Dynamics Of Rainfall Pattern And Groundwater Adnan et al.,

DYNAMICS OF RAINFALL PATTERN AND GROUNDWATER QUANTITY IN BASEMENT COMPLEX: EVIDENCE FROM GROUND AND SATELLITE DATA Adnan Abdulhamid1, Murtala Muhammad Badamasi1 and Murtala Uba Mohammed1 1Department of Geography, Bayero University, Kano

ABSTRACT

In recent year’s incidence of surface water changes has been identified from satellite studies. Studies also attest that groundwater quantity is also changing.It is a usual symmetry that increases in rainfall would yield a corresponding increase in groundwater storage. Since 1990s rainfall in Kano began to increase in quantity, but its corresponding effective storage of groundwater quantity has been on the decrease. The study explore the missing link between the increasing rainfall and decreasing groundwater quantity in the Kano Basement complex using evidence from field data and satellite data sources. 30 years gridded rainfall data was obtained from global precipitation climatology center (GPCC) website, and rainfall trends and patterns were examined using percent changes in rainfall and groundwater. The result shows that rainfall trend has been on the increase especially around the Metropolitan Kano from the late 1990s to date, with corresponding decrease in groundwater quantity. It is concluded that anthropogenic activities especially ground water abstraction were identified as one of major causes. It is therefore recommended that adequate monitoring and planning of groundwater abstraction is needed to ensure sustainable water management.

Key words: Rainfall, Kano Basement complex, Gridded Rainfall data, Satellite data, Digital

Elevation Model (DEM, Groundwater

INTRODUCTION Groundwater storage is an essential area which can be studied in both time and space. component of terrestrial water storage which During dry season ground water plays a crucial role influences base flow of river discharge of sustaining the river discharges. In dry season (Somorowska, 2004). And in as well as in condition with prolonged period of absence of other parts of the tropics, rainfall is the major factor rainfall, groundwater tends to increase since the controlling aquifer recharges. Groundwater on dynamic water resources according to the local basement complex is more often seen as physical parameters of surface-subsurface system discontinuous since wells hydraulic connections are (WRECA, 1985). The piezometric water level was rare. In , it is observed from the previous always at equilibrium. studies that despite low aquifer thickness and low Recently, communities began to see discharge, weathered mantle are found in most parts depletion in the dynamic groundwater resources. of the state with little intrusions (Abdulhamid, 2010). The rate of depletion can be inferred from The general groundwater fluctuations indicated the observations of groundwater levels conducted at hydraulic connectivity for all identified points across point scale (Abdulhamid, 2010). In view of that, this Kano state and beyond through the porous medium paper examines the relationship between rainfall (Abdulhamid, 2010). The porosity of the weathered quantity and aquifer storage in the area with a view rocks (gravel, sandstone, clayey sand and sand) of to add to the understanding of extreme hydrological the area allow groundwater movement across the events.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area Kano State which correspond to the areal Longitude 70 4’E and 90 3’E. It is bounded to the coverage of basement complex covers the area North West by Katsina State, to the South by Kaduna extending between Latitudes 100 3’N and 120 4’N and 188 Proceedings of the 1st International conference on Drylands

Dynamics Of Rainfall Pattern And Groundwater Adnan et al., State and to the North East by Jigawa State, while to the South East by Bauchi State (Figure 1). north to 1200mm in the Southern tips. On the Kano experiences four distinct seasons, Rani (warm average, the wettest month is August has the and dry), Damina (wet and warm), Kaka (cool and highest number of rainstorms and sediment dry)and Bazara (hot and dry)closely associated with generation while the mean annual temperature in the movement of the Inter Tropical Discontinuity area ranges from 26oC to 32oC, with the high diurnal (ITD) zone. The mean annual Rainfall is about temperature ranges of 13.1oC and relative humidity of 884mm varying greatly from as low as 600mm in the 17% - 90% (Kowal and Knabe, 1972; Olofin 1987). Slopes on the surface are heading to the Chad basin formation or the main river beds (Szentes, 1974; Bennett, et al., 1978). While observation from the stratigraphy of some selected areas of basement shows the lithological characteristics of the study area. Using lithology log data presented by WRECA, 1974 and WARDROP, 1990 which revealed the stratigraphy of many places of the region, the morphology at each point is clearly visible. The layers of Basement complex have been examined through log wells and indicated that groundwater fluctuate between 4 to 27 meters in the area (Figure 2). Samples have also shown different formations of basement.

Figure 1: Kano State

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Dynamics Of Rainfall Pattern And Groundwater Adnan et al.,

Figure 2: Stratigraphy of some parts of Basement Complex in the Kano Region

Methods Three different data sets were used for the study: data gridded rainfall data and DEM were gridded satellite rainfall data from 1980- 2009; digital downloaded from the website of global precipitation elevation model (DEM); and groundwater yield data climatology center and global land cover facility for year 2000 (232 points) and 1990 (31 points). The respectively. While the groundwater data for years 190 Proceedings of the 1st International conference on Drylands

Dynamics Of Rainfall Pattern And Groundwater Adnan et al., were extracted from the works of Adnan (2010) and method of using regression, spatial interpolation and KNARDA (1990). This study presents an integrated per cent change (Figure 3). Figure 3: Work flow for the study. Latitude and longitude images were extracted from 5 year data for rainfall (1995-2000) and 2005-2010 DEM and in combination with gridded rainfall data were used respectively. For the purpose of analysis it using regression analysis spatial estimate of rainfall is important to make the following clarifications. values were generated for the entire period of study. Annual rainfall can vary abruptly from one year to Inverse distance weighted (IDW) Interpolation the other. So in other to provide a relatively stable technique was used to estimate the spatial annual rainfall average of five year data was use. On groundwater yield for year 2000. Because the 2010 the other hand groundwater changes slowly so

groundwater data is limited (just about 31 points) To taking yearly data can suffice. estimate the average rainfall for years 1990 and 2010,

In the last stage percentage change was them them regressed to estimate the relationship. Other estimated for both groundwater and rainfall for the extraneous variables were then used for explaining year 2000and 2010. The two change images were the change pattern and relationship observed.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Rainfall Distribution The spatial distribution of rainfall across the 850mm. When this pattern is compared to recent basement complex shows a northwest and short term averages of 2000 and 2010 one observed southeast trend with a northward decrease from an increase in the amount of rainfall received. This over 1100mm to 550mm (Figure 5a). The long term increase in the amount of rainfall also include average rainfall shows that nearly three quarter of increase spatial coverage northwards (Figure 5b, and the surface area receives an average rainfall of 5c). This can be further demonstrated in Figure 6 191 Proceedings of the 1st International conference on Drylands

Dynamics Of Rainfall Pattern And Groundwater Adnan et al., where the profile for the average annual rainfall for for 1996-2000 signifying upward trend. 2005-2009 seems wetted than the annual average

A

temporal profile of 4 locations along the north-south gradient from 1980 to 2009 shows the drought years for 1984, 1987, 1990, 2000 and 2004 (Figure 7). All the 4 locations show similar pattern of a positive trend in rainfall amount.

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Figure 5: Annual Average rainfall (mm) in Kano State. a) Average annual rainfall (1980-2009). b) Average annual rainfall for the year 2000 (1996-2000); and c) Average annual rainfall for year 2009 (2005-2009).

a

b Figure 6: Spatial profile of rainfall distribution along north-south gradient

Figure 7: Temporal annual rainfall for 4 locations in Kano. 1) Local Government 2) Bunkere Local Government 3) Local Government 4) Local Government.

Variation in rainfall The coefficient of variability across the study area ranged between 10 to 15 per cent with the latitude 120 N and above showing more variability (Figure 8a). The strength of this variability and consistency of rainfall over the

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Dynamics Of Rainfall Pattern And Groundwater Adnan et al., period of 1980 -2009 was examined using coefficient of determination (Figure 8b). The result showed that vast majority of the central part of the study area are consistent in terms of positive rainfall trend.

a b Figure 8: a) Coefficient of variation rainfall image, b) Coefficient of determination rainfall image

Interpolated Groundwater Yield result. Most of the points studied were concentrated Figure 9 shows the spatial distribution of in the central parts of the study site. However, the groundwater for the two period under study (years distribution showed that groundwater has 2000 and 2010). The number of points as well as the decreased over the years. spatial spread of the points have influenced the

a b Figure 9: Spatial distribution of groundwater yield (m3/s). a) year 2000 b) years 2010.

Percentage Changes In order to examine the relationship between rainfall i. Allow for changes to be monitored and groundwater yield, changes in both parameters ii. Allow for both parameters (rainfall and were first explored. This process offered two groundwater) to be compared on the advantages: same scale of measurement. Changes in rainfall shows that southwestern parts of the study area exhibited higher percentage change 194 Proceedings of the 1st International conference on Drylands

Dynamics Of Rainfall Pattern And Groundwater Adnan et al., for the entire study area (Figure 10a). However, groundwater changes image shows

a b Figure 10: Percentage change images. a) Percentage change in rainfall (2000 – 2009) b) Percentage change in groundwater (2000 – 2009)

Relationship between Rainfall and Groundwater hydrology of the basement complex especially rainfall-groundwater relationship. However, caution The percentage images were regressed to show the must be taken in interpreting the result, because relationship between rainfall and groundwater. The there may be other factors either directly or shows an inverse weak relationship signifying that as indirectly that combine to influence quantity of rainfall increases there is to a signal of downward groundwater. trend in groundwater (Figure 11). This result may a welcome indicator for researches interested in

Figure 11: Rainfall-groundwater regression line

DISCUSSION Climate change scenario may be related to the Both rainfall and groundwater exhibit increased rainfall pattern observed. However, the spatio-temporal dynamics in Kano basement missing link between rainfall and groundwater is complex over the years. Annual rainfall amount is on assumed to be related to increased population the increase which is expected to trigger increased pressure with respect to heavy dependency on groundwater yield, but this has not happened. groundwater withdrawal as the most reliable source

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Dynamics Of Rainfall Pattern And Groundwater Adnan et al., of water for household activities and supplementary study area, groundwater seems to have decreased. source for agriculture. Unregulated construction of This decreasing trend in groundwater may be related boreholes on patchy aquifers that characterize the to other extraneous factors such as abstraction for basement complex may also provide clue to the agriculture and over dependence on groundwater decreasing quantity of groundwater. for household use in most settlements across the In addition, population pressure could be thought of region. While climate change or rainfall variability in relation to high water abstraction across the effect are the resulting increasing trend in rainfall region. Groundwater is the most reliable source of amount the region is witnessing. Hence, it is water for domestic use, and the sighting of recommended indiscriminate sinking of boreholes be boreholes/well are often done in a haphazard controlled to ensure sustainable use of groundwater manner that require authorities concern to control it. resources in the region. In addition, researches focusing on rainfall-groundwater relations should CONCLUSION look at the multiple combination (complexity) It can be concluded that despite the fact population and climate change scenarios that are that rainfall trend is increasing in some parts of the influencing groundwater depletion.

REFERENCES Environmental Aspects of Kano Plains: Land Resources of Central Nigeria. Vol.2. Ministry Abdulhamid, A (2010): An Assessment of Aquifer of Overseas Development. England. Potentials in the Kano Region (1974-2007). Kowal M. J and M. Knabe (1972) Agro Climatological Unpublished PhD thesis. BUK Kano-Nigeria. Atlas of Northern States of Nigeria. Ahmadu Bennett, J.G., A.A. Hutcheon, J. Ibanga, W.J. Bello University Press, Zaria. Rackham, and J. Valette (1978):

Somoroska, U (2004): Inferring changes in Dynamic WARDROP Engineering Inc. (1990): Final Report-Rural Groundwater storage from Recession Curve Water Supply Project, Volume II.: Summary Analysis of Discharge data. Miscellanea of Hydrogeological Data. Kano State Geographica, WARSZAWA, Vol.11. Poland. Agricultural and Rural Development Szentes, G. (1974) – Hydro-geological Data of North- Authority (KNARDA), Kano, Nigeria. East Kano State. Water Resources and WRECA (1985): Groundwater Monitoring and Engineering Construction Agency (WRECA), Imbalance in Kano State. Published by Water Kano State. Resource Engineering and Construction Agency, Kano, Nigeria.

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Appendix I: Groundwater yield values for some selected points in Kano State for year 2000 S/N LGA Town or Village Lat Lon Yield (m3s) 1 Gasgainu 12.241882 8.631531 0.30 2 Minjibir Koya (Masallaci) 12.121887 8.619873 0.36 3 Zanbur 11.581299 8.555298 0.36 4 Gaya Fanidau 11.803284 9.114075 0.42 5 Gaya Sayasaya (Yarbarewa) 11.861694 8.994507 0.42 6 Atawa 11.943115 8.257324 0.42 7 Sabon Gari Babba 11.789490 8.781921 0.48 8 Timbau 12.000916 8.813904 0.48 9 Gezawa Zango 12.095093 8.683105 0.48 10 Minjibir Koya 12.119080 8.627930 0.48 11 Riyi 11.488708 8.858276 0.48 12 Kano Municipal Masallaci C.Gari (M.Mos) 11.993530 8.515320 0.54 13 Minjibir Duguje 12.193115 8.528931 0.54 14 Minjibir Gawo 12.180298 8.555481 0.54 15 Minjibir Geza 12.188293 8.510681 0.54 16 Rano Shingi 11.630920 8.663696 0.54 17 Karari 12.230286 8.181885 0.60 18 Bichi Muntsira Ung.Jamaar 12.184841 8.221012 0.60 19 Bichi Tsaure Santar Gazau 12.209634 8.330071 0.60 20 Bichi Yan 12.275085 8.155518 0.60 21 Tsambaki 11.687073 8.585693 0.60 22 Balloda 12.403320 8.595276 0.60 23 Dambatta Fagolawa Dashe(Makera) 12.332886 8.682495 0.60 24 Dambatta Kore (Kaboli) 12.361084 8.744080 0.60 25 Gaya Yankau (Matsawar) 11.759705 8.979675 0.60 26 Gwarzo Lakwaya Ung. Zangiwa 11.986328 7.864319 0.60 27 Gwarzo Ung. Tudu Agalawa 11.928528 7.954285 0.60 28 Rano Yalwa 11.431519 8.527527 0.60 29 Bakwami 12.032104 8.114075 0.60 30 Shanono Goda 12.030273 7.949524 0.60 31 Bichi Hagawa 12.231323 8.233093 0.66 32 Gaya Sabon Gari (Dosa) c 11.806885 9.038696 0.66 33 Gezawa Majawa (Janariya) 12.067078 8.737671 0.66 34 Nufawan Kunbugawa 11.803284 7.968079 0.66 35 Shanono Leni 12.007080 8.096313 0.66 36 Gaya Fanidau 11.803284 9.114075 0.72 37 Gaya Sabon Gari Dosa 11.806885 9.038696 0.72 38 Karaye Kwanyawan (CikinGari) 11.775085 7.863525 0.72 39 Minjibir Agalawa 12.197327 8.658508 0.72 197 Proceedings of the 1st International conference on Drylands

Dynamics Of Rainfall Pattern And Groundwater Adnan et al., 40 Nasarawa Tokarawa Yarawa 12.007080 8.607727 0.72 41 Rimin Gado Sakaratsa 11.923096 8.378479 0.72 42 Kabagiwa 12.310913 8.022522 0.72 43 Bunkure Jaroji 11.725281 8.602905 0.84 44 Gaya Sabon Gari Dosa A 11.822693 8.947510 0.84 45 Minjibir Tsage 12.150513 8.530273 0.84 46 Tsanyawa Jigilawa 12.192505 8.083679 0.84 47 Bichi Kyalli (Rudu) 12.385336 8.129419 0.90 48 Dambatta Marke (Danya) 12.465088 8.455688 0.90 49 Dambatta Massalachi 12.440125 8.513489 0.90 50 Gaya Bangashe(Gaci) 11.892531 9.018111 0.90 51 Gaya Wudilawa Kasai 11.803894 8.892090 0.90 52 Gezawa Andawa 11.985718 8.759277 0.90 53 Kabo Kanwa 11.823914 8.148682 0.90 54 Minjibir Beguwa 12.235474 8.693115 0.90 55 Minjibir Galwanga 12.166321 8.662109 0.90 56 Minjibir Garji Kadaje 12.196289 8.625916 0.90 57 Minjibir Koya Gandu 12.119080 8.627930 0.90 58 Juma (Laraba Fulani) 11.769104 8.812683 0.90 59 Wudil Tsubiri ((Gunsau) 11.819885 8.843689 0.90 60 Gaya Bangashe(burji) 11.892502 9.018123 0.96 61 Minjibir Farawa 12.139099 8.640076 0.96 62 Gezawa Ketawa 12.068726 8.750488 1.02 63 Gwarzo Dakwara Gidan Magaji 11.890930 7.905518 1.02 64 Gwarzo Salihawa (Duhunbake) 11.942078 7.951477 1.02 65 Dawakin Kudu Santolo Chakawa 11.805766 8.658696 1.08 66 Gaya Gamoji 11.847473 9.177917 1.08 67 Karaye Kumbugawa 11.794495 7.998901 1.08 68 Tsanyawa Gwadama ung Tangel 12.308716 7.950500 1.08 69 Yaryasa 11.335693 8.306885 1.08 70 Kura Imawa Rugar Fako 11.798279 8.460510 1.14 71 Sumaila Rumo 11.460876 8.864685 1.14 72 Bichi Sanakur (Felele) 12.583679 8.274719 1.20 73 Bunkure Gwamma (Tugugu) 11.701111 8.590698 1.20 74 Gaya Gamoji 11.848083 9.178894 1.20 75 Gaya Kawari 11.897705 9.067505 1.20 76 Gwarzo Salihawa 11.942322 7.950684 1.20 77 Kura Dalili Goribawa 11.778687 8.425903 1.20 78 Minjibir Damisawa 12.147888 8.625488 1.20 79 Sumaila Bagagare 11.410889 8.902100 1.20 80 Wudil Achika (Hargagi) 11.689270 8.930481 1.20 81 Dambatta Mahuta 12.322083 8.606323 1.32

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Dynamics Of Rainfall Pattern And Groundwater Adnan et al., 82 Kabo Walawa (Agalawa) 11.891724 8.222107 1.32 83 Bunkure Bono 11.727722 8.617126 1.44 84 Dambatta Fagolawa Guru(Tona) 12.315674 8.731323 1.44 85 Dawakin Kudu Tsakuwa(Danbazua) 11.789696 8.628012 1.44 86 Tudun Wada Wuna 11.289673 8.485291 1.44 87 Wudil Utai (Kawaje) 11.746521 8.887512 1.44 88 Bichi Kawaji 12.226225 8.342460 1.50 89 Bichi Kwamarawa 12.312073 8.376526 1.50 90 Gaya Kawari 11.897715 9.067506 1.50 91 Kabo Ung. Turaki 11.815125 8.238525 1.50 92 Karaye Maje Kadafa 11.735474 7.908081 1.50 93 Minjibir Azore 12.135925 8.607300 1.50 94 Kura Sama 11.733887 8.423279 1.56 95 Minjibir Tsakuwa 12.210510 8.633484 1.56 96 Kabo Gammo Falgore 11.881287 8.090698 1.62 97 Minjibir Dauni 12.101501 8.597900 1.62 98 Shanono Kundila 12.131104 7.984497 1.62 99 Bichi Karari Kwaimawa 12.243103 8.170715 1.68 100 Bunkure Gora 11.594482 8.496094 1.68 101 Gwarzo Tsaunin Fulani 11.936890 7.932678 1.68 102 Kabo Balan 11.915710 8.163330 1.74 103 Bichi Marga Fulani 12.207066 8.284062 1.80 104 Dala Gobirawa (ung. Bukawa) 12.028503 8.483704 1.80 105 Gaya Jibawa Moda 11.781677 8.978271 1.80 106 Gezawa Dan Madanho 12.091309 8.658691 1.80 107 Minjibir Farke (Yamma) 12.225098 8.657471 1.80 108 Wudil Juma 11.777100 8.803528 1.80 109 Gaya Jibawa (Moda) 11.781677 8.978271 1.86 110 Kabo Shadau 11.875122 8.209290 1.86 111 Dambatta Sansan 12.456482 8.632690 1.92 112 Sumaila Alfindi 11.521912 8.999084 1.92 113 Kabo Balan (Hutsawa Masaka) 11.913513 8.163330 1.98 114 Sumaila Bango 11.336914 8.793701 1.98 115 Dawakin Kudu Saifawa 11.830688 8.727295 2.04 116 Dawakin Kudu Basiama 11.790894 8.705872 2.10 117 Karaye Ma CikinGari 11.688721 7.948486 2.10 118 Kuyan Tasidi 11.924683 8.428711 2.10 119 Kura Dokau Dan Hassan 11.805908 8.516907 2.10 120 Dambatta Dunawa (Darni) 12.354492 8.712708 2.16 121 Gezawa Tsamiya Babba (CG) 11.991516 8.665100 2.16 122 Dambatta Danya 12.463684 8.488098 2.28 123 Dambatta Sabon Ruwa 12.370911 8.593689 2.40

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Dynamics Of Rainfall Pattern And Groundwater Adnan et al., 124 Gezawa Tammawa 12.046875 8.628296 2.40 125 Gezawa Timbau 11.992493 8.812317 2.40 126 Kumbotso Gado 11.949524 8.619507 2.40 127 Minjibir Tunkunawa 12.229309 8.672729 2.40 128 Dambatta Yammawa Kafawa 12.487305 8.475098 2.46 129 Minjibir Yabawa 12.114685 8.615295 2.52 130 Dawakin Kudu Kode 11.848511 8.673889 2.58 131 Tudun Wada Gidan Korau 11.292297 8.510071 2.58 132 Minjibir Dumawa 12.219727 8.504883 2.63 133 Gaya Gamarya (Dare) 11.898071 8.926880 2.64 134 Kumbotso Kureku (Yan Hamar) 11.919128 8.540100 2.70 135 Tsanyawa Doraye 12.372498 8.078674 2.70 136 Rano Zanyau 11.503906 8.551880 2.94 137 Dambatta Katsurdawa 12.332275 8.666077 3.00 138 Gezawa Juya 12.040894 8.709473 3.00 139 Kumbotso Yanshana 11.927124 8.580078 3.00 140 Kura Ruga Duka 11.797913 8.442078 3.00 141 Rimin Gado Jili 11.893921 8.284302 3.00 142 Rimin Gado Mai Gari (Cikin Gari) 11.918884 8.332886 3.00 143 Bunkure Chirin 11.630310 8.520081 3.06 144 Gezawa Abasawa 11.991089 8.662476 3.06 145 Gwarzo Marori 11.929077 8.029114 3.06 146 Dawakin Kudu Wakai 11.702515 8.669128 3.24 147 Kabo Mallam Gajere 11.861084 8.194702 3.24 148 Kabo Wari 11.912903 8.178284 3.24 149 Kura Yakassai 11.817322 8.493713 3.24 150 Kumbotso Madinawa (Yansango) 11.893127 8.560303 3.30 151 Dambatta Yammawa 12.498108 8.480286 3.48 152 Dambatta Yanlada (Sabon Gari) 12.490906 8.587280 3.48 153 Bichi Iyawa 12.200742 8.241692 3.60 154 Bunkure Zanya 11.712708 8.492920 3.60 155 Dambatta Bakari Ungwar Yarawa 12.451477 8.543274 3.60 156 Dambatta Tunkurau 12.576477 8.554077 3.60 157 Dawakin Kudu Kantsi 11.841125 8.648499 3.60 158 Gaya Gidan Sarkin Noma 11.832520 9.125671 3.60 159 Kabo Sabuwar Ung.Balam 11.833679 8.208313 3.60 160 Sumaila Baji 11.439880 8.992310 3.60 161 Tudun Wada Jandutse 11.261902 8.419678 3.60 162 Tudun Wada Shuwaki 11.293518 8.411072 3.60 163 Bunkure Barnawa 11.593506 8.475891 3.84 164 Gaya Maimakawa (Injuna) 11.795288 9.134277 3.84 165 Bunkure Gabo 11.717529 8.517883 3.90

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Dynamics Of Rainfall Pattern And Groundwater Adnan et al., 166 Minjibir Dumawa 12.219727 8.506531 3.94 167 Bunkure Unguwar Gajere 11.737915 8.751526 4.02 168 Tudun Wada Katsinawa 11.244873 8.522705 4.02 169 Bunkure Bono (Karwai) 11.731873 8.644897 4.20 170 Dambatta Fagolawa Guru(Walawal) 12.306885 8.710510 4.20 171 Kumbotso Riga Kuka 11.909729 8.459473 4.20 172 Gaya Kazurawa 11.775330 9.017090 4.26 173 Gaya Zangon Guyla 11.860901 9.009705 4.26 174 Bunkure Kundu (munture) 11.677307 8.530273 4.32 175 Gwarzo Gidan Tuwo 11.893921 8.057129 4.32 176 Minjibir Gurjiya 12.225098 8.707886 4.32 177 Shanono Godarawa 12.065918 7.944885 4.32 178 Gwarzo Salihawa Gotawa 11.819275 7.924500 4.50 179 Karaye Dangayaki 11.724304 7.902100 4.50 180 Bunkure Barkum (Luran) 11.633728 8.614075 4.68 181 Dambatta Zago 12.509277 8.656677 4.80 182 Dawakin Kudu Dawakin Kudu 11.835693 8.596313 4.80 183 Karaye Kurugu (Tumfafi) 11.834290 8.039490 4.80 184 Rimin Gado Gulu (Tsalle) 11.862305 8.298523 4.80 185 Bunkure Falingon Gidan Kwari 11.741089 8.534119 4.92 186 Nasarawa Kawaji (SaunaCrusher) 12.012878 8.583313 4.92 187 Dambatta Baushe 12.515930 8.629883 5.12 188 Rimin Gado Zango Dan Abdu 11.983704 8.279907 5.12 189 Gaya Zambur (Ung. Yamma) 11.905884 8.911072 5.40 190 Minjibir Galwanga 12.166321 8.662109 5.40 191 Karaye Bauni (Tofa0 11.763489 7.968323 5.82 192 Dambatta Dukawa 12.585327 8.618713 6.00 193 Dambatta Jamaar Hazo (Tayi Lafiya) 12.309326 8.627075 6.00 194 Dawakin Kudu Bardai (Ung. Ruwa) 11.722107 8.686279 6.00 195 Gezawa Yan Musa 12.056885 8.716309 6.00 196 Minjibir Garji 12.235718 8.679688 6.00 197 Nasarawa Hotoron Arewa (K.Walala) 11.968079 8.580505 6.00 198 Rimin Gado Gulu (Wangara) 11.862915 8.299072 6.00 199 Rimin Gado Wangara Cikin Gari 11.856506 8.281311 6.00 200 Karaye Makera 11.713501 7.942688 6.12 201 Karaye Nasarawa 11.744507 7.940491 6.12 202 Dawakin Kudu Kamagata 11.772705 8.762878 6.48 203 Kura Butalawa 11.793518 8.426514 6.48 204 Kura Kosawa (Bigau) 11.775561 8.457092 6.48 205 Bunkure Bunkure Cattle Ranch 11.698730 8.542297 6.78 206 Dambatta Kanwaye 12.481873 8.673096 6.78 207 Dambatta Dugol 12.524292 8.560486 7.20

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Dynamics Of Rainfall Pattern And Groundwater Adnan et al., 208 Dambatta Gwanda 12.577515 8.567688 7.20 209 Gezawa Sharifawa 12.007080 8.735291 7.20 210 Gwarzo Salihawa Ung. Makera 11.942078 7.951477 7.20 211 Minjibir Gizwa 12.144714 8.594482 7.20 212 Wudil Makera 11.660889 8.920471 8.10 213 Dambatta Dakawa Marina 12.585327 8.618713 9.00 214 Dawakin Kudu Runa 11.808289 8.800476 9.00 215 Gaya Bangashe (Bafkai Babba) 11.892517 9.018127 9.00 216 Gaya Fanidau (Kurta) 11.803284 9.114075 9.00 217 Gaya Maimakama (Inguwa) 11.795288 9.134277 9.00 218 Kura Tofa (Danga) 11.793884 8.578125 9.00 219 Rimin Gado Karofin Yashi 11.878479 8.350891 9.00 220 Dambata Kwasauri 12.428711 8.678528 10.80 221 Gaya Darai 11.915283 8.915100 10.80 222 Karaye Kwanyawa (Jakanken) 11.816711 7.938110 10.80 223 Minjibir Amsharo 12.196289 8.649902 10.80 224 Minjibir Tofa 12.189087 8.656677 12.00 225 Dambata Kwasauri 12.428711 8.678528 12.60 226 Gaya Kazurawa 11.773926 9.017883 12.96 227 Wudil Makera (Hurimi) 11.893311 8.898926 12.96 228 Dawakin Kudu Muras 11.741821 8.627852 16.20 229 Kura Dukawa Kwarin Gwangwa 11.777283 8.596680 18.00 230 Kura Tofa 11.793884 8.578125 21.00 231 Gaya Zangon Gulya 11.786926 8.971130 21.60 232 Kura Dukawa Ung. Liman 11.775085 8.593689 21.60 Source: WARDROP (1990)

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Dynamics Of Rainfall Pattern And Groundwater Adnan et al.,

Appendix II: Groundwater yield values for some selected points in Kano State for year 2010 S/N Location Lat Lon Pump test Extracted Pump test yield (l/min) yield values yield (m3/s)

1 UnguwarRimi 11.894444 8.584722 56 3.649346 0.0009 2 Limawa 11.904167 8.600000 50 3.245261 0.0008 3 Gado 11.937500 8.623889 35 2.649167 0.0006 4 Riga Kuka 11.938889 8.531944 51 2.925655 0.0009 5 MaririArewa 11.961111 8.613889 52 2.789115 0.0009 6 Magadawa 11.936111 8.608333 20 2.918889 0.0003 7 Farawa 11.961111 8.602778 19 3.474112 0.0003 8 Gurjiya-Damaje 11.908333 8.575000 82 3.393061 0.0014 9 Tulku-Mariri 11.966667 8.629167 56 2.811827 0.0009 10 Kureku-Yan Hamar 11.925000 8.594444 30 3.119333 0.0005 11 Yanshana 11.913889 8.593056 45 3.171391 0.0008 12 Kano Central Mosque 12.020833 8.512500 10 1.764603 0.0002 13 Kawaji-Sauna 12.025000 8.594444 64 3.273661 0.0011 14 Tokarawa 11.997222 8.627778 10 2.287833 0.0002 15 HotoronArewa- Yandodo 11.975000 8.618056 50 2.838818 0.0008 16 HotoronArewa- RaudaKeyi 12.001389 8.613889 64 1.262995 0.0011 17 HotoronArewa-KwaoWalalanbe 11.991667 8.616667 69 2.108147 0.0012 18 KNARDA- Yankaba 12.008333 8.594444 75 3.222105 0.0013 19 Kawo-Zango 11.994444 8.590278 90 3.40989 0.0015 20 Kawo-Gidan Kari 11.979167 8.587500 36 4.518702 0.0006 21 HotoronArewa-U Ladanai 11.983333 8.595833 70 3.580061 0.0012 22 Jaen (Dango) 11.963889 8.488889 70 2.283131 0.0012 23 TudunYola 11.912500 8.470833 10 3.846096 0.0002 24 Jaen (Ajawa) 11.933333 8.486111 75 3.040493 0.0013 25 Gadan (Bajallabe) 12.016667 8.475000 15 1.82822 0.0003 26 RiminAuzinawa 12.025000 8.458333 15 1.913425 0.0003 27 DorayiKarama 11.969444 8.491667 15 2.065764 0.0003 28 Rimaye 12.083333 8.555556 52 2.188006 0.0009 29 Gera [TuduMutala] 12.088889 8.555556 22 2.159987 0.0004 30 Bachirawa [riga Hayin gabas] 12.066667 8.469444 10 1.900819 0.0002 31 Koranchi 12.080556 8.558333 47 2.200381 0.0008 Source:.

203 Proceedings of the 1st International conference on Drylands