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Xcel Energy's Smart Grid City

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Xcel Energy's Smart Grid City Smart Grid, A Lecture Note Young Research Club and Elite Shahram Javadi Assistant Professor Electrical Eng. Department Islamic Azad university, Central Tehran Branch March 2013 17-Mar-13 1 Out Line 1. Traditional Power Systems 2. Renewable Enegies 3. Modern Power Systems (Smart Grids) 4. Smart House 5. Electric Vehicles 17-Mar-13 2 The Traditional Power Grid • The grid we are using – Many implementation decisions were made 120 years ago http://oncor.com/images/content/grid.jpg 17-Mar-13 Generation, Transmission, Distribution 3 The Traditional Power Grid 17-Mar-13 4 The Traditional Power Grid • Problems with current Power Grid – It is not efficient • Transmission losses = 20% • Only 30% of the energy consumed is transmitted to consumers – It has not kept pace with modern challenges • Security threats from energy suppliers or cyber attack • Limited alternative power generation sources • No solutions for conservative use of energy • Un-interruptible electricity supply • Poor situation awareness • Poor control and management of distribution network • A “SMARTER” grid is needed! 17-Mar-13 5 Today’s Electric Power System • Centralized • One-way power flow • Regulated Monopoly • Generation • Transmission • Distribution • Retail . Industrial . Commercial . Residential . Inflexible demand • Aging Infrastructure • Manual operations • Increasing renewables • Lacks interoperability 17-Mar-13 6 Renewable Energies 1. Solar Energy 2. Wind Energy 3. Hydro power plant 4. Fuel cell 5. Biomass 6. …. 17-Mar-13 7 Energy Storage Energy storage technologies include batteries (lithium-ion, sodium sulfur, and flow), compressed air energy storage, pumped hydroelectric, and flywheel 17-Mar-13 8 The History of Solar Energy • Greeks used passive solar to heat Buildings (400 BC) • Romans improved by using glass to trap heat in the buildings and green houses (100 AD) • 1700: Antoine LaVoisier built a solar heater • 1839: French physicist Antoine-Cesar Becquerel observed that shining light on an electrode submerged in a conductive solution would create an electric current. • 1860: The First Solar Motor, heated water used to drive a steam motor, Auguste Mouchout • 1883: American Charles Fritts described the first solar cells, which was made from selenium wafers 9 The History of Solar Energy • 1900: The photoelectric effect was discovered. • 1904: Henry E. Willsie first use of solar energy at night. • 1916: Millikan provided experimental proof of the photoelectric effect • 1918: Polish scientist Czochralski developed a way to grow single- crystal silicon. • 1941: American Russell Ohl invented a silicon solar cell • 1954: Bell Labs researchers Pearson, Chapin, and Fuller reported their discovery of 4.5% efficient silicon solar cells • 1950’s: Solar cells developed for satellites • 1960: Hoffman Electronics achieved 14% efficient PV cells. • 1973: OPEC Energy Crisis causes US to re-examine use of renewable energy sources; federal and state tax credits result in rapid growth for a new solar industry. 10 Passive • Direct Solar Gain – South facing large windows – Floors, walls, ceiling used to trap heat. The heat is released at night 11 Passive • Indirect Solar Gain – Thermal storage materials are placed between the interior habitable space and the sun – Can use vents in wall to help circulate hot air through room 12 Passive • Isolated Solar Gain: • Uses a fluid (liquid or air) to collect heat in a flat plate solar collector attached to the structure. 13 Concentration • Power towers – Large field of mirriors is used to concentrate the sunlight. – Concentrated Sunlight is used to heat molten salt 14 Concentration • Trough Collectors – Uses parabolic mirrors to heat a fluid in an absorbing tube. – Hot fluid is used to boil water to run a steam generator. 15 Photovoltaic Cells (Solar Cells) • Photoelectric effect • PN junction directly converts sunlight into electricity. • Electricity can be stored for later useage or used on demand. 16 What Is Smart Grid? • Smart Grid is an application of digital information technology to optimize electrical power generation, delivery and use – Optimize power delivery and generation – Self-healing – Consumer participation – Resist attack – High quality power – Accommodate generation options 17-Mar-13 17 What Is Smart Grid? • Optimize power delivery and generation – Advanced efficient power generation – Low loss delivery power lines • Self-healing – Real-time awareness and reaction of system problems • Consumer participation – Consumer can monitor and control “smart appliances” to manage energy use and reduce energy cost 17-Mar-13 18 What Is Smart Grid? 17-Mar-13 Consumer participation [1] 19 What Is Smart Grid? • Resist attack – Real time monitoring of power grids – Identify and respond to man-made or natural disruptions – Isolate affected areas and redirect power flows around damaged facilities • High quality power – Reduce high losses due to outages and power quality issues – Those issues cost US more than $100 billion each year! 17-Mar-13 20 What is Smart Grid? [2] Smart Grid would save hundreds billion dollar over the next 20 years! 17-Mar-13 21 What is Smart grid? A smart grid puts information and communication technology into electricity generation, delivery, and consumption, making systems cleaner, safer, and more reliable and efficient. U.S. Department of Energy Definition: A smart grid integrates advanced sensing technologies, control methods, and integrated communications into the current electricity grid. 17-Mar-13 22 What does the concept of Smart Grid look like? Electrical Infrastructure “Intelligence” Infrastructure 17-Mar-13 23 The emergence of the smart grid + Automate critical functions, provide essential information and make more informed decisions in a timely fashion + Faster response times to outages, load control and service connects + Provide consumers with information and control necessary to reduce energy consumption DISTRIBUTION PERSONAL ENERGY AUTOMATION MANAGEMENT ADVANCED METERING DATA MANAGEMENT 17-Mar-13 24 The Smart Grid Technology Allows Remote Monitoring of Entire Infrastructure for both System Management and Consumers 17-Mar-13 25 What Will the Smart Grid Look Like? Energy management systems Dynamic pricing Distributed generation and microgrids High use of variable renewables Distributed storage Bidirectional Electric metering vehicles Smart Ubiquitous networked Smart meters and real appliances sensors time usage data 17-Mar-13 26 Smart Grid Benefits Smart grid networks have the ability to revolutionize energy management and grid reliability across the globe Utility reduced costs Consumer lower energy Benefits Benefits costs greater management greater control transparency regulatory reduced carbon compliance footprint improved customer service and satisfaction 17-Mar-13 27 Personal Energy Management Wireless Outlet Dimmer Wireless Outlet Dimmer In Home Display Wireless Thermostat Wireless Wireless Wireless Wireless Wireless Dimmer Switch Keypad Switch Dimmer AMI Network AC Load Home Heartbeat TM Control Wireless Water Sensor InHome TM Wireless Contact Switch Direct Load Home Heartbeat TM Control Wireless Contact Switch 17-Mar-13 28 ecoMeter Features • Consumption Awareness: • CO2 • $ Cost/Watts • kWh • Trending Consumption: • Today • Yesterday • last 7 days • last 28 days • Instant Demand Indication thru the LCD backlight: RED, YELLOW, GREEN – Easily read histogram side bar shows current demand – Customizable „Home Energy Audit‟ feature allows user to set their own reference usage for future comparison 17-Mar-13 29 ecoMeter Features Near real time Consumption ZigBee in $’s Communicatio (today, yesterday, last 7 and 28 days) n with meter Current temperature Carbon foot print (lbs/kg of CO2) Rate of consumption ($/hr) Stop-lighting A/C power shows current supply demand 17-Mar-13 30 Communication media used for smart grids • Urge for new FCC allocation for smart grids • PLC –Power line carriers • Ethernet • WLAN • Zigbee • Bluetooth • Optical fiber • Microwave 17-Mar-13 31 Technology Terminology • AMI Advanced Metering Infrastructure (Two-Way Smart Metering) • AMR Automatic Meter Reading • LAN Local Area Network (link from meter to collector/concentrator) • WAN Wide Area Network (link from LAN to host) • HAN Home Area Network (link from in-home-display or appliance to AMI) • MDM Meter Data Management • PEM Personal Energy Management • PLC Power Line Carrier • BPL Broadband over power line • DRI Demand Response Infrastructure – customer response to time varying rates • SGI Smart Grid Infrastructure 17-Mar-13 32 Key Technologies • Integrated communications – Fast and reliable communications for the grid – Allowing the grid for real-time control, information and data exchange to optimize system reliability, asset utilization and security – Can be wireless, powerline or fiber-optics – For wireless • Zigbee • WiMAX • WiFi 17-Mar-13 33 Key Technologies Generating Plant Broadband over Transmission Line Powerlines — Provide for two-way communications Substation Monitors and smart relays at substations Monitors at transformers, circuit breakers and Distribution reclosers System End User Bi-directional meters with two-way communication [1] 17-Mar-13 34 Key Technologies • Sensing and measurement – Smart meter technology, real time metering of: • Congestion and grid stability • Equipment health • Energy theft • Real time thermal rating • Electromagnetic signature measurement/analysis • Real time pricing – Phasor measurement units (PMU) • Real time monitor of power quality • Use GPS as a reference for
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