La Parole À La Jeunesse La À La Parole Jeunesse

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La Parole À La Jeunesse La À La Parole Jeunesse LA PAROLE À LA JEUNESSE LA À LA PAROLE JEUNESSE ASSOCIATION NATIONALE DES AUDITEURS JEUNES DE L’INSTITUT DES HAUTES ÉTUDES DE DÉFENSE NATIONALE S’engager par la plume La parole à la jeunesse AVERTISSEMENT Les textes publiés dans le présent ouvrage n’engagent que la responsabilité de leurs auteurs. Les idées ou opinions émises ne peuvent être considérées comme l’expression d’une position officielle. Tous droits réservés. La diffusion et la reproduction de tout ou partie de cette publication sont soumises à l’autorisation de la présidente de l’ANAJ-IHEDN. Préface Cette publication d’une sélection de travaux rédigés au cours de l’année 2016 par des membres de l’Association nationale des auditeurs jeunes de l’Institut des hautes études de défense nationale (ANAJ-IHEDN) vise à partager les analyses et les réflexions des auditeurs jeunes, au-delà du cercle des initiés aux questions de défense et de sécurité nationale. L’ouvrage s’inscrit dans le cadre des actions que la "Communauté IHEDN" entend promouvoir afin de favoriser la diffusion de l’esprit de défense, sa principale mission. Cette diffusion a vocation à toucher l’ensemble de notre pays, dans la diversité de ses régions, catégories socio-professionnelles et des tranches d’âge. Cette "Communauté IHEDN" rassemble trois acteurs aux rôles complémentaires. D’abord l’IHEDN, institut à vocation et légitimité interministérielles, situé au cœur des actions de formation et d’information, qui joue un rôle d’impulsion, d’animation et de coordination de la communauté. Ensuite les auditeurs et plus particulièrement les associations d’auditeurs, regroupant quelque 8 000 adhérents, qui préparent, démultiplient et prolongent l’action de l’institut. L’Union des associations rassemble actuellement 42 associations internationales, nationales, régionales et thématiques, dont l’ANAJ-IHEDN est un membre particulièrement dynamique. Ces associations ont toutes un rôle de transmission des connaissances sur les questions de défense et de sécurité nationale. Enfin, troisième acteur de la "Communauté IHEDN", le Fonds de dotation de l’IHEDN qui, grâce au mécénat, soutient l’institut dans l’accomplissement de ses missions de développement de l’esprit de défense et de sensibilisation aux questions internationales. Cet ouvrage a bénéficié de sa précieuse aide financière. Depuis 20 ans, plus de 11 000 jeunes ont été formés par l’IHEDN. Les travaux présentés dans cet ouvrage illustrent la vitalité de la pensée de ces auditeurs jeunes. Aujourd’hui, nous sommes heureux de les publier et de vous les faire partager afin d’animer le débat citoyen sur les questions de défense et de sécurité nationale, afin que chacun s’en empare et en devienne acteur. Ce livre témoigne de notre volonté de former, d’informer et de transmettre pour que vive l’esprit de défense. GÉNÉRAL BERNARD DE COURRÈGES D’USTOU Directeur de l’Institut des hautes études de défense nationale et de l’Enseignement militaire supérieur GUY RUPIED Président du conseil d’administration du Fonds de dotation de l’Institut des hautes études de défense nationale À nos lecteurs « Que suis-je si je ne participe pas ? J’ai besoin, pour être, de participer. » Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Pilote de guerre, 1942 Plus que jamais, le monde que nous connaissons change et se transforme. Les équilibres sont bouleversés, tant en matière de politique que de géopoli- tique ou d’économie, rendant très incertaine et complexe la partie qui se joue sur l’échiquier mondial. Forte de quelque 1 800 jeunes citoyens passionnés par les questions de défense et de sécurité, l’ANAJ-IHEDN a voulu encourager chez ses membres une réflexion qui s’appuie sur leurs convictions et leur vision du monde. C’est le fruit de ce travail que rassemble le présent ouvrage. Un ouvrage réalisé par une jeunesse engagée au service de tous les citoyens de France, faisant écho aux réflexions actuelles sur les grands enjeux stratégiques de la puissance française à travers notre défense, notre sécurité et notre souveraineté. En tant que représentants de la première association française de jeunes sur les questions de défense et sécurité, nous sommes convaincus que, si l’enga- gement passe par l’action, il ne doit pas être dissocié d’une prise de recul per- mettant de mieux appréhender une actualité complexe et parfois sensible, afin de mieux comprendre le monde dans lequel nous vivons. Au-delà des analyses présentées ici, c’est avant tout cette conviction, por- tée par l’ensemble des cadres de notre association, que nous souhaitons vous partager grâce à cet ouvrage : derrière la complexité des enjeux se trouve en effet une multitude de solutions qui reflète la diversité et la richesse de nos membres et, au-delà, de la jeunesse de France. Une richesse et une diversité que nous avons voulu mettre au service de la communauté nationale. Nous vous souhaitons à toutes et à tous une très bonne lecture ! INGRID LAMRI Présidente de l’ANAJ-IHEDN IGOR YAKOUBOVITCH Coordinateur des publications de l’ANAJ-IHEDN Sommaire 65 LES OPPORTUNITÉS UN ESPACE MARITIME COMPLEXES DE LA 147 Permanence et GÉOPOLITIQUE mutations de la piraterie 11 LE NOUVEAU MODERNE maritime dans le monde PARADIGME CLAIRE CHAUFAUX DE LA PUISSANCE ASIE 67 Malaysia: from the 155 Zone économique 13 Vous avez dit sécurité early days of indepen- exclusive française : intérieure ? dence to Vision 2020 and 11 millions de km2, Essai de définition beyond pour quoi faire ? SARAH PINEAU ROMAIN BARTOLO JEAN-PHILIPPE GIRAUD ERWAN BERGER 25 L’Hallyu, les enjeux économiques du Soft 91 Les "Asiatiques" en 175 AU-DELÀ DES Power sud-coréen Arctique : la ruée vers le FRONTIÈRES ET DES Nord ÉTATS : LE COLLABO- VICTORIA LUC FABIEN CARLET RATIF AU SERVICE DES ENJEUX 41 Le rôle des minerais MOYEN-ORIENT CITOYENS stratégiques dans la transition énergétique 105 Moment kurde, percée électorale et fin 177 Interview du général RAPHAËL DANINO-PERRAUD du cessez-le-feu : vers un d’armée aérienne Denis renouvellement de la Mercier, commandant 55 La création du Sisse : question kurde en suprême allié de la la place de l’Intelligence Turquie ? transformation de l’Otan économique (IE) dans la THOMAS LALLIA GABRIEL GROS politique de l’État ÉLOÏSE ROUSSEAU 117 Qui sont les chrétiens 185 Le soldat augmenté NICOLAS BOUCHAUD d’Orient ? ou les limites du "technologisme" PAULINE BESSON WAËL SALEM-JARNO TERRITOIRES AFRICAINS 209 L’ANAJ-IHEDN 127 Mali : du combat pour 191 L’association Visov : 210 L’IHEDN l’Azawad au combat tribal pour une gestion de crise citoyenne Le Fonds de dotation ARTICLE COMMUN 211 ALICE TOURNEUR de l’IHEDN 213 Remerciements 137 Le dernier rempart face au terrorisme ou la 197 L’impression 3D stratégie de défense des au service de la défense : États-Unis en Afrique de synthèse des opportuni- l’Ouest tés et limites KARIM MAMMASSE ARTICLE COMMUN BENOIT TEZENAS DU MONTEL Le nouveau paradigme de la puissance Le monde d’hier n’est plus. Les menaces ont évolué, les équilibres semblent comme bouleversés et doivent s’adapter à de nouveaux concepts, ennemis et dangers. Notre territoire devient la cible de menaces inédites et notre pays fait face à des bouleversements sans précédent. Il apparaît aujourd’hui plus que jamais nécessaire d’apprendre à définir ce que nous sommes, ce que nous cherchons. Qu’est-ce que cette sécurité intérieure dont tout le monde parle ? Pourquoi ce concept, loin d’être révolutionnaire, est-il sur les lèvres de tous les Français, de tous les politiques ? Ces évolutions peuvent également cacher de belles surprises et de nouveaux développements : le renouveau culturel de certains pays, le potentiel de croissance de ressources clés pour notre avenir ou encore la création de nouvelles structures étatiques destinées à fédérer les acteurs d’une même filière stratégique pour la France, nous amènent à nous projeter dans un avenir complexe et prometteur. Nous pouvons ainsi appréhender avec intérêt et lucidité le monde qui nous entoure et celui de demain. En effet, ces nouvelles opportunités portent en elles leur flot d’erreurs à ne pas commettre. Vous avez dit sécurité intérieure ? Essai de définition | 13 Vous avez dit sécurité intérieure ? Essai de définition écurité intérieure. Si le concept est né dans les années 1980 à la faveur de la multiplication d’attentats sanglants, il connaît une vigueur nouvelle S avec les événements de 2015 : il se passe rarement une nouvelle journée sans qu’un article lui soit consacré dans les médias, quelle que soit la nature ou l’orientation politique de ces derniers. On se dit qu’une telle récurrence s’accompagne nécessairement d’une définition unanimement partagée. Espoir déçu. Un balayage rapide de quelques titres pris au hasard et traitant du sujet d’une manière ou d’une autre permet de comprendre, qu’en la matière, l’imprécision a droit de cité : "La sécurité des sites industriels en question" (Le Figaro, 18-11-2015) ; "L’armée de terre reconnaît que l’opération Sentinelle a été une ligne Maginot" (L’Opinion, 04-01-2016) ; "La sécurité privée, nouvelle vigie nationale" (Libération, 08-01-2016), etc. Confrontés à la diversité des analyses, les spécialistes eux-mêmes reconnaissent la difficulté de l’exercice. Interrogé sur le sens à donner à ce concept, Christian Chocquet, conseiller du gouvernement, haut fonctionnaire de défense adjoint et chef du service du haut fonctionnaire de défense au secrétariat général du ministère de l’Intérieur, répond ceci : 14 | S'ENGAGER PAR LA PLUME LE NOUVEAU PARADIGME DE LA PUISSANCE « Ce n’est pas une question facile. Je me souviens que j’avais choisi un sujet de thèse portant sur la sécurité intérieure. J’ai finalement renoncé eu égard à la complexité du sujet. Je répondrai en me référant à la définition officielle : la sécurité intérieure a trait à tout ce qui concerne la sécurité du quotidien sous tous ses aspects, par opposition à la sécurité nationale qui est le spectre haut des risques et menaces.
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