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Olive Tree Trail

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Olive Tree Trail 2 THE STONE QUARRY AND FOSSILS The cliff, behind the olive oil mill, is an old stone quarry; the very same stones have been used to build the village of Cadenet. The Luberon in Provence is an area full of fossil deposits. If you look down by your feet you will find scallop and oyster fossils dating from the Miocène period (-23 to – 5 million years). This area corresponds to the opening of the occidental part of the 7 WHEN DOES THE HARVEST TAKE PLACE ? Mediterranean, the red sea, as well as the formation of the alpine range. The exact point of time for the harvest is depending on the sort of olive and the desired result of the oil. The olives The foundation of the mill revealed some important fossil beds of oysters in a layer 10 to 20cm thick inches dating from 10 million for a fruity green olive oil are harvested at the beginning of the season – between October and November, when years. their color is changing from green to black. In other areas of the Luberon we can find vertebrate fossils, mammal footsteps, insects and plant residues very well preserved. The resulting oil has an intensive taste with aromas of herbs. For the fruity ripe oils so olives will be harvested at a later of stage of the season, once they have reached a black color. The resulting oils do have aromas of apples, flowers and dry fruits. 3 OUR TREES To know the exact date for the harvest, dependent on the expected result, we use modern technology: we take 4000 olive trees spread over 15 hectares of land, planted in 1998, 1999 and 2000. on a regular basis some probes of the olives and analyse them prior to the harvest, to know e.g. the percentage of 5 varieties of olives: Aglandau 80%. The rest is spread between 4 other varieties calles Bouteillan, Picholine, Salonenque and Cayon. contained oil and bitter aromas. These are the 5 varieties of the AOC Provence Our trees are fairly young. Irrigation is key for the growth of the trees as well as fruiting. THE LUBERON The most important time of irrigation : April, May and June when blossom and fruit set take place. The forest area north of you is called Luberon. Water is also needed for the lipogenesis (the fabrication of the oil in the fruit) This mountain range gives the name to the whole region. The Luberon is reaching from Cavaillon to Manosque and covers an area of 3,000 km 2 and is the connecting piece between the Mediterranean sea and the southern alps. If spring brings water and if we have a few storms in the summer, it won’t be necessary to water. The highest peak reaches 1125 m and is named Mourre Nègre. It is located just in front of you. You can recognize it by The olive tree is characterized by its longevity; these trees can reach 100 years and much more. the big mast with all the mounted antennas. This peak offers a beautiful area for hiking and biking. And under good weather The trunk of the tree will disappear throughout aging process; however the regrowth from the stump, which develop at the base conditions you can even spot the Mediterranean sea. of the tree, will insure its durability and will regenerate a new tree. The olive tree is also known to be very rustique, enabling the tree to develop at his best under a very hot climate and sometimes on very poor soil. 8 THE LUBERON REGIONAL NATURE RESERVE Also at this place you can see young olive trees, which were planted just in 2010 (olive sort Aglandau, Bouteillan, 4 VIEW OF THE 2009 GROVE Salonenque and Cayon). The nature park Luberon is covering an area of more than 185,000 hectars, reaching from Cavaillon (Vaucluse) to Lurs In front of you, the view of our young olive grove planted in 2009. (Alpes-de- Hautes-Provence) along both sides of the Luberon. At the bottom of the hill, the stream called the Laval flows from the Luberon out into the Durance river to the South of Cadenet. Due to the preferred location between Alps and Mediterranean sea, the Luberon is not only the home a great variety Its bassin spreads over 4 counties which are : Cadenet, Vaugines, Cucuron and Puyvert. The stream goes through our estate this is of flora and fauna, but also geological formations. why we decided to call it this way. The river Durance is the longest river in Provence it takes its stream in the High Alps, at 2632m The area of the nature park Luberon is also a very vital area: in total more than 174,500 people in 77 municipalities altitude, by the “Mont Chenaillet”, close to the Italian border, it flows into the Rhône 305 km further. are living here. The Durance Valley carves out a road North/South which crosses four counties and plateau, all of them filled with history. It is the In December 1997 the nature park Luberon was officially included in the list of UNESCO World Network of Biosphere true spinal column of Provence : from the Alpes to the “Crau” plain, the Durance runs through the Provence Alps Côte d’Azur Reserves. and provides 75% of its water needs. This meant the acknowledgement of the essential role of the Luberon for the preservation of the regional ecological balance and also its importance as a cultural heritage on an international level. The nature park Luberon is furthermore a member of the UNESCO Global Geoparks Network. 5 A CERTIFIED ORGANIC PRODUCTION We do not use any chemical product during the annual process of the olive farming we only use organic fertilizers. 9 HISTORY OF THE OLIVE TREE We mow the grass instead of weeding. Indeed, the grass shelters a fairly large amount of insects which help us fight against pests and disease of the olive tree. We mow the grass twice a year in May/June and November before the harvest. To fight against the fly of the olive we use neutral clay, kaolinite. It forms a natural fence which will prevent the fly from laying its eggs. THE YEARLY CYCLE OF OLIVE TREE CULTIVATION In order to get our land and production certified as organic we have to go through a very thorough administration process which can last for several years before obtaining the actual certification. Taille Floraison Fécondation Nouaison Grossissement Véraison Maturation Récolte The certification is issued by a recognized certification authority who makes regular control and samples in order to check that the guidelines of Organic agriculture is respected. Our recognized certification authority is called ECOCERT. mars mai/juin juin juillet juil à nov septembre sept à déc nov à dec The olive tree showed up the first time in a wild form approx.. 14,000 years ago in Asia Minor. There still exists today large forests of wild olive trees. The spreading of olive trees is linked to the spreading of the Mediterranean climate, 6 THE DIFFERENT VARIETY OF OLIVE TREES (possible return to the boutique for the shorter walk or you can carry on for the longer walk for another 30 mn) which started about 10,000 years ago. There are more than 2000 different varieties of olives across the world. There are about 300 varieties in France; The first known olive growers had been 4,000 B.C. Phoenician and Syrian. Step by step the olive tree spread due to however not all of these are good to produce olive oil or olives. Amongst the most famous ones, we have the Sabine the trading from middle east to Palestine and Cypress. At 3,500 B.C. in Corsica, the Olivière in the Pyrénééns, the Lucques in the Hérault and it’s in Provence that we we grow the most the olive tree reached Crete and the Aegean coast: different frescos and earthenware jugs from the beginning of the varieties: third millennium B.C. demonstrate an intensive trading with olive oil. Olive branches found in Egyptian graves shows, Aglaudau, Bouteillan, Tanche, Grossane, Petit Ribier, salonenque, Cayon, Picholine, Cayetier... that even in Egypt already 1,500 B.C. olive trees were planted. The most famous varieties in the South are the Picholine and the Aglandau, which we can find in Gard, the Ardèche, Due to migration of people, conquests and trade the olive tree spread throughout the whole Mediterranean region: the Hérault or the Bouches du Rhône. At Bastide du Laval, we grow 80% of Aglandau, 5% of Salonenque, 5% of Italy, Spain, France, Tunisia, Morocco... Bouteillan, 5% of Cayon and 5% of Picholine. In Provence the olive tree showed up in his wild form already a long time ago: fossilized leaves, which are dated at 8,000 B.C. were found in Roquevaire in France. This diversity of varieties of olives enables us to work on the taste and to create different olive oils. It also helps us The olive cultivation was introduced 6,000 B.C. by the Phoenician, which founded Massilia (Marseille) and who taught optimize the pollination of our trees. Most of the olive trees are self pollinators, however some varieties more than the inhabitants how to cultivate the olive trees. Therefore youcan still find olive trees which are aged between 1,000 others. For instance the Aglandau which forms the majority of our orchard is hard to pollinate by itself. The best and 2,000 years. variety to pollinate the Aglandau is the Picholine. The other way round is not true. 12 10 HEALTH AND BENEFITS OF USING OLIVE OIL 11 Olive oil contains many unsaturated fats, e.g.
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