Smart Grid, A Lecture Note
Young Research Club and Elite
Shahram Javadi Assistant Professor Electrical Eng. Department Islamic Azad university, Central Tehran Branch March 2013
17-Mar-13 1 Out Line
1. Traditional Power Systems 2. Renewable Enegies 3. Modern Power Systems (Smart Grids) 4. Smart House 5. Electric Vehicles
17-Mar-13 2 The Traditional Power Grid
• The grid we are using – Many implementation decisions were made 120 years ago
http://oncor.com/images/content/grid.jpg 17-Mar-13 Generation, Transmission, Distribution 3 The Traditional Power Grid
17-Mar-13 4 The Traditional Power Grid
• Problems with current Power Grid – It is not efficient • Transmission losses = 20% • Only 30% of the energy consumed is transmitted to consumers – It has not kept pace with modern challenges • Security threats from energy suppliers or cyber attack • Limited alternative power generation sources • No solutions for conservative use of energy • Un-interruptible electricity supply • Poor situation awareness • Poor control and management of distribution network • A “SMARTER” grid is needed!
17-Mar-13 5 Today’s Electric Power System
• Centralized • One-way power flow • Regulated Monopoly • Generation • Transmission • Distribution • Retail . Industrial . Commercial . Residential . Inflexible demand • Aging Infrastructure • Manual operations • Increasing renewables • Lacks interoperability 17-Mar-13 6 Renewable Energies
1. Solar Energy 2. Wind Energy 3. Hydro power plant 4. Fuel cell 5. Biomass 6. ….
17-Mar-13 7 Energy Storage
Energy storage technologies include batteries (lithium-ion, sodium sulfur, and flow), compressed air energy storage, pumped hydroelectric, and flywheel
17-Mar-13 8 The History of Solar Energy
• Greeks used passive solar to heat Buildings (400 BC) • Romans improved by using glass to trap heat in the buildings and green houses (100 AD) • 1700: Antoine LaVoisier built a solar heater • 1839: French physicist Antoine-Cesar Becquerel observed that shining light on an electrode submerged in a conductive solution would create an electric current. • 1860: The First Solar Motor, heated water used to drive a steam motor, Auguste Mouchout • 1883: American Charles Fritts described the first solar cells, which was made from selenium wafers
9 The History of Solar Energy
• 1900: The photoelectric effect was discovered. • 1904: Henry E. Willsie first use of solar energy at night. • 1916: Millikan provided experimental proof of the photoelectric effect • 1918: Polish scientist Czochralski developed a way to grow single- crystal silicon. • 1941: American Russell Ohl invented a silicon solar cell • 1954: Bell Labs researchers Pearson, Chapin, and Fuller reported their discovery of 4.5% efficient silicon solar cells • 1950’s: Solar cells developed for satellites • 1960: Hoffman Electronics achieved 14% efficient PV cells. • 1973: OPEC Energy Crisis causes US to re-examine use of renewable energy sources; federal and state tax credits result in rapid growth for a new solar industry.
10 Passive
• Direct Solar Gain – South facing large windows – Floors, walls, ceiling used to trap heat. The heat is released at night
11 Passive
• Indirect Solar Gain – Thermal storage materials are placed between the interior habitable space and the sun – Can use vents in wall to help circulate hot air through room
12 Passive
• Isolated Solar Gain: • Uses a fluid (liquid or air) to collect heat in a flat plate solar collector attached to the structure.
13 Concentration
• Power towers – Large field of mirriors is used to concentrate the sunlight. – Concentrated Sunlight is used to heat molten salt
14 Concentration
• Trough Collectors – Uses parabolic mirrors to heat a fluid in an absorbing tube. – Hot fluid is used to boil water to run a steam generator.
15 Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Cells)
• Photoelectric effect • PN junction directly converts sunlight into electricity. • Electricity can be stored for later useage or used on demand.
16 What Is Smart Grid?
• Smart Grid is an application of digital information technology to optimize electrical power generation, delivery and use – Optimize power delivery and generation – Self-healing – Consumer participation – Resist attack – High quality power – Accommodate generation options
17-Mar-13 17 What Is Smart Grid?
• Optimize power delivery and generation – Advanced efficient power generation – Low loss delivery power lines • Self-healing – Real-time awareness and reaction of system problems • Consumer participation – Consumer can monitor and control “smart appliances” to manage energy use and reduce energy cost
17-Mar-13 18 What Is Smart Grid?
17-Mar-13 Consumer participation [1] 19 What Is Smart Grid?
• Resist attack – Real time monitoring of power grids – Identify and respond to man-made or natural disruptions – Isolate affected areas and redirect power flows around damaged facilities • High quality power – Reduce high losses due to outages and power quality issues – Those issues cost US more than $100 billion each year! 17-Mar-13 20 What is Smart Grid?
[2] Smart Grid would save hundreds billion dollar over the next 20 years! 17-Mar-13 21 What is Smart grid? A smart grid puts information and communication technology into electricity generation, delivery, and consumption, making systems cleaner, safer, and more reliable and efficient. U.S. Department of Energy Definition: A smart grid integrates advanced sensing technologies, control methods, and integrated communications into the current electricity grid.
17-Mar-13 22 What does the concept of Smart Grid look like?
Electrical Infrastructure
“Intelligence” Infrastructure
17-Mar-13 23 The emergence of the smart grid
+ Automate critical functions, provide essential information and make more informed decisions in a timely fashion + Faster response times to outages, load control and service connects + Provide consumers with information and control necessary to reduce energy consumption
DISTRIBUTION PERSONAL ENERGY AUTOMATION MANAGEMENT
ADVANCED METERING DATA MANAGEMENT
17-Mar-13 24 The Smart Grid Technology
Allows Remote Monitoring of Entire Infrastructure for both System Management and Consumers
17-Mar-13 25 What Will the Smart Grid Look Like?
Energy management systems Dynamic pricing Distributed generation and microgrids High use of variable renewables Distributed storage
Bidirectional Electric metering vehicles
Smart Ubiquitous networked Smart meters and real appliances sensors time usage data
17-Mar-13 26 Smart Grid Benefits
Smart grid networks have the ability to revolutionize energy management and grid reliability across the globe
Utility reduced costs Consumer lower energy Benefits Benefits costs greater management greater control transparency regulatory reduced carbon compliance footprint improved customer service and satisfaction
17-Mar-13 27 Personal Energy Management
Wireless Outlet Dimmer Wireless Outlet Dimmer
In Home Display
Wireless Thermostat Wireless Wireless Wireless Wireless Wireless Dimmer Switch Keypad Switch Dimmer AMI Network AC Load Home Heartbeat TM Control Wireless Water Sensor InHome TM Wireless Contact Switch
Direct Load Home Heartbeat TM Control Wireless Contact Switch 17-Mar-13 28 ecoMeter Features
• Consumption Awareness: • CO2 • $ Cost/Watts • kWh • Trending Consumption: • Today • Yesterday • last 7 days • last 28 days • Instant Demand Indication thru the LCD backlight: RED, YELLOW, GREEN – Easily read histogram side bar shows current demand – Customizable „Home Energy Audit‟ feature allows user to set their own reference usage for future comparison
17-Mar-13 29 ecoMeter Features
Near real time Consumption ZigBee in $’s Communicatio (today, yesterday, last 7 and 28 days) n with meter Current temperature
Carbon foot print (lbs/kg of CO2) Rate of consumption ($/hr)
Stop-lighting A/C power shows current supply demand
17-Mar-13 30 Communication media used for smart grids
• Urge for new FCC allocation for smart grids • PLC –Power line carriers • Ethernet • WLAN • Zigbee • Bluetooth • Optical fiber • Microwave
17-Mar-13 31 Technology Terminology
• AMI Advanced Metering Infrastructure (Two-Way Smart Metering) • AMR Automatic Meter Reading • LAN Local Area Network (link from meter to collector/concentrator) • WAN Wide Area Network (link from LAN to host) • HAN Home Area Network (link from in-home-display or appliance to AMI) • MDM Meter Data Management • PEM Personal Energy Management • PLC Power Line Carrier • BPL Broadband over power line • DRI Demand Response Infrastructure – customer response to time varying rates • SGI Smart Grid Infrastructure
17-Mar-13 32 Key Technologies
• Integrated communications – Fast and reliable communications for the grid – Allowing the grid for real-time control, information and data exchange to optimize system reliability, asset utilization and security – Can be wireless, powerline or fiber-optics – For wireless • Zigbee • WiMAX • WiFi
17-Mar-13 33 Key Technologies
Generating Plant Broadband over Transmission Line Powerlines — Provide for two-way communications Substation Monitors and smart relays at substations Monitors at transformers, circuit breakers and Distribution reclosers System End User Bi-directional meters with two-way communication
[1]
17-Mar-13 34 Key Technologies
• Sensing and measurement – Smart meter technology, real time metering of: • Congestion and grid stability • Equipment health • Energy theft • Real time thermal rating • Electromagnetic signature measurement/analysis • Real time pricing – Phasor measurement units (PMU) • Real time monitor of power quality • Use GPS as a reference for precise measurement
17-Mar-13 35 Key Technologies
• Advanced components – Flexible AC transmission system devices – High voltage direct current – Superconducting wire – High temperature superconducting cable – Distributed energy generation and storage devices – Composite conductors – “Intelligent” appliances
17-Mar-13 36 Key Technologies
• Power system automation – Rapid diagnosis and precise solutions to specific grid disruptions or outages – Distributed intelligent agents – Analytical tools involving software algorithms and high-speed computers – Operational applications
17-Mar-13 37 Challenges
• IEEE P2030 project defined three task forces: – TF1: Power Engineering Technology – TF2: Information Technology – TF3: Communications Technology
17-Mar-13 38 Challenges
• TF2: Information Technology – Cyber security – Management protocols – Coordination with TF1 • Provide data storage requirements • Data retrieval performance requirements • Define data interfaces – Coordination with TF3 • Communication link • Topology control • Protocol 17-Mar-13 39 Challenges
• TF1: Power Engineering Technology – Energy sources – Transmission – Substation – Distribution – Consumer premise – Cyber security – Safety
17-Mar-13 40 Challenges
• TF3: Communications Technology – Define communication requirements between devices – Identify existing communication standards and definitions for use in Smart Grid
17-Mar-13 41 Types of Smart Grid Projects
Smart Grid projects can be broadly classified into: • Reliability and Security Projects • DG and Renewables Integration Projects • AMI, Demand response, and Customer Service Projs Smart Grids can be designed to serve: • Utility Operations and Energy Consumers • Energy Management for Customer Owned Systems • Zero Energy Districts • Infrastructure Security (Rapid Islanding, self-healing)
17-Mar-13 42 Current Example applications
• Austin, Texas, 1st Smart Grid city in US
http://www.inhabitat.com/wp-content/uploads/15-grid-537x324.jpg
17-Mar-13 43 Current Example applications
. Xcel Smart City in Boulder . City of Boulder - 100,000 people, 50,000 homes . Smart Meters - 14,398
http://smartgridcity.xcelenergy.com
17-Mar-13 44 Current Example applications
• Energy Smart Miami
17-Mar-13 http://tinycomb.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/smart-grid.jpg 45 Current Example applications
• GE “Plug into the Smart Grid”
http://ge.ecomagination.com/smartgrid 17-Mar-13 46 Data Communication in Smart Grid SMART GRID-Data Communication
Data communication system can be used to send status information from an Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) to a workstation (human–machine interface) for display
Communication channels are characterized by their maximum data transfer speed, error rate, delay and communication technology used
48 Model of simple point-to-point communication system
49 Model of simple point-to-point communication system Dedicated communication channel: When a secure communication channel is required from one point to another, a dedicated link is used exclusively by the Source and Destination only for their communication
Shared communication channel: a message sent by the Source is received by all the devices connected to the shared channel. An address field within the message specifies for whom it is intended. Others simply ignore the message. 50 Dedicated and shared communication channels
51 Modulation Techniques
1.Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
2.Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
3.Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
52 Possible communication infrastructure for the Smart Grid
53 Communication technologies
1. IEEE 802 series I. Ethernet II. Wireless LANs III. Bluetooth IV. ZigBee and 6LoWPAN V. WiMax 2. Mobile communications 3. Multi protocol label switching 4. Power line communication
54 Standards in the Smart Grid
Real-time Simulation Wide-Area Reliability Network Optimization Customer Participation Participation in Energy Markets
• EPRI IntelliGrid Architecture, http://www.intelligrid.info • Catalog of Use Cases, Standards, Technologies
17-Mar-13 55 Smart Grid Comm Standards Domains
17-Mar-13 56 Another Look at Smart Grid Standards
Example Example Members Technologies
Retailers Internet Protocols Aggregators External World-Wide Web Regulators ebXML Customers IEC 60870-6 ICCP Providers Portal
MDMS IEC 61970 CIS/Billing IEC 61968 Enterprise OMS Web Services WMS Multispeak EMS/DMS Message Buses Metering System SONET, WDM, ATM Routers MPLS Towers Frame Relay Ground Stations Satellite WAN Repeaters Microwave Rings IEC 61850 Collector DNP3 WiMAX Relays BPL / PLC Field Modems Wireless Mesh Bridges ADSL LAN Access Points Cellular Insertion Points Meter / Gateway Cable (DOCSIS) ZigBee Thermostats WiFi Normal NOR Critical PEND EPmroegrgraemncyA MCATLI $ PEemaekr gEevnecnytO INVRGID Stage 1 VE- In-Home Displays ! Stage 2 ER E Current Temp 03/03/2007 Progr AW 8:48am am: AY LonWorks Stat us Smart Appliances HAN BACnet Field Tools HomePlug PCs OpenHAN 17-Mar-13 Building Automation 57 Smart House
17-Mar-13 58 Smart House Platform
Graphic Source: Xcel Energy Smart Grid Consortium Partner, GridPoint
17-Mar-13 59 The Smart House
Added green power sources
High-speed, networked connections Plug-in hybrid electric cars Customer interaction with Real-time and utility green pricing signals Smart thermostats, appliances and in-home control devices 17-http://www.worldchanging.com/smarthouse.jpgMar-13 60 Electric Vehicles
17-Mar-13 61
Historical development of electric cars
Early Years of Electric Cars: 1890 - 1930 • First electric vehicle invented in 1828 • Many innovations followed • The interest in electric cars increased greatly in the late 1890s and early 1900s • First real and practical electric car (with capacity for passengers) designed by William Morrison • 1902 Phaeton built by the Woods Motor Vehicle Company of Chicago
Figure: 1902 Wood's Electric Phaeton (Inventors, http://inventors.about.com/od/estartinventions/a/History-Of-Electric- Vehicles.htm, 7.5. 2011). 17-Mar-13 62 Historical development of electric cars
Decline of Electric Cars: 1930 – 1990 • The electric car declined in popularity because of the following reasons: – Better system of roads need for longer-range vehicles – Reduction in price of gasoline gasoline was affordable to the average consumer – Invention of the electric starter disposed of the need for the hand crank. – Initiation of mass production of internal combustion engine vehicles by Henry Ford.
17-Mar-13 63 Historical development of electric cars
• The mid-1930s until the 1960s: dead years for electric vehicle development and for their application as personal transportation • In the 1960s and 1970s: imperative necessity for alternative-fueled vehicles renewed interest on electric vehicles • The first electric truck, the Battronic Truck, constructed in the early 1960s. • The companies Sebring-Vanguard and Elcar Corporation = leaders in the electric car production
17-Mar-13 64 Historical development of electric cars
The Revival: 1990s • Efforts by the governments to more stringent air emissions requirements and regulations requiring reductions in gasoline use and Zero Emission Vehicle requirements from several states revival • Electric conversions of familiar gasoline powered vehicles as well as electric vehicles designed from the ground up became available (reached highway speeds with ranges of 50 to 150 miles between recharging) • Since 2001: Phoenix designs fully functional electric trucks and Sport Utility Vehicle for commercial fleet use
Figure: Phoenix Motorcar (Inventors, http://inventors.about.com/od/estartinventions/a/History-Of- 17-Mar-13 Electric Vehicles.htm, 7.5. 2011). 65 General concept of electric cars
Characteristics of electric cars • Core elements: battery, electric motor, plug- in system, differential • Efficiency ratio is close to 90 percent needed energy depends on battery (type, age, temperature), the way of charging and the general construction of motor and car itself • Maximum power of the motor is reached from standstill, leads to “smooth” way of driving • Possibility to use energy of break application to refeed it into battery
17-Mar-13 66
General concept of electric cars
Comparison with a combustion engine powered car • Providing energy: – E-cars get energy out of battery – Conventional car gets energy out of combustion engine • Efficiency ratio: – Electric motor: close to 90 percent – Combustion engine: 25-30 percent • In case of e-car mature efficiency losses occur during electricity production
17-Mar-13 67 General concept of electric cars
Comparison with a combustion engine powered car • Emissions: – E-car: Occur during electricity production; positive for e.g fine dust – Combustion engine: emissions occur during driving
• Electric cars produce much less noise than combustion engine powered cars
• Electric cars have no gearbox
17-Mar -13 68
General concept of electric cars
Combustion engine Electric car: powered car:
Figure: Coparison convential car/ electric car (Electrification Coalition 2009) Fuel system is on the back Battery is stored at back side, side, where it transmits where it transmits the energy power to the gearbox, to the electric motor which 17-Marwhich-13 powers the wheels powers the wheels 69 General concept of electric cars
Storage systems for electric cars • Lead acid batteries – no essential role for powering electric vehicles • Nickel cadmium batteries – Inferior to new technologies due to low energy density and high toxicity • Nickel metal hydride batteries – Very high energy density, good efficiency-to- size-ratio, very long lasting and unproblematic in terms of safety BUT very high price for raw materials • Lithium ion batteries
17-Mar-13 70 General concept of electric cars
Lithium ion batteries: most promising storage technology for electric vehicles • Advantages: – Highest energy density of all battery systems operating at room temperature lower number of cells needed – 20-30 percent lighter than nickel cadmium batteries – No memory effect • Disadvantages: – In case of destruction toxic gases and flammable material can occur – Very expensive
17-Mar-13 71 General concept of electric cars
Hybrid propulsion: • Combination technology between combustion engine and electric engine • In parallel hybrid systems both engines power the shaft • In series hybrid systems the combustion engine is powering a generator which transmits energy to the electric motor • In combined hybrid systems one can change between parallel and series propulsion
17-Mar-13 72 General concept of electric cars
Hybrid propulsion Hybrid-electric vehicle: • Either parallel, series or combined system • Contains liquid fuel tank and battery • No plug-in system for charging the battery external
Figure: Hybrid-electric-vehicle (Electrification Coalition 2009)
17-Mar-13 73 General concept of electric cars
Plug-in hybrid vehicle: • Either series or combined Hybrid propulsion system • Contains an on-board generator • Possible to run as sole electric vehicle through plug-in for external charging of battery
Figure: Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (Electrification Coalition 2009)
17-Mar-13 74 Economic aspects of e-cars
Costs and profitability: • Electric vehicles of the middle class with range of about 150 km: 10,000 to 15,000 euro • Very low operating costs • Daimler: sells its future e-cars quickly profitably hopes for a start-up funding from the Federal Government • In many countries: purchase of e-cars remunerated by subsidies
17-Mar-13 Figures: Costs of vehicles (2010 and 2030) 75 (Kloess et al., 2009: 4,5) Economic aspects of e-cars
Energy economical aspects of e-cars: • Construction of a corresponding charging infrastructure (charging stations) Figure: Uniform charging connector • In Austria: 2,600 electric service (Mennekes, stations (May 2010) http://www.mennekes.de/web, 10.05.2011). • To recharge 15 to 20 kWh, which a small car on 100 kilometres requires, lasts via a normal household outlet from six to eight hours.
Figure : Charging station for electric cars 17-Mar-13 (Mennekes, http://www.mennekes.de/web/76, 10.05.2011). Economic aspects of e-cars
• The electric propulsion: efficiency = about 90% • Electric propulsion is principally as "clean" as the energy source • A photovoltaics-carport (solar service station) considered as a charging station of electric cars for Figure :Photovoltaics-carport as a charging station of the future electric cars (Das Photovoltaik Portal, http://www.photovoltaiko.de/, 09.05.2011).
17-Mar-13 77 Economic aspects of e-cars
Market development of electric car technologies: • Market for e-cars still depend on direct subsidies, tax subsidizations or on clearly higher fuel prices • According to the most probable scenario: in 2020 26 % of new cars in China, Japan, the USA and Western Europe could have electric or hybrid propulsion • Challenges for the electric car market: energy storage capacities, recharge times, infrastructure requirements, costs of the batteries,… • Without any technological breakthrough: the range of an electric car will furthermore amount to only 250 to 300 km. • At the present time: automotive corporations cooperate closely with manufacturers of electric car batteries
17-Mar-13 78 Economic aspects of e-cars
• In 2009: global electric vehicle market = more than 26 billion dollars worth & probably grows at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18.5% between 2010 and 2015 • The plug-in hybrid electric vehicles-segment probably increase at a CAGR of 81.6% • The hybrid electric vehicles market: CAGR of 19.1% Figure: Summary figure – electric vehicle shipments and value by configuration from 2005 to 2015 (Concensus scenario) (in $ Millions) (Bcc Research, http://www.bccresearch.com/report/electric- vehicles-power-sources-fcb019d.html, 11.05.2011).
17-Mar-13 79 Application possibilities for electric vehicles The development of electric cars or vehicles can be divided broadly in the following directions or trends:
• Industrial vehicles
Figure: Mafi- electric load cart at Daimler-Chrysler (Schnitzler, http://de.factolex.com/Elektrokarren, 30.4.2011)
17-Mar-13 80 Application possibilities for electric vehicles
• Development of new passenger cars: • Urban vehicles
Figure: CityEL (Firma Haberhauer, http://www.elektromobilcenter.com/, 30.4.2011) • Electric vehicles suited for highway
Figure : Think City (Stegmann, http://www.motorkultur.com/de/home/visionen/13- artikel/4929-elektroauto-think-eine- erfolgsstory.html, 30.4.2011)
17-Mar-13 81 Application possibilities for electric vehicles • Alteration from customary cars to electric vehicles
Figure: Renault Twingo Electra (MobiLEM, http://www.mobilem.ch/fahrzeuge/fahrzmain.
htm, 30.4.2011)
• Study vehicles and experimental vehicles
Figure: Keio University Eliica (Deep Dive Media Automotive Network, http://www.futurecars.com/future- cars/electric-cars/eliica-8-wheel-electric- tears-it-up-one-wheel-at-a-time, 30.4.2011)
17-Mar-13 82 Traditional IC engine based car
1. In an IC engine car there is a fuel tank from which fuel is taken and combusted in IC engine. 2. IC engine produces mechanical energy which is transferred to driving wheels and converted to kinetic energy of the car.
17-Mar-13 83 Full electric vehicle
1. Full electric vehicles have a large battery pack instead of fuel tank and instead of an IC engine there is an electric motor. 2. Electrical energy is taken from the battery pack and used in
17-Marelectric-13 motor to produce mechanical energy. 84 Parallel hybrid electric vehicle
It is important to notice that in hybrid electric vehicles all the energy used by the car is taken from the liquid fuel, gasoline or diesel, stored in the fuel tank. The battery works only as an energy buffer which temporarily stores energy and then
17feeds-Mar-13 it back to the driving wheels 85 A serial hybrid electric vehicle
17-Mar-13 86 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (serial drive configuration)
17-Mar-13 87 Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Starting / low speed (low emission) Braking (energy saving)
Normal (more efficient) Accelerating (more powerful)
17-Mar-13 88 4-Wheel-Drive (4WD) Technology
Merits: More driving force / powerful Anti-slipping Robustness to terrain
17-Mar-13 89 In-Wheel Motor Technology
Merits:
No transmission / axle More efficient Lower car floor / more space / more stable
17-Mar-13 90 Conclusion
• Smart Grid is the next generation Power Grid • Involve many new technologies • Cooperation within multiple areas of research • Billions of dollars investment by government
17-Mar-13 91 Thank You!
17-Mar-13 92