DOCSLIB.ORG

Writing American Soldiers: Nineteenth-Century Varieties of Military Experience Benjamin Cooper Washington University in St

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Writing American Soldiers: Nineteenth-Century Varieties of Military Experience Benjamin Cooper Washington University in St Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) 5-24-2010 Writing American Soldiers: Nineteenth-Century Varieties of Military Experience Benjamin Cooper Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd Recommended Citation Cooper, Benjamin, "Writing American Soldiers: Nineteenth-Century Varieties of Military Experience" (2010). All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs). 844. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd/844 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of English and American Literature Dissertation Examination Committee: Rafia Zafar, Chair Iver Bernstein James Dawes Gerald Early Robert Milder Vincent Sherry WRITING AMERICAN SOLDIERS: NINETEENTH-CENTURY VARIETIES OF MILITARY EXPERIENCE by Benjamin Cooper A dissertation presented to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2010 Saint Louis, Missouri copyright by Benjamin Cooper ! 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe a lot. First, to Rafia Zafar, who directed this dissertation with great cheer and unwavering commitment. Her graciousness is as much a model for the profession as it is instruction for my daily life. Years from now I hope I can look back and say I did it like Rafia. She along with Bob Milder taught me most of what I know about the nineteenth century. Bob told me when I wrote good sentences, and he told me when I didn’t write good sentences, and this project has benefited immeasurably from his fine eye. Gerald Early has been patient with a brazen young man who burst into his office some years ago and has never stopped showing up. There are few minds more acute than his, and I prize his prolonged investment in my work. Jim Dawes said yes to this project when he just as easily could have said no. His encouragement still amazes and pleases me. I thank Arizona Quarterly for publishing chapter four in a revised form, and I thank even more Iver Bernstein and Angela Miller for their seminar that started the original essay that became the article. Vince Sherry has been intrepid in his support as chair of the English department. So have other faculty, both at Washington University in St. Louis and elsewhere: Guinn Batten, Kathleen Diffley, Dan Grausam, Greg Jackson, Alan Nadel, Dana Nelson, William Paul, Sarah Rivett, Philip Sewell, Dan Shea. Kathy Schneider and Dorothy Negri made my graduate career. People can accuse me of hyperbole, but I say no matter. I wish the world had more of them. I owe more. Parts of this dissertation were written in Missouri, California, Alaska, Alabama, South Korea, Vietnam, and Italy. My family and friends have been more kind than they know, indulging me with places to stay, meals to eat, and a genuine ii interest in what I was doing. This network has ranged from the local—Eric Knoche, Liza Harrison, Jen Mitchell, Carter Smith, Brooke Taylor—to the national and the international—the Chicago Cooper clan, the Hattan clan, the Kellum clan, Merri Dillinger, Dave Schnapp, Meredith Montgomery, Matt and Amy Cooper (and Oskar!), Olimpia and Franco Conti. It is more difficult to acknowledge properly my mother. I dedicate this dissertation to Karin Louise Cooper at the same time I dedicate it for my father, Daniel Roy Cooper, Jr. They both did their best in raising me, and I hope I did my best in honoring them here. If I have done my job correctly, then what follows isn’t a war story but rather a love story. The last word I reserve for Erika Conti. Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita mi ritrovai per una selva oscura, ché la diritta via era smarrita. Grazie mille e tante cose. The woods are no longer so dark. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ii What We Talk About When We Talk About War 1 1 Revolutionary Captivity and the Soldier’s Self 31 2 “This Republic of Misery”: Joseph Plumb Martin and the Soldier Appeal 75 3 Cooper, Melville, and the Civilian Novel Between the Wars 121 4 “Personal Knowledge of One’s Subject”: Franklin H. Durrah, 175 John William De Forest, and the Varieties of Military Experience Epilogue 215 Works Cited 223 iv WHAT WE TALK ABOUT WHEN WE TALK ABOUT WAR I. The story goes that during a diplomatic trip on behalf of the Massachusetts governor to New York City in March of 1787, Royall Tyler for the first time saw professional theater. Tyler’s experience with the stage jolted a month-long creative frenzy culminating with The Contrast, a trim five-act play which opened at the John Street Theater in New York City on April 16, 1787.1 Widely credited as the first dramatic comedy written by an American and performed by professional actors, The Contrast was well-received by critics and audiences alike.2 The play’s list of private subscribers includes many prominent readers, among them George Washington (two copies of the play were found in Washington’s personal library, one of them autographed by Tyler), Aaron Burr, then Secretary of War Henry Knox, as well as a myriad of other Continental Army officers, from captains to majors and colonels.3 That there were so many military readers of Tyler’s first play should come as little surprise. Only a month after the play’s initial run, the Constitutional Convention would begin in Philadelphia populated with recent heroes of the Revolution. That the play took as one of its central concerns “the contrast between a gentleman who has read Chesterfield and received the polish of Europe [,] and an unpolished, un-travelled American” soldier, is also of little surprise, given Tyler’s recent military life.4 Only a few months before The Contrast’s swift composition and production, the gentlemanly Tyler had joined the army for the second time in his life, on this occasion as a major under General Benjamin Lincoln during Shays’ Rebellion.5 1 Tyler was as much an accidental soldier as he was an accidental playwright, and The Contrast and its author were in many ways two complementary laboratories of sentiment. The play and the author both wanted to understand the process by which becoming “an unpolished, un-travelled American” was more than a rebuke of European polish, travel, and refinement. Tyler was coming to learn it was also an expression of the vexed military ethos the emerging nation was forging. He was at Harvard in 1775 when the Battles of Lexington and Concord took place only a few miles away. After taking his degree in 1776, he joined the Revolutionary Army in Boston under the generalship of John Hancock. At the request of his mother who already had lost her husband to the war in 1775 and who had another son serving as a spy for Washington, Tyler spent most of the Revolution a safe distance from the front.6 Regardless of their duration, Tyler’s intermittent experiences as a soldier visibly left their imprint on his play and its “native themes” (20).7 For the audience, The Contrast would have appeared as an American take on the English comedy of manners. The crowd quickly comes to learn that the gentleman with European sympathies, “who has read Chesterfield,” is Billy Dimple, a smooth-talking New York dandy. As the curtain opens, Dimple is engaged to be married to Maria Van Rough, a woman from the same social caste, but one who is having nagging doubts about his character. He is, in her eyes, “a depraved wretch, whose only virtue is a polished exterior; who is actuated by the unmanly ambition of conquering the defenceless…” (38- 9). Subsequently, the audience becomes acquainted with Henry Manly, the “un-travelled American,” whose role in the play will be to protect and uphold “probity, virtue, [and] honour” (114-15). Manly is a taciturn and somewhat melancholic Revolutionary War 2 hero from the countryside. He has never before been to the city, “[n]ever nearer than Harlem Heights, where he lay with his regiment” (42). The two men could not have been more different. The Contrast proposes there is a choice to be made in the representation of post- Revolutionary New England, and that Dimple and Manly illustrate competing alternatives.8 On the one hand was the familiar parlor game of Dimple, a con man and a rogue, but a con man and a rogue whom people liked. He is loved by three women, among them Maria, Manly’s sister Charlotte, and Letitia, the richest of the three, and therefore Dimple’s real marital interest. As the scoundrel so succinctly puts it: “I must break with Maria, marry Letitia, and as for Charlotte—why, Charlotte must be a companion to my wife” (66). The play offers an alternative to Dimple in the silent but principled honesty of Manly. After Dimple is exposed and pilloried in the last act, Maria’s affections are cleared for Manly to court and, in the final scene, win. During every stage of the action’s development, Tyler’s characters and narrative structures clearly telegraph where the audience’s sympathies should lie, and so when Maria selects Manly over Dimple, the central tension is resolved and the play may end. She has wisely chosen in Manly something more “American” than his counterpart, Dimple, and presumably, Manly is as much Maria’s pick as he is Tyler’s and the audience’s.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vulgarity in Literature and the Visual Arts of the English- Speaking World
    H-Announce Vulgarity in Literature and the Visual Arts of the English- speaking World Announcement published by Marianne Hillion on Friday, March 9, 2018 Type: Call for Papers Date: March 19, 2018 Location: France Subject Fields: Art, Art History & Visual Studies, Literature, Linguistics, American History / Studies, British History / Studies CONFERENCE - Vulgarity in literature and the visual arts of the English-speaking world Paris Sorbonne University June 2, 2018 Deadline for abstract submissions: March 19, 2018. Conference organised by the doctoral student research group OVALE – part of the VALE research group, EA4085, Sorbonne University. Keynote speaker: Jonathon Green, slang lexicographer and author of Green’s Dictionary of Slang "thou claybrained guts, thou knotty-pated fool, thou whoreson, obscene, greasy tallow- catch" Shakespeare, Henri IV, I (I,4) With these colourful words, Shakespeare conjures up his most accomplished comic character. A figure of garish excess in both body and language, the larger-than-life Falstaff is a unique literary creation. In him, vulgarity is not only given prime position but posterity in the world of belles-lettres. The representation of vulgarity remains nonetheless a polemical choice. Time and again, the vulgar has been suspected of a sensationalist agenda or of compromising quality. However, for a number of thinkers and literary critics, it is a legitimate attempt to capture the vitality of life through language. This only exemplifies the notional ambivalence of the term and the tension at the heart of its definition: between inclusion and exclusion, between what is common, oral, shared by all (vulgar tongue) and what is cheap, in bad taste and unrefined.
    [Show full text]
  • Mercedes of Castile, Or, the Voyage to Cathay by James Fenimore Cooper a Critical Edition of the Preface and Chapter 23
    i Mercedes of Castile, or, The Voyage to Cathay by James Fenimore Cooper A Critical Edition of the Preface and Chapter 23 Stephanie Anne Kingsley Atlanta, Georgia Bachelor of Arts, English and Spanish University of Georgia, 2010 A Thesis presented to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of English University of Virginia May 2014 ii Table of Contents Foreword.............................................................................................................................iv Introduction.........................................................................................................................ix I. Genesis................................................................................................................ix II. Publication........................................................................................................xii III. Contemporary Reception................................................................................xvi IV. Reprints..........................................................................................................xxii V. International Distribution...............................................................................xxiii VI. Critical Importance........................................................................................xxv Text of Mercedes of Castile Preface......................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • James Fenimore Cooper and the Genteel Hero of Romance
    INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • War, Murder, and a “Monster of a Man” in Revolutionary New England
    THE ANXIOUS ATLANTIC: WAR, MURDER, AND A “MONSTER OF A MAN” IN REVOLUTIONARY NEW ENGLAND A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by David W. Thomas December 2018 Examining Committee Members: Travis Glasson, Advisory Chair, Department of History Mónica Ricketts, Department of History Jessica Roney, Department of History David Waldstreicher, External Member, The Graduate Center, CUNY Richard Bell, External Member, University of Maryland ii © Copyright 2018 by David W. Thomas All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT On December 11, 1782 in Wethersfield, Connecticut, a fifty-two year old English immigrant named William Beadle murdered his wife and four children and took his own life. Beadle’s erstwhile friends were aghast. William was no drunk. He was not abusive, foul-tempered, or manifestly unstable. Since arriving in 1772, Beadle had been a respected merchant in Wethersfield good society. Newspapers, pamphlets, and sermons carried the story up and down the coast. Writers quoted from a packet of letters Beadle left at the scene. Those letters disclosed Beadle’s secret allegiance to deism and the fact that the War for Independence had ruined Beadle financially, in his mind because he had acted like a patriot not a profiteer. Authors were especially unnerved with Beadle’s mysterious past. In a widely published pamphlet, Stephen Mix Mitchell, Wethersfield luminary and Beadle’s one-time closest friend, sought answers in Beadle’s youth only to admit that in ten years he had learned almost nothing about the man print dubbed a “monster.” This macabre story of family murder, and the fretful writing that carried the tale up and down the coast, is the heart of my dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Title of Dissertation: Global Sympathy: Representing
    Abstract Title of Dissertation: Global Sympathy: Representing Nineteenth-Century Americans’ Foreign Relations Sarah J. Sillin Dissertation Directed By: Professor Robert S. Levine Department of English Over the past two decades, scholars have established sympathy’s key role in nineteenth-century literary culture and the development of U.S. nationalism. While examining the bonds that feeling forges among citizens, however, critics have largely neglected the question of how sympathy also links Americans to the larger world. Representations of global sympathy—wherein characters from different cultures share one another’s joy and pain—pervade nineteenth-century U.S. literature. My project analyzes how authors narrativized the nation’s political, territorial, and cultural changes, while underscoring the persistent importance of feeling in defining America’s global role. “Global Sympathy” tells a story about what happens when writers imagine Americans as the kith and kin of foreign peoples. Beginning in the early national period, the first chapter explores how James Fenimore Cooper employs tropes of foreign friendship to establish Americans’ equality to the British, inviting readers to re-imagine the British Empire as a valuable trading partner. My second chapter considers the importance of Christianity to Nathaniel Hawthorne and Maria Cummins, whose Protestant American heroines become metaphorical sisters to people in Italy and Syria, respectively. Read together, these pre-Civil War writers evoke confidence in Americans’ ability to navigate foreign relations amidst political instability. Yet with increasing U.S. expansion, writers in the second half of the nineteenth- century expressed growing concern about America’s foreign influence. Chapters three and four center on minority writers who employ sentiment to criticize the effects of imperialism on “foreign” peoples both within and outside the nation.
    [Show full text]
  • Bushnell Family Genealogy, 1945
    BUSHNELL FAMILY GENEALOGY Ancestry and Posterity of FRANCIS BUSHNELL (1580 - 1646) of Horsham, England And Guilford, Connecticut Including Genealogical Notes of other Bushnell Families, whose connections with this branch of the family tree have not been determined. Compiled and written by George Eleazer Bushnell Nashville, Tennessee 1945 Bushnell Genealogy 1 The sudden and untimely death of the family historian, George Eleazer Bushnell, of Nashville, Tennessee, who devoted so many years to the completion of this work, necessitated a complete change in its publication plans and we were required to start anew without familiarity with his painstaking work and vast acquaintance amongst the members of the family. His manuscript, while well arranged, was not yet ready for printing. It has therefore been copied, recopied and edited, However, despite every effort, prepublication funds have not been secured to produce the kind of a book we desire and which Mr. Bushnell's painstaking work deserves. His material is too valuable to be lost in some library's manuscript collection. It is a faithful record of the Bushnell family, more complete than anyone could have anticipated. Time is running out and we have reluctantly decided to make the best use of available funds by producing the "book" by a process of photographic reproduction of the typewritten pages of the revised and edited manuscript. The only deviation from the original consists in slight rearrangement, minor corrections, additional indexing and numbering. We are proud to thus assist in the compiler's labor of love. We are most grateful to those prepublication subscribers listed below, whose faith and patience helped make George Eleazer Bushnell's book thus available to the Bushnell Family.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Review
    Training, Language and Culture doi: 10.29366/2018tlc.2.4.7 Volume 2 Issue 4, 2018 rudn.tlcjournal.org Review affecting is that of Lev Zazetsy, a young Russian words in a private journal and died in 1993 at the Review soldier and star engineering student, who was shot age of 73. The ability to write sentences allowed at the battle of Smolensk in WW I. Half his brain him, as Luria wrote, ‘to live and not merely exist’. It’s all Greek: Borrowed words and their histories was blown away. He was treated by (a review) neuropsychologist Alexander Luria, who worked This is an extraordinarily rich book in the advice it Original work by Alexander Tulloch published by The Bodleian Library 2018 Reviewed by Maurice Cassidy with Vygotsky in the Vygoskty-Luria circle. gives and the stories it tells. If I were to choose one Although Zazetsky could no longer see, of the Twenty Sentences on Sentences in the Maurice Cassidy 7Dnews.com [email protected] Published in Training, Language and Culture Vol 2 Issue 4 (2018) pp. 101-102 doi: 10.29366/2018tlc.2.4.8 remember, read or be active, with Luria’s help he conclusion I think it would be this: ‘Listen, read Recommended citation format: Cassidy, M. (2018). It’s all Greek: Borrowed words and their histories (a review). learned to write and kept a journal for the rest of and write for the sentences, because the sentence Training, Language and Culture, 2(4), 101-102. doi: 10.29366/2018tlc.2.4.8 his life.
    [Show full text]
  • The Campaign of 1777 in the Hudson Highlands
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1971 Too Little, Too Late: The Campaign of 1777 in the Hudson Highlands Robert K. Wright College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Military History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Wright, Robert K., "Too Little, Too Late: The Campaign of 1777 in the Hudson Highlands" (1971). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539624739. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-36b0-g327 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TOO LITTLE, TOO LATE: THE CAMPAIGN OF 177? IN THE HUDSON HIGHLANDS A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mar:/ in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Ro hert Kenn e th WrI p;h t, Jim 1 or 1971 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Approved, May 1971 Richard Maxwell Brown Bruce T. McCully Se 5 0 9 0 9 9 ii TABLE OP CONTENTS Page LIST OF MAPS . ..................................... iv ABSTRACT....................................... v CHAPTER I. GEOGRAPHY OF THE HUDSON HIGHLANDS ......... 2 CHAPTER II. 1775 ...................................... 9 CHAPTER III. 1776 .....................
    [Show full text]
  • The Southern Homefront in the United States War for Independence
    Running head: SOUTHERN HOMEFRONT 1 The Southern Homefront in the United States War for Independence Lindsay Vanderwey A Senior Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation in the Honors Program Liberty University Fall 2019 SOUTHERN HOMEFRONT 2 Acceptance of Senior Honors Thesis This Senior Honors Thesis is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation from the Honors Program of Liberty University. ______________________________ Christopher Smith, Ph.D. Thesis Chair ______________________________ Benjamin Esswein, Ph.D. Committee Member ______________________________ James H. Nutter, D.A. Honors Director ______________________________ November 18, 2019 SOUTHERN HOMEFRONT 3 Abstract This thesis focuses on the struggles ordinary Americans faced during the War for Independence. Drawing from memoirs, local news reports, and secondary sources, this thesis covers topics such as the broken communities, refugee crises, disease, and shortages caused by war in the American South. It will also describe the hardships endured by enslaved people during this period, with both sides fighting over a freedom that did not apply to them. This thesis will argue that that rather than being passionate idealists willing to voluntarily sacrifice for a great cause, the bulk of the American southerners were ordinary people who made decisions for their own self- preservation and interests. Even so, their sacrifices were vital to the success of the American cause. SOUTHERN HOMEFRONT 4 The Southern Homefront in the United States War for Independence Although the American Revolution had its share of idealists dreaming for a better nation and a better world, most of the people living on the continent in the late eighteenth century were not spending their days with their thoughts in the clouds, particularly in the American South.
    [Show full text]
  • Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. Papers
    Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. Papers A Guide to the Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. Papers at the Connecticut Historical Society Collection Overview Repository : Connecticut Historical Society Creator : Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. Title : Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. Papers. Dates : 1753-1832 Extent : 3.5 linear feet (4 boxes) Abstract : Collection consists of Jonathan Trumbull, Jr.'s personal and professional correspondence, militia papers, financial records, and some documents relating to specified fugitives. Location: Ms Trumj1809 Language: English Biographical Sketch Jonathan Trumbull, Jr. was born on March 26, 1740 in Lebanon, Connecticut, the eldest son of Jonathan and Faith (Robinson) Trumbull. He received his early education from Nathan Tisdale and at the age of fifteen commenced studies at Harvard College. He was the salutatorian for his class in 1759, and three years later delivered the valedictory address when he obtained his M.A. Following graduation, Trumbull returned to his native Lebanon, Connecticut, where he confined his business to a small store and thereby avoided the financial woes that would plague the trading interests of his father and brother. In 1769, he married Eunice Backus, daughter of Ebenezer and Eunice (Dyer) Backus of Norwich, Connecticut. Together they had one son and four daughters. Trumbull's long political life began in 1770, when he was elected to the Lebanon Board of Selectmen. Five years later, in March 1775, he was elected to sit in the Connecticut General Assembly. While still in that position, the Continental Congress elected him "pay master of the forces for the New York department," with the rank of colonel. Following this was his Jonathan Trumbull, Jr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Clothing Situation in the American Revolutionary Army
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1948 The Clothing Situation in the American Revolutionary Army Richard G. Leonard Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Leonard, Richard G., "The Clothing Situation in the American Revolutionary Army" (1948). Master's Theses. 263. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/263 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1948 Richard G. Leonard THE CLOTHING SITUATION IN THE AMERICAN REVOWTIONARY ARMY BY RICHARD G. LEONARD, S • .J. A. THESIS SUBMI'1"l'ED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQ,UIREMENTS l"OR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN LOYOLA UNIVERSI'l'Y AUGUST 1948 VITA AUCTORIS Richard G. Leonard, s.~. was born in Elmhurst, Long Island, Uarch 5, 1923. He· was graduated from Xavier High School, New York, ~une, 1940, and entered the Society of ~esus at St. Andrew­ on-Hudson, Poughkeepsie, New York in August, 1940. In the same year he enrolled at Fordbam University, Bro~, New York, in the Department of Arts, but transferred to ""oyola University, Chica.go, Illinois in 1944 when he registered in the West Baden College of that University, at West Baden Springs, India.na.
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives on Reincarnation Hindu, Christian, and Scientific
    Perspectives on Reincarnation Hindu, Christian, and Scientific Edited by Jeffery D. Long Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Religions www.mdpi.com/journal/religions Perspectives on Reincarnation Perspectives on Reincarnation Hindu, Christian, and Scientific Special Issue Editor Jeffery D. Long MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editor Jeffery D. Long Elizabethtown College USA Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Religions (ISSN 2077-1444) from 2017 to 2018 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/religions/special issues/reincarnation) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03897-535-9 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03897-536-6 (PDF) c 2019 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editor ...................................... vii Jeffery D. Long Perspectives on Reincarnation: Hindu, Christian, and Scientific—Editor’s Introduction Reprinted from: Religions 2018, 9, 231, doi:10.3390/rel9080231 ...................
    [Show full text]