M i n GUIDE TO TH E GENERA AND CLASSIFI CATIO N NORTH AMERICAN ORTHOPTERA FO UND NO R TH O F MEXICO SAMUEL H UBBARD SC UDDER CAMBRIDGE EDW ARD W . W H EELER 1 8 97 TH E poetry of earth is never dead n When all the birds are fai t with the hot sun, And hide in cooling trees, a voic-e will run From hedge to hedge about the new mown mead ; ’ - That is the Grasshopper s he takes the lead In — he summer luxury, has never done With his delights ; for when tired out with fun He rests at ease beneath some pleasant weed . The poetry of earth is ceasing n ever On a lone winter evening , when the frost Has wrought a silence , from the stove there shrill . ’ The Cricket s song , in warmth increasing ever, An d seems to one in drowsiness half lost, ’ The Grasshopper s among some grassy hills . ! EA TS . 1 0 13 10 PREFACE. TH E l a s fol owing Tables and Bibliographies are published , not a finality , but for temporary use by students of Orthoptera in this n w ho . cou try, have few means for working up their collections The author contemplates a general work on the classification of our i Orthoptera, of which this is merely a Prodromus and wh ch may serve its purpose until the material at hand has been more thor i The oughly stud ed . frequent demands made for information have prompted it . The greater number of the tables are based upon those of Stal , Brunner and de Saussure, but these authors are in no way responsible for the form in which they here appear . A great deal of work has yet to be done, especially in the m n Saltatorial fa ilies , before even the genera of our fau a are fairly known . What is given below includes only data already published or about to be published . Nearly two hundred genera are included in the tables . MB A 1 3 1 9 . C R G A . 8 7 A ID E , M SS , pril , E CO NT NTS . PA G E Preface Table of the families of Orthoptera Table of Forfi culid ae Tables of Blattidae Tables of Mantidae Tables of Phasmidae Tables of Acridiidae Tables of Locustidae Tables of Gryllidae Bibliographical Notes : General Forfi culid a e Blattidae Mantidae Phasmidae Acridiid ae Locustidae Gryllidae List of the Literature Index GUIDE TO TH E GENERA AND CLASSIFIC ATIO N O F NO RTH AMERICAN O RTH O PTERA. ALL the seven families of Orthoptera are found in the United States , but only the saltatorial families in any considerable vari In ety , unless we may except the Blattidae . the subfamilies how f l ever the case is di ferent, for less than ha f of them occur within our boundaries at all and a number that d o occur are represented only by a single (often introduced) species . The following list i i will show the proportion that occur in the different fam l es . F orfi culid a e 1 1 subfamily represented out of recognized . Blattidae 6 subfamilies 1 1 Mantidae 2 6 Phasmidae 3 1 2 Acridiidae 4 9 Locustidae 6 1 5 Gryllidae 6 6 It will be seen that even in the saltatorial families scarcely u i more than half of the subfamilies occ r , notwithstand ng that all i the subfamilies of Gryll dae ha v e representatives . The repre n i n se tat o is shown also to be very unequally distributed . The families of Orthoptera may be distinguished by the table given on the next three pages . 8 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA F m li r r a i es of O thop te a . I - l A . Non saltatoria and mute . Hind femora closely resembling those of the other legs, and scarcely if at all stouter or longer than the middle femora ; organs of flight in a normal position r when immatu e ; ovipositor concealed by the subgenital plate . l i b . Mouth anter or ; tarsi with not more than three joints ; anal area of wings (when present) extending around the apex over more than half the front border of the wi ngs ; abd omen termin a FO R F C U L . ated in both sexes by forcipate append ges . I IDAE 62 - . Mouth posterior, inferior , or at most antero inferior ; tarsi - * fi v e jointed ; anal area of the wing never infringing on the i a front border ; abdom nal appendages not distinctly forcip te . l c . Body oval, depressed , much broader than deep at the posterior extremity of the prothorax ; head nearly horizontal and wholly or almost wholly concealed beneath the pro i - notum , the mouth posterior or nfero posterior when at rest l ocel i generally two in number ; pronotum clypeate, generally transverse ; legs depressed . Insects of rapid movement . BLA TTIDAE ° 2 0 . Body elongate , generally narrow, even when depressed or expanded generally but little broader than deep at the poste rior extremity of the prothorax ; head free, often separated from the prothorax by a deep constriction ; ocelli three or wanting pronotum never transverse, except occasionally by laminate expansions ; legs rarely depressed . Insects of deliberative movement . d l . Head oblique , generally trigonal ; mouth inferior or - ‘ infero posterior ; ocelli three ; antennae rarely as long as the body, generally slender ; -pronotum generally longer than any other segment ; fore legs raptorial, terminating in a b single claw, which with the tarsi is placed eneath the spinous tibiae when at rest ; anal cerci articulated . M NT A IDAE . O e e n th e le e ccasionally a joint is abs nt , probably by accid tal loss of g in arly life , e th e e one sinc in r production of lost limbs tarsal joint always disappe ars . FAMILIES or ORTHOPTERA 9 “ d . H z i ead subh-ori ontal , generally quadrate or g bbous ; mouth antero inferior ; ocelli often wanting ; antennae generally longer than the body and coarse ; pronotum - m very short ; fore legs constructed like the others , ter in ating in a pair of claws , the fore femora often arcuate at . PH S M the base ; anal cerci inarticulate A IDAE . 2 A . Saltatorial and generally stridulating Hind femora very much stouter basally, or very much longer , or both , than the middle femora ; organs of flight in a reversed position when im mature ; head vertical ; ovipositor, with few exceptions , free . l A few exce b . ntennae much shorter than the body (with p filiform if tions) , , clubbed or ensiform , but the first scarcely i tapering, the joints distinct, often depressed ; ocell three ; tarsi -n m r all three joi ted , si ilar in structu e on the legs ; stridulating organs (when present) situated on th e hind femora and costal field of the' tegmin a ; auditory organs (when present) on the basal segment of the abdomen ; ovipositor composed of a dis crete double pair of short arcuate plates , vertically divergent A R C . at tip . IDIIDAE 2 A 6 . ntennae much longer than the body, setaceous , delicately L - tapering ; ocelli often wanting ; tarsi three or four join ted ; stridulating organs (when present) situated on the anal field of the tegmin a ; the auditory near the base of the fore tibiae (or rarely on the prosternum) ovipositor usually prolonged into a compressed blade or needle , its parts compact . cl - . Ocelli generally wanting ; tarsi four jointed , nearly similar in structure on all the legs fore coxae usually broader than mi long T middle field of teg na in repose , like the costal field , nearly or quite vertical ; base of male tegmina (when present) furnished on dorsal surface with a tympanum limited to the anal area, crossed by a prominent nervure formed by the r last branch of the anal vein , and as a whole nar ower than the rest of the tegmen ; ovipositor (unless , as rarely, concealed) n formi g a strongly compressed , generally ensiform blade , the inn er valves almost always part ially exposed the entire L T . O C U S length of the ovipositor , the tip not expanded IDAE . * - In D aih inia t h e e b ind are ee e for and tarsi thr joint d . Ex c e tin St eno elmatinae Gr llacrina e t p g in p and y . 1 0 GUIDE TO ORTHOPTERA “ - c . Ocelli variable ; tarsi three jointed, those of the fore legs or else of the hind legs differing from the others in structure fore coxae longer than broad ; middle field of tegmina in u repose, like the anal field, nearly or q ite horizontal base of male tegmina (when present) furnished on the dorsal surface with a tympanum (rarely absent) extending across both anal and median areas , crossed by a prominent nervure formed by the main anal vein , and as a whole broader than the rest of the tegmen (except in Gryltotalpinae) ; ov ipos itor c lin (unless, as rarely, concealed) forming a nearly y drical r l u st aight or occasional y upc rved needle , the inner valves generally scarcely exposed except at the expanded tip . GR YLL IDAE . * Th e As Sch izo d act lus e e L w iatic y is a curious xampl of a ocustid , ith an enor m l e e z fi h e e . ous y d velop d and hori ontal anal eld , giving it t asp ct of a Gryllid FORFICULIDAE 1 1 FO F L AE R ICU ID . This family has never been divided by systematists save into in genera, of which half a dozen occur the United States , and may be separated by the subjoined table .