS AT SUB- NATIONAL LEVELS ............................. 1 Introduction . 1 General Principles of the LQAS Method . 3 Background for Developing a Large Country-LQAS . 5 Integrating Cluster Sample Theory with LQAS . 6 Cluster Sampling to Obtain Provincial Estimates of Indicators . 6 Lot Quality Assurance Sampling in Large Countries . 6 Combining LQAS with Cluster Sample Theory . 7 Development and Application of LC-LQAS as a Program M&E Tool . 8 Constraints . 8 LC-LQAS Sample Size Formulae . 9 Estimating the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient . 10 Case Example 1.1: Determining a Sampling Frame for Nyanza Province . 11 Selecting the Final Sample of Supervision Areas and Individuals . 14 v Analysis of LC-LQAS Data . 15 Case Example 1.2: Analysis for Male Respondents on the Indicator “Know ways to prevent sexual transmission of HIV infection” in Nyanza Province, Kenya ................................... 16 Catchment Area Coverage Proportions . 17 Estimation of Confidence Interval . 18 Estimated Intraclass Correlation . 20 Improving the Estimate of ICCs . 20 Replicating LC-LQAS in Other Countries . 23 Case Example 2.1: An Application of LC-LQAS Methodology in the National Malaria Control Project in Nigeria . 23 Additional Considerations for LC-LQAS . 28 Using LC-LQAS to Obtain National Estimates . 28 Using Multiple ICC Estimates for Sample Size Calculations . 28 Conclusion . 29 APPENDIX A: DERIVATION OF LC-LQAS ESTIMATORS . 30 Notation . 30 Estimation in the Subregions . 31 Estimation in Regions . 32 Derivation of the Weights . 32 Estimator of Proportion . 33 Proof that Tb is an Unbiased Estimator of T . 35 Derivation of the Variance for Pb ............................ 36 APPENDIX B: DERIVATION OF LC-LQAS SAMPLE SIZE FORMULA 38 Comments on the sample size formula . 40 vi APPENDIX C: SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION FORM . 42 APPENDIX D: FORM FOR ESTIMATING CATCHMENT AREA COV- ERAGE PROPORTION WITH 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVALS . 43 Catchment Area Coverage Proportions . 43 95% Confidence Interval . 45 Intraclass Correlation . 46 APPENDIX E: STATA COMMANDS FOR COVERAGE PROPORTIONS WITH 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVALS . 47 APPENDIX F: SAMPLING FRAME AND ANALYSIS FOR LC-LQAS IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA . 50 Sample Size Calculation . 50 Coverage Proportions . 52 Confidence Interval . 53 Intraclass Correlation . 54 APPENDIX G: SUMMARY OF PARAMETERS AND RESULTS FOR 7 NIGERIAN STATES . 55
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Introduction Classification of Some Selected Soils of Challawa – Gorge
    African Scholar VOL. 18 NO. 1 Publications & ISSN: 2877-1990 Research SEPTEMBER, 2020 International African Scholar Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Tech. (JAAT-1) Classification of Some Selected Soils of Challawa – Gorge Microwatershed in Kano, Nigeria 1Danazumi Daya Danboyi; 2Alhaji Usman Maina; and 3Mustapha Mala 1&2Department of Agricultural Technology, College of Agriculture Gujba, Yobe State 3Department of Remedial Arts, Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri, Borno State. Abstract A semi-detailed survey was conducted to evaluate the soils of an agricultural landscape in Challawa – Gorge micro watershed in Karaye Local Government Area of Kano State. Three soil mapping units A, B and C were identified on the basis of land forms and surface texture. The soils were classified into Typic Endoaqualfs and Plinthic Kanhaplustalfs (USDA) and Stagnic Gleysols and Plinthic Acrisols (Eutric) world reference base soil resource. The upper slope was classified into soil unit C, middle slope as soil unit B and lower slope as soil unit A. Keywords: Land, Suitability, Capability; Fertility, Classification, Evaluation. Introduction There is an increasing demand for work is carried out on soil information on soils as a means to characterization. This provides the produce food (Fasina et al 2007). basic information necessary to create Agriculture is the predominant functional soil classification schemes, economic activity in Nigeria and and assess soil fertility in order to because of agricultural development unravel some unique soil problems in and increasing demand for an ecosystem (Lekwa et al., 2004). experimental data in Nigeria, much Soil classification deals with the 227 [email protected] 2020 systematic categorization based on distinguishing characteristics as well as criteria that dictate choices in use.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cholera Risk Assessment in Kano State, Nigeria: a Historical Review, Mapping of Hotspots and Evaluation of Contextual Factors
    PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES RESEARCH ARTICLE The cholera risk assessment in Kano State, Nigeria: A historical review, mapping of hotspots and evaluation of contextual factors 1 2 2 2 Moise Chi NgwaID *, Chikwe Ihekweazu , Tochi OkworID , Sebastian Yennan , 2 3 4 5 Nanpring Williams , Kelly ElimianID , Nura Yahaya Karaye , Imam Wada BelloID , David A. Sack1 1 Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, 2 Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria, 3 Department of a1111111111 Microbiology, University of Benin, Nigeria, 4 Department of Public Health and Disease Control, Kano State a1111111111 Ministry of Health, Kano, Nigeria, 5 Department of Public Health and Disease Control, Ministry of Health a1111111111 Kano, Kano, Nigeria a1111111111 a1111111111 * [email protected] Abstract OPEN ACCESS Nigeria is endemic for cholera since 1970, and Kano State report outbreaks annually with Citation: Ngwa MC, Ihekweazu C, Okwor T, Yennan high case fatality ratios ranging from 4.98%/2010 to 5.10%/2018 over the last decade. How- S, Williams N, Elimian K, et al. (2021) The cholera ever, interventions focused on cholera prevention and control have been hampered by a risk assessment in Kano State, Nigeria: A historical lack of understanding of hotspot Local Government Areas (LGAs) that trigger and sustain review, mapping of hotspots and evaluation of contextual factors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15(1): yearly outbreaks. The goal of this study was to identify and categorize cholera hotspots in e0009046. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. Kano State to inform a national plan for disease control and elimination in the State.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Productivity Among Maize Farmers in Doguwa Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria
    ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTIVITY AMONG MAIZE FARMERS IN DOGUWA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KANO STATE, NIGERIA BY Ado YAKUBU (MSc / AGRIC / 13999 / 2011-12) A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND RURAL SOCIOLOGY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA JANUARY, 2016 i DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation titled “Analysis of Productivity among Maize Farmers in Doguwa Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria”, has been written by me and it is a record of my research work. No part of this work has been presented in any previous application for another Degree or Diploma in this or any other institution. All borrowed information has been duly acknowledged in the text and a list of references provided. Ado YAKUBU Date Student ii CERTIFICATION This dissertation titled „Analysis of Productivity among Maize Farmers in Doguwa Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria, by Ado YAKUBU meets the regulations governing the award of the Degree of Master of Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. Dr M. A. Damisa Date Chairman, Supervisory Committee Prof S. A. Sanni Date Member, Supervisory Committee Prof Z. Abdulsalam Date Head of Department Prof K. Bala Date Dean, School of postgraduate Studies iii DEDICATION This Dissertation is dedicated to my late father Malam Yakubu Musa (Maigwado), may Allah reward him a paradise as an exalted vision of felicity.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigeria Centre for Disease Control Protecting the Health of Nigerians
    Nigeria Centre for Disease Control Protecting the health of Nigerians Cholera hotspots mapping in Nigeria Iliya Cheshi - NCDC [email protected] Profile: Nigeria • Nigeria is a federal republic comprising 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja • Inhabited by more than 250 ethnic groups with over 500 distinct languages • Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians and Muslims 195.9 million (2018) Census 2 NIGERIA CENTRE FOR DISEASE CONTROL Introduction • Cholera remains a global public health problem, disproportionately affecting the tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world, where focal areas or hotspots play a key role in perpetuating the disease transmission • Targeting these hotspots with proven interventions e.g. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WaSH), as well as Oral Cholera Vaccines (OCV) could reduce the mean annual incidence of the entire sub-Saharan African region by half (Lessler et al) • The Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC) has thus advocated for a comprehensive cholera control strategy where the use of OCV plays a complementary role to other preventive interventions, chiefly, ensuring access to WaSH 3 NIGERIA CENTRE FOR DISEASE CONTROL • To align its cholera control strategies with the global road map of the GTFCC, the team at the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) released a document detailing their preparedness and response plans • Assessing cholera transmission dynamics in Nigeria and identifying cholera hotspots were outlined as immediate-term goals. This help to design and implement relevant long term and cost effective solutions to achieve the ultimate goal of cholera elimination 4 NIGERIA CENTRE FOR DISEASE CONTROL Cholera hotspot mapping in Nigeria “Cholera hotspot” is defined as a geographically limited area (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrition Success
    Introducing the Immunity Boosting Sweet Potato to Kano State Nigeria is one of the countries with the highest risk of Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD). It is also particularly challenging to reach the most vulnerable children in rural, hard to reach communities as these communities are often missed during Vitamin A supplementation programs. As such, only two in five children receive adequate levels of supplementation, leaving a higher percentage of children at risk of Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD). National surveys show that Kano state has one of the lowest vitamin A uptake levels. eHealth Africa received funding from the German Cooperation (GIZ) to implement a pilot project with the goal of supplementing vitamin A uptake and Pictures from the hands-on training and cooking demon- diversifying the diets of GIZ farmers in Kano state stration. through the introduction of Orange- Fleshed Sweet Potato (OFSP). OFSP is a biofortified crop that is rich in Using an integrated agriculture and nutrition beta-carotene, the precursor of Vitamin A. The recom- approach, eHA built the capacity of Rabi and other mended daily allowance (RDA) of Vitamin A in children women farmers to utilize OFSP for the production of and non-lactating mothers can be met by consuming a weaning baby foods and household meals using local- root of OFSP as small as 125 grams1. ly available ingredients. She was also trained to In collaboration with the Kano State Agricultural and produce commercial products from OFSP which she Rural Management Authority (KNARDA), Women could sell to generate additional income. Farmers Advanced Network (WOFAN) and with support I learnt how to make bread, snacks, chin-chin, cakes, from International Potato Centre (CIP), eHA trained juice and kunu from OFSP and now, can make more over 900 CARI farmers to produce, prepare and process “money to support my family.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigeria's Constitution of 1999
    PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:42 constituteproject.org Nigeria's Constitution of 1999 This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative Constitutions Project, and distributed on constituteproject.org. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:42 Table of contents Preamble . 5 Chapter I: General Provisions . 5 Part I: Federal Republic of Nigeria . 5 Part II: Powers of the Federal Republic of Nigeria . 6 Chapter II: Fundamental Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy . 13 Chapter III: Citizenship . 17 Chapter IV: Fundamental Rights . 20 Chapter V: The Legislature . 28 Part I: National Assembly . 28 A. Composition and Staff of National Assembly . 28 B. Procedure for Summoning and Dissolution of National Assembly . 29 C. Qualifications for Membership of National Assembly and Right of Attendance . 32 D. Elections to National Assembly . 35 E. Powers and Control over Public Funds . 36 Part II: House of Assembly of a State . 40 A. Composition and Staff of House of Assembly . 40 B. Procedure for Summoning and Dissolution of House of Assembly . 41 C. Qualification for Membership of House of Assembly and Right of Attendance . 43 D. Elections to a House of Assembly . 45 E. Powers and Control over Public Funds . 47 Chapter VI: The Executive . 50 Part I: Federal Executive . 50 A. The President of the Federation . 50 B. Establishment of Certain Federal Executive Bodies . 58 C. Public Revenue . 61 D. The Public Service of the Federation . 63 Part II: State Executive . 65 A. Governor of a State . 65 B. Establishment of Certain State Executive Bodies .
    [Show full text]
  • {L' 7 3-,\O Tfmeat Novem Ber 2002 [,:.R'nroini.;Tion
    AFRICAN PROGRAMME, FOR ONCHOCE,RCIASIS CONTROL (APOC) Forth Year Technical RePort for Community Directed Treatment with Ivermectin (cDrI) Dambatta Bichi Lbasawa Begwei Shanono Ajingi Gwarzo Kabo Gaya Wudil Kiru Bebcii Rano Karaye Takai Sumaila Doguwa Lp L For Acu-,,, I r.. ..4+ Caoa5 C5D Kano State clE' . l.r Nigeria p il, /{l' 7 3-,\o tfmeat Novem ber 2002 [,:.r'nroini.;tion Tr-r,_ I pr_ A'"' EXECUTTVE SUMMARY Kano State is situated in the northern part of Nigeria. The State has 44local govemment areas out of which 18 are Meso endemic with few hyper-endemic foci. The State falls in the Sudan Savannah and Sahel zones. Howeyer, the endemic areas are generally located in the Sudan savannah. The Ivermectin Distribution Programme (IDP) is in the 7th treatment round in some of the LGAs while in the 6th treatment round in others. However, CDTI strategy started in 1999. The CDTI project is therefore implemented in 779 communities of the 18 APOC approved local governments. Mobilization of the community members was conducted in all the targeted communities. In addition to mobilization, the state officials conducted advocacy visits to all the endemic local government Areas. The Launching of the commencement of 2002 prograrnme, which was performed by His Excellency, the Deputy Governor of Kano State increased awareness and acceptance of Mectizan by the people in the State. Electronic media, town criers and CDDs were among the mobilization strategies adopted for community mobilization. Targeted Training and re-training of CDTI programme personnel was conducted at state, LGA, and community levels, for those that are new in the programme as well as those with training dfficulties.
    [Show full text]
  • Relative Yield Indices of Challawa Gorge Dam, Kano State, Nigeria
    ISSN: 2276-7762 ICV: 5.99 Submitted: 18/11/2017 Accepted: 22/11/2017 Published: 29/11/2017 DOI: http://doi.org/10.15580/GJBS.2017.6.111817167 Relative Yield Indices of Challawa Gorge Dam, Kano State, Nigeria By Nazeef Suleiman Idris Ado Yola Ibrahim Muhammad Ahmed Greener Journal of Biological Sciences ISSN: 2276-7762 ICV: 5.99 Vol. 7 (6), pp. 060-062, November 2017 Research Article (DOI: http://doi.org/10.15580/GJBS.2017.6.111817167 ) Relative Yield Indices of Challawa Gorge Dam, Kano State, Nigeria *1Nazeef Suleiman, 2Idris Ado Yola and 3Ibrahim Muhammad Ahmed 1Department of Biological Sciences, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria. snaxyph@ yahoo. com 2Department of Biological Science, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria. yolai2006@ yahoo.co. uk 3Department of Biological Science, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria. ibgausee@yahoo. com *Corresponding Author’s E-mail: snaxyph@ yahoo. com ABSTRACT Reservoir morpho-metrics and ionic input of Challawa dam, Kano State (Nigeria) were applied to estimate the potential fish yield using morpho-edaphic index (MEI). Physico-chemical parameters of the reservoir were sampled monthly from three stations (Feginma, Sakarma, and Turawa) for the period of six months (March to August, 2017) using standard methods. Potential fish yield estimates of the three sites were determined using the values of the Physico-chemical characteristics of the reservoir with the relationship Y=23.281 MEI 0.447 , where Y is the potential fish yield in Kg/ha, MEI is Morphoedaphic index (given in µS/cm) which was obtained by dividing mean conductivity of the reservoir by mean depth. The potential fish yield estimates of the three sites are 88.05, 98.56 and 111.12 Kg/ha.
    [Show full text]
  • ESCMID Online Lecture Library @ by Author Outline
    Completing The Endgame Global Polio Eradication ECCMID, April 27, 2015 ESCMID Online Lecture Library @ by author Outline • Progress toward wild poliovirus eradication • Withdrawal of type 2 Oral Polio Vaccine • Managing the long-term risks • Global program priorities in 2015 ESCMID Online Lecture Library @ by author Wild Poliovirus Eradication, 1988-2012 125 Polio Endemic countries 125 Polioto Endemic 3 endemiccountries countries 400 300 19882012 200 Polio cases (thousands) 100 Last type 2 polio in Last Polio Case in the world India 0 ESCMID Online Lecture Library 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 @ by author Beginning of the Endgame Success in India established strategic & scientific feasibility of poliovirus eradication Poliovirus Type 2 eradication raised concerns about continued use of tOPV ESCMID Online Lecture Library @ by author Endgame Plan Objectives , 2013-18 1. Poliovirus detection & interruption 2. OPV2 withdrawal, IPV introduction, immunization system strengthening 3. Facility Containment & Global Certification ESCMID Online Lecture Library 4. Legacy Planning @ by author Vaccine-derived polio outbreaks (cVDPVs) 2000-2014 >90% VDPV cases are type 2 (40% of Vaccine-associated polio is also type 2) Type 1 ESCMID Online LectureType 2Library Type 3 @ by author Justification for new endgame Polio eradication not feasible without removal of all poliovirus strains from populations ESCMID Online Lecture Library @ by author Interrupting Poliovirus Transmission ESCMID Online Lecture Library @ by author Not detected since Nov 2012 ESCMID Online Lecture Library @ by author Wild Poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) Cases, 2013 Country 2013 2014 Pakistan 93 174 Afghanistan 14 10 Nigeria 53 6 Somalia 194 5 Cameroon 4 5 Equatorial Guinea 0 5 Iraq 0 2 Syria 35 1 Endemic countries Infected countries Ethiopia 9 1 Kenya 14 0 ESCMID Online Lecture TotalLibrary 416 209 Israel = Env.
    [Show full text]
  • Societal Responses to the State of Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) in Kano
    Societal Responses to the State of Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) in Kano Metropolis- Nigeria A thesis presented to the faculty of the Center for International Studies of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Mustapha Hashim Kurfi June 2010 © 2010 Mustapha Hashim Kurfi. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Societal Responses to the State of Orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in Kano Metropolis- Nigeria by MUSTAPHA HASHIM KURFI has been approved for the Center for International Studies by Steve Howard Professor of African Studies Steve Howard Director, African Studies Daniel Weiner Executive Director, Center for International Studies 3 ABSTRACT KURFI, MUSTAPHA HASHIM, M.A., June 2010, African Studies Societal Responses to the State of Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) in Kano Metropolis- Nigeria (131 pp.) Director of Thesis: Steve Howard This study uses qualitative methodology to examine the contributions of Non- Governmental Organizations in response to the conditions of Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) in Kano metropolis. The study investigates what these organizations do, what methods, techniques, and strategies they employ to identify the causes of OVC’s conditions for intervention. The study acknowledges colonization, globalization, poverty, illiteracy, and individualism as contributing factors to OVC’s conditions. However, essentially, the study identifies gross misunderstanding between paternal and maternal relatives of children to be the main factor responsible for the OVC’s conditions. This social disorganization puts the children in difficult conditions including exposure to health, educational, moral, emotional, psychological, and social problems. The thesis concludes that through “collective efficacy” the studied organizations are a perfect means for solving-problem.
    [Show full text]
  • Maintenance of Measles Control in Kano State, Nigeria
    The SEP Report, Volume IV, Number 2. Proceedings of the Seminar on Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control in Western and Central Africa. Lagos, Nigeria, May 13-20 1969. Part II. MAINTENANCE OF MEASLES CONTROL IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA R . B . Arnold' INTRODUCTION In September 1968, a pilot project was established in Kano State, Nigeria, for the "Maintenance" phase of the Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control Programme . This followed the mass campaign which was conducted between April and July 1968 . Kano State was chosen for this pilot project because it was the first of the Northern States to have completed the "attack " phase of the programme . In addition, Kano State was considered a focal point in the epidemiology of smallpox in Northern Nigeria. The population in Kano State is estimated to be 5 .7 million, with 0 .5 million residing in Kano City itself . Rural Kano State is a heavily populated (133 .6 persons per sq. km .), predominantly groundnut growing area . Kano City, which is the biggest city in Northern Nigeria, as well as the commercial and transport centre, has a large transient population . Resident are many non-Hausa traders, travellers and government employees along with many rural workers who come to Kano City at the end of the har- vest season to look for work. MAINTENANCE PROGRAMME In November 1968, the Kano State Epidemic Control Unit was organized with the stated purpose of "administering both measles and smallpox vaccine to the children entering the population, thus eliminating the prime source of susceptibles " . It was decided that the first cycle of maintenance vaccinations would be of the "mass campaign type " , i .e .
    [Show full text]
  • Kano State Malaria Quaterly Bulletin
    KANO STATE Indicator Definitions S/N Category Indicator name (%) Numerator Denominator ALARIA UARTERLY ULLETIN 1. Completeness of Number of monthly reports received Number of health facility M Q B reporting from health facilities within reports expected HMIS reporting stipulated time period 2. rates Timeliness of reporting Number of monthly reports received Number of health facility from health facilities within reports expected stipulated time period 3. Confirmed Total confirmed uncomplicated Total fever cases tested ISSUE 1: JAN – MAR 2017 uncomplicated malaria malaria (by mRDT or microscopy) (by RD T or microcopy) 4. Malaria cases Clinically diagnosed Total number of people with Total number of fever malaria clinically diagnosed malaria (without cases laboratory con firmation) 5. Fev er cases tested with Total number of fever cases tested Total number of fever Malaria microscopy using microscopy cases 6. diagnosis Fever cases tested with Total number of fever cases tested Total number of fever RDT using malaria RDT cases 7. Fever cases tested Total number of malaria positive Total number of malaria Introduction positive with microscopy tests by microscopy tests done by microscopy Malaria Test 8. Fever cases tested Total number of malaria positive Total number of malaria Positivity Rate positive with RDT tests by Rapid Diagnostic Tests tests done by Rapid The purpose of the malaria bulletin is to present the current situation of malaria in the state, (RDT) Diagnostic Tests (RDT) 9. Confirmed Total number of cases with Total number of cases encourage the use of routine malaria data for decision making, strengthen malaria uncomplicated malaria confirmed unco mplicated malaria with confirmed surveillance, and help measure the impact of malaria morbidity and mortality.
    [Show full text]