Guide to Orthoptera

M i n

GUIDE

TO TH E GENERA AND CLASSIFI CATIO N

NORTH AMERICAN ORTHOPTERA

FO UND NO R TH O F MEXICO

SAMUEL H UBBARD SC UDDER

CAMBRIDGE

EDW ARD W . W H EELER

1 8 97 TH E poetry of earth is never dead n When all the birds are fai t with the hot sun,

And hide in cooling trees, a voic-e will run From hedge to hedge about the new mown mead ; ’ - That is the Grasshopper s he takes the lead In — he summer luxury, has never done With his delights ; for when tired out with fun

He rests at ease beneath some pleasant weed .

The poetry of earth is ceasing n ever

On a lone winter evening , when the frost

Has wrought a silence , from the stove there shrill . ’ The Cricket s song , in warmth increasing ever, An d seems to one in drowsiness half lost, ’ The Grasshopper s among some grassy hills .

! EA TS .

1 0 13 10 PREFACE.

TH E l a s fol owing Tables and Bibliographies are published , not a ﬁnality , but for temporary use by students of Orthoptera in this

n w ho . cou try, have few means for working up their collections The author contemplates a general work on the classiﬁcation of our i Orthoptera, of which this is merely a Prodromus and wh ch may serve its purpose until the material at hand has been more thor

i The oughly stud ed . frequent demands made for information have prompted it . The greater number of the tables are based upon those of Stal , Brunner and de Saussure, but these authors are in no way responsible for the form in which they here appear . A great deal of work has yet to be done, especially in the

m n Saltatorial fa ilies , before even the genera of our fau a are fairly known . What is given below includes only data already published or about to be published . Nearly two hundred genera are included in the tables .

MB A 1 3 1 9 . C R G A . 8 7 A ID E , M SS , pril ,

E CO NT NTS .

PA G E Preface Table of the families of Orthoptera Table of Forﬁ culid ae Tables of Blattidae Tables of Mantidae Tables of Phasmidae Tables of Acridiidae Tables of Locustidae Tables of Gryllidae Bibliographical Notes : General

Forﬁ culid a e Blattidae Mantidae Phasmidae Acridiid ae Locustidae Gryllidae List of the Literature Index

GUIDE TO TH E

GENERA AND CLASSIFIC ATIO N

O F NO RTH AMERICAN O RTH O PTERA.

ALL the seven families of Orthoptera are found in the United

States , but only the saltatorial families in any considerable vari In ety , unless we may except the Blattidae . the subfamilies how f l ever the case is di ferent, for less than ha f of them occur within our boundaries at all and a number that d o occur are represented only by a single (often introduced) species . The following list i i will show the proportion that occur in the different fam l es .

F orﬁ culid a e 1 1 subfamily represented out of recognized . Blattidae 6 subfamilies 1 1 Mantidae 2 6 Phasmidae 3 1 2 Acridiidae 4 9 Locustidae 6 1 5 Gryllidae 6 6

It will be seen that even in the saltatorial families scarcely u i more than half of the subfamilies occ r , notwithstand ng that all i the subfamilies of Gryll dae ha v e representatives . The repre

n i n se tat o is shown also to be very unequally distributed . The families of Orthoptera may be distinguished by the table given on the next three pages . 8 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

F m li r r a i es of O thop te a .

I - l A . Non saltatoria and mute . Hind femora closely resembling

those of the other legs, and scarcely if at all stouter or longer than the middle femora ; organs of ﬂight in a normal position

r when immatu e ; ovipositor concealed by the subgenital plate . l i b . Mouth anter or ; tarsi with not more than three joints ; anal area of wings (when present) extending around the apex over more than half the front border of the wi ngs ; abd omen termin

a FO R F C U L . ated in both sexes by forcipate append ges . I IDAE 62 - . Mouth posterior, inferior , or at most antero inferior ; tarsi - * ﬁ v e jointed ; anal area of the wing never infringing on the

i a front border ; abdom nal appendages not distinctly forcip te . l c . Body oval, depressed , much broader than deep at the posterior extremity of the prothorax ; head nearly horizontal and wholly or almost wholly concealed beneath the pro i - notum , the mouth posterior or nfero posterior when at rest l ocel i generally two in number ; pronotum clypeate, generally

transverse ; legs depressed . Insects of rapid movement .

BLA TTIDAE ° 2 0 . Body elongate , generally narrow, even when depressed or expanded generally but little broader than deep at the poste

rior extremity of the prothorax ; head free, often separated from the prothorax by a deep constriction ; ocelli three or

wanting pronotum never transverse, except occasionally by

laminate expansions ; legs rarely depressed . Insects of

deliberative movement . d l . Head oblique , generally trigonal ; mouth inferior or - ‘ infero posterior ; ocelli three ; antennae rarely as long as the body, generally slender ; -pronotum generally longer than any other segment ; fore legs raptorial, terminating in a b single claw, which with the tarsi is placed eneath the

spinous tibiae when at rest ; anal cerci articulated . M NT A IDAE .

O e e n th e le e ccasionally a joint is abs nt , probably by accid tal loss of g in arly life , e th e e one sinc in r production of lost limbs tarsal joint always disappe ars . FAMILIES or ORTHOPTERA 9

“ d . H z i ead subh-ori ontal , generally quadrate or g bbous ; mouth antero inferior ; ocelli often wanting ; antennae generally longer than the body and coarse ; pronotum - m very short ; fore legs constructed like the others , ter in

ating in a pair of claws , the fore femora often arcuate at

. PH S M the base ; anal cerci inarticulate A IDAE . 2 A . . Saltatorial and generally stridulating Hind femora very much stouter basally, or very much longer , or both , than the middle femora ; organs of ﬂight in a reversed position when im mature ; head vertical ; ovipositor, with few exceptions , free .

l A few exce b . ntennae much shorter than the body (with p

ﬁliform if tions) , , clubbed or ensiform , but the ﬁrst scarcely i tapering, the joints distinct, often depressed ; ocell three ; tarsi

-n m r all three joi ted , si ilar in structu e on the legs ; stridulating organs (when present) situated on th e hind femora and costal ﬁeld of the' tegmin a ; auditory organs (when present) on the basal segment of the abdomen ; ovipositor composed of a dis

crete double pair of short arcuate plates , vertically divergent

A R C . at tip . IDIIDAE 2 A 6 . ntennae much longer than the body, setaceous , delicately L - tapering ; ocelli often wanting ; tarsi three or four join ted ; stridulating organs (when present) situated on the anal ﬁeld of the tegmin a ; the auditory near the base of the fore tibiae (or rarely on the prosternum) ovipositor usually prolonged into a

compressed blade or needle , its parts compact .

cl - . Ocelli generally wanting ; tarsi four jointed , nearly similar in structure on all the legs fore coxae usually broader than mi long T middle ﬁeld of teg na in repose , like the costal ﬁeld , nearly or quite vertical ; base of male tegmina (when present) furnished on dorsal surface with a tympanum limited to the

anal area, crossed by a prominent nervure formed by the

r last branch of the anal vein , and as a whole nar ower than the

rest of the tegmen ; ovipositor (unless , as rarely, concealed) n formi g a strongly compressed , generally ensiform blade , the inn er valves almost always part ially exposed the entire L T . O C U S length of the ovipositor , the tip not expanded IDAE .

* - In D aih inia t h e e b ind are ee e for and tarsi thr joint d . Ex c e tin St eno elmatinae Gr llacrina e t p g in p and y . 1 0 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

“ - c . Ocelli variable ; tarsi three jointed, those of the fore legs or else of the hind legs differing from the others in structure fore coxae longer than broad ; middle ﬁeld of tegmina in u repose, like the anal ﬁeld, nearly or q ite horizontal base of male tegmina (when present) furnished on the dorsal surface with a tympanum (rarely absent) extending across

both anal and median areas , crossed by a prominent nervure

formed by the main anal vein , and as a whole broader than the rest of the tegmen (except in Gryltotalpinae) ; ov ipos itor c lin (unless, as rarely, concealed) forming a nearly y drical r l u st aight or occasional y upc rved needle , the inner

valves generally scarcely exposed except at the expanded tip .

GR YLL IDAE .

* Th e As Sch izo d act lus e e L w iatic y is a curious xampl of a ocustid , ith an enor

m l e e z ﬁ h e e . ous y d velop d and hori ontal anal eld , giving it t asp ct of a Gryllid FORFICULIDAE 1 1

FO F L AE R ICU ID .

This family has never been divided by systematists save into in genera, of which half a dozen occur the United States , and may be separated by the subjoined table . Somewhat more than thirty genera are now recognized in the Whole world . None of our genera are restricted to our territory .

n era F r u Ge of o jic lid a e .

I A . Sixth antennal joint much shorter than the ﬁrst . bl . First antennal joint as long as the fourth to sixth joints

inclusive . l i c . . Furnished w th both tegmina and wings

La bidu ra Leach . 2 0 . Possessed of neither tegmina nor wings . Anis ola bis Fieber . 62 . First antennal joint no longer than the fourth and ﬁfth

S on o hora i joints together . p g p S erv lle . 2 x A . Si th antennal joint as long or very nearly as long as the

ﬁrst . 61 m . Sixth antennal joint cylindrical, many ti es longer than

broad ; second tarsal joint produced beneath the ﬁrst . l c . Forks of the male forceps dilate at base, contiguous .

F or cu la ﬁ Linné .

C2 . Forks of male forceps not dilate at base , separate .

S hin ola bis p g Bormans . 2 6 . Sixth antennal joint plainly obconic ; second tarsal joint

La bia simple, compressed . Leach . The ﬁrst two g en ei a are represented by single cosmopolitan ‘

A S on o hora species , introduced along the tlantic coast . p g p is n also know only by a single Species, found in the Southern

States and southward . The other genera are better represented ,

ll Forﬁ cula especia y , but most of the species are conﬁned to the extreme south . Hardly more than a dozen species of the family occur anywhere in the United States . 12 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

BLA TT AE ID . Only about half th e subfamilies of Blattidae occur in North i America north of Mex co , and half of those that do occur are represented only by one or two commercially in troduced species .

subfamil is A single y fairly well represented by indigenous species , and of all the genera only one is conﬁned to the United States .

Many of the genera occur in both the Old and New Worlds .

Su b a milies o Bla ttid a e f f .

A 1 All a b ind i s Ine d . the femora, or at le st the middle and pa r p

beneath . 1 6 . Last ventral segment of female abdomen relatively plane , m - r ﬁ ssate n ot co pressed rostrate , enti e, not ; fore femora rarely armed beneath on the inner margin with many distinct spines

next the genicular spines , and if so then the styles are unequal

or one is wanting . l w c . Pronotum and tegmina glabrous ; tarsi ithout pulvilli ; i med an vein of Wings sending but few veinlets to the apex ,

the radial many parallel , generally simple veinlets to the

Bla ttin a e costal margin . . 2 c . Pronotum and tegmina more or less pilose tarsi provided n with pulvilli ; median vein of wi gs with many branches , the radial emitting relatively few and more or less irregular

N ctobor ina e veinlets to the costal margin . y . b ! Last ventral segment of female abdomen compressed-ros

ﬁ ssate trate , so as to be bivalved ; fore femora armed beneath

r with many spines on the inner margin , th oughout nearly or quite the whole length or at least in the middle ; styles of equal l n n Per i a eti a e. length . p A 2 b ind r and . The middle and femo a, usually all the femora, “ w ithout spines b e ne athﬁ

6 1 su raan al m . The p plate ore or less produced in both sexes ,

its hind border emarginate . l c A i . distinct arol um between the claws ; pronotum and tegmina glabrous ; anal ﬁeld of wings multiplicate w hen at Pa n chlorina e rest . .

Bristles or hairs must not b e mistaken for Spines . BLATTIDAE BLATTINAE 1 3

2 ' m C . No arolium between the claws ; pronotu and tegmina more or less pilose ; anal ﬁeld of win gs uniplicate when at

rest, or simply folded without plication beneath the anterior Cor din a e ﬁeld . y , 2 b su ra anal n . The p plate short or rather short, the hind margi

straight or rounded , not emarginate . l c A . distinct arolium between the claws ; subgenital plate fu of male more or less produced , rnished with one style ;

Plec erina e to t . tegmina and wings present . p 2 c . No arolium between the claws ; subgenital plate of male

l in a e Pa n es t i . minute , without styles ; apterous .

BLATTI NAE . Only half a dozen genera of this subfamily have been recog nized in the United States , although this is nearly half as many as are known from Mexico and Central America and is a larger number than appertain to any other of our subfamilies of Blat tid ae , and the genera are represented by more species than in any other subfamily .

Genera of Bla ttina e .

l a . Tegmina completely developed , or in the female rarely abbreviate . 1 b . Tegmina membranaceous or slightly coriaceous . l c . A ntennae basally incrassate , densely but brieﬂy pilose ,

/ r era T z s oc . often particolored . y Burmeister ! c A . . ntennae setaceous, sparsely pilose , unicolorous 1 d . Ulnar vein of Wings emitting complete branches to the apical margin and incomplete branches to the vena

dividens I s c/mop tera Burmeister . 2 i d . Ulnar ve n of Wings emitting no incomplete branches

to the vena dividens . 1 e . Ulnar vein of wings undivided or furcate . Bla tta Linné . 2 e n . Ulnar vei of wings ramose . P llodr mia hy o S erville . 1 4 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

6 2 . . era in O tera un Tegmina corneous C t p Br ner . 2 a . Tegmina in both sexes abbreviate , corneous , exposing a por tion (generally a great portion) of the abdomen . 1 b . Tegmina articulate ; wings present though minute .

Temn o ter x p y Brunner . 2 i n b . Tegm na squamiform , lateral, not articulate Wi gs wanting .

Lobo era p t Brunner . All of these genera are found in the southern portion of the

IschnO tera an d United States , and only p , Blatta (introduced) Temno ter x n p y in the northernmost portions of the cou try . Thyr

Ceratin o tera Lob o tera r in socera, Blatta , p and p only occu single Ischno tera Platamod es species , so far as is yet known . p ( Scud r A der) is the most proliﬁc in fo ms . careful study of our native l in a B att e is much to be desired .

NYCTO BO R I NAE .

Represented by only a single species of Nyctob ora Burmeister found in southernmost Texas .

PE R IPLANE TI NAE .

Four genera of this subfamily occur in the United States , only one other genus occurring in North America south of our boundaries .

n r r ne na Ge e a of Pe ipla ti e.

l a . First joint of hind tarsi shorter than the others together ; arolia rather large . 1 I) . Tegmina abbreviate and apically truncate , or wanting .

E a r c tis y o Stal . 2 i u . 6 . Tegm na as long as but not s rpassing the body Pelma tos il h a p Dohrn . 2 a i . F rst joint of hind tarsi as long as or longer than the others together ; arolia small . 1 6 . Eyes at least as far apart as the antennal scrobes ; tegmina

more or less abbreviate, especially in the female . S t lo a y p yg Fischer de W . BLATTIDAE PANCH LO R INAE 1 5

6 2 . Eyes less distant than the antennal scrobes ; tegmina fully Peri la n eta u m developed in both sexes . p B r eister . Pelmatosilpha and Stylopyg a have only a single representative each ; the others have two or three species each . The species of Stylopyga and Periplaneta are introduced forms (from the Old World or the American tropics) and now occur widely over the

United States . The others are found only in the extreme south .

PANC H LO R INAE .

The two genera of this subfamily occurring in the United

States are each represented by a single introduced species , and may be distinguished thus

en era o Pa n c/zlorin a e G f .

] a . First joint of hind tarsi densely biseriately setose beneath through the greater part of its length , and furnished at tip with

Pa n e/il r . o a a small naked plantula Burmeister . 2 a . First joint of hind tarsi bare or nearly bare of bristles beneath , a naked plantula extending very narrowly over the whole joint .

P cn oscelu s g/ Scudder .

CoR YD INAE .

Represented in the region a djoining Mexico by H omoe ogamia m w e Bur eister, of which have probably more than one species .

P T I LE C TO P E R NAE .

A single species or two of Choris one ura Brunner occur in t he

extreme southern states from Georgia to Texas .

PANE S TH I AE N .

l The anomalous genus Cryptocercus Scudder is represented by a single species found from Virginia to California . 1 6 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

MA T AE N ID . Only eleven genera of this family are found in the United tw o i States and only of the six subfamilies are recogn zed , and one of these by but a single species , an interloper from further

w Mantinae south , as is the case also ith some of the genera of , the subfamily to which the others belong . The species are all conﬁned to the southern half of the United States , and most of l them to the extreme southern margin . The fami y is notoriously a a tropic l one .

S u b a milies o Ma ntida e f f .

1 A r . Upper su face of middle and hind femora and tibiae

Ma n tina e . rounded ; head unarmed . A 2 hi . Upper surface of middle and nd femora and tibiae c ai inate middle of head with an erect process as long as the rest

a tin a e. of the head . V

NAE MANTI .

The larger development of this group in the United States would be looked for from its preponderance further south . Most or all of the genera occur also beyond the southern boundaries of the United States , so that we have no endemic genera unless

Bactroma ntis be excepted .

Gen era of Ma ntina e .

A 1 I c ons ic u . nner margin of upper surface of fore coxae not p o usly dilated apically . l b . Pronotum but slightly longer than fore coxae ; eyes more or less conical ; hind femora armed exteriorly with an apical

spine . l - c . Eyes distinctly pointed (conico acuminate) above ; hind w femora delicately incrassate basally, in the 9 nearly t ice as long as the pronotum ; tegmina and wings abbreviate or n wanting in both sexes ; cerci lo g, distinctly surpassing the

Yers in ia . infrage nital plate . S aussure

GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

f l genera occur almost exclusively in the Gul States and two, Cal i Yer Bactromantis . mantis and , are known only from Florida sinia has a single species in Eastern Colorado and neighborhood .

Nearly or quite all these genera are represented, often much

. more fully, south of our border , including several of our species

VA TINAE

This subfamily is represented in the United States by only a

n The ocl tes si gle genus, y Serville, a single species of which occurs along our southern border . PHA SMIDAE 1 9

PH ASMIDAE .

i This fam ly is very feebly represented in the United States , only half a dozen different genera with from one to three species

re re each having been detected . These few species , however, p

sent three of the dozen recognized subfamilies . With the excep tion of Diapheromera which has a wide distribution , most of the

the species are found only in west or the extreme south . One genus is conﬁned to the United States . All of our species are apterous , and though , on occasion , the males may run with some rapidity, they are all generally sluggish in movement, and depend for their protection largely on their resemblance to twigs and on the action of their prothoracic f glands , which may emit an o fensive ﬂuid or spray when the i insect is alarmed . The r eggs are dropped loosely and singly on the ground ; they are of very varied structure , covered with an exceedingly hard and often strikingly sculptured shell, and so far as we know continue through the winter, sometimes through a i second , before hatch ng . Our commonest species feeds upon the tough leaves of the oak .

ub a mili o Pha s mida e S f es f .

1 A . Tibiae not furnished at apex with a sunken areola to receive the base of the tarsi when bent upon them . (The antennae are much longer than the anterior femora and furnished with at least i n th rty joi ts , and the median segment is much shorter than the

Ba cu ncu lin a metanotum . ) e . A 2 . Tibiae furnished at apex beneath with a sunken areola to receive the base of the tarsi when bent upon them . 1 A I) . ntennae many jointed , longer than the fore femora ; median segment shorter than the metanotum ; without spines n on head , thorax or legs ; anterior segme ts of abdomen trans

Anis omor hin a at e . verse , least in the Q p 6 2 A . ntennae with less than twenty joints , shorter than the fore femora anterior segments of abdomen much longer than B cillin . a a e broad . 20 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

BA N LINAE C U C U .

This is an American group and of the eleven genera recog

n ized l w i we have three , which may be distinguished by the fo lo ng table

Genera of Ba cu n culin a e .

1 x a . Hind femora armed beneath on the median line near ape

mer D ia her o a . with one or more distinct spines . p Gray 2 a n . Hi d femora unarmed beneath next apex .

1 in u t b . Head , especially the 9 , f rnished in fron between the i eyes with a pa r of tubercles or longitudinal rugae , sometimes highly developed ; hind femora of 9 hardly extending beyond

the middle of the fourth abdominal segment , relatively stout ; ﬁrst joint of hind tarsi of 9 shorter than the other joints

erm le . together . S y Stal 2 6 I . n b Head unarmed oth sexes , hind femora of Q reaching

the end of the fourth abdominal segment , relatively slender ; ﬁrst join t of hind tarsi of 9 about equal to the other joints

Ba cun culu s together Burmeister .

The genera have been but little studied in this country . Dia h eroma w p is represented nearly every here and has several species , probably including some as yet undescribed . The other genera

r occu s only in the Gulf States , with one or two species each .

ANI M PH N AE S O O R I .

A This also is an merican group , with about half a dozen known genera of which we possess two .

enera n m r G of A is o o p /zin ae . a 1 . Mesothorax twice as long as the prothorax ; basal joint of antennae but little longer and little stouter than the second .

Anis omorp /i a Gray . 2 a . Mesothorax no longer than prothorax ; basal joint of antennae w fully t ice as long and , especially on apical half, twice as stout Timema as the second joint . Scudder . PHASMIDAE BACILLINAE 21

Several nominal species of Anisomorpha occur in the extreme south and especially the southeast, but they have not yet been

Timema carefully compared . occurs in central California, with a

no t . single species, and is otherwise known

BA CILLI NA E

This small subfamily of only four recognized genera is rep re n tw o sented by a si gle genus , Bacillus Latreille , species of which A are known from Colorado and rizona . 22 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

A AE CRIDIID .

O nly four of the nine subfamilies of Acrid ndae are represented u in the United States , although three others occ r in more A Ye t il southern portions of merica . on the whole this fam y is better developed in our district than is any other and contains some genera, especially Melanoplus , of very great extent .

u b a mili s A cri ii S f e of d da e.

I u din A . Claws witho t arolium ; pronotum exten g over the m . etti in a e abdomen tegmina lobifor T g . 2 u an A . Claws f rnished with arolium ; pronotum extending at most over the extreme base of the abdomen ; tegmina generally well developed , but sometimes abbreviate , lobiform or wanting . l t s w b . Prosternum without marked prominence (some ime ith

an obtuse tubercle) ; arolium usually small or rather small .

0 1 w . Face retreating and angulate at meeting ith vertex ; foveolae generally well developed ; fastigium usually but little declivent ; eyes generally longer than the infraocular portion of the genae ; mediastin al and scapular ﬁelds of

tegmina generally regularly reticulate by transverse veins .

Tr ma lin a e ’ y . 2 0 a . F ce nearly or quite vertical , and rounded at meeting with vertex ; foveolae generally obscure ; fastigium usually strongly declivent ; eyes generally shorter than the infra ocular portion of the genae mediastinal and scap ular ﬁelds

of tegmina generally very irregularly reticulate .

0 edi in a e * p od . “ b . Prosternum armed anteriorly with a distinct conical or

A cridiin a e . cylin drical spine .

T e are fﬁ I hese two subfamili s occasionally di cult to distinguish , and accordingly

E th e e e a R ec . give h ere , in an nglish form, d tail d distinctions laid down by St l ( 6 rth o t . O p , i , e e e e e e e F astigium of v rt x not or slightly . rar ly strongly , d cliv nt ; front tr nding mor e e th e or less generall y strongly and obl quely , bac ward ; e yes gen rally long r than , i k h e e e in e e e inf raocular portion of t e genae , rarely short r or of qual l ngth , and th s cas s e e e e e e e e e e e e t h e e t h e front is v ry obliqu ; ant nna som tim s nsiform , ins rt d b tw n middl e h e e e Met az ona e or below th e middle (int e r me dium v el pone m dium) of t y s. rar ly e ge e e th e p rozon a th e e e g e long r , n rally short r than , hind margin rar ly r ctan ulat or ACRIDIDAE TETTIGINAE 23

TE TTI GINAE .

Of the seven larger groups into which Bolivar divides this subfamily, we possess only two neighboring ones, though two others occur directly south of us .

i Group s of Tett gina e .

l A a . s nterior femora more or les compressed , carinate above ; — i Tet ia . antennae with 1 2 1 4 joints . t g e a z A . nterior femora distinctly and broadly sulcate above ; anten

6—22 Ba ra chid w 1 . t ea e nae ith joints . sub rectan ulat e e e l e th e e e th e ro g , g n ral y obtus , m dian carina not cristat ; sulci of p z e e e e e e th e th e e e e ona ith r oblit rat d or int rrupt d on disk , post rior of th s not or but l i e e e e e ﬂ e t h e . e . e v ry slightly r curv d , n v r con u nt with principal su cus [ , that s parat ing th e p rozona and met azon a] ; lat eral lobe s generally narrowe d in passing down e e ee e e e e ward , rar ly long r than d p , with parall l ant rior and post rior margins ; t gmina e e th e e e t h e e e e e g n rally lacking int rcalary v in , anal and axillary v ins g n rally unit d at a gr e ater or le ss distance from t h e base ; arolia generally of me dium size or large ;

e . T x li metasternal lobes not or but slightly s parate d ry a na e . F e e e e astigium of vertex gen rally strongly d cliv nt , slightly or v ry slightly prom inen t e e e e e e e e ; front not or v ry slightly obliqu , g n rally v rtical or subv rtical ; y s e e l e e e e h th e f g n ral y small or rath r small , rar ly a littl long r t an in raocular portion of t h e e e e e e e e e l e e e t h e e t h e g na ; ant nna lin ar or sublin ar , g n ral y ins rt d abov middl of e e e e e t h e e e e e e lerum ue e e interd um y s , som tim s almost abov y s th ms lv s (p q ant m dium, e e l P e e n e f r ante ocu os) . ronotum furnish d with a m dian cari a oft n wholly or partly e th m n h e rozona h e e e et azo a ge t p , t e cristat , typically lon r than hind margin g n rally e e sub re ct an ulat e th e u th e rozon a e e e e th e r ctangulat or g , s lci of p ith r int rrupt d , or e e e t h e e e ant rior sulcus alon continuous and bis cting carina or cr st , rar ly both con t inuou s th e e e a n e e ﬂ e t h e , post rior sulcus r e curv d d fr qu ntly con u nt with principal e e e e i e e e e u e e th e sulcus ; lat ral lob s transv rs [ . . , long r than d p] or s btransv rs , front and hind margins parallel or subparalle l ; t egmina generally furnishe d with a n inter e th e a n d e e e n ee th e calary v in, anal axillary v ins fr qu ntly run ing fr to margin ; hind e e e e e e e e e l f mora g n rally broad, and abov and b low compr ss d ; arolia small ; m tast rna e e e e O ed i od ina e lob s g n rally som what distant . p .

T b e e th e w e R év . O rth o t . 1 02 e : B ( . p , ) o this may add d follo ing from runn r syst , not Th e distinction betwe e n th e Tryx alin a e and O e d ip o d in ae is some what arbitrary and ’ m e e e e h e e e l e sti ation e e . h t e e e r sts on individual p rc ption ( p rson ll ) W n , how v r , r lativ position of th e front an d th e vertex [ on which h e re sts his tabular distinction] le aves one th e e e e e e e e one Tr x alina e in doubt , pr s nc or abs nce of fov ola may guid , y having in e e e e e th e O e d i o d in a e e are ef e . M e this cas v ry distinct fov ola , whil in p th y fac d or e t h e S e e e e e e e e are Tr x alina e e h ov r p ci s h r tak n with consid ration, wh n th y y , hav t e me diastinal an d scapular are as of th e t e gmina re gularly re ticulate by transverse e l e e e are O e d i od inae e e e are e e v in ts ; whil , if th y p , th s ar as always v ry irr gularly e e r ticulat d . See M ’ l — 2 also cNe ill s paper on Tryx a inae (pp . 181 18 ) for a tabulation of differences e ee th e Tr x lin a i n b tw n y a e and O ed p o d i ae . 24 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

Tettigiae . We possess representatives of half the known genera of this group , the other genera belonging mostly to the Old World .

r Gene a of Tettigia e. a 1 . Median carina of pronotum cristiform ; superior lateral sinus

(at insertion of tegmina) shallow, not nearly so deep as the m i . No otett x inferior sinus Morse . 2 a . Median carina of pronotum low ; superior lateral sinus of m sa e nearly as deep as the inferior sinus . b l l . Vertex of fastigium genera ly broader than the eyes , pro

ectin j g beyond them, generally angulate anteriorly .

Tettix Charpentier . 6 2 . Vertex of fastigium narrower than the eyes and not pro in e ct . j g beyond them , usually truncate anteriorly Pa ra tettiac Bolivar . All n these genera are widely distributed in our cou try , Tettix

Para e ix t tt . being the most numerous in species , followed by ix A Monotett is conﬁned to North merica .

B h atrac id eae .

Only tw o of the seven kn own genera of this group occur in the A United States , though three others are found in merica .

n r o Ba tra clii ea Ge e a f d e.

l a . Body plump ; dorsum of pronotum tumid , smooth or slightly

h m ral n Pa willa . ante u e . punctate , with no lateral cari ae Bolivar 2 a t . Body more slender ; dorsum of prono um more or less concave between the carinae , marked with longitudinal rugae and with conspicuous a ntehumeral lateral carinae . Tetti id ea g Scudder . Paxilla is monotypic and known only from Georgia ; Tettigid e a A is wide spread , extending also to Central and South merica, and n has several species in the U ited States .

26 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

2 e Me tazona n rozona . barely longer tha p , only slightly

A cr oca ra carinate . Scudder . 2 ( 1 . Upper half of head only-feebly conical , more or less tumid ; face below fronto vertical process distinctly h oblique ; antennae less than alf as long as tegmina . e l . Vertex of the head forming an acute angle with n the face ; tempora nearly pla e triangular spaces .

B ootettioc Bruner . e 2 wi . Vertex of the head forming an obtuse angle th

the face ; tempora impressed , trapezoidal .

Li u r i : Neill g otett a Mc . 2 c . Head as viewed laterally less , though distinctly, ascend

ing . 1 A lo e mar in d . ntennae much longer than the face ; w r g

of lateral lobes anteriorly excised , broadly exposing the

Pedioscir tetes pleura . Thomas . 2 01 A i . ntennae shorter than the face ; lower marg n of lat

eral lobes nearly horizontal throughout, scarcely exposing

r the pleura . Gy nnes Scudder . 2 6 . Head elevated above the pronotum at most only by the

feeble tumescence of the occiput , and not otherwise forming

any angle with the pronotum . l c . Mesosternal lobes separated by a space almost linear in its narrowest part ; metasternal lobes approximate in both

Jlf ermiria male and female . Stal . 2 c . Mesosternal lobes separated by a space never much longer

than broad, generally broader than long ; metasternal lobes

rarely approximate i n the male , very rarely in the female . 1 A d . ntennae triquetrous, or strongly depressed at the base and distinctly acuminate ; pronotum with the lateral lobes vertical and straight and the lateral carinae not at all sinuate ; median carina of the pronotum generally out

much behind the middle the disk plain and unstriped . l e . Tegmina exceeding the abdomen considerably in both sexes (in some large females but little) ; lateral carinae of the pronotum quite as distinct as the medi an ; spurs at the apex of the posterior tibiae on the inner Tr xa lis side about equal . y Fabricius . ACRIDIIDAE — TR YXALINAE 27

2 h e . Tegmina not exceeding t e abdomen even in the

male . 1 f . Lateral foveolae of the vertex linear and distinct ; tegmina quite unspotted ; inner spurs of posterior

Na a ia McNeill tibiae equal . p . z l f . Lateral foveolae less distinct and subtriangu ar or obsolete ; tegmina more or less distinctly spotted as well as the face and pronotum ; inner tibial spurs

very unequal , the longer but little shorter than the O eia M ill cNe . ﬁrst tarsal joint . p ( V A . ntennae never triquetrous, sometimes plainly de

ll ﬁ liform pressed basa y and acuminate , most commonly , rarely clavate ; pronotum with the lateral lobes less dis tinctl n y vertical , with the lateral cari ae very rarely quite n straight, but gently or stro gly sinuate near the middle ; median carina of the pronotum generally cut in or not far behind the middle . 1 e . Tempora either foveolate or plane , not visible from

above . 1 f . Scutellum of the vertex with a distinct median i car na, which is usually a coarse raised line stronger

anteriorly . l g . Spurs on the inner side of posterior tibiae very b unequal , the apical spur eing twice as long as th e

other . l A and h . ntennae depressed basally distinctly acuminate ; no supplementary carinae present

either upon the head or disk of the pronotum . Pedeticum McNeill . 2 A Ii . ntennae depressed apically and somewhat clavate ; supplementary carinae accompanying the median carina upon either the head or the

E ritettiac disk of the pronotum . Bruner . 2 u 9 . Sp rs of the inner side of the posterior tibiae

about equal in length . l h the . Spines on exterior margin of the pos — t erior 1 9 21 . S rbu la tibiae y Stal . 28 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

2 h . Spines on the exterior margin of the posterior 1 5 tibiae not exceeding . i 1 . Median carina of the pronotum cut in the

middle by the principal sulcus . 1 j . Color striped distinctly or obscurely ; scapular area of the tegmi na broader than di the me astinal area . 1 10 u ob so . Lateral carinae of the pronot m lete ; median carina accompanied by a

supplementary pair upon the disk .

Am hitorn u s McNeill p . k 2 . Lateral carinae of the pronotum pres ent ; medi an carina not accompanied by i supplementary car nae on the disk . A c n tetus McNeill e .

2 u j . Color plain scap lar area of the tegmina

not broader than the mediastinal area .

m l r i A b yt op dia Stal . 2 i out . Median carina of the pronotum much

behind the middle by the principal sulcus .

li loea ltis U Harris . 2 f . Scutellum of the vertex with no distinct median

carina . 1 9 . Median carina of the pronotum cut much ul behind the middle by the principal s cus . 1 metaz ona h . Posterior margin of the angulate

tegmina usually much shorter than the abdomen , with the ulnar area not very much w ider than the

di D ic/zr om r ha o . scoidal area . p Morse Posterior margin of the metazon a rounded or not distinctly angulate ; tegmina not much

shorter than the abdomen , with the ulnar area very wide and several times as broad as the dis ' Clin oce ha lus . ooidal area . p Morse 2 out g . Median carina near the middle by the

principal sulcus . ACRIDIIDAE — TR YXALINAE 29

1 Ii / ul . O r i a . Hind tibiae never red p Stal . i 2 i . Hind tibiae red . i l A . ntennae depressed basally , long and

acuminate ; face strongly oblique . Al /wt p Brunner . 2 A ﬁ if rm i . ntennae l o ; face moderately oblique

in the male , subperpendicular in the female .

Phlibos tr ma o Scudder . 2 e v . Tempora plain or foveolate, isible from above (in Mecostethus ul small or minute , triang ar and basal ; in t a his case the interc lary vein is very strong) . “ . J The vertex is not bounded , in front by a raised

line and , viewed from the side , does not form an angle with the face ; the tempora are very faintly

impressed spaces, which are strongly declivent inter

calary vein of tegmina wanting . 1 g . Tegmina plain ; lateral carinae of the pronotum

r B ed n . oo o ve y little sinuate p Thomas . 2 9 . Tegmina distinctly spotted ; lateral carinae of

the pronotum strongly sinuate .

Plectrotettia: McNeill.

2 f . Vertex bounded in front by a raised line ; viewed from the side it forms a more or less distinct angle i u w th the face , or it is not at all ang late . 1 and g . Median carina of the pronotum high sharp ,

cut by the principal sulcus in or plainly in front of, the middle ; intercalary vein very strong ; apical

spurs on inner side of posterior tibiae subequal . Jll eeos tethu s Fieber . 2 9 . Median carina of the pronotum rarely cut

plainly in front of the middle , and in this case it is

not high and sharp , or the intercalary vein is not

In Stira leura Psoloess a strong . ( p and the inter calary vein is present but not very strong and the inner apical spurs of the posterior tibiae are very

unequal) . GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

l m h . Te orae lon ate n u p g , arrow , from two to fo r times as long as broad apical spur on inner side of posterior tibiae much less than twice as long as the one beside it . i 1 A if m ﬁl or . . ntennae l d n j . Me ia carina of the pronotum cut in the middle ; posterior margin of the prono

tum plainly more angulate than the anterior .

S tenobothrus Fischer . 2 di i u out j . Me an car na of the pronot m plainly behind the middle ; posterior margin of the pronotum not more angulate than the

Bruneria McNeill . anterior . i 2 A . ntennae clavate .

Gom /i oceru s p Thunberg . h Tempora short, little longer t an broad or , w when t ice as long as broad, the apical spur on the inner side of the posterior tibiae is twice as long as the one beside it . 1 i metazona . Posterior margin of the straight or just perceptibly angulate ; pronotum shorter

than the head, which is very large . E u n i M N il p g od es c e l. 2 i metazon a i . Posterior margin of the d stinctly or strongly angulate pronotum never shorter l than the head , general y plainly longer (viewed

from above) . l j . Median carina of the pronotum cut by principal sulcus behind the middle ; vertex of the head destitute of a median carina ; posterior margin of the metaz ona generally

very obtusely angulate or rounded . 1 k . . Generally larger forms Median carina of p rozona cut by the transverse sulci ; foveolae of male vertex triangul ar or subtriangular ; hind tibiae blue ; lower 3 ACRIDIIDAE TR YXALINAE 0 1

apical spur of inner side of same much

less than half as long again as upper spur .

r Au loca a S cudder . 2 79 . . Generally smaller forms Median carina of prozona not cut by the trans verse sulci foveolae of male vertex sub

equal , rhomboidal ; hind tibiae red ; lower apical spur of inner side of same fully half

as long again as upper spur . A eneotettiw McNeill g . 2 j . Median carina of the pronotum cut by principal sulcus more or less plainly in front

of the middle , never behind summit of the head furnished with a more or less distinct d i me ian carina, which somet mes extends

nearly or quite to the tip of the vertex, and is most distinct on the posterior part of the scutellum ; posterior part of the metazona

strongly angulate . l k fur . Lateral lobes of the pronotum nishe d with a single or double series of

short, irregular , and sometimes indistinct carinae which extend from about the middle of the anterior margin toward or to the upper posterior angle also wi th a

second more distinct, low , broad , light colored carina which extends from the middle of each lobe toward the lower posterior angle ; sometimes this carina is distinct only at the anterior end ; fape ul nearly perpendic ar , rarely very mod erately inclin ed ; frontal costa sulcate

throughout, acuminate at the vertex and

regularly divergent below .

S tira leura u p Sc dder . Lateral lobes of the pronotum desti tute of carinae ; face distinctly and con 32 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

sid erab ly oblique ; frontal costa not sharply acuminate above and scarcely

Ps oloessa . sulcate at any point . Scudder

Mermiria h Excepting , the ﬁrst t irteen of these genera, as well

Ace ntetus Amb l tro idia Phlib ostroma l as , y p , Clinocephalus, , P ec trotettix Bruneria and , or more than half the total , are only known in our country by single species ; the others have from

O r hula O r hula two to six each , and p probably more than that . p appears to be the only genus spread over the entire country ; some

w R hadinotatum are so far kno n only from a single state , as

Ped eticum Acentetus Acrocara and from Florida, from Colorado ,

Pe dio cirtete i from Idaho and s s from Nevada . Cl nocephalus is

A Tr xalis Metale te a conﬁned to the tlantic States , y ( p Brunner) to the region east of the Great Plains Ps oloe ssa is known o nly

w w A churum from the extreme south , from Texas est ard , and

Boo e ix t tt in the extreme southwest . The great plains east of

Phlib ostroma the Rocky Mts . are characterized by Opeia, (Beta Boo ed on Acr0 10 hitus Brunner) , p and p , while they share with as the region to the west of them, as far the Sierras or even Stira le ura Pse ud ostauronotus the coast , the genera p ( Brunner) , A Am hitornus Mermiria Aulocara O ed ocara lpha, p , , ( Scudder, A en e o ix Er mnus McNeill Colorad ella Brunner) and g tett ( e ) .

Gom hocerus nl p is found in the same region , but o y in its northern Chloealtis Dichromor ha Mecostethus portions . , p , and Steno b othrus are also found in the northern half of our country (and in Canada) from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mts . or even to the

Sierras, while an equivalent southern district is inhabited by Li uro Amb l tro idia S rb u la Eritettix . y p , y and Finally, the genera g t G mn e s a aia Ple ctrote ttix PlectrO horus McNeill tet ix, y , N p , ( p ) , Brun eria (Brunn eria McNeill) and Eupnigod es ( Pnig od es Mc

Neill) are conﬁned to the Paciﬁc coast .

O E DI PO DINAE . This is one of the prevailing groups of Acridiidae in the United

. States , and especially in the western half of the continent Two

the Thrincini . of the tribes occur, being unknown Our genera are in large part indigenous .

34 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA .

ell A . ntennae very short, stout ; head compressed , the

O hima roce ha la fastigium prominent, angulate . p Scudder . 2 ( 1 A ub umid ro un . s t t ntennae rather long, slender ; head ,

date, the fastigium in the female anteriorly obtuse .

E n co tolo l ms p p Scudder . 2 A . Interspace between the metasternal foramina rather broad , in the male quadrate, in the female transverse .

1 metaz ona b . Lateral canthi of the traversing the principal

cristulate sulcus (where they are frequently or rugose) , not intersected by that sulcus (or only in individual cases) ; prin ci

pal sulcus more or less obsolete or delicate in the lateral lobes . c l m w . Carina of pronotu conspicuous ; tegmina ith moder

ately dense reticulation , at least the apical third remotely and uadratel q y reticulated . 1 d . Smaller forms . Pronotum not rugose ; wings sub

vitreous , the area of the median forks obscurely divided or Ca ni nula with only one row of areoles . Stal . 2 ( Z . . Larger forms Pronotum rugose wings colored, the

' area of the median forks divided for the larger part by a

b iare olate M is cn s spurious vein , and so . pp Saussure . 2 c n . Carina of pronotum very slight ; early the whole of the n d n tegmi a ensely reticulate and coriaceous , only membra a ceous or subvitreous at extreme tip . 1 l d . Less stout mesosternum only a ittle broader than the

head ; tegmina extending well beyond tip of abdomen , the intercalary vein distinct throughout and everywhere very much nearer the median than the ulnar vein ; transverse fascia of wings with no subcostal taenia ; posterior process

a u an ula e Le ra s r of pronotum c t g t . p Saussu e . z d . Exceptionally stout ; mesosternum fully half as broad i again as head ; tegm na leaving tip of abdomen exposed , the in tercalary vein more or less obscure proximally and only a little nearer the medi an than the ulnar vein ; trans verse fascia of wings with distinct subcostal taenia ;

posterior process of pronotum rectangulate . A inn a s iu s gy Scudder . ACRIDIIDAE O EDIPO DINAE 35

2 I) . Lateral canthi of the metazona typically intersected by the principal sulcus , often vanishing anterior to that ; principal u sulc s distinctly developed on the lateral lobes . c 1 . Pronotal carina entire or intersected by but one sulcus . d 1 . Pronotum with a very high foliaceous crest .

TrO idolo /ius p p Thomas . J 2 . Pronotum crested or carinate , but not excessively . e 1 . Body slender , compressed ; lateral foveolae of the

head trigonal, short . 1 f . The whole of the apical third of the tegmina,

even next the costal margin , membranaceous . 1 v g . The intercalary ein of the tegmina very dis

retroarcuate the tinct, , rather remote from median

vein , nearly intermediate between it and the ulnar ;

the anterior intercalary area, therefore, rather broad

wings conspicuously marked, but not banded .

D i r ss os tei a S cudder . 2 n 9 . The intercalary vein of the tegmi a more or

less distinct, hardly arcuate , nearer the median l n than the u nar vein ; the anterior i tercalary area, W therefore , narrow, densely coriaceous ings with a

fuscous arcuate median band . 1 h . Tegmina rather broad, the intercalary vein more or less ﬂ exu ous ; pronotal crest anteriorly d elevate , profoundly intersected , arcuate on the n metazo a as seen laterally .

ra emon Sp ha g Scudder . h 2 mi . Teg na very narrow, the intercalary vein n straight, subobsolete ; pro otal crest low, straight

n ot as seen laterally, deeply intersected .

S ciriettica Saussure . 9 f . The apical membranaceous portion of the tegmina

oblique , the costal margin coriaceous . La ctis ta Saussure . 2 e . Body rather stout ; lateral foveolae of the head Tomon otus lanceolate . Saussure . 36 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

2 0 . Pronotum or pronotal carina twice intersected by trans

verse sulci . ! a . Pronotal carina percurrent, not obliterated between

the sulci . e l i . Pronotum cristate anteriorly ; tegm na generally

membranaceous over most of the apical half . l f . Lateral lobes of the pronotum posteriorly rec

tan ulate ob tusan ulate g or g , the posterior margin descending obliquely forward ; their metazonal por

tion , posterior to the typical sulcus , thereby narrowed inferiorly ; prozon a posteriorly scutellate on disk ; vertex of head with a transverse carinula on either mern a d D er ot . side next the eyes . Scud er ' z j . Posterior portion of the lateral lobes of the pro

notum of equal width throughout . 1 I the 9 . nferior margin of lateral lobes oblique , pos

terior angle thereby acute or posteriorly produced . 1 ii metazona . Lateral canthi of the terminating in at the principal sulcus , or, if continued , it is a different course p rozona posteriorly scutellate on

disk ; inferior margin of lateral lobes straight, the posterior concave ; tegmina fasciate or maculate ;

head tumid, the frontal costa moderately con

Mestobre ma . stricte d . g Scudder 2 ii metazon a . Lateral canthi of the acute , passing

in the same course beyond the principal sulcus . 1 roz ona i . Disk of p not posteriorly scutellate inferior margin of the lateral lobes straight

or arcuate , the posterior concave , the angle slightly produced posteriorly ; frontal costa of head very strongly compressed ; proximal half i ia Ps in d . of tegmina densely coriaceous . Stal

i 2 roz ona . Disk of p more or less distinctly scutellate posteriorly ; lower margin of the

lateral lobes straight and oblique , the posterior n margin nearly straight , the a gle produced ACRIDIIDAE O EDIPO DINAE 37

inferiorly ; head narrow, its frontal costa mod eratel y constricted ; tegmina densely reticulate ,

fasciate on the costal margin , only the distal ’

. Conozoa third membranaceous Saussure . 2 I g . nferior margin of lateral lobes horizontal , but n anteriorly oblique , the posterior a gle rounded rec tangulate ; d isk of prozona scarcely or not scutel

late posteriorly, the distal third of the tegmina

membranaceous . l l i . Radiate veins of anal ﬁeld of wings normal .

Trimer r i ot op s Stal . Radiate veins of anal ﬁeld of wings dis i t n ctl . Cir cotettix y incrassate Scudder . Pron-otum delicately carinulate ; tegmina densely coriaceo reticulate , only the distal fourth membrana

ce ous H a dr te . o ti t a: Scudder . d 2 n . Pronotal cari a obliterated between the sulci . 1 e i reticu . Only the prox mal third of tegmina densely late and coriaceous ; intercalary vein distinctly devel

. An con ia oped Scudder . 2 i - e . Fully the prox mal two thirds of tegmina densely reticulate and coriaceous ; intercalary vein lacking or

n H li s e a tu s . i distinct . S aussure The richest of these genera are H ippis cus with nearly forty

Ar hia Trimerotro is species, p and p , each with about twenty, Mes tob re ma Trach rach s S hara g ( y y Scudder) with eight or ten , and p emon g with nearly as many ; all these genera occur everywhere , Mestob re ma hi excepting g , w ch is found only in the west, where Circ otettix the others are also more numerous in species . with about half a dozen species occurs only in the north , but from A w tlantic to Paciﬁc . Other genera hich range over the whole country or nearly so are C hortophaga and Dissosteira with two h Chimaroce hala A mnast us Lao or three species eac . p , gy and i tista, each with about two species , are conﬁned to Cal fornia ;

En co tolo hus Scirte ttica Psinidia p p , and , with two or three species C ammula each , to the eastern half of the continent with a single 38 GUI DE TO ORTHOPTERA species ranges across the continent near the northern boundary of

Le rus r i the United States ; p with two species occu s in Cal fornia, Texas and Colorado ; Tomonotus with two species in Texas ; An conia H eliastus h tw o and , wit or three species each , in Cali fornia A , rizona, southern Utah and New Mexico . The other genera, with from one to four species each but ordinarily with only one or two , are conﬁned to the high plateau region of the i western Cord lleras . Nearly half of our genera occur also in

Mexico , often with more numerous species . Other uncharacter iz d e genera also occur in our territory .

m b ni Ere o u .

Three only out of the fourtee n known genera of this tribe occur in the United States , and only one of these is peculiar to it .

enera o E remobiini G f .

1 a u . Body sto t but subcylindric , more compressed than depressed , normal or subnormal ; hind femora normally elongate, much more f than hal as long as the body, above smooth , simply carinate . 1 I b . ntraocular space more than twice the breadth of the eyes as seen from above ; pronotum rather gently narrowing from

behind forward , sharply carinate, posteriorly truncate , the lat eral lobes rapidly and greatly narrowi ng inferi orly ; tegmina di lobiform , lateral ; wings ru mentary ; hind legs excessively

stout , the femora scarcely compressed arolia very large . B l ra chys to a Scudder . 2 I b . ntraocular space narrower than the width of the eyes as seen from above ; pronotum rapidly narrowing from behind for i ward , feebly carinulate , w th blunt lateral rugae , the lateral lobes subequal in width throughout tegmina and wings fully devel

T l . O ped ; hind legs normal ; arolia minute . ytthoty e S cudder

“2 a . Body gross, short, subfusiform , more depressed than com pressed ; hind femora exceptionally broad and only half-as long a s the . body, compressed , above tuberculate and laminato carinate u l ma n ella H a d e Saussure .

are These genera western and particularly southwestern , and

t o w . have one or species each , in our territory ACRIDIIDAE ACR IDIINAE 39

A I D II E C R NA .

This subfamily is richly represented in the United States as compared for instance with Europe , but poorly endowed as com w pared ith other parts of the world . The groups found with us appear in th e following table

rou s o A crid i i n a G p f e.

I A . Hind tibiae furnished above with an apical spine on both sides . 1 i 6 . H nd tibiae armed with strong spines , those on the inner

Tr i n i . margin much longer than those on the outer . op olo ot

Hind tibiae armed with moderate spines , of similar length

on the inner and outer margins . l sub trian ularl i c . Fastigium of vertex g y acum nate ; frontal

costa compressed . 1 d sub trian ularl . Pronotum tectiform, the front margin g y

produced , the median carina elevated throughout .

Ta enio oda e p . 2 61 . Pronotum plane above , the front margin truncate or

k rozona emarginate , the median carina lac ing on the p , but

a n R /i orn lea e. little elevated on the met z o a . a 2 0 x . Fastigium of verte obtuse ; frontal costa neither com

Tr cr . pressed nor sulcate . op ida es 2 A . . Hind tibiae with no apical spine on the outer side 6 1 . Face very oblique ; fastigium of vertex prominent, more or

less acuminate . l c . Hind tibiae not expanded apically, the outer margins

rounded . 2 0 . Hind tibiae expanded apically, the outer margins acute . L ep tysma e . 2 6 . Face nearly vertical ; fastigium of vertex not prolonged ,

apically obtuse . l c . Mesosternal lobes longer than broad , the inner margin

A cridia straight . . 2 d 0 . an Mesosternal lobes transverse or equally long broad ,

the inner margin usually rounded . 40 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

1 c l . Hind tibiae armed on exterior margin w ith at least

la no li nine spines M p . 2 d . Hind tibiae with six to eight spines only on the

. D l i exterior margin a cty ot .

Tropidonoti .

Our only representative of this group is the genus Dracotettix

P r omor hin a e Bruner, with a superﬁcial resemblance to the y g p , and of which two species occur in the southern portion of our A Paciﬁc coast in California and rizona .

Taeniopodae .

Dict O horus y p Thunberg is our only genus , the two known species of which occur in our extreme southern states .

mal Rho eae.

A R homalea single species of Burmeister, a tropical genus , occurs in Texas .

Tropidacres .

hi Tro id acris Of the gigantic forms in t s group , p Scudder is the only one which extends north into our territory ; a single species is found in Texas and has even been reported as far north as

Nebraska . M esop es .

Our only representative of this small group is Pse ud opoma la

Morse , with two or three species in the northern half of our country east of the Rocky Mountains .

Leptysmae .

A u This is an merican gro p, consisting of only two genera, dis in ui h d t g s e below .

* T e e e e e as h ere a r e occasional individual xc ptions to this , wh r , as by accid nt it ne w e e e g e are e e o e . r , only i ht spin s pr s nt on or both tibia

42 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

times transverse, sometimes quadrate or subquadrate ; teg i mi . na lobiform, l near, or wanting 1 A d . pical tubercle of subgenital plate small , extending but a short distance beyond the s upraanal plate ; cerci of male abruptly narrowed before the middle by excision of i the nferior margin , the apical half narrow ; lateral carinae

. Pha edr e ti of pronotum wholly wanting ot t a: Scudder . d z n . Nearly the whole subgenital plate formi g a blunt conical tubercle projecting some distance beyond the

su raan al p plate ; cerci of male forming broad , apically n decurved, subfalcate laminae ; lateral cari ae of pronotum l Cona ea ea . more or less distinct . Scudder C 0 Interspace between mesosternal lobes of female gener

ally longer than broad , sometimes quadrate , rarely feebly transverse ; of male never at all transverse ; tegmina

variable . 1 ( 1 ul the . Tegmina never f ly developed, rarely as long as li n pronotum , lateral and ovate or near, or wholly wanti g ; hind margin of pronotum di stinctly truncate ; fore and middle femora of male distinctly more gibbous than in the

female . 1 e ur . F cula of male wanting, or forming a pair of

brief lobes , at most no longer than broad . 1 f . Tegmina lobiform subgenital plate of male pro truding beyond the tip of the supraan al plate by less than half the length of the latter ; cerci of male com

pressed, subequal, the tip broad .

R li a bd otettiw S cudder . z f . Tegmina linear ; subgenital plate of male pro truding beyond the tip of the supraanal plate by much more than half the length of the latter ; cerci

of male tapering from the base , the tip acuminate . C cloeercus y Scudder . 2 e . Furcula of male consisting of a pair of parallel ,

attingent , cylindrical processes , generally at least tw ice Pa ra idern ona as long as broad . Brunner . ACRIDIIDAE ACR IDIINAE 43

2 d v . Tegmina fully developed or abbre iate , never much if any shorter than the pronotum ; hind margin of pro notum distinctly angulate fore and middle femora scarcely more gibbous in the male than in the female (except in some species of Campylacantha )

e l m . Head not prominent , the sum it very slightly arched longitudinally ; prosternal spine erect ; furcula of male composed of projecting cylindrical ﬁngers ; sur

of H oelilora . face body very feebly pilose . yp Brunner

e2 u Head prominent, the s mmit strongly arched longi tudinally ; prosternal spine more or less retrorse ; fur cula of male reduced to slight scarcely projecting lobes

surface of the body rather densely pilose .

O a m la ea n t/La p y Scudder . A 2 . Lateral margins of subgenital plate of male suddenly ampliate to a considerable degree at the base or if not to a considerable degree , then the entire margin rather strongly convex or sinuate . b l . Subgenital plate of male furnished with a distinct sub

i e . apical tubercle ( . , one in which the apical margin does not

pass through and form a part of the summit of the tubercle,

but where it is distinctly separated from the summit) , but not otherw ise tumescent (see note under A 2 l c l . Median carina of pronotum well developed and equal y d eveloped throughout, accompanied on the front of the pro zona by distinct lateral carinae ; prosternal spine sharply acuminate ; tubercle of subgenital plate dir ected wholly

backward, occupying the middle of the terminal portion of

E a tettia' the plate ; furcula distinctly developed . Scudder . 2 e . Median carina of pronotum feebly developed and gener

roz on a n metaz ona ally much more feebly on the p tha on the , accompanied by no lateral carinae whatever ; prosternal spine bluntly acuminate tubercle of subgenital plate dir ected u w n u pward, or upward and back ard , occupyi g the pper

extremity of the terminal portion of the plate . 1 0! . Body relatively slender and compressed , not much

enlarged at the metathorax , particularly in the male ; disk 44 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

“ of the pronotum tectiformﬁ the prozona not distinguished from the metazona either by its plane or by any lack of a

median carina, which latter is generally marked in color pronotum fully half as long again as broad hind femora long and slender ; apical tubercle of male abdomen prom inent ; furcula present as distinctly projecting lobes ; ter

minal segments of female abdomen not abbreviated, the

u H es er e i u ot tt a . ovipositor f lly exserted . p Sc dder d 2 . Body relatively short and stout , considerably enlarged at the metathorax even in the male ; disk of pronotum generally convex transversely ; the proz ona slightly and

independently tumid with no median carina, thus dis tinguishing it from the metaz ona ; Thind femora relatively short and stout ; apical tubercle of male abdomen not very prominent ; furcula scarcely or not apparent ; terminal

segments of female abdomen abbreviated , the ovipositor l l only partially exserted . A eo 0p u s S cudder . 2 a b . Subgenital plate of male with no distinct sub pical tubercle, but often apically prolonged or tumescent i 1 c metaste thium . Meso and together, in both sexes , no longer or scarcely longer than broad metastethium narrow

ing but little posteriorly, so that the portion behind the

metasternal lobes is but little narrower than the rest, rarely (in the male) less than three-fourths its width cerci of male .

very simple , subconical , straight ; ovipositor half concealed .

Bra d n otes y Scudder . 2 e metastethium . Meso and together, at least in the male

and nearly always in both sexes , distinctly longer than the w idth of the metastethium ; the latter rapidly narrowing

posteriorly, so that the portion behind the metasternal lobes

is not, or is hardly more than , one half the greatest width of the metastethium ; cerci of male variable ; ovipositor gen

erall y fully exserted .

T e e e e e his f ature is not so apparent in som sp ci s as in oth rs .

1 This feature is less marke d in some spe cies than in others . 1 There is a minute subapical tub ercle in some sp e ci es of th e ﬂ ab ellif er group of M h e e ar e e e e t h e e e elanoplus , but in the se t e mal c rci xc ptionally broad ; whil in sp ci s 2 l r e e e of th e alt ernate cate gory (A b ) they a e very sl nd r and tap ring . ACRIDIIDAE ACR IDIINAE 45

1 I d . nterspace between mesosternal lobes of male dis tinctly as broad or nearly as broad as the lobes themselves ; of the female distinctly or strongly

transverse , fully as broad as or (and generally) broader than the lobes ; metasternal lobes of male generally dis tinctl n y dista t , occasionally approximate ; of the female

generally more distant, the interspace in the latter gener ally as wide as o r wider than the frontal costa ; tegmina

typically abbreviate . 1 mi e . Face almost vertical eyes small but pro nent and w in idely distant ; pronotum constricted the middle , m with deeply i pressed transverse sulci , and the lateral lobes not obliquely truncate apically in front ; distinct

D en drotettia: . lateral carinae . Riley 2 6 r . Face a little oblique ; eyes rather large, not ve y

prominent and not very distant ; pronotum not, or but

feebly, constricted in the middle , with generally feebly u impressed transverse sulci, and the lateral lobes obliq ely

truncate apically on the anterior section .

Podisma Latreille . z d . Interspace between mesosternal lobes generally longer

or much longer than broad in the male , almost never in the least broader than long even when the sides of the interspace are posteriorly divergent ; generally quadrate

in the female, but more variable than in the other sex,

sometimes as narrow as there , more often subtransverse , occasionally in some brachypterous forms distinctly trans

ih verse ; both sexes always distinctly, generally much , narrower than the lobes (except in the females of the cases

just cited , where they are barely narrower) ; metasternal

sub attin ent lobes of male generally attingent or g , rarely only approximate ; of the female less distant than in the 2 A 2 01 d alternate category ( b generally approximate , sub a roximate n or pp , the interspace generally arrower than

the frontal costa ; typically the tegmina . are completely

developed .

* - I n e s th e n e l d ral in many cas interspace is t ru c ato cun iform or broadly c ep sy , e h which cas s t e br eadth is to b e measur ed in t h e middle . GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

1 e . Face almost vertical or a little oblique, its angle with the fastigium rarely less than eyes rounded oval , never more (generally less) than half as long again as broad ; portion of metasternum lying behind the lobes t i ransverse, more than twice as broad as long ; tegm na normally present . 1 f . Fastigium of vertex plane or convex ; eyes sepa

rated widely, the space between them twice as broad as the frontal costa ; pronotum furnished with d istin ct percurrent lateral carinae ; tegmina abbreviate ; cerci

Pa ra t lotrO idia apically acuminate . y p Brunner . 2 f . Fastigium of vertex more or less depressed or with elevated lateral margins ; eyes separated nar

ro l w y, at most but little further apart than the width of the frontal costa ; pronotum with indistinct or no lateral carinae ; tegmina fully developed or abbreviate

cerci variable , rarely acuminate apically . 1 wi g . Inferior genicular lobe of hind femora th at least a darker basal spot or transverse band cerci

of male variable , often enlarging apically . l h u m a . Dors m of pronotu r rely or never twice

as long as the average breadth , generally only n half as long agai , even in the male , generally constricted more or less in the middle ; antennae even when longest no longer than the hind a m femor , and only twice as long as the pronotu alone ; face rarely as declivent as in Paroxy a ;

rozona metazona p usually a half longer than the . i 1 . Head not large in proportion to pronotum, n nor prominent, but little longer tha the pro

zona, unless the latter is distinctly transverse ; sub sellate pronotum in no way , nor ﬂaring in i front ; tegm na, when fully developed , narrow,

rarely rather broad , but then very distinctly l i tapering, more or ess taper ng in distal half,

I n a fe w sp e cies they are tolerably distinct . ACRIDIIDAE — ACR IDIINAE 47 at a distance from the apex equal to the breadth of the tegmina distin ctly narrower

metazona intercalaries than the , the and cross veins of the discoidal area relatively numer ous , at least in the apical fourth and usually throughout, the venation in general sharp and clearly deﬁned, the area intercalata distinctly deﬁned by the adjustment of the veins at its distal extremity, the humeral vein straight and apically arcuate , nearly always terminating either on the apical margin or but a short dis tance before it , running for some distance almost exactly parallel to the costal margin or merging insensibly into it ; cerci of male very variable , very rarely styliform, and then the subgenital plate is either exceptionally broad or only moderately narrow, and the apical

Jil ela n o lus margin elevated . p Stal . i z . Head large in proportion to pronotum , nearly half as long again as the long prozona ; sub sellate pronotum faintly , feebly ﬂaring in ul front to receive the head ; tegmina, when f ly developed , broad and subequal , hardly tapering l in the distal ha f, at a distance from the apex equal to the breadth of the tegmina as broad

metazona intercalaries as the , the and cross veins of the discoidal area everywhere few, the venation in general loose and ill deﬁned , the area intercalata not distinctly marked by the adjustment of the veins at its distal ex tremit y, the humeral vein broadly sinuous, terminating onithe costal margin at least as far before the apex as the breadth of the tegmina, nowhere running closely parallel to that margin nor merging into it ; cerci of male styliform , n the subgenital plate very arrow, the margin n ot Ph li . oeta otes apically elevated Scudder . GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

I 2 t . Dorsum of pronotum twice as long as average i breadth, at least in the male, with no med an con i strict on ; antennae , at least in the male , generally longer than the hind femora and much more than

twice as long as the pronotum , generally tw ice as long as head and pronotum together ; face more declivent than in Melanoplus ; prozona only about

metazon a a third longer than the .

Pa rox a y Scudder . 2 I 9 . nferior genicular lobe of hind femora wholly w pallid , ith no dark basal spot or transverse band ; al u cerci of male conic or subconical or basally b llate , always apically pointed . h l . Subgenital plate of male terminating in a n pronou ced tubercle ; prosternal spine slender .

Poecilotettia Scudder . z Iz . Subgenital plate of male, even when apically ulate g , not furnished with an apical tubercle ;

prosternal spine stout . l i . Relatively heavy bodied ; dorsal disk of the prozon a tumid independently of the meta zona ; pronotum distinctly angulate or convex behind the portion of the metasternum lying

behind the lobes laterally extended , reaching to the coxae ; tegmina fully developed or

v abbre iate but overlapping, with many longi tudin al veins ; cerci of male very stout and bullate on basal half or more ; abdomen of

female bluntly rounded apically, the posterior segments much abbreviated ; ovipositor but

. O ed a leonotn s slightly exserted Scudder . 2 i . Relatively slender bodied ; dorsal disk of proz ona not tumid independently of the meta zona ; pronotum truncate posteriorly ; portion of metastern um lying behind the lobes laterally

abbreviated, much narrower than the width

50 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

O ed ale onotu and s along the Paciﬁc coast . Nine of these twenty

Pha edrotettix R hab d otettix clocercus . C one genera, viz , y , Paraidemona C am lacantha H e s erotettix , py , p , Melanoplus , Phoe taliotes Poe cilote ttix Podisma and , range southward into Mexico . i is also found in the Old World , but the rema nder are strictly indigenous types . Dimorphism in respect of the length of the nu organs of ﬂight is common in many of the genera, but a mber of them are uniformly subapterous .

Dactyloti. Am This is a Central erican group of two or three genera, of w D act lotum hich only the genus y Charpentier is represented , by x a single species, in our country, occurring from Dakota to Te as along the eastern front of the Rocky Mountains . LOCUSTIDAE 51

I A LO CUST D E .

So far as variety of forms is concerned, this family is better in represented in the Old World than the New . Only six of the ﬁfteen recognized subfamilies are known to occur in the United

and States, only one other has been found anywhere else in A i A A mer ca . t the same time all the merican subfamilies are shared by the Old World . The six subfamilies found with us i may be dist nguished by the following table . L Su bfa milies of ocustida e.

1 A . Body generally winged tarsi more or less depressed . b l u . Fore tibiae f rnished with foramina near the base ; male

tegmina, when present, furnished with a tympanum . 1 0 . First two joints of tarsi smooth laterally ; hind tibiae

h n r ri P a e o te na e . with an apical spine on each side . p 2 c i . First two joints of tarsi longitud nally sulcate laterally ; hind tibiae with an apical spine on outer side only or on

neither . 1 i d . . Fore tibiae w thout apical spines l e . Fastigium of vertex short, crowded by the prom inent antennal scrobes ; pronotum crossed by two dis P u ll n . se d o h i a e tinct transverse sulci p y . 2 e r . Fastigium of ve tex extended and free from the not

prominent antennal scrobes ; pronotum without, or with

. Con oee /i a lin a e only one , transverse sulcus p . 2 ( Z . Fore tibiae with an apical spine on the outer side .

D eetiein a e . (Body generally subapterous) . 2 b . Fore tibiae without foramina near the base ; male tegmina

Gr lla erina e. without a tympanum . y A 2 . Body apterous ; tarsi distinctly compressed . n lma S te op e tina e .

PH ANE R O PTE R INAE . l Brunne-r, in his latest monograph of this subfami y, divides it into forty three groups . Only ﬁve of these are known to occur in the United States , the ﬁrst standing at a wide distance from 52 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

the remainder . Many other groups occur in tropical America ; none of ours are peculiar to the United States , and with a single t wo exception , where genera occur, each of these groups is rep

.b resented y a single genus .

rou s o Pha nero terina e G p f p .

1 a . O d on tura e Fore coxae unarmed . . 2 a . Fore coxae bearing a spine . b l . Fore and middle tibiae sulcate or plane above , but acutely

‘

margined , the outer margin spinulose or unarmed . l c d eﬂexe d . Fastigium of vertex scarcely , acuminate , no

broader than the ﬁrst antennal joint . d 1 ul . Tegmina narrow, the hind margin sinuate genic ar

lobes of hind femora armed with a long pointed . spine ;

sub sellate H ormilia e pronotum . . 2 d . Tegmina broader, the hind margin straight or rounded ; genicular lobes obtuse or armed with a short spine ;

eu ria e . pronotum not at all sellate . S dd e 2 C . d eﬂ exed Fastigium of vertex , obtuse , much broader than the ﬁrst antennal joint ; metasternum truncate or with

Ambl eor ha e rounded lobes . y yp . 6 2 ul . Fore and middle tibiae smooth above , without ang ar i a wi marg n , generally un rmed above ; metasternum th elon

M er n r oee t a . gated lobes .

O donturae.

Dicho etala This group is represented by a single g enus, p Brun ner, one species of which occurs in Texas .

miliae H or .

Ar e thaea This group is also represented by a single genus, Stal (Aegipan Scudder) which has three or four species in the extreme southern states from Georgia to Arizona .

Scudd eriae.

Two of the six genera are represented in our fauna . LOCUSTIDAE PSEUDO PH YLLINAE 53

r Genera of S eudde ia e . 1 a . Fore and middle femora unarmed beneath ; the hind femora

S cu dderia . unarmed beneath or with few spines . Stal 2 All mm r l ur a . . S et o e a the femora spinulose beneath y p Brunner . Scudd eria has numerous species widely spread over the country

mm ro leura mostly east of the Rocky Mountains . Sy et p is known only by a single species from Carolina .

Amb lycoryphae.

Amb l cor ha y yp Stal is our only genus of this group , with half a dozen species found in the eastern half of the continent .

Microcentra .

u This group is represented by a single genus , Microcentr m

S cudder, rich in species , most of which are tropical . Its range in

Am l r the United States is similar to that of b yco yp ha .

PS E UD O PH Y LLINAE . l This subfami y is barely represented in the United States, as it

contains but a single indigenous genus , shared with tropical A merica .

“ n r u llina Ge e a Q ) Pse d op hy e. l a . Body and tegmina testaceous , the latter of only moderate

breadth , its anterior ulnar vein terminating not very far before i the apex of the tegm na, the veinlets of the costal ﬁeld distinctly

Blia s tes oblique middle coxae with no basal tubercle . Stal . 2 a . Body and tegmina green , the latter of exceptional breadth , its anterior ulnar vein terminating very far before the apex of the i i c tegm na, the veinlets of the costal ﬁeld transverse ; m ddle oxae h llu . C r to s with a basal tubercle y p y Burmeister . Bliastes is not indigen ous and has occurred only in the orchid

house of the Missouri Botanic Garden , where a single specimen r o h llu did much damage . Cy t p y s is the Katydid and is widely spread over the United States east of the Rocky Mts . , though n l livi g at the north on y in colonies . 54 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

C O N E LI oC PH A NAE .

Two of the four tribes of this subfamily occur in the United

States , but are also found elsewhere , being widely distributed

over the globe .

' Tribes o Con oee ha lin a e f p .

1 a . . n ce lini Fore and middle femora spined beneath Co o p ha . 2 u m a . i hi ii i Fore and middle femora nar ed beneath . p d n .

Conocephalini.

R edtenb ach er -ﬁ v e in recognizes twenty genera this tribe, of l a which only the four fo lowing occur in the United St tes , all but one of them also found further south .

enera o Con oce ha lini G f p .

1 . o i h ra C o o i l . a . Prosternum unarmed p p Serv l e 2 a . . Prosternum armed with two spines

1 B l ha lu b . e oce s . . Tegmina lobiform ; wings wanting p Scudder 2 b . . Tegmina and wings perfectly developed 1 0 . . Fastigium of vertex triquetral , ﬂat above

r Pyrg oco yp ha Stal . 2 e . . Fastigium of vertex conical , convex above

n oce ha lu s Co p Thunberg .

io hora u Cop p is not indigeno s, but has been taken in the green Beloc e halu a . . s houses t Washington , D C p is a monotypic genus

A n P r r a only known from Florida . si gle species of y g oco yph is Am known in eastern erica, but of Conocephalus , a dominant w genus , our species are numerous and idely spread over the country .

Xiphidiini .

a h r i R edtenb c e recognizes three genera in this tribe , w th only

i . one , a cosmopol tan genus , occurring in the United States LOCUSTIDAE DECTICINAE 55

' Genera of X iphidiini .

l a . . . Larger and stouter species Ovipositor short, falcate

r l murn O c i eli S erville . 2 a . Smaller and slenderer species . Ovipositor straight or

' X i hidiu m ur . scarcely c ved . p S erville R e dtenb acher These two genera are united by , the latest monographer of the group . Both , but especially the latter, are represented by a considerable number of species from all parts of the country .

DE TI INAE C C . i A This subfamily is fa rly well represented in North merica, all the groups into which it is divided by Brunner , with but one exception, being represented , and nearly as many genera being found here as in all other countries taken together . The species

the . of jgenera are , however, in no case numerous

e r D e n G ne a of e tiei a e .

I A . Prosternum armed with two erect spines . b 1 n . Four terminal spines on the lower side of the hi d femora ,

two smaller ones between a larger pair . l e . Ovipositor straight .

1 E i a s d . . n on is . Prosternal spines short, obtuse g p Brunner d 2 . Prosternal spines long and slender , subacute .

A tla n tieu s Scudder . 2 e . . Ovipositor arcuate 1 d . Ovipositor curved downward . e l . Tegmina longer than the body ; posterior process of pronotum brief ; humeral sin us in posterior margin of

b e Ga n o ot s . lateral lobes distinct . p Scudder 2 6 . Tegmina shorter than pronotum ; posterior process of pronotum long ; no humeral sinus in posterior margin

. A ote of lateral lobes p Scudder .

g / e s d . O r e Lsticu Ovipositor curved upward . Saussure . b 9 u w . Two terminal spines only (the o ter ) on the lo er side of Tr iza s . o is u the hind femora p p Br nner . 56 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

2 n . A . Prosternum u armed 1 r h m b on b ot . . Fore tibiae spined above argins ‘ c l . Large bulky insects . Tegmina of 3 almost completely concealed beneath the pronotum ; eyes but little larger than

A n a bru s . antennal scrobes . Haldeman 2 c n . . Relatively small i sects Exposed portion of 3 tegmina half as large as pronotum ; eyes fully twice as large as

. Ga eo teris . antennal scrobes p Scudder p . p b 2 u . Fore tibiae armed above on o ter margin only .

c l . Fore tibiae with several spines above on outer margin . 1 d . . Fore tibiae with three spines above on outer margin l h e . a Legs s ort, the hind femora sc rcely or not extend

r ing beyond abdomen su face of pronotum granulate .

Pera n a bru s Scudder . Q e . Legs long , the hind femora extending far beyond

abdomen ; surface of pronotum smooth .

f l . Pronotum without distinct lateral carinae , except sometimes posteriorly ; a median carina rarely present

and then weak . Pronotum transversely arched as much on the

posterior as on the anterior half.

Ua eo teris . . Ovipositor straight . p Scudder p p

E remo edes Ovipositor arcuate . p Scudder . 9 9 . Pronotum laterally subangulate posteriorly,

and often with a slight median carinula . I dios ta tu s Pictet . 2 i f . Pronotum with distinct lateral and median car nae ,

the latter sometimes weak . 1 9 . Lateral carinae of pronotum parallel or sub

S teir oa s . parallel . y Hermann 2 9 . Lateral carinae approximated in middle of

anterior half of pronotum , so as to narrow the I d ion otu s dorsum by nearly one half. Scudder . 9 n 01 . Fore tibiae with four spines above on outer margi . l e . Descending lobes of pronotum long, obliquely

lin l ur a . . C O e declivent , the dorsum narrow p Scudder

58 GUIDE TO ORTH OPTERA

Paciﬁc coast ; it ranges over the desert region eastward to the

Rocky Mts . ; a larger number of species occur south o f our

border .

R h h ap idophorini. Two of the four groups into which this tribe may be divided u A occ r in North merica, the other two belonging exclusively to the Old World . One of our groups is peculiar to the United

States, and the other much more highly developed here than else w A where , though shared ith South merica and the Old World .

r ou s o R ha hi /i G p f p d op orin i .

l a . Hind tibiae supplied above and below with Spines of one ‘ d inn r an e . Tro idisc/i ia e grade only, on both outer margins p . 2 a . u Hind tibiae f rnished above with spines of two grades , longer being interspersed with shorter spines (obscure in Gam marotettix ) ; beneath nearly or quite unarmed , such spines as are

. Ceu tho hili present occurring on the middle line only p .

Tropidischiae.

Its Tro idi schia u only known genus, p S c dder, is monotypic and is found in California .

Ceuthophili. i This group , as developed in the United States , conta ns six of w uli the nine genera kno n to belong to it, and all of these are pec ar to the United States , excepting as they may extend southward into Mexico . It is the most representative group of temperate

North American Locustidae .

n r eu ili Ge e a of C thop h .

1 a . . Last palpal joint cleft apically on the under side Descend ing lobes of the mesonotum but little longer than those of the pronotum ; sides of fore and middle coxae externally laminate , the lamination elevated to a denticle or compressed spine either LOCUSTIDAE STENO PELMATINAE 59

H ad enoecus mesially or (on middle legs) apically, occasionally ( ) i wanting on m ddle legs . Fore tibiae not sulcate above ; hind tibiae with spines of two grades on both outer and inner margins u of upper surface . O ter valves of ovipositor unarmed above before the apex . 1 b . Palpi long . Hind tibiae usually considerably longer than i the hind femora . Th rd hind tarsal joint only half or less

than half as long as the second . l c . Vertex obscurely bituberculate at apex . Last palpal

joint no longer or scarcely longer than the third , and cleft

beneath only apically . Middle coxae unarmed . Middle e femora with a fe ble genicular spine on posterior margin .

Hind tibiae with more than four pairs of spur s . First hind h tarsal joint almost as long as the others toget er . Sub genital plate of male triangular and rather deeply and H a d en oeeu s narrowly emarginate . Scudder . f c t u . Ver ex not tuberc late . Last palpal joint distinctly

longer than the third , cleft beneath for almost its entire d length . Middle coxae spined mesially . Mid le femora with

a distinct genicular spine on posterior margin . Hind tibiae r with only four pairs of spurs . Fi st hind tarsal joint i generally a th rd shorter than the rest combined . Sub

genital plate of male ample and broadly emarginate .

eu h il C t op h us Scudder . 2 b . Palpi short . Hind tibiae shorter or at most but little longer n than the hi d femora . Third hind tarsal joint hardly shorter ni D aihi a . than the second , or (in ) wanting (Lamination of

middle coxae produced inferiorly to the semblance of a spine . ) 1 0 . Third palpal joint as long as ﬁfth, the inferior cleft of

the latter extendin g over only the apical half . Middle femora

unarmed at tip or with a very feeble spine . Hind tibiae w shorter or at least no longer than the hind femora, ith few

spines of the second grade on the upper surface, those of the

ﬁrst grade relatively numerous, at least in the 9 more or less irregularly placed and of unequal length ; the calcaria

three in number on each side , the uppermost generally a 60 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

little the longest and unusually distant from the extreme a pex, so as to appear rather as an additional pair of spurs . Subgenital plate of male greatly produced and apically

deeply ﬁ ssur ed . d l . Descending lobes of mesonotum slightly longer than

those of pronotum . Last tarsal joint very much shorter n than the remai ing joints together, the third joint of hind

legs normal though but little shorter than the second . a l Subgenital plate of m le ample , rather deeply and broad y

emarginate , the sides extending backwards as slender

Phri n i . c threads a o em s Scudder . 2 d . Descending lobes of mesonotum no longer than those

of pronotum . Last tarsal joint about as long as the rest together ; third tarsal joint of hind legs wanting (as also

of fore legs) . Subgenital plate of male immensely pro duced and so deeply ﬁ ssure d as to form two tapering D a ihinia ribbons . Haldeman . 2 l e . Third palpa joint shorter than the ﬁfth , the inferior cleft

of the latter extending its whole length . Middle femora l w ith a genicular spine on pos terior side . Hind tibiae s ightly

longer than the hind femora , with numerous spines of the second grade uniform in length and pretty regularly sepa

rated ; calcaria three in number on each side, the middle one m uch longer than the others . (First hind tarsal joint a third

shorter than the rest combined . ) S ubgenital plate of male

Ud eo s lla . ample , apically bituberculate . p y S cudder 2 i a . t . (Ver ex bituberculate Palpi short) , the last jo nt apically

with no inferior cleft . D escending lobes of mesonotum consider ably longer than those of pronotum ; sides of fore and middle i coxae neither car nate nor spined . (Fore and middle femora u i unarmed . ) Fore tibiae s lcate above ; h nd tibiae (of the same length as the hind femora) with only one grade * of spines above a on the lateral margins ; (calc ria two in number on each side , subequal and not long . Third hind tarsal joint half as long as

T e e th e e e e e here are in r ality two grad s, but alt rnating long r and short r spin s l b e e are of such slight ine quality as e asi y to overlook d . LOCUSTIDAE STENO PELMATINAE 6 l

the second . Subgenital plate of male ample , apically broadly and not deeply emarginate) ; outer valves of ov ipositor serrate above m r a m a te tix . before the apex . G o t Brunner The dominant genus is C euthO philus with about sixty species ; it is found in every part of the United States and Canada and extends into Mexico (a few species are conﬁned to northern i Mex co) . The other genera contain each from one to three

in H ade noecus w species, and except g , kno n only from caves and l deep wel s east of the Mississippi River, o ccur west of this stream . Ud e o s lla One species of p y has been found a little further east, in

mmar i Ga otett x . Illinois and Manitoba . is conﬁned to California 62 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

Y A GR LLID E .

Al l six of the subfamilies of Gryllidae occur in the United

n all r States , si ce are cosmopolitan ; no similar case occu s among h u the Orthoptera . Here also, more than in the ot er gro ps, may be seen a nearer correspondence to the European fauna, many more of the genera bein g identical than is usual in Orthoptera . ll i li The fo owing table distingu shes the subfami es .

S u b a milies o r llida e f f G y .

A 1 n n . Tarsi compressed , the second joi t mi ute , compressed . 1 b . Fore legs fossorial ; female without ovipositor ; tympanum

of male tegmina (when present) without speculum .

r ll a l n a e G y ot p i . b 2 . Fore legs gressorial female with ovipositor, though it is sometimes rudimentary ; tympanum of male tegmina (when

present) furnished with a speculum . l c . n u Hi d tibiae biseriately serrat late but not spined , or, if

M rmecO hila spined ( y p ) , then the body is subspherical and m M r e /i ilin a e . the hind femora exceptionally gibbous . y e op

0 9 i . Hind tibiae biseriately sp ned, the body always sub m elongate , with relatively slender hind fe ora . 1 d . Hind tibiae rather stout, armed with stout spines, not ll Gr in a e . serrulate between them . y d g . Hind tibiae slender , armed with delicate spines , and

ul O eea n thina e. serr ate between them . 2 di A . Second joint distinct , depressed , cor form . l b . Hind tibiae biseriately spinose , not serrate , the apical

r Tri onidiin a e . spu s two in number on the inner side . g 9 b . Hind tibiae biseriately spinose and also serrate , the apical E n erin h eo t a e . spurs t ree in number on both sides . p

GR YLL TALPI NAE O . Tw o of the three tribes of this subfamily are represented with

r e A i us, the thi d b ing an ustral an type ; both these they share A with the Old World , as well as with tropical merica . GRYLLIDAE GR YLLO TALPINAE 63

T i r ll ta l in a e r bes of G y o p . l l a . Head furnished with two large ocelli ; fore tibiae di ated markedly digitate ; hind femora scarcely saltatorial ; tarsi 3 ll a l in i Gr ot . j ointed . y p a 9 w i . Head furnished ith three small ocell ; fore tibiae scarcely 3—4 dilated , spined apically ; hind femora strongly saltatorial ; Tr d ct lini u i a . tarsi niarticulate or aborted . y

Gryllotalpini.

Both the know n genera of this tribe occur in the United States .

enera o llota l in i G f Gry p .

1 A r ll a . ota l a nterior tibiae tetradactyle G y p Linné . 2 A a . S ca teris cus . nterior tibiae bidactyle p Scudder . Scapteriscus occurs only along the margin of the Gulf of Mexico ; Gryllotalpa everywhere ; and each is represented by

tw o or three species .

Trid actylini.

Tridact lus One of the two genera of this group , y Olivier, is a

our re re cosmopolitan genus which occurs throughout territory, p

sented by several species .

ME PH ILI A MYR CO N E . Only three of the eleven known genera of this family occur in

the United States , two of them shared with Europe , one with trop A ical merica .

n r rm ilin Ge e a of My ecop h a e.

1 a A . ntennae stout ; hind femora ovate hind tibiae dilated , with

M rmec /i ila . o only three or four apical spurs y p Latreille . 9 An i a . tennae slender ; h nd femora elongate hind tibiae slender ,

with six apical spurs . b l r . Fi st joint of hind tarsi sulcate and serrate ; pronotum not u produced posteriorly, the metanot m exposed . Al o osi lis tu s v g p Ser ille . 64 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

b z . First joint of hind tarsi neither sulcate nor serrate ; pro d notum pro uced posteriorly, concealing the metanotum .

Cy clop tilum S cudder . Myrmecophila is represented by several species and is widely n ’ spread , probably occurri g wherever there are ants nests . Cycloptilum is represented by one or tw o species along the borders of the Gulf of Mexico ; and Mogosiplistus has just been

discovered under bark of trees at Biscayne Bay, Florida, by Mrs . A l n . S osso . T .

GR YLLINAE Only three of the nineteen acknowledged genera of this sub in family occur the United States, and these genera are all cos mo olitan p , or at any rate widely distributed over the globe .

en era o r llin a e G f G y .

a 1 i . H nd tibiae furnished with long , mobile , pilose Spines ; ﬁrst

joint of hind tarsi unarmed above or wi th one row of serrations . Nem bius o Serville . g a . Hind tibiae armed with strong ﬁxed spines ; ﬁrst joint of

hind tarsi sulcate above, with two rows of serrations . b 1 di . Fore tibiae provided with au tory foramina on both faces . Gryllu s Linné b 2 . Fore tibiae with no auditory foramen on inner face .

Gryllodes Saussure . Nemob ius and Gryllus occur everywhere , and have a consider f ll d o . Gr o es u able number species , especially the former y occ rs in only the southern portions with two or three species at most . Many of the species in these genera are dimorphic as regards the

length of the organs of ﬂight .

O E A TH INAE G N . This subfamily is represented in the United States by a single e l k genus, Oecanthus S rvil e , out of the twenty nown , and this it A shares with the Old World and South merica . We have half

a dozen or more species, spread over the whole country .

66 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

c ‘ Fore tibiae with auditory foramen on the inner face only . A ithis p Uhler . 2 c Fore tibiae with auditory foramina on both faces .

O r c a r s o h i Uhler . 2 k a . . Tegmina of male li e those of the female without tympanum

Jll etryp a Brunner . All hi these genera, w ch have only one or two species each , are A ithis conﬁned or nearly conﬁned to the Southern States , p and

O rocharis r ranging much the fu thest north . They are only known from east of the Rocky Mountains . BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 67

BIBLIO GRAPH ICAL NO TES.

The modern system of Orthoptera was ﬁrst laid down in general treatises by Burmeister and Serville (quoted below) , but these l u works are now of relatively sma l val e , since the study of each family has been much more fully developed independently by A various later writers, to whom , when merican groups are treated , reference is made farther on . The latest general system of — — ’ Orthoptera a sketch only is to be found in Brunner s Revi sion du systeme des O rthopteres Other general works that may be consulted for North American Orthoptera are S cudder’s Catalogue of the earlier described species and Glovers ’ Illustrations ( 1 8 72) i For tables for the determination of the famil es of Orthoptera , ’ Burmeister s 468 see Handbuch der entomologie, ii , ’ ’ Serv ille s O rtho teres p (Suites a Buffon) , Fieber s ’ e uro aischen O rtho teren 2—3 Synopsis der p p , Fischer s 4—5 Orthoptera europaea , Scudder, in Bost . journ . nat . 41 3 1 69— ’ . 70 hist , vii, and in Psyche , i , Thomas

Key to Illinois Orthoptera 1 and the same in Rep . ins .

82 u e ur o aischen O rtho Ill . , ix , Br nner s Prodromus der p p 1 ’ 8 9—90 teren , Comstock s Introduction to entomology, ’ ’ 1 2 Fin ot s Fernald s Orthoptera of New England ,

O rtho teres 59 Insectes p , Sharp , in the Cambridge natural 201 ’ history, v, and Comstock s Manual for the study of 1 05 insects,

I A FORFICUL D E . Besides the treatment of this family in the general works on ri Orthoptera, some of the p ncipal of which are mentioned above, 2— i r h . 3 O t o t B dr . l . see Servi le, Rev . meth p , de Haan , j

8—39 1 8 42 M n r D rma h . 23 o o e t O rt o t . . kenn . p , ( ) Dohrn , g p i 35—66 309—322 28 5-96 41 7—29 (Stett . ent . zeit . , xx v , , ; xxv, , ; 68—99 v 341—43 -1 863 n xxvi , ; xx iii , umerous papers by de 68 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

E F ulair Bormans, and especially his tude s ur quelques orfi c es Ann — . . . . xxv n 59 90 ( soc ent Belg , , , where a table of genera is added ; and his treatment of these insects in the Biol . centr . n O rthO t 1 — 4 1 2 O r ho t . Prod r . t ame , p , Brunner, eur . p , , 1 2 8 8 . . for a table of the European genera ( ) Scudder, Proc Bost — . . . v ii 287 332 his soc nat hist , x i, -also Synoptical table of . . Forfi culariae 1 77 78 U S (Psyche, i , and his Synopsis A r of the North merican species (Bull . U . S . geol . su v . terr . , ii , — ’ 249 60 F rfi ulid a , and finally Kirby s Revision of the o c e — J . Z 5 2 31 . . 0 ( ourn Linn soc . Lond . , ool , xxiii , , which also contains a table -of the genera . A n is ola bis . (Table of species) Scudder, Bull . U . S . geol .

. . 25 1 surv terr , ii ,

S hon o li or a . . . p g p (Table of species) Scudder, Bull U . S . geol

u . . 252 s rv terr , ii , La bia — 1 7 8 (Tables of species) Scudder, Psyche , i , Id . . . 257 , Bull U S . geol . surv . terr . , ii, F o cula — A rﬁ . ( Tables of merican species) Scudder, Psyche, i , 1 7 7 Id . 254 , Bull . U . S . geol . surv . terr . , ii ,

A A BL TTID E . For the general treatment of this family and tables for its sub division , to which special reference is made, see , in chronological A order and with special reference to North merican forms, Bur ’ ’ m H and b ii 48 1 —8 2 1 8 38 Serville s O rthO tere s eister s . ent . , , ( ) p , 66 1 8 39 i d r O r h t 48 B . t o . ( ) de Haan, j kenn . p , Fieber, — 53 . . O rtho t 4 6 O rthO t . . 91 1 8 Syn eur p . , Fischer, p eur , ( ) 4 1 3 - S cudder, Bost . journ . nat . hist . , vii , for New England h A 46 47—49 1 45 1 62 r O r o t . . 8 t . genera ( ) Saussu e , p mer moy , , , , —5 65 2 1 9 1 64 u . 46 0 1 8 8 . ( Br nner, Syst Blatt , ( ) Saussure, h 1 870 r h 1 869 . O rt o t . o t O t. . . Mel . p , i ( ) his Miss scient Mex , p ( ) — ll rthO t I O . 1 8 4 . . 6 7 . 7 Stal , Rech syst . Blatt ( ) Thomas , Key p , — 1 87 5 Prod r . O rtho t . 29 30 ( ) Brunner, . eur p , for the European

5 . 1 8 82 O rth o . 0 . t . . genera ( ) Fernald , p N Engl , N Engl gen ho t 1 0—1 2 O rt . R év . era only Brunner, . syst p , BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES MANTIDAE 6 9

-Z ehn n r r h 4—1 5 t e O t O t . 1 Saussure , Biol . centr . amer . , p , — mb r . 24 4 1 Ca . 0 and Sharp , nat . hist , v, — BLATTI NA E . 46 47 (Tables of genera) Brunner, Syst . Blatt . , 1 5 h - - R O rt o . 1 3 1 4 1 9 86 Id . t 8 3 r Z év . . ( ) , syst p , ( Saussu e ehnt O r h 30—31 . . t o t ner, Biol centr . amer , p . ,

Th rs eer a — o . . y (Tables of species) Brunner, Syst . Blatt , 1 1 6—1 h O r O . 4 7 . . t t 8 Saussure , Miss scient Mex . , p , 1 870 . r h 21 O t o t . ( ) Brunner, Rev syst . p ,

I c n r — s h o te a . . p (Tables of species) Brunner, Syst Blatt , 1 2 -29 r h 3 O r O t . 5 8 . t Saussu e , Miss . scient . Mex , p , - — Z h n r 35 36 e nt e O rtho t . Saussure , Biol . centr . amer . , p ,

Ph ll dr mi . rth A o o a O o t . y (Tables of species) S aussure , p mer . — — 93 94 1 864 . 9 9 . 8 0 moy , ( Brunner, Syst . Blatt , O r ho t 27 1 870 R . . . t . év . Saussure , Miss scient Mex , p , ( ) Brunner, r h 1 4— 5 1 9 -Z hn r O t O t . 1 8 3 e tne syst. p , ( ) Saussure , Biol . centr . h 4 — 2 . O rt o t 1 4 amer , p . , — Cera tino ter . 6 a . 7 p -(Tables of species ) Brunner, Syst Blatt , Z hn n er O r h e t . t o t 48 S aussure , Biol . centr . amer , p . , (1 8 93) Temn r w o te . . 84 p y (Tables of species ) Brunner, Syst Blatt . ,

h . 23 . O rt o t Saussure, Miss . scient . Mex , p , Saus - h — Z hn n r . . O r O . 50 52 e t e . t t sure , Biol centr amer , p ,

L r — 0 obo te a . . 8 p . (Table of species) Brunner , Syst Blatt ,

NY GToBoR I NAE e . . No tabl of genera has ever been published — N ctobor a . . . 1 44 y (Tables of species) Brunner, Syst Blatt , - h Z hn n r . O rt o t 55 u e t e . Sauss re , Biol . centr amer . , p ,

— PE R I PLANE TINAE . . . ( Tables of genera) Brunner, Syst Blatt , — 3 . 1 2 4 02 . 8 2 . , Stal , Rech syst Blatt , Brun — -Z hn ner 5 e t . O rtho . 33 3 . t ner, Rev . syst p , Saussure , Biol O h 69— 0 rt o t . 7 centr . amer . , p , — -Z h n r E ur cotis . e nt e . . y (Table of species) Saussure , Biol centr r h 70 O t o t . amer . , p , — - Pelma tos il ha Z ehntner . p (Table of species) S aussure , Biol

O rtho t . 72 centr . amer . , p , 70 GUIDE To ORTHOPTERA - Per i la n eta — Z ehntner p (Table of species) Saussure , Biol . O rtho t 7 3—74 centr . amer . , p . , — PANC H LO R INAE . (Tables of genera) Brunner , Syst . Blatt . , — 1 6—1 48 49 . . . 7 r Stal , Rech syst Blatt , S aussu e — Z hn n er . . O rtho 8 8 89 1 93 e t . t 8 , Biol centr amer , p . , ( ) ﬂ r — A P n e/ a O r h . a o t o t . (Tables of species) Saussure , p mer 1 8 7—202 1 864 2 1 . 7 moy , , passim ( Brunner, Syst . Blatt . ,

O r h 1 1 . t o t 0 72 . . . Saussure , Miss scient Mex , p ,

-hn n r — O rtho . 91 93 Z e t e . . t Saussure , Biol centr . amer , p , - NAE — Z hn n r C O R YDI . u e t e . (Table of genera) Sa ssure , Biol O ho t 1 04—1 05 . rt . centr . amer , p , - m e a mia — Z ehn ner H o o o t . g . (Table of species) Saussure , Biol

O rth 1 05—1 06 o t . centr . amer . , p , I NAE — PLE C ToPTE R . . . (Table of genera) Brunner, Syst Blatt , 48 — h ris oneur . C o a . (Table of species) Brunner, Syst Blatt 256 — NE S TH I NAE . PA . . (Tables of genera) Brunner, Syst Blatt , h — Id R . O r o t 45 46 5 . év . t 0 . , syst p , Saussure , 301 —303 1 895 Rev . suisse zool . , iii, ( )

A A M NTID E .

Tables for the determinations of the subfamilies (in some instances of the genera only) of Mantidae will be found in Bur d 523—24 O r h H an b . v t o r . te es meister, ent , ii , Ser ille, p , i d r r h 64— B . O t o t . 65 1 40 de Haan , j kenn . p , h 1 23 t . . . O rt o . . Fischer , p eur , Saussure , Miss scient Mex — d . r h 29 30 I Mél o t o t . 1 57 2 . Id O r h0 t . t . p , , p , i , , Id Mitth e ell h iii 5 . . . s sc 1 7 . . Mant . amer . , , schweiz ent g , , 5— . 7 . Stal , Syst . Mant , Brunner, Rev syst . — -Z hn ner h t 57 58 r e t . . O rt op . , Saussu e , Biol centr amer . , m 2 b r . 59 4 C a . h t 1 2 . O rt o . p , Sharp, nat hist , v , and 20 —2 9 . 7 0 Scudder, Can . ent , xxviii , For a general dis l i n . . o . cuss of the classiﬁcation , see a so Stal , Rech syst Mant BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES — PHASMIDAE 71

MANTINAE — . (Tables of genera and higher groups) Saussure , — — Mél r h 1 5 Id . . m 2 30 o t o t. 7 7 7 7 . p , i , , Mant a er . , — i h . Id . Mtt Id . O r h o t 233 36 . . t , Miss . scient Mex , p . , , — — — . e sellsch 5 5 5 8 224 27 234 35 . schweiz . ent g . , iii , , , Id — — 5 h . 1 2 1 . 1 8 4 Mél. ort o t 9 il . p , ii , St -l, Syst Mant , Prodr . O rtho . 5 . t 7 E Brunner, eur p , for uropean-genera O r h — 4 Z hn n r 60 6 e t e . Id . R év t o t , . syst . p . , S aussure , Biol — O r h . 1 2 1 3 1 . t o t 7 0 62 u centr amer . , p , , Sc dder, Can . ent . 207—209 xxviii, — - Pha smoma n tis u Z ehntner . . (Table of species) Sa ssure , Biol 1 49 . O rthO t . centr amer . , p , m — S ta oma n tis . . g (Tables of species) S aussure , Mant . amer , — Id . . . r h 243 44 44 O t O t . . , Miss scient Mex , p ,

-Z hn n r h — O r o . 1 4 41 e t e . t t 0 Saussure , Biol . centr amer . , p , Br nn ria - 1 33 u e . . (Table of species) Saussure , Mant amer . ,

— 1 1 9 O li on ce . . . g y (Tables of species) Saussure , Mant amer , h 2 3 Id . O rt o t 7 . , Miss . scient . Mex , p . , Saussure

Z hn n r . O rtho 1 72 e t e . . t , Biol centr amer , p . , — - Th s r otia ur Z ehntner . . e . p (Table of species) Sauss e , Biol centr 0 O rtho t . 1 7 amer . , p , — 56 VA TINAE . an . 1 (Tables of genera) Saussure , M t amer . ,

d . M l r h ii 3 Id I o t o t . 7 . . é . . , p , , , Miss scient . Mex , 53 h d l h . 86 I . Mit h . esel s O rt o t . 2 t c p , . schweiz . ent g , iii , h — 5 O rt O t . 73 7 u Brunner, Rev . syst . p , Sa ssure

hn n r h 4 Z e t e O rt o t . 1 8 , Biol . centr . amer . , p , — 1 2 Theocl tes u . 7 y (Tables of species) Sa ssure , Mant . amer ,

I d . . r h 292 . O t o t , Miss scient Mex . , p . , Saussure — Z hn ner . O h 1 90 91 e t . . rt o t . , Biol centr amer , p ,

A A PH SMID E .

mi For the division of this family into subfa lies or genera, see

m 56 r h h . 0 O t o t r s r . . e e Bu meister, Ha d ent , ii , S erville , p , — i h — 220 222 H B dr. . O rt o t. 1 07 1 08 de aan, -j kenn p , 1 3 1 Id r h iii ] 6 O t o t . Sta , Rech . syst . Phasm . , . , Rec . p , , 72 GUIDE To ORTHOPTERA

4—6 Id r h — 2 o t O t . 5 21 . . R év . , Obs p , i, Brunner, — — O rtho t . 79 8 1 C amb r 8 . . 277 7 syst p , Sharp , . nat hist . , v , 29— 30 and Scudder, Can . ent . , xxvii, the last for the United States genera only . — BA N LINAE . C U CU . (Table of genera) Brunner, Rev . syst O rthO 82 pt. , erm l — h iii 6— S e. . O rt O t . 7 77 y (Table of species) Stal, Rec p , , (1 87 5) ANI s oMO R PH INAE — u . (Table of genera) Br nner, Rev . Syst . 9 O rtho t . 8 p ,

A A CRIDIID E .

Tables for the distribution of this family into subordinate H an — db . 602 603 groups will be found in Burmeister, . ent , ii ,

O r h re s 565—7 0 Bi dr t o te . Serville, p , de Haan , j — 1 44 46 n . r h O r h t . t o S . O t o t . kenn . p , Fieber , y eur p , — O r h o t 2 5— 8 3 t . 9 98 7 . , passim Fischer, p eur , for ii . . . v European genera Scudder, Bost journ nat . hist , , - h — 41 4 N n . O rt o t 1 8 . Engl . ge era Stal , Rec p . , i , 9—5 1 A . . A 4 Id . O rtho t . Thomas, crid N . , , Key Ill . p ,

— — I r h — 2 3 o t O t . 8 1 0 for llinois genera Stal, Obs . p , ii , Ill 8 3-92 — Thomas , Rep . ins . . , ix, for Illinois genera — — Prod r O rtho t . 83 8 7 r Brunner , . eur . p , for Eu opean 1 00—1 01 genera Comstock , Intr . ent . , Fernald , h 28 — N R O rt O t . . v . p . N . Engl . Engl genera Brunner, é h t 1 02—1 03 C amb r O rt o . . syst . p , Sharp , nat . hist . , v , 3 9—1 0 325 — 0 . Morse, Psyche , vii , for N Engl . groups il] — MNe se . 1 8 A c . . . . 0 only , Proc Dav acad nat , vi , mer ican subfamilies only

— dr TE TTI GINAE Bi . . (Table of species) de Haan , j kenn . — A 1 66 67 . O rtho t . p , (Tables of genera) Thomas , crid 1 82 ortho 47 A . t . N . Stal , Obs p , ii, Bolivar, — 2 Te ti 1 7 22 . . 1 1 . t . Ess g , Comstock , Intr ent , — 4 N . h . 6 O rt o t . . . Fernald , p N Engl , E genera only ii 9 — v 1 4 . Morse, Psyche, , for N Engl . genera only

74 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA

D ichr omor ha M Neill . c .