VOL. 3 Public Disclosure Authorized dl- ee r

Public Disclosure Authorized Revised Final Environmental Impact Assessment Report

March 2009 Public Disclosure Authorized

IETAFERIA CONSLILTING ENGINEERS plc CORE CONSULTING ENGINEERS PIC P. 0. BOX 3 192 P. 0. Box 2505 in JV with Tel: 251 -113 - 206032 TEL.: 251-11-551-5647,551-7036 Fax: 251 -113 - 206033 FAX: 251 -11-551 -4466 Email: Ernail: [email protected] ADDlS ABABA, ETHIOPIA ADDlS ABABA, ETHIOPIA Public Disclosure Authorized Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite .Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... I

LIST OF ACRONYMS ...... V

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... VII

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 BACKGROUND...... 1

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ...... 1

1.3 METHODOLOGY ...... 1

1.3.1 FIELD VISIT ...... 1

1.3.2 PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 2

1.3.3 CONSULTATION WITH LOCAL ADMINISTRATION ...... 2

1.3.4 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT ...... 2

2. PROJECT LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION ...... 3 2.1 PROJECTLOCATION ...... 3 2.2 PROJECTOBJECTIVE AND JUSTIFICATION...... 3 2.3 PROJECTDESCRIPTION ...... 4 2.4 PROJECTBENEFICIARIES ...... 4 2.5 BRIEFDESCRIPTION OF THE ROADNETWORK ...... 5 2.6 TRAFFICLEVEL ...... 5 2.7 TowsAND VILLAGESALONG THE EXISTINGROUTE ...... 5 2.8 DESCRIPTIONOF THE BIO-PHYSICALENVIRONMENT ...... 6 2.8.1 Topography of the Project Area ...... 6 2.8.2 Climatic Data ...... 7 2.8.3 Geology and Geomorphology of the Area ...... 8 2.8.4 Land Use & land Cover ...... 9 2.8.5 Water Resources ...... 9 2.8.6 Flora (Forests/ Vegetation) ...... 10 2.8.7 Fauna ...... 10 2.9. DE~CRIPTIONOF THE SOC10-ECONOMICENVIRONMENT ...... 26

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2.9.1. Socio-Economic Environment ...... 26 2.9.2 Demography, Ethnicity and Religion ...... 27 2.9.2. Major Economic activities ...... 28 2.9.3. Agriculture ...... 29 2.9.4. Household income ...... 30 2.10. PHYSICALCULTURAL RESOURCES (PCR) ...... 33 3 . POLICIES. LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ...... 37

3 . 1 NATIONALPOLICIES AND STRATEGIES...... 37 3.1.I Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE)...... 37 3.1.2 Environmental Policy of Ethiopia ...... 37 . . 3.1.3 Sectoral Pollcles ...... 38 3. 1.4 World Bank Policies ...... 42 3.1.5. The Bank's Policy on Disclosure ...... 4.5 3.1.6. Comparison betn~eennational law on land use and Bank OP 4.12 ...... 45 3.2 ENVIRONMENTALFRAMEWORK LEGISLATION ...... 46 3.2.1 The Constitution of the FDRE ...... 46 3.2.2 Proclamation on Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs, Proclanlation No . 295/2002 ...... 47 3.2.3. Procla?nation on Environmental Impact Assessment, Proclamation No . 299/2002 ...... 48 3.2.4 Proclamation on Environmental Pollution Control, Proclamation no . 300/2002 ...... 50 3.2.5 Proclamation to provide for the Expropriation of Land Holdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation, Proclamation No . 455/2005 ...... 50 3.2.6Proclamation on Conservation, Development and Utilisation of Forests ...... 53 3.2. 7 Proclamation on Rural Land Administration and Land Use ...... 53 3.2.8 Proclamation on Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage ...... 53 3.2.9Proclamation on Ethiopian Water Resources Management ...... 54 3.2.10 Multilateral Agreements and Conventions ...... 55 3.3 EIA GUIDELINES...... 56 3.3.1 EPA EIA Guidelines ...... 56 3.3.2 ERA Standard Environmental Procedures Manual and Resettlement /Rehabilitation Policy Framework ...... 57 3.4 INSTITUTIONALAND ADMINISTRATIVEFRAMEWORK ...... 57 3.4.1 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and Administration Regions ...... 57 3.4.2. Environmental Protection Authority ...... 57 3.4.3 Regional Governments ...... 58 3.4.4 Ethiopian Roads Authority ...... 58 3.4.5 Regional and Local Government Bodies ...... 60 4 . POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ROUTE ...... 61

5. PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS ...... 61

6 . ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 65 Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers ii Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite .Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Repod

6.1 IMPACTSON THE SOCIOECONOMICENVIRONMENT ...... 65 . . 6.1.I Posztzve Impacts ...... 65 6.1.2 Negative Impacts ...... 67 6.2 ADVERSEIMPACTS ON THE BIOPHYSICALENVIRONMENT ...... 69 6.2.1 Impact on Vegetation ...... 69 6.2.2 Impacts on the Wildlfe...... 69 6.2.3 Soil Erosion and Contamination ...... 70 6.2.4 Air Pollution and Fugitive Dust ...... 71 6.2.5 Slope Instabiliv ...... 71 6.2.6 Construction Workforces Campsites and other worksite areas ...... 71 6.2.7. Impacts ofMateria1 Sites Establishment ...... 72 6.2.8. Spoil disposal areas ...... 76 6.2.9. Impacts Associated with Construction Trdffic ...... 76 6.2.10. Pollution from Sanitary and other Wastes and Spillages ...... 77 6.2.11. Competition for Water Resources ...... 78 6.2.12. Disruption to Public Se~vices...... 79 6.2.13. Adverse Impact on Women and Child...... 80 6.2.14 Physical Cultural Resources (PCR) ...... 81 7 . ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 82 7.1 GENERALCONSIDERATIONS ...... 82 7.2 ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT DURING PRE-CONSTRUCTIONPHASE ...... 83 7.3 ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT DURING CONSTRUCT[ONPHASE ...... 83 7.4 ENVIRONMENTAI-MANAGEMENT DURING OPERATIONPHASE ...... 84 7.5 SPECIFICACTIVITIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES...... 84 8 . ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME ...... 97

9. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING INDICATORS ...... 103

10. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE OF THE EIA ...... 105

11. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 106

12. CLAUSES PROPOSED TO BE INCLUDED IN CONTRACT DOCUMENT ...... 108

12.1 CAMPESTABLISHMENT AND DEMOLISHING...... 108 12.2 AIRPOLLUTION ...... 109 12.3 DISRUPTIONOF SERVICES...... 109

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12.4 ARCHEOLOGICALAND CULTURALHERITAGE SITES ...... 110 12.5 SOIL AND WATERPOLLUTION ...... 110 12.6 EROSIONAND GULLYCONTROL ...... 110 12.7 OCCUPAT~ONALAND TRAFFICSAFETY ...... 111 12.8 HEALTH...... 112 12.9 USEOF CHILDLABOUR ...... 113 12.10 TREE PLANTING...... 113 12.11 GRASSING...... 114 12.12 SPOILDISPOSAL ...... 114 12.13 PREPARATIONOF SITE EMP ...... 115 12.14. IMPACTFROM QUARRYSITES, BORROWAREAS AND DETOURROADS ...... 116 12.15. IMPACTON WATERRESOURCES AND WETLANDS...... 117 12.16 IMPACTON FAUNA...... 11s 13. REFERENCES ...... 119

ANNEXES ...... 121

ANNEX 1. LIST OF CONTACTED PERSONS ...... 122

ANNEX 2 . LIST OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATED ON CONSULTATION ...... 123

ANNEX 3: LIST OF CONTACTED OFFICIALS ...... 124

ANNEX 4: PROJECT ROAD SITE PHOTOS ...... 126

ANNEX 5: COMMUNITY CONSULTATION ...... 129

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List of Acronyms

ADLI Agriculture Development-Led Industrialization ARCCH Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritages ARE Assistance Resident Engineer CSE Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia DD Detailed Design DMS Detailed Measurement Survey EA Environmental Assessment (E)EPA (Ethiopian) Environmental Protection Authority EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIS Environmental Impact Statement EMB Environmental Management Branch EMP Environmental Management Plan EMSB Environmental Monitoring and safety Branch EPE Environmental Policy of Ethiopia ERA Ethiopian Roads Authority FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia HIVIAIDS Human Immuno- defficiency VirusIAcquired Immuno-defficiency Syndrome IEE Initial Environmental Examination Km kilometer Km2 Square kilometer M Meter MEDaC Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation PAPS Project Affected Persons PPP Polluter-Pays-Principle RE Resident Engineer RoW(B) Right-of-way (Branch) RRAs Rural Roads Authorities RSDP Road Sector Development Program RSDPSP Road Sector Development Program Support Project SNNPRS Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State STDs Sexually Transmitted Diseases

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TD Tender Document TOR Terms of Reference LRTI Upper Respiratory Tract Infection UTI Urinary Tract Infection

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Executive Summary

Introduction

The Wolkite - Hossaina Road project lies in the Southern Nations Nationalities and People's Region(SNNPR) of Ethiopia and will connect three Zones of the region namely; Guragae, Silte e and Hadiya zones. The road project starts at a junction on the Addis Ababa - Jirnrna Asphalt road just within the Municipal area of Wolkite town and ends at Hossana town of Hadiya Zone. Wolkite town is found about 158 krn from Addis Ababa in the southern part of the country, while Hossaina is at 260km distance on the Addis Ababa - Butajira - Hossiana trunk road. The proposed project work is an upgrading work of the existing deteriorated gravel road to an asphalt road standard and will have an estimated road length of about 121 kms.

The road project traverses Cheha & Gumer Woredas of Guragea zone, Geto and West Azernet Berbere Woredas of Silt zone, Limo Woreda and Hossaina special Woredas of Hadiya zone. The Woredas have high agricultural potential and are densely populated rural settlement areas of the country.

Objectives of the EIA Study The purpose is to ensure that decision-makers consider environmental impacts before deciding whether to proceed with the road upgrading project of Welkite-Hossaina road project. It is a process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the biophysical, social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken and commitments made.

Therefore, the EIA study objectives include; - to assess the likely impacts of the Welkite - Hossaina road upgrading both on the natural and socio-economic environments; - to alert project affected communities and residents, as well as planners and decision-makers to the likely positive impacts and negative consequences, and ensure that human values and concerns are receiving proper attention and consideration during the design, construction and implementation of the project road. - to make analyses and define the resulting likely adverse impacts - to carry out detailed environmental and social impacts assessment and analyses to more precisely indicate major beneficial and adverse impacts that would be caused as a result of project implementation.

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- to identify and propose appropriate mitigation measures to be incorporated in the design and construction activities of the road project which will be followed by the preparation of environmental management and monitoring plan to be used during the construction and operation phases of the project.

Methodology

The study followed standard environmental impact assessment methodologies and procedures, EIA- guidelines prepared by the EPA and ERA-standard methodologies and procedures manual for road projects7 impact assessment. Data collection was done both from primary sources and secondary sources for base line environmental situation assessment. During the site visit, physical observation of the environmental settings of the route corridor was made and inventory of the observations were noted. Parallel to the physical observations, consultations and interviews were also made at village centers and townships falling in the route corridor. Analyses were made to develop cost-effective mitigation measures. Consultation with relevant stakeholders and project affected people (PAPS) were conducted at each locality. Local administrations and relevant institutions were contacted and involved in data collection, during discussion sessions and for coordination of focus group discussions. Discussions and briefings on the project objective, the possible impacts that can result during the project implementation, cooperation needed from the Woreda administrations and from the community were raised and discussed, with council members of each Woreda administration in the four Woredas. Minutes of meetings were also recorded and signed, as annexed to this report.

Policy and legal frame works There are several policy and legal documents both at federal and regional level as regards to environmental management and development projects. Accordingly, number of policies and strategies, environmental legislation, EIA guidelines, and institutional and administrative framework were developed at national and sectoral levels in order to address environmental issues in development projects. These policies, strategies and sectoral guidelines are all in line with donors7 environmental requirement. World Bank Safeguard policies relevant to the current project are also considered in the study. Of all the ten current World Bank's Safeguard Policies, only three policies are triggered by the proposed road project for upgrading. These include; OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment, OP4.11 physical cultural Resources and OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement.

Project Description The proposed road project is upgrading of the existing gravel surfaced road to Asphalt Concrete standard with 7.0-m wide carriageway and 0.5-1.5m wide gravel shoulders on

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either side depending on terrain type in rural sections and a two way 14m wide carriageway width, 3.5m parking lane and 2.5m side walks in town sections. The proposed road alignment mainly follows the existing Welketie - Hossaina road. However, there are two minor realignment sections; 1) starts at 4.3km and runs for 1.4km on new alignment about 0.25km off set and ends at 5.7km to improve the horizontal alignment at Wabe River., 2) starts at chainage 55.9km which runs for 0.5km realigned about 0.14km off the existing road. The pavement structure is designed for a 20-year design period.

Project Location The road upgrading project is located in the South Nations Nationalities and People Regional state. The start of the project, Welkite is located at 8" 16.6'Latitude & 37" 46.4' Longitude and is found 158 km from Addis Ababa, on the Addis Ababa - Jimrna trunk road. Whereas the destination point of the project, Hossaina is located at 7" 33 'Latitude& 37" 5 1 'Longitude is 260kms away from Addis Ababa and is on the Addis Ababa - Butajira - Wolayita trunk road. Wolkite and Hossaina are the start and end of the project, respectively. The project road connects three Zones and traverses five rural Woredas and two special Woredas; namely Wolkitie special Woreda, Chaha and Gummer Woredas in Gurage Zone, Mirab Azernet Woreda in Silte zone and Limo Woreda and Hossana special Woreda in Hadya zone.

Project Activities The activities of the road project comprise; upgrading of the main road to Asphalt Concrete standard with 7.0-m wide carriageway and 0.5 - 1.5m shoulders width depending on terrain type in rural sections and a two way 14m wide carriageway width, 3.5m parking lane and 2.5m side walks in town sections). Major activities include but not limited to: - clearing and grabbing grasses and bushes, earth work involving excavation, cutting, filling, rock blasting and disposal works of soils and rock materials, - new bridge construction and rehabilitation, drainage structures, biological and physical erosion control structures, slope protection measures, , - development of construction material sites (like quarries, borrows), construction of diversions and access road and their restoratiodreinstatement works, erecting crusher and asphalt plants, explosives store and campsites establishment, garage and work shops establishing and operation, - etc

Baseline Environmental Condition of the Road Route Corridor

Topography and Land Use The road route predominantly traverses through flat to rolling terrain in the Gurage zone, occasionally encountered rugged mountainous terrain section towards the last section in

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Silte Zone and partly also in the Hadiya Zone. Terrain classification of the road route is estimated as 64% flat, 30% rolling and 6% mountainous including built-up area in town and villages. The route corridor is also crossed by major rivers such as Wabe River at km 3.7, Megecha River at km 12.8, Gogeb River Gotam River at km 27.7, & Betena River at km 115.5. The dominant land uselland cover of the route corridor is characterized by intensively cultivated and settled rural settings. There are annual crops like barely, wheat, teff etc. Perennial crops like inset, coffee and fruit trees are intensively cultivated along the route and at some locations they are found including in the ROW width of the road. The major soil types observed along the sides of the proposed road project are red clayey soil and also in some areas there are Brown to dark clayey soils.

Flora Being one of the densely inhabited regions of the country much of the landscape on the sides of the road project is cultivated. However, there is only one protected forest area along the road project called Yegera protected forest at station 24km, which is located outside the ROW at about 1.Oh away from the road project. Diversion and access road constructions, stockpiling of excess cuts, material sites establishment, and dust pollution will affect this Yegera protected forest land. The common feature observed in the project area is road side tree plantations (both natural and artificial) which is located in farmer's own land and it is called Homestead plantation, and hence, quite well protected and the planted trees are mainly consists of Grevillea robusta, Eucalyptus species (Bahir Zaff) and Juniperus spp (Tid). These tree species are found in farmers' homestead and are well protected.

Fauna Regarding the wildlife resources in the project area, the common types include monkeys, apes, hyena, porcupines, pigs, etc. Any poaching activity of the limited resources by the construction workforces will be prohibited and provisions shall also be included in the contractual document.

Drainage and Settlement The project area falls in the Ghibe River drainage basin and has several surface water resources. Water resources found in the route corridor include rivers and streams like; Wabe River km 3.7, Megecha River at km 12.8, Gogeb River Gotam River at km 27.7, & Betena River at km 115.5, Lake Areket and wetland area of the lake at km 60. The road also traverses several settlement sites and townships like; Lera, Endibir,Areket, Qebul, Guber etc. The rural community in the project area mostly settles along the road sides and settlement sites are found at different locations along the road route.

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Physical and cultural Resources (PCR) Though not officially registered, there are some known cultural sites within the project influence area which are recognized by RegionalILocal Culture and Tourism Bureau especially in Silte Zone. During the revision of this EIA report (dated 20 January. 2009); SNNP Region Bureau of Culture and Tourism and the three Zones Culture and Tourism Offices were consulted on the availability of any area (s) of significance. As per the information receved and observation made by the consultants, the following sites are identified, which include: 1. Mugo Mountain, 82km, that is located on the right side of the road project, about 3km off the proposed road, hosts two very old Mosques (approx. 200 years old) which are recognized as one of the cultural and tourist attraction sites in the SNNP. This mountain is covered with dense forests of indigenous (e.g. Ficus, sp, Olea afiicana, Juniparus gracilor and procera, Corrdia africana, and etc) tree species. It is also rich in wildlife species, 2. Belechi Valley, at 83km about lkrn off the proposed road, recognized cultural sites in the SNNP, for its strategic nature and aesthetic value, it used to serve as a military strategic place where they used to hide themselves during the civil war, and 3. Old Burial Sites, at about 95km, there is an old Muslim burial site on both sides of the road. This site is outside the ROW but located within the road corridor.

Public Consultations Consultations with PAPS and the local authorities were conducted at various locations along the project road. This project has identified two groups of people, project beneficiaries and the affected people, as the primary stakeholders. In addition, there is one group of secondary stakeholders, who are government officials, with whom intensive focus group discussions were carried out, in addition to consultations carried out with influential individuals. The overall purpose of the discussion was to 1) inform, generate, and empower the PAPs, local authorities, and other key stakeholders about the project objectives and the socio- economic benefits of the proposed road project, 2) obtain the commitment of the local authorities to prohibit any further encroachment and development in the ROW after the cut-off -date, 3) ensure the availability of land for relocation and to prove the same to the PAPS, AND 4) Encourage them involve in the project planning and implementation processes and also inform them the EIA and EMP for implementation. During the field visit, discussions were held also with local authorities and as an outcome the officials agreed to; prohibit and deter newcomers from erecting or carrying out any activity within the ROW; provide land for the PAPs, monitor the PAPS in the construction of structures and preparation of sites for resettlement;

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agreed to cooperate with the construction contractors and supervision consultants in the process of land acquisition; and agreed to play key role in the overall implementation of the project road; etc The project affected persons were informed about the project's local, regional and national level benefits, and finally accepted and agreed to take part in the project implementation processes 1) up on the effect of adequate payment of compensation for their affected properties, and 2) showed their commitment to stand in line with the government policies and development strategies and involve in the project planning and implementation.

Regarding the Physical Cultural Resources (PCR), as mentioned above, the outcome of the consultation with the Regional and Woreda Culture and Tourism Bureaus revealed that there are some cultural and burial grounds along the project road that will be affected directly or indirectly by the road project construction.

During the appraisal, Consultations were made with the local administrations and religious leaders to reaffirm the issues of the PCR (especially the grave yards along the existing road route). Consultations were made at three locations; Mugo town (km 88), Hossaina (destination of the project) and at Walkitie towns (project road origin). The focus group discussion asserted that the construction of the road is at the top of the community's priority agenda, and that they are willing to cooperate and facilitate the project implementation as required. Regarding the graveyards, they have promised not to extend towards the road but use the plots at the back for the future.

Potential Project Impacts and proposed Mitigation measures The project will have both beneficial (positive) and adverse (negative) impacts to the natural and socio-economic environments. The beneficial impacts of the project include improving market opportunities, providing access to improved and better social service facilities, creating improved communication, improving the supply of agricultural inputs, creating employment opportunities for the local labor force thereby contribution to the reduction of poverty at the household level, enhancing investment and employment opportunities, contributing to income generating activities, and improving the situation of women by creating better access to transport and other facilities, resulting in higher incomes to the farming households. Additionally, the project road, in its short and medium term, urill create impacts such as reductions in vehicle operating, transport and time costs for public passenger and freight transports and for private vehicle users, and improvement in the availability of transport facilities and services, while in the long term development impacts, it will bring about economic growth and changes in the livelihood conditions of the people residing in the project area.

The main adverse environmental impacts of the Welkite - Hossaina road project include;

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1. Impact on Flora: There are no significant forest areas along the road project, but, impacts on Yegera protected forest at station 24km, which is located outside the ROW at about l.Okm away from the road project. However, diversion and access road constructions, stockpiling of excess cuts, material sites establishment, and dust pollution will affect the Yegera protected forest. Beside this, road side tree plantations (both natural and artificial) will also be affected as a result of direct road construction project. 2. Impacts on Fauna: the project road corridor is neither contiguous with, nor in close proximity with any of these nationally protected areas, however the few existing wildlife species that exist along the road area which include ape, monkey, and other smaller wildlife, may be impacted by high speed vehicular traffic, and poaching. 3. Impact on Soil: erosion-due to embankment fill, un-surfaced diversion and access roads, quarry and borrow sites, untreated stockpile of construction materials/spoil. 4. Impact on surface and sub-surface water bodies: contamination due to oil leakages from equipment and plants, dirt flow from construction site, camp sites. There is only one wetland is located along the project road, called Arekti Lake which is located at 64.3km which will likely to be affected by the road construction project. 5. Impact on Air Quality: this includes pollution as a result of emission from construction machinery and transport vehicles as well as dusts during and after project implementation. 6. Impact on Slope Stability: the slide prone areas at 71+000 to 73+000, 81+050 to 81+200 and 81+700 to 82+000, would be exacerbated by the construction activities in its proximity, 7. Impact on the Physical Cultural Resources (PCR). the old Muslim burial site at km - 95 is located on both sides of the road may experience cracking due to vibration of pavement compacting equipment, also rock blasting may affect the two 200 old mosques at km 82. Adequate and appropriate mitigation measures have been identified and proposed for these likely impacts of the project road on the environment. Some of the mitigation measures have already been included and while some will be included as environmental clauses in tender documents and construction contracts. Among many of the mitigation measures recommended and integrated in the project design and the contract documents include: - The use of only the essential part of the ROW during construction to minimize tree cuttings, planting seedlings as part of the contract for lost trees, establishing designated spoil areas in consultation with the regional and woreda culture and Tourism Bureaus,

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The design includes safe wild animals' passages (culverts) under the roadway, awareness campaign to the workforce to protect the wild animals from traffic accidents, Proper design of culvert outlets are provided in the design to minimize erosion at downstream, the technical specification will include provisions to properly stockpile and compact spoil material, Maximum care will be taken while transporting hazardous chemicals and fuels, besides the contract will obliges the contractor to adopt a maintenance practice to minimize oil and lubricant leakages to the surroundings, - Construction machinery and vehicles should regularly be maintained to increase engine efficiency and hence to reduce emission to the air; - Slopes are appropriately design to ensure stability and appropriate drainage design is included to move water away from the slope, which would otherwise undermine the slope stability, - Construction of diversion road, production of construction materials, rock blasting on the road formation activity if any, will be strictly avoided and other alternatives to this activities such as location of other material sources, half road width construction, etc. will be suggested by the contractor and approved by the supervising consultant, to minimize any negative impact on the PCR.

Environmental Management & Monitoring Plan Environmental management plan specifies mitigation and monitoring actions with time frames, specific responsibilities assigned and follow-up actions defined. Major negative impacts and proposed mitigation measures responsible bodies for the various actions are summarized as part of the EIA, which should be closely monitored and supervised by ERA EMSB have been out-lined in the above sections. Implementations of these measures have to be carried out at different stages of road construction & operation phases. Environmental monitoring will be conducted with two major objectives; a. to ensure the proper implementation of the mitigation measures in line with the EIA proposal (compliance monitoring) b. to compare the environmental conditions and changes of the project area after project implementation with that of pre - project situation (Effects monitoring). The management & monitoring exercise shall be carried out both internally and by external institutions and stakeholders as needed, and by qualified experts and institutionally organized body. These are indicated in the mitigation management matrix against the identified monitoring activities. The training and capacity building needs have been identified and recommendations are included along with the necessary budget.

Costs of Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan

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Major Costs related to environmental enhancement measures that require physical construction works will be estimated and included in the engineering design and tender documents. Some bio-engineering mitigation measures required are estimated and included in this section. The monitoring and capacity building costs are also estimated and included in the report. Apart from the cost of relocation1 compensation and the costs already included in the engineering cost estimate, the cost of environmental mitigation measures is estimated at ETB, Birr 3,550,740.00. These measures include: bio- engineering measures, relocation of grave yards, training, awareness creation on HIVIAIDS (the HIVIAIDS Prevention & Control Activities Program, along the project road will be executed by the Sub-contractor to be recruited by ERA during mobilization stage as part of the Construction works), environmental inspection and monitoring costs. Conclusion and Recommendations The findings of this EIA reveals that the construction and operation of the Wolkite- Hossaina Road Upgrading Project will have several beneficial as well as adverse impacts on the biophysical and socioeconomic environments of the project area. Most of the impacts on the environment are manageable and minimum in most of the cases. Generally, the positive impacts of the project are found to outweigh the negative impacts, provided that the proposed mitigation measures are implemented properly as the project road follow more or less the existing alignment.

The following are some of the recommendations made for the implementation of Welkite-Hossaina road project; the mitigation measures discussed in the EIA-report are incorporated in the project design and tender documents: BoQs, drawings, specifications and contract documents. In order to enforce the implementation of these measures the contract documents will further provide for approprite environmental clauses as necessary. The will require the contractor to follow environmentally friendly work discipline, while project implementation; the Supervising Consultant will liaise with and consults the local community and administrative organs to find their needs and constraints at each location and try to incorporate their requirements and opinions in the design as far as possible the client, together with the local environmental authorities, will ensure the appropriate locations of the material sites; spoil dumping sites, and construction campsites and their proper reinstatement upon completion of the project works, as required. The client, together with the federal and environmental authorities, will make sure the provisions in the country's and international laws/regulations are respected or fulfilled;

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the ERA-EMSB will ensure the preparation and its implementation of detailed action plan for either section(s) of or the entire road project and continual improvementlupdating of the action plan throughout the project life. the local administration, namely Zone, Woreda, and Kebele administration will be very helpful in facilitating the project activities through solving problems related to land acquisition and displacement, and therefore their involvement of stakeholders will be promoted

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1. Introduction

1.1 Background

The Welkite-Hossaina upgrading project is a project intended to improve the road network of the community along the road. It is found from the discussion made with the local officials and community (Annex 1 and 2) that it incorporates the felt need of the community existing on different towns along the road, of their social, commercial and public transportation interest which otherwise hinder the development effort of the town and rural community.

With the expected development of the local economy in the project and the increase in traffic volumes there will be a continuing need to improve the road. In view of the relatively high traffic volumes upgrading of the road is important.

1.2 Objectives of the study

The objective of this study is to assess: The potential adverse environmental and social impacts of the proposed road proj ect The magnitude of the impacts To propose institutional measures for their mitigation The assessment is made by taking into account the national environmental legislation and the safeguard policies of the World Bank.

1.3 Methodology

The methodology applied for acquiring data and information necessary for the environmental and social impact analysis of the project study includes the following:

1.3.1 Field Visit

To obtain first hand information about the environmental and socio-economic situation of the study area, a field visit was camed out and necessary observations have been made. A rapid field assessment was camed out and an overview of the proposed road project was undertaken. Data were collected through field observations and interviews of local informants.

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1.3.2 Public consultation

Local administration and some of the community along the road were consulted, to create awareness about the proposed road project among the community and to understand the attitude of the local community towards the proposed project.

1.3.3 Consultation with Local Administration

At Woreda level administrators or their representatives were consulted and informed about the proposed project. Finally, the preliminary data and documentation collected were reviewed, compiled and presented.

1.3.4 Structure of the Report

The Report comprises the following sections: This section, that is, the Introduction part; Section 2 Description of the proposed project is stated. Section 3deals with the Legal and Institutional Framework; Section 4 Methods of environmental Impact analysis Section 5 Proposed alternatives route option Section 6 Stakeholders consultation Section 7 Environmental Impacts and mitigation measures Section 8 Environmental management plan Section 9 Environmental monitoring program Section 10 Environmental Monitoring Indicator Section 11 Public disclosure of the EIA Section 12 Conclusion and Recommendation Section 13 Clauses proposed to be included in the Contract document

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2. Project Location and Description

2.1 Project Location The Wolkite-Hossaina road is found in Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Regional state (SNNPR). Wolkite (8" 16.6'Latitude & 37" 46.4' Longitude) is located 158 km from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia along Addis Ababa -Jimma trunk road. Whereas Hossaina (7" 33 'Latitude& 37" 5 1'Longitude) is at 26C)kms from Addis Ababa along Addis Ababa-Butajira - Wolayita trunk road. Wolkite and Hossaina are the start and end of the project, respectively. The project road traverses through three Zones and five Woredas; namely Chaha and Gummer Woredas in Gurage Zone, Mirab Aznet Woreda in Silte zone and Limo Woreda in Hadya zone. Notwithstanding start-end towns, two of the aforementioned represent Woreda capitals; there are a number of small towns and villages that the project road is expected to potentially serve; Gubre (about 12kms from Wolketie, Endbir (30kms), Mugo ( 82km); Bilalu (89km), Lera (100kms) along its passage between Wolketie, in the west and Hossina in the south.

2.2 Project Objective and Justification Ethiopia development strategic document which is called Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PASDEP) for the period 2005106 - 2009110 recognizes the role of the road sub-sector in improving social service coverage and supporting pro-poor economic growth in line with Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Among the objective of the program is to transform subsistence agriculture into small scale commercial farming with the road sector ensuring accessibility to the rural sector for inputs, extension services, and marketing of produce and production of high value agriculture produce to boost export earning as well as unlocking areas of agricultural potential. PASDEP recognized the pivotal role of the successful implementation of the Road Sector Development Program (RSDP) that is now half-way through its second phase as a key pillar for achieving the Government's poverty reduction strategy. The Wolketie - Hossiana Road project is one of the main link roads to be upgraded in the core programme of RSDP I1 (2002103-2006107) for unlocking areas of agricultural potential in south-western part of Ethiopia. The specific objective of the project is therefore to improve transport service levels between the towns of Welkitie, Endibir, Kebul, Lera and Hossiana and Mizan; and to facilitate market integration of the zones under influence with the rest of the country and foreign markets. The proposed road also creates an alternative short distance transportation facility both to the Woredas traversed, and also to those in the remotest southern parts of country like Jimma and Mizan Teferi areas. People in those areas have been traveling long distances to reach Addis Ababa, and the opening up of the current project road will significantly reduce the travel distances and time.

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2.3 Project Description

The existing Wolkite-Hossaina, 121 kms road was constructed as DS6 (6 meter wide gravel surfaced) Standard 10 years ago. After the construction and opened to traffic, the road has not been maintained except light routine maintenance. As a result, the road surface has got distresses characterized by potholes, corrugations, ruts, loss of camber slopes, longitudinal erosion gullies, complete loss of gravel wearing and even to the extreme exposure of sub grade have been observed in almost all section of the road. Considering the above problems, Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) allocated sufficient budget for detail Feasibility, Environmental impact Assessment (EIA), Social Impact Assessment, Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and Detail Engineering design studies for upgrading the Wolketie -Hossiana road project.

The proposed road project intends for the upgrading of the existing gravel surfaced road to Asphalt Concrete surface standard with 7.0-m wide carriageway and 0.5 - 1.5m wide gravel shoulders depending on terrain type in rural sections and a two way 14m wide carriageway width, 3.5m parking lane and 2.5m side walks in town sections. The proposed road alignment is mainly along the existing Wolketie - Hossina road; and the horizontal and vertical alignment have been improved and designed for a maximum speed of 100 kmk for the first 29.8km and for a maximum of 80kmh for the rest section. There are two minor realignment sections; 1) starts at 4.3km and runs for 1.4km on new alignment about 0.25km off set and ends at 5.7km to improve the horizontal alignment at Wabe River., 2) starts at chainage 55.9km which runs for 0.5km realigned about 0.14km off the existing road. The pavement structure is designed for a 20-year period, taking into consideration the low California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values of the sub-grade materials, cost of materials, traffic levels, structural capacity, maintenance and high rainfall intensity in the project area.

2.4 Project Beneficiaries

The immediate beneficiaries of the proposed road upgrading are the populations living directly adjacent to the road and traders who market goods in the area. Given the dominance of agricultural activities in the area, farmers will also benefit from the road by removing transport constraints on agriculture. The upgraded and all-weather road communication between Wolketie and Hossaina forms the main link trunk road for transporting from the Southern part of the country to other parts of the country. Livestock farmers will also largely benefit as improved road surface makes extension service able to penetrate project area. The other stakeholders who are affected by the project are landowners, the local/district authorities, NGOs and other Community Based Organizations (CBOs).

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2.5 Brief Description of the Road Network

Ethiopian road network has been expanded considerably since 1996197 as indicated by road density data, increasing from 21.7 km11000 km2 in 1997 to 33.6 kml1000 km2 in 2005 though still below the average of 50 km11000 km2 for Africa. Given effective implementation of the RSDP 11, it is programmed to increase road density to 54.1 km11000 km2 by 200911 0 and to 59kml1000 km2 in 201 5. Much of the increase in the network (80 percent) has been in regional roads that have further integrated isolated rural agricultural communities into the market economy and enabling improved social service. Wolketie-Hossiana project road is among the planned road projects estimated to extend about 121 kms, which has its own role to increase the road density of SNPPR particular and national road network level in general. Wolketie, is situated along a highway that links Addis to Jima, Hossiana which is also a capital city of Hadya Zone as well, on its part lies along a north-south running Addis-Alemgena-Butajera-Wolyta Soddo- Arbaminch road. Therefore, apart from the link it provides between the above mentioned administratively important towns, the project road plays the strategic role of linking two major highways as well. As the proposed road projects Woleketie-Hossiana branching- off from Wokeltie-Jimma trunk road to the southern direction, it provides also a shortest alternative route between areas of the south-westem parts of countries such as Jimma, Mizan, Bonga and to southern part of country particularly to Hawassa , the capital city of SNNPR.

2.6 Traffic Level

As part of the Economic Feasibility Study, the result of the traffic surveys carried out complemented by Manually Classified Traffic Count (MTC) on the project road indicated an AADT (Average Annual Daily Traffic) of 424 vehicles for Wolketie - Endibir section, 334 for Endibir - Kebule and 3 13 for Kebule-Hossiana section. Both links of the project road are extensively used for pedestrian access and daily pedestrian traffic is about 478 on the Wolketie - Endibir link and 420 on Endibir - Kebule and 328 on Kebule - Hossiana. Pack animal traffic varies betweenloo-300 and relative volumes are in relation to population densities in the respective zone of influence. The projected traffic volume on the above mentioned road sections had also been carried out based on the growth of traffic on the project road. The result of traffic projection indicated that at 2030 (which is the end of economic/design life of the project), the traffic volume reached AADT of 2730, 2169, 2033 vehicles, Wolketie-Endibir, Endibir-Kebule, Kebule-Hossiana road sections, respectively.

2.7 Towns and Villages along the Existing Route

The road is completely located in SNNPR state and traverses Gurage and Hadya Zones with a very high average population density of 200-400 persons per km2. Due to this, the average land holding size is also below one hectare of land per household and land is

Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 5 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report extensively cultivated, wherever the soil allows it. All along the roadside there are houses, settlements and Woreda towns and off road are scattered settlements.

Table 2.1: Towns/villages along the project route r 1 1 Name of the town or Station in Km Remark *Population I ~ village I I Intersection at Addis - Jimma Road (1.5Km O+OOO from center of Wolkite town on the way to

1 9+730 - 12+580 17+800 Amora Meda 22+100 Jefek Terk 28+860-30+220 Indibir Town 22,239 39+300 Dakuna 2,296 42+900 Moche

45+000 Yowere I 47+500 Jembero 3,603

64+370 - 65+850 Arekit 1,854

74+420 - 75+020 Kebul 5,594 81+290-81+780 Mugo 5,144 89+900 Bilalu 4,979 Lera 105+400 Damala 4.167 110+800 - 111+630 Shurmo 120+430-121+000 Hossaina Town * Source: CSA 1996

2.8 Description of the Bio-Physical Environment

2.8.1 Topography of the Project Area

The route descends down from the junction at Wolkite to the valley then it ascends up until 10 km past Jembero village where it becomes more or less flat or level until 5 km past Mugo. It then descends down-grade until it reaches Hossaina town. The terrain through which the project route passes is generally dominated by flat to rolling terrain. The mountainous terrain is seen in significant proportion for the section between Wolkite to Gubre and the remaining mountainous section is found in pockets

- Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 6 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineenng Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report between Indibir and Lera. The subject road also traverses Rolling terrain in between the flat terrains. The mountainous terrain stretches at stations 1+530- 1+750,41+420-42+000,81+970- 83+460,83+800-85+680,85+990-87+940,92+630-93+010,107+140-107+220,109+108- 109+960 and 110+080- 110+210.The rest part of the segment is alternating with flat and rolling terrains. The classification of the terrain in which the Wolkite - Hossaina road traverses is proportionally 64% flat, 30% rolling and 6% mountainous including built-up area in town and village.

Vertical profile along centerline oftheexisting Wkite Hosairra road

Fig 2.1: Verticalprofile of the existing road of Wolkite Hossaina

2.8.2 Climatic Data

Available data of the climate of the area is gathered from Ethiopian Meteorological Service. This will help to know the working environment of the area by estimating the length of the rainy season and the monthly temperature distribution of the area. Climatic data will also be employed in the specifying parameters affected by amount of rain such as plasticity index of embankment and wearing course materials. The project area when categorized climatically lies in between Cool Temperate (Dega) and Temperate (Weina Dega). The first 30 Krn i.e up to Endibir lie in Temperate zone where as the remaining section from Endibir to Hossaina lie in Cool Temperate zone. The elevation of Wolkite is about 1840 m above sea level, while that of Hossaina is about 2320 m above sea level.

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Table 2.2: Climatic categories of the towns and major villages of the project area

Local Major towns or villages along the Description Altitude (m) equivalent Wolkite - Hossai > 3300 Cool

2300 - 3300 Cool temperate Dega Dakuna, Moche, Yowere, Jembero, Arekit, Kebul, Mugo, Bilalu, Lera, Damala, Shurmo, Hossaina

1500 - 2300

<500

2.8.3 Geology and Geomorphology of the Area

Geology and Geomorphology The geology of the route conidor is assessed using 1:2,000,000 Geological Map of Ethiopia, 1996. According to this Map of Ethiopia, the geology of the area is divided into the following rock formations: a) The Tarmaber-Megezes formation The Formation is exposed around Wolkite up to km 13 and also found around km 46 and km 56. It consists of Transitional and alkaline basalt. b) The Nazret Series The Nazret Series is exposed around km: 13 to 46, 46.5 to 56, 56 to 92, and 120 to 122.5. It consists of Ignimbrites, unwelded tuffs, ash flows, rhyolitic flows, and trachyte. c) The Quaternary formation This formation is found around km 92 to km 120. It consists of rhyolitic volcanic centers, obsidian pitchstone, pumice, ignimbrite, tuff, subordinate trachytic flows (predominantly peralkine in composition. This area also consists field of small baltic vents.The major soil cover observed on the sides of the proposed road project are red clayey soil and also in some areas there are Brown to dark clayey soils.

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2.8.4 Land Use & land Cover

From Wolkite to Jambero, the land use and land cover type is perennial crop cultivation. Mainland use activities are related to rain fed peasant crop cultivation of coffee, enset, chat with various annual intercrops, grain cultivation and peasant livestock grazing. From Jambero to Hossaina, the land use and land cover type is moderately cultivated. Mainland use activities are related to rain fed peasant cultivation of grains etc. sedentary peasant livestock grazing and browsing on unimproved pasture and fallow. . There are plans for an extensive land use for a number of flower farms. Beyond this land use an appreciable vegetatiordforest cover is present and will be discussed in a later part.

2.8.5 Water Resources

The proposed Road Project is located within the Gibe Drainage basin where there are four major rivers flowing in a dominantly west direction. The road project is, therefore, crossed by the following major rivers including Wabe River at km 3.7, Megecha River at km 12.8, Gogeb River Gotam River at km 27.7, & Betena River at km 115.5, and other minor drainages. However, the road passes through three zones with varying water scarcity particularly in the urban areas. The Welkite - Indibir section is the relatively better off area in terms of water potential than Indibir-Hossaina road section of the road project.

Photo 2.1: Areket Lake at the entrance to Areket town (km 64.3)

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There is only one place where designated water body or wetland along the project road is located. This is Arekti Lake which is located at 64.3km and this is one of the natural lakes in the SNNP, in Gurage ZoneIGumer Woreda. The Lake water is situated about 150 meters away from the road project at both ends (i.e. the start and the end of the road project at the Lake area) and about 50 meter away at the middle of the road. The Lake is locate on the left side of the road.

Lake Areket is found along the road and partly falls in the ROW width during peak flow period. The lake water has significant socio -economic benefits to the local population particularly the urban population of Areket town. It is used for animal watering, recreation and cloth washing for some times.

2.8.6 Flora (Forests1 Vegetation)

Being one of the densely inhabited regions of the country much of the landscape on the sides of the road project is cultivated. However, there is only one protected forest area along the road project called Yegera protected forest at station 24km, which is located outside the ROW at about l.Okm away from the road project. Diversion and access road constructions, stockpiling of excess cuts, material sites establishment, and dust pollution will affect this Yegera protected forest land. The vegetation cover may conveniently be grouped into three groups. These are the relatively higher elevated parts of the road corridor preserve an area of natural forest cover made up mainly of Olea Africana (Weyra). Below this broad leaved forest area there is a vegetation cover within a narrow altitudinal belt made up of predominantly Aningeria altissima (Kerero). The lower altitudes between 1,400 - 2000 mas1 for the major part located in the area towards Hossaina are vegetation cover wise, characterized by Coniferous forests which are dominated by Podocarpous gracilor (Zigba). These indeginous tree species are found in farmlands in very scattered way, like any parts of the country. The common feature observed in the project area is road side tree plantations (both natural and artificial) which is located in fanner's own land and it is called Homestead plantation, and hence, quite well protected and the planted trees are mainly consists of Grevillea robusta, Eucalyptus species (Bahir Zaff) and Juniperus spp (Tid). These tree species are found in fanners' homestead and are well protected.

2.8.7 Fauna

Regarding the wildlife resources in the project area, the common types include monkeys, apes, hyena, porcupines, pigs, etc. Since the project corridor is highly populated there is no protected wildlife reserve in the project influenced area, hence the upgrading of the project road does not affect any wildlife resources of the area. Any poaching activity on these limited resources by the construction workforces shall be prohibited and provisions shall also be included in the contractual document.

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rig. 2.1. Route Map

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Fle. 1.1 Layout ol the Enlsting Route Beheen WelkRe and Hornin.

Fig. 1.2. Longitudina I Profile of the Road Project

2.9. Description of the Socio-economic Environment

2.9.1. Socio-Economic Environment

The total length of the project road is about 121 km. The entire road length falls in the Southern National Regional State. The socio-economic features along the proposed road alignment are briefly described below based on information obtained through field surveys, consultations with key informants and review of the previous study.

The proposed road routes traverse different settlements of towns including residential houses, commercial areas and government offices.

The main livelihood of the rural community is mixed farming while towns are petty trading and few inhabitants are government employee. Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 26 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report

Social services in the project areas are available though not adequate. Services like private and government hospitals, water supply and sanitation facilities are inadequate. There is a telephone line while electricity is undertaking lining of the services currently.

In urban areas the major economic activities are small retailing. Since most of the urban community is from lower income status petty retailing is a dominant practice. In both urban and rural areas women have a great responsibility contributing to household income by involving themselves in petty retailing activities.

2.9.2 Demography, Ethnicity and Religion

The population growth rate of the region is 2.9 % per annum with an average population density of 127 Per Sq.km, while at zones where the project found, is 265 Per Sq.krn in Gurage zone, 313 in Silti zone and 346 in Hadiya zone and believed to be over populated and higher than the regional average. (Regional Statistical Abstract, 2004-5 June, 2006, Awassa) The settlement pattern of the Wereda population is dispersed. The population densities varies from the 200 persodkm2 Kebena Woreda, 300 personikm2 Chaha Woreda and 450 personh2 In Mirab Azemet berebre Woreda of 450 persodkm2 There are a number of towns traversed by the project road. On the average, towns have a population growth rate of 3% per year. The towns are characterized by a high density area of the country and the region. The towns are located in Gurage, Silte and Hadiya Zone of SNNPRS. The Woredas traversed by this road are Kebene (Wolkite), Chaha (Endibir), Gumer (Arekit), Azemet Berbere (West Lera). The major ethnic residents are Gurage, Silte and Hadiya with few other ethnic communities. The major religious affiliations are Orthodox Christianity and Islam. The population growth rate of the region is 2.9 % per annum with an average population density of 127 Per Sq.km, while at zones where the project is found, it is 265 Per Sq.km in Gurage zone, 313 in Silti zone and 346 in Hadiya zone and believed to be over populated and higher than the regional average. (Regional Statistical Abstract, 2004-5 June, 2006, Awassa) The average family size in the project area is 5. The table below shows some of the demographic variables.

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Table 2.3 Demographic characteristics of the project area Wereda Urban Rural Total

Azernet 6,92 1 140,003 146,92 Limo 6 1,554 212,300 273,855 Source: SNNPRS, Regional Statistical Abstract, 2004-5, 2006 Awassa

The age distribution of the population revealed that the young age (1 -14) and the old age (65 and above) account for about 47% of the population, this figure makes the region to have a total dependency of 89.3 people over 100 productive age population.

Settlement Pattern of the Towns The proposed road routes traverse different settlements of the town including residential houses, commercial areas and government offices. The towns are located in Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State (SNNPRS) specifically in the Gurage, Silte and Hadiya Zones and 285 km away from Addiss Ababa. The Woreda include in this road are Kebene (Wolkite), Chaha (Endibir), Gumer (Arekit), Azernet Berbere West (Lera). The population densities varies from the 200 person/km2 Kebena Woreda, 300 person/km2 Chaha Woreda and Azerben berbere west Woreda of 450 person/km2. On the average towns have a population growth rate of 3% per year. The town is characterized by a high density area of the country and the region. The towns have a master plan. The proposed road should be based on this master plan.

2.9.2. Major Economic activities

The major economic activity in the study area is agriculture particularly for the rural population where subsistence farming is the dominant means of earning a living. The major economic activity for urban residents is trading. Although there is some similarity in economic activity between the Woredas, there are also differences resulting from the ecological variation in the area. The economic activities prevailing in each Woreda are discussed below. The economy of the project area is predominantly mixed farming. The proposed road links the capital city with the Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples' Regional State (SNNPRS). It has an important contribution for the trade and transportation of agricultural input and outputs fromlto centers and SNNPRS. Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 28 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report

The most important contribution of the road is, linking the major towns of Wolkite, Endibir, Arekit, Lera, Hossaina. The towns along the roads have planned investment. The investment plans include food and oil processing industry, construction materials of bricks etc. It is also including regional hospital, colleges and Teachers training institute etc. The location of the towns along the road with good agricultural resources has good prospects for further development.

2.9.3. Agriculture

The existing farming system is traditional mixed farming based on animal traction and human labor that also includes animal rearing for milking, draught power and transportation. There is an excessive dependence on rain and no significant irrigation is found, as is the case in other parts of the country. The farming system is mixed farming with traditional method of using animal power for cultivation activity, not cultivated with modem means of cultivation. The land use pattern of the area is presented in table below. Regarding the land use of the area there are a large amount of forest and uncultivated land. For a population of about 743,213 people and a total of 113,540 hectares of cultivated land in all the wereda listed below, 1 hectare is available for 6 to 7 people. This indicates inadequacy and scarcity of cultivable land for the current population. More clearly the agricultural density of the project affected wereda as indicated in the table below shows the seriousness of land problem in the project area.

Table 2.4 Land use of the Wereda I I I WOREDA I I I I I 1 Land Use Kebena 1 hah ha 1 Gumer ~rernetBerebere 1 Limo 1 I I Yo Yo % Yo % I - 1.Cultivated land- ---4 1 65 70 5 5 2.Grazing Land 6 16 9 3 6 3.Forest, Bush, Shrubs 7 13 11 15 11 4.Cultivable land 6 10 4 2

5 .Not Cultivable --2 7 9 2 17 14 1 16 7.Total Area in 28,360 57,400 36,000 snlh.,iHectares 183,570 pp140,003 2 12,300 9.Agricultural density 3 7 8 6 Source: SNNPRS, Regional Statistical Abstract, 2004-5 June, 2006, Awassa)

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The livelihood of the community depends on a mixed agriculture at a very subsistence level. Farming activity is relatively better as compared to other areas of the country. The private investor's involvement in farming on about 8 agric 4ural projects creates off farm income source for daily laborer during harvesting periods.\ ajor crops grown include maize, teff, potato, wheat, fruits and vegetables others are growing in different agro- ecological zones. Drought has been affecting the whole livelihood for most of the years in recent times. Livestock production is equally important as crop production in all parts of the project affected Woreda. Cattle have a multipurpose benefit. It provides power for farming, meat, milk, hides, manure, and service as an asset and source of income in drought and famine periods. The major agricultural products of the project area are: Ensete ventricosum (Inset) Ochna inermis (Ch'at) Eragrostis teff(Teff) Wheat Maize Barley Potatoes Coffee Beans

AgroIndustry -significant hectares have been given for Agro industry in the areas of: Fruit and vegetables Sesamum indicum (Selit) Cattle Breeding 17 flower Projects have taken land in the Cheha Woreda

2.9.4. Household income

Communities in Villages along the alignment derive their income from a wide variety of sources. According to the discussion made with Development Agents of the wereda, the income sources include from sale of crops of Maize, Haricot beans, Teff ; sale of vegetables, potato, sale of Chat, Coffee and Livestock products. Among all sources Chat, Enset and coffee is found to be the major sources of income. The major share of their expenditure is food. Generally it is understood from the field survey that average income is based on the farm land size a farmer possesses, thus the relative importance of Chat, Enset and Coffee land Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 30 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report to contribute income for the farmers is high in most of the villages. Although, it is possible to indicate the sources of income and the relative importance, it was difficult to arrive at a reasonable estimate on average rural HH income and expenditure of the communities in the different weredas along the road, based on either the key informant interviews or households survey. This is because data is not available on household's income and expenditure. Data also not available on secondary sources, thus it is found to be useless and not advisable to make assumptions in the absence of baseline data on the wereda or Zone level. The importance of mixed farming is clear, it represents the most important income source in the great majority of villages. Non-agricultural income sources (e.g. migration, daily laborer in commercial farms,) also exist but limited. Overall, the economy of the community is highly mixed crop farming. Thus the major source of income of the farmers is crop farming. This implies that the negative impact of the road on the farmland of the farmers results on a significant impact on the livelihood.

Role of Women In both urban and rural areas women have a great responsibility contributing to household income by involving themselves in petty retailing activities.

Social Services Social services in the project areas are available thought not adequate. Services like private and government hospitals, water supply and sanitation facilities are inadequate. There is a telephone while electricity is undertaking lining of the services currently.

Education The number of schools, school types, and student enrollment rates in three Woredas along the project road are listed in Table 2.6.

Table 2.6 School type and student enrollment in the Woredas of interest I I I I I I Cheha School Type West Azernet Berbere Limo Woreda Woreda (excluding town) Kindergarten Grades 1-4 15103 10856 2088 1 Grades 5-8 9176 6696 14523 Grades 9-12 3788 1672 Source: Respective Woreda Education ofJice

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Health

Table 2.7 Prevalent ten diseases for hospital and health center morbidity in the Cheha Woreda (1998 E.C)

Rank Type of disease No. of cases Oh of all cases

Malaria 13219 15.9 Skin Infection 701 1 1 U.T.1 (Urinary tractin fection) 6884 Acute URTI 4984

--,- --,- Intestinal Parasites 4757 Pneumonia 4485 I Eve Diseases 1 4194 1 Gastritis 1 3719 Thyphoid Fever 3553 Otitis Media (Ear Infection) 2279 Source: Cheha Woreda Health Office, 2007

Table 2.8 Prevalent ten diseases for hospital and health center morbidity in the West Azernet Berbere Woreda (1998 E.C) Rank Type of disease No. of cases % of all cases

---Pneumonia 3452 U.T.I(Urinarytractinfection) 1793 16.8 Gastritis 1484 13.8 Intestinal Parasites 1366 12.8 Typhoid Fever 1311 12.2 Diarrheal Diseases 1029 9.6 URTI 858 8.1 A.F.I. 806 6.6 Tonsilitis 770 7.2 Source: West Azernet Berbere Woreda Health Ofice, 2007

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Table 2.9 Prevalent ten diseases for hospital and health center morbidity in the Limo Woreda (excluding Hossaina Town) (1998 E.C)

Rank Type of disease No. of cases % of all cases

Malaria 4294 42.3 LTRTI 1220 12.3 Ameoba & Diarrheal Diseases 950 9.6 Pneumonia 746 9 Intestinal Parasites 726 8.1 ----Gastritis 704 8 ---Typhoid Fever 502 5 Skin diseases 190 Throat Infections 164 Anaemia 156 1.55 Source: Limo Woreda Health Office, 2007

2.10. Physical Cultural Resources (PCR)

The SNNPR of Ethiopia is characterized by its socio-cultural diversity as many number of ethnic groups are living in the region. As a result, the region has wide spread cultural sites, historic and religious sites, burial grounds in various administrative areas of the region. Regarding the Physical Cultural Resources (PCR), there are some cultural and burial grounds that will be affected directly or indirectly affected by the road project construction. These areas of high significance which need proper mitigations and protection to minimize adverse impact on these valuable resources for Ethiopia. During the revision of this EIA report (dated 20 January. 2009); SNNP Region Bureau of Culture and Tourism and the three Zones Culture and Tourism Offices were consulted on the availability of any area (s) of significance. Accordingly, some of the known cultural sites within the project influence area which are recognized by Regional/Local Culture and Truism Bureau are described as follow: a) Silte Zone: Mugo Mountain, 89km. This mountain is located on the right side of the road project, about 3km off road. On top of this mountain, there are two very old Mosques (approx. 200 years old) which are recognized as one of the cultural and tourist attraction sites in the SNNP. This mountain is covered with dense forests of indigenous (eg. Ficus, sp, Olea africana, Juniparus gracilor and procera, Corrdia africana, and etc ) tree species. It is also rich in wildlife species.

Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 33 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Reoort b) Silte Zone: Belchi Valley is located at 83 km about 1km off road and recognized as the cultural sites in the SNNP. Because of its strategic nature and aesthetic value, in ancient times, it used to serve as a military strategic place where they used to hide themselves during the civil war. c) Silte Zone: Old Burial Sites: At about 95km, there is an old Muslim burial site on both sides of the road. This site is outside the ROW but located in the road corridor, hence the road construction will unlikely to affect these sites; however, precautions should be taken during construction. The lists of burial places that are suspected to experience significant impacts are indicated in table below.

Table-2.10: Cemeteries along the road sides of the existing alignment Chainage Burial place Local Offset from I in (km) for administration the Remarks (Kebele) centerline Name 15 meters on Falls at ROW, boundary, needs I - both sides barrierlprotection structure 91 + 200 Muslim religion Bilacho 14 meters Partly falls in ROW, believers LHS w Half width construction, Shift the road alignment to the right side and 1 I 1 1 1 Protect the cemetery by (

1 barriers (retaining structure). 1

Muslim religion Bilacho 17 meters on Half width construction, 92+000 believers LHS I Protection structure is needed, 92+800 Muslim religion Bilacho 15 meters Falls on border of ROW , believers LHS width ~ 1 I ~ 1 Shift centerline to right side ( Provide protection structure Muslim religion 1 93 +ooo Bilacho 17 meter Out side of ROW believers LHS w Barrier1 protection structure Muslim religion Balicho keb 9 6 , 16 meters w Provide protection structure believers LHS 10 meter Shift road alignments to

Provide protectionlretaining structure

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Muslim religion 98 +200 Jaremo kebele 8 meters Relocate graves within 7 believers LHS meter width, about lOOm length. ) Provide protection structure 119+ 300 Christian Limo woreda 23 meters Out side of ROW width ( religion 1 LHS 1 believers According to the RAP findings, there are about 200 graveyards are to be affected by the construction of the road. The total sizes of the graveyards that need wall reinforcement is 442 square meters. These burial places either fall partly in ROW or are very close to the boundaries to be reserved for the road ROW width (30meters). Hence, they need due considerations in the design and construction. The location of the grave yards extend over lOkm length (from station 89 to 99) but at different spots as indicated in the table. The ROW width in this section might be reduced to 20 meters instead of 30meters, and construction in this section should be done by half width to minimize disturbance of the graveyards. The design should include protection and barriers for the graveyards in all most all cases as noted in table above. At some locations where there is space available, shifting of the centerline alignments is proposed. In cases shifting the alignment is not possible, and protection barriers alone can not solve the problem, then and only then, will relocation measure be considered as an option. The consultant believes, (at least at this stage) that only at one location (km 98+200) relocation might be needed. At other locations other mitigation, measures can be adopted.

Y Fig. 6.1. Burial Site at Km 89+800 on Left Fig 6.2: Burial Site at km 89 +800 on the side of the Road Right side of the Road

The consultation with the SNNP Region Bureau of Culture and Tourism and the three Zones Culture and Tourism Offices reveals that they accepted and agreed to take part in Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 35 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report

the implementation of the project road in terms of addressing the likely impacts of the construction activities on the cultural and any sites of high significance and also on the monitoring of the project activities.

During the appraisal also some consultations were made with the local administrations and religious leaders to reaffirm the issues of the PCR (especially the grave yards along the existing road route).Consultation was made at three locations; Mugo town (km 88), Hossan (destination of the project) and at Walkitie towns (project road origin). The focus group discussion asserted that the construction of the road is at the top of the community's priority agenda, and that they are willing to cooperate and facilitate the project implementation as required. Regarding the graveyards, they have promised not to extend towards the road but use the plots at the back for the future. If any portion of the existing graves falls in the road ROW, they are willing to relocate it.

Table -2.11: List of persons consulted during project appraisal 1,No Name 1 1 Ato Mesfin 1 Guragae zone deputy Wolkitie town I ~ ~I ~ administrator 2 Adnan Ahmed City mayor, Wolkitie Wolkitie town I I I 3 Asfaw City manager, wolkitie I Wolkitie town I I I i Mohamed 1 city I i I 4 ( Wolde tsadik ~ ExpertIEconomist 1 wolkitie I I zone office I 5 Mohamed Investment bureau Wolkitie town Hossana(meeting ( Radi I administration i whole) 1 I I I I 5 Baraka Akmal Head West Azernet Hossana I Berbere Woreda 6 Hashim Nassir Mosque Immam at Mugo town Mugo town and areas. 7 Taha Safi Kebele chair person Mugo town 8 Minor Nassir School director Mugo town I 9 Rameto Teacher Mugo town Wabla 10 Sirgaga Community Mugo town 1 Rashid representative

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3. Policies, Legislative and Institutional Framework

3.1 National Policies and Strategies

The following paragraphs discuss the national policies and sectoral strategies as background regarding environmental protection in Ethiopia.

3.1.1 Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE)

Since the early 1990s, the Federal Government has undertaken a number of initiatives to develop regional, national and sectoral strategies for environmental conservation and protection. Paramount amongst these was CSE, approved by the council of ministers, which provided a strategic framework for integrating environmental planning into new and existing policies, programs and projects. The Federal Government approves the CSE, and it is an important policy document. The CSE itself provides a comprehensive and rational approach to environmental management in a very broad sense, covering national and regional strategies, sectoral and cross-sectoral policies, action plans and programmes, as well as providing the basis for development of appropriate institutional and legal frameworks for implementation.

3.1.2 Environmental Policy of Ethiopia

The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) was approved by the Council of Ministers in April 1997 (EPA/MEDaC, 1997). It is based on the CSE, which was developed through a consultative process over the period 1989-1995. The policy has the broad aim of rectifying previous policy failures and deficiencies which, in the past, have led to serious environmental degradation. It is fully integrated and compatible with the overall long-term economic development strategy of the country, known as Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization (ADLI), and other key national policies. The EPE's overall policy goal may be summarized in terms of the improvement and enhancement of the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians, and the promotion of sustainable social and economic development through the adoption of sound environmental management principles. Specific policy objectives and key guiding principles are set out clearly in the EPE, and expand on various aspects of the overall goal. The policy contains sectoral and cross-sectoral policies and also has provisions required for the appropriate implementation of the policy itself. The section of the EPE concerning EIA sets out a number of policies, key elements of which may be summarized as follows:

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Recognition of the need for EIA to address social, socio-economic, political and cultural impacts, in addition to physical and biological impacts, and for public consultation to be integrated within EIA procedures; Incorporation of impact containment measures within the design process for both public and private sector development projects, and for mitigation measures and accident contingency plans to be incorporated within environmental impact statements (EISs); Creation of a legal framework for the EIA process, together with a suitable and coordinated institutional framework for the execution and approval of EIAs and environmental audits; Development of detailed technical sectoral guidelines for EIA and environmental auditing; Development of EIA and environmental auditing capacity and capabilities within the Environmental Protection Authority, sectoral ministries and agencies, as well as in the regions. The thorough and holistic approach taken to development of the policy and, in particular, recognition of the importance of addressing cross-sectoral environmental issues, has led to a national approach to environmental management, which is not only comprehensive, but also provides a sound and rational basis for addressing the environmental problems faced by the country now and those which are anticipated over the next decade. Implementation of the EPE is still very much in its early stages, but a number of key elements either have been or are in the process of realization. Some of these are referred to in the sections, which follow.

3.1.3 Sectoral Policies Several sectoral environmental policies are currently at various stages of preparation and implementation and of particular relevance are the following:

Water Resource Policy The Ministry of Water Resources has formulated the Federal Water Resource Policy for a comprehensive and integrated water resource management. The overall goal of the water resources policy is to enhance and promote all national efforts towards the efficient and optimum utilization of the available water resources for socio-economic development on sustainable bases. The policies are to establish and institutionalize environment conservation and protection requirements as integral parts of water resources planning and project development.

Biodiversity Policy The biodiversity policy, which was approved in 1998, provides guidance towards the effective conservation, rational development and sustainable utilization of the country's

Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 38 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report biodiversity. In general, the policy consists of comprehensive policy provisions on the conservation and sustainable utilization of biodiversity. Wildlife Policy It is developed by the Ministry of Agriculture whose prime objective is the preservation, development and sustainable utilization of Ethiopia's wildlife resources for social and economic development and for the integrity of the biosphere. This is at present in draft form, and covers a wide range of policies and strategies relating, amongst others, to wildlife conservation and protected areas. Based on international criteria, the protected areas of Ethiopia have been divided into four categories, each having its own laws and regulations. These areas are classified according to their management objectives and are designed to serve their own respective categories. The highest ranked are the National Parks, where strict legislation is applicable, followed by Game reserves, Sanctuaries and finally, controlled hunting areas. In Ethiopia there are a total of 10 National Parks, 11 Game Reserves and 3 Sanctuaries. In addition 18 areas have been designated as controlled hunting areas.

Forest Polices and Strategies There is no policy statement in place at the federal level. Draft forest development and conservation policy is currently under discussion in the Ministry of Agriculture. It is expected to express the determination and commitment of the government to conserve and develop and rehabilitate the forest resources of the country. The most recent legislation is the Proclamation on Conservation, Development and Utilization of Forests and it was issued in 1994 (Proclamation No. 9411994) to provide for the Conservation, Development and Utilization of Forests. The objective of this Proclamation is to provide the basis for sustainable utilization of the country's forest resources. The Proclamation categorizes types of forest ownership (State, Regional and Private Forests). It provides the power for designation, demarcation, and registration of forests to the Ministry of Agriculture and Regional Governments. According to this proclamation, state and regional forests shall be utilized in accordance with approved management plans. The Proclamation then goes on to give some specific direction for the utilization of State and Regional Forests, and lists prohibited activities within protected forests.

National Population Policy This policy was issued in April 1993 and aims at closing the gap between high population growth and low economic productivity, through a planned reduction in population growth, combined with an increase in economic returns. With specific reference to natural resources, the Population Policy had the following specific objectives: Making population and economic growth compatible and the over-exploitation of natural resources unnecessary.

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Ensuring spatially balanced population distribution patterns, with a view to maintaining environmental security and extending the scope of development activities. Improving productivity of agriculture and introducing off-farm non-agricultural activities for the purpose of employment diversification. Maintaining and improving the carrying capacity of the environment by taking appropriate environmental protection and conservation measures.

National Policy of Women This Policy was issued in March 1993 and stresses that all economic and social programs and activities should ensure equal access of men and women to the country's resources and in the decision making process so that they can benefit equally from all activities carried out by the Federal and Regional institutions.

Sector Policy for HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control in the Work Places of ERA ERA has prepared a sectoral policy for HIVIAIDS in the workplaces of ERA (June, 2004). In the Policy, ERA acknowledges the fact that the HIVIAIDS pandemic is a reality in the work place and may have detrimental effects on the goals and objectives of the Authority. Therefore, the authority: Commits itself to create a supportive and non discriminatory working environment through dispelling of myths and stereotypes and by ensuring that infected employees are treated in the same manner as other employees, Seeks to minimize the social, economic and developmental consequences to the authority and its staff, Undertakes that management will provide resources and leadership to implement program for the prevention and control of the HIVIAIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STI), Commits itself to offering support, counseling and education services to infected & affected employees; Commits itself to establish and maintain an employee assistance program, and Insures sustainable resources for the prevention and control of HIVIAIDS. The ERA task force is responsible and accountable for all programs for prevention and control of HIVI AIDS in the authority. The ERA'S environmental monitoring and safety branch through the HIVIAIDS program coordinators is responsible for coordinating, implementing, monitoring and evaluating the policy provisions.

Education Policy

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The Government's desire to improve the provision of quality education resulted in the formulation of the Education and Training Policy (ETP), In 1997 the Government of Ethiopia launched the first five year Education Sector Development Program (ESDP-I) within the framework of ETP as part of a twenty-year plan for the education sector. The main thst of ESDP is to improve quality and efficiency and to expand access with special emphasis on primary education in rural and underserved areas, as well as the promotion of education for girls in an attempt to achieve universal primary education by 2015.

Regional Policy The regional policies of the SNNP are based on the national policy framework considering the regional peculiarities of resources and constraints. The regional policies are not different from the national and emanate from the national framework and targets but take into account the specific regional conditions, potentials and capabilities.

Resettlement /Rehabilitation Policy Framework The Document was originally prepared for the projects under the RSDP I package taking into consideration the peculiar situations prevailing in the respective project areas. But as the project formulation phases progress, it was found mandatory that the RPF should be updated accordingly. Therefore, the ERA, in collaboration with the World Bank, has updated the RPF to suit the packages of the current road projects. The RPF was updated in February 2007; however, there are no changes in the basic principles, deviating from the previous version, of the Document. The establishment of the document has among others implied a process that has included: consultation with project affected persons (PAPS); consultations with local governments; consultations with the Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority (EEPA); consultations with resident engineers and the incorporation of road components from local master plans, into the subprojects design processes. Also, in conjunction with the World Bank concerns about project affected persons, the Ethiopian Constitution has a provision stating that people affected by development projects should be compensated and in the case of resettlement, their livelihoods should be restored. This principle has been the guideline in mitigating adverse social impacts induced by the operations of the Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA). The two, World Bank policy directives and the ERA practice in mitigating adverse social impacts, constitute the basic framework of RSDPSP including bilateral as well as multilateral road projects. The overall purpose of the policy framework is to clarify the principles of social impact mitigation in the process of addressing social impacts induced by project operations. The framework is valid for all road projects executed by the ERA, under the framework of RSDPSP including bilateral as well as multilateral road projects.

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The operational objective of the framework is to provide guidelines to stakeholders participating in the rehabilitationlresettlement operations in order to ensure that project affected persons (PAPs) will not be impoverished by the adverse social impacts of the projects. The basic principles imply that PAPs should be: compensated for loss of assets at replacement costs; given opportunities to share project benefits; and be assisted in case of relocation or resettlement. Focus is on restoring the income earning capacity of the project-affected persons. The aim should be to improve or at least sustain living conditions prior to project operations or resettlement.

Road Sector Development program The Government of Ethiopia formulated a Road Sector Development Program (RSDP), which aimed at contributing to the country's economic development. (World Bank: December 1997). The core focal areas of the program include the following:- Improving trunk and link regional rural road access and utilization to meet agricultural and other economic development needs; Building up the institutional capacity in both the public and private sectors for sustainable road development and maintenance; and Providing economic opportunity for the rural poor through increased employment in rural road works and development of appropriate and affordable means of transport and services. The Road Sector Development Program (RSDP) was formulated as a 10-year program (1997-2007). The first five year of the program (RSDPI), covering the period 1997 to 2007, was officially launched in September 1997, and was completed in June 2002, with recorded physical and financial performance of 88 percent and 77 percent respectively. (ERA: November 2006). According to the Road sector Development Performance Report, the first phase of the Road Sector Development Program (1997 to 2002) focused on the restoration of the road network to acceptable condition. The second phase (2002-2007) aimed at consolidating the achievements of the first phase, while also promoting the expansion, enhancing the connectivity of the network, and hence providing a sustainable road system to rural parts of the country. Up to end of June 2006, a total of 51,437 Kms. of rural roads were constructed upgradedtrehabilitated and maintained, of which 8495 kms were federal roads and 953 1 kms newly constructedtmaintained, regional roads, and over 33400 kms were community and newly constructed and maintained.

3.1.4 World Bank Policies

The following are the current World Bank Safeguard Policies that are pertinent to the development projects. There are ten "World Bank Safeguard Policies" whose primary objective is to ensure that Bank operations do not cause adverse impacts.

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OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment: The core requirement of this Policy is that screening should be done as early as possible for potential impacts and select appropriate instrument to assess, minimize and mitigate potentially adverse impacts, to ensure that Bank-financed projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that decision- making is improved through appropriate analysis of actions and of their likely environmental impacts, and ensures that appropriate levels of environmental and social assessment are carried out as part of project design. It also deals with the public consultation process, and ensures that the views of PAPS and local NGOs are incorporated as early as possible for Category A and B projects. OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitats: This policy recognizes that the conservation of natural habitats is essential to safeguard their unique biodiversity and to maintain environmental services and products for human society and for long-term sustainable development. The Bank therefore supports the protection, management, and restoration of natural habitats in its project financing, as well as policy dialogue and economic and sector work.

OP/BP 4.36 Forests: The objective of this policy is to assist borrowers to harness the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic development and protect the vital local and global environmental services and values of forests. Where forest restoration and plantation development are necessary to meet these objectives, the Bank assists borrowers with forest restoration activities that maintain or enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functionality. The Bank assists borrowers with the establishment of environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial and economically viable forest plantations to help meet growing demands for forest goods and services.

OP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources: The objective of this policy is to assist countries to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts of development projects on physical cultural resources. For purposes of this policy, "physical cultural resources" are defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Physical cultural resources may be located in urban or rural settings, and may be above ground, underground, or underwater. This policy applies to all projects requiring a Category A or B Environmental Assessment under OP 4.01, project located in, or in the vicinity of, recognized cultural heritage sites, and projects designed to support the management or conservation of physical cultural resources.

OP 4.09 Pest Management: The objective of this policy is to (i) promote the use of biological or environmental control and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides; and (ii) strengthen the capacity of the country's regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective and environmentally sound pest management.

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OP/BP 4.10 Indigenous Peoples: The objective of this policy is to (i) ensure that the development process fosters full respect for the dignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness of indigenous peoples; (ii) ensure that adverse effects during the development process are avoided, or if not feasible, ensure that these are minimized, mitigated or compensated; and (iii) ensure that indigenous peoples receive culturally appropriate and gender and intergenerationally inclusive social and economic benefits.

OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement: The objective of this policy is to (i) avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs; (ii) assist displaced persons in improving their former living standards, income earning capacity, and production levels, or at least in restoring them; (iii) encourage community participation in planning and implementing resettlement; and (iv) provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure.

OP/BP 4.37 Safety of Dams: The objectives of this policy are as follows: For new dams, to ensure that experienced and competent professionals design and supervise construction; the borrower adopts and implements dam safety measures for the dam and associated works.

OP 7.50 Projects in International Waters: The objective of this policy is to ensure that Bank-financed projects affecting international waterways would not affect: (i) relations between the Bank and its borrowers and between states (whether members of the Bank or not); and (ii) the efficient utilization and protection of international waterways.

OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas: The objective of this policy is to ensure that projects in disputed areas are dealt with at the earliest possible stage: (a) so as not to affect relations between the Bank and its member countries; (b) so as not to affect relations between the borrower and neighboring countries; and (c) so as not to prejudice the position of either the Bank or the countries concerned.

3.1.4.1 Triggered World Bank's Safeguard Policies

Of all the ten current World Bank's Safeguard Policies, only three policies are triggered by the proposed road project for upgrading. These include; OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment: The objective of this polic-v is to ensure that Bank-financed projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that decision-making is improved through appropriate analysis of actions and of their likely environmental impacts. It is triggered $a project is likely to have potential (adverse) environmental risks and impacts on its area of influence. This policy has been triggered due to the potential adverse environmental and social impacts due to the road construction activities.

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OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement: The objective is to avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs, assist displaced persons in improving their former living standards, income earning capacity, and production levels, or at least in restoring them encourage community participation in planning and implementing resettlement, and provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure This policy has been triggered due to the potential adverse social impacts that might result from land acquisistion. OP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources: The objective of this policy is to assist countries to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts of development projects on physical cultural resources. This policy applies to all projects requiring a Category A or B Environmental Assessment under OP 4.01, project located in, or in the vicinity oJ recognized cultural heritage sites, and projects designed to support the management or conservation of physical cultural resources. This policy has been triggered due to the potential for chance finds during road construction.

However, as per the Bank policy on EIA and the country's policy, this detail EIA report was prepared focusing on all the impacts of the proposed road project on the natural and socio-economic environments. Detail and cost effective mitigation measures were also proposed to minimize the likely impacts of the proposed road project. To address the social-economic impacts of the proposed road project, detail RAP was prepared for the road project, based on the Bank and national polices on resettlement. The RAP document was reviewed and updated by the Bank and ERA.

3.1.5. The Bank's Policy on Disclosure

It is the belief of the Bank that the peoples residing in the project areas have the right to be informed of the proposed development project(s) in their respective areas. Therefore, prior to project appraisal, the EIA report of the road project, along with other relevant information, should be disclosed at the Bank's Infoshop as well as in the country where it can easily be accessible. The client, in line with this policy, discloses the main study findings of the captioned project in local language (s).

3.1.6. Comparison between national law on land use and Bank OP 4.12

There are issues where national law and The Bank law differ in land entitlements definition in relation to the date when land is owned by individuals. Before the cut of date people are having land in the ROW this raises conflict on compensation, based on the national law and World Bank law. The law relating to land administration in Ethiopia is varied; entitlements for payments of compensation are essentially based on right of ownership. The Bank's -OP 4.12 is Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 45 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Repoti fundamentally different from this and states that affected persons are entitled to some form of compensation whether or not they have legal titles if they occupy the land by the cut of date. Therefore, as this is a Bank funded project, the principles of OP 4.12 are not negotiable. The Bank's OP 4.12 must be adhered to. As a result, all the land to be acquired by the governments for this project would be so acquired subject to the laws of Ethiopia and the Bank OP 4.12. Where there is conflict, the Bank OP 4.12 must take precedence.

3.2 Environmental Framework Legislation 3.2.1 The Constitution of the FDRE

The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) contains a number of articles, which are relevant to environmental matters in connection with development projects in particular as well as to the environment in general and forms the fundamental basis for the development of specific environmental legislative instruments. The Constitution was issued in 1995 through a proclamation No. 111995. The Constitution has an exclusive article on the environment and therefore states in its Article 44 Sub Article 1 that: "All persons have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment." Furthermore, concerning compensation to project affected people (PAPS), Sub Article 2 provides that: "All persons who have been adversely affected or whose rights have been adversely affected as a result of state programs have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of compensation, including relocation with adequate state assistance. " On the other hand, regarding public consultation and participation, in Article 92 Sub Article 3, it is stated that: "People have the right to full consultation and to the expression of views in the planning and implementation of environmental policies or projects that affect them directly." In general, the Constitution is the primary regulation on which the other proclamations and regulations have been based. The Constitution Article 40 states that ownership of both urban and rural land is vested in the State and the people, and is common property, which is not subject to sale or other means of exchange. Farmers have the right to obtain land without payment, and are protected against eviction from land in their possession. Full right to immovable property and permanent improvements to land is vested in individuals who have built the property or made the improvements, but government may expropriate such property for public purposes, subject to the payment in advance of compensation commensurate to the value of the property or alternative means of compensation, including relocation with adequate State assistance as described above. EPA is a new institution, recently created from the Ministry of Natural Resources Development and Environmental Protection. Although it is absorbed with many

Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 46 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report problems that follow the practical day-to-day activities of a recently established organisation, several new proclamation and policy initiatives are being pursued. The Federal Government has recently approved three Proclamations. These represent a framework building on the policies and strategies set out in the CSE and the EPE, which sets out basic and general provisions for the regulation of environmental matters in a coherent and holistic manner, and will be supplemented in due course by more sector- specific legislation.

3.2.2 Proclamation on Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs, Proclamation No. 29512002

This Proclamation points out the re-establishment of EPA as an autonomous public institution of the Federal Government and it shall be accountable to the Prime Minister. The objectives of the EPA is to formulate policies, strategies, laws and standards, which foster social and economic development in a manner that enhance the welfare of humans and the safety of the environment sustainable, and to spearhead in insuring the effectiveness of the process of their implementation. Some of the EPA's powers and duties include; Prepare, review, and update, cause preparation of environmental policies, strategies and laws in consultation with the competent agencies, and other concerned organs; Establish a system for EIA of public and private projects; Where projects are subjected to federal licensing, execution or supervision or where they are likely to entail inter-regional impacts, review environmental impact study reports; In consultation with competent agencies, formulate or initiate and coordinate the formulation of policies strategies, laws, and program to implement international environmental agreement; Promote and provide non-formal environmental education programs; Delegate some of its power and duties, as it may be deemed appropriate, to other agencies; etc

The objective of this Proclamation is to formally lay down the institutional arrangements necessary to ensure environmentally sustainable management and development, both at Federal and at Regional level. This Proclamation insures the establishment of Sectoral Environmental Units in every competent agency that shall be responsible for coordination and follow-up so that the activities of the competent agency are in harmony with this proclamation and with other environmental protection requirements.

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It also insures that each national regional state shall establish or designate an independent regional agency that shall be based on the Ethiopian Environmental Policy and Conservation Strategy and ensuring public participation in the decision making process. Its responsibilities include;

coordinating the formulation, implementation review and revision of regional conservation strategies; Environmental monitoring protection and regulation. A series of institutional mandates which would extend the powers and duties of the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) and the Environmental Protection Council (EPC) beyond those defined in the enabling legislation which established these bodies are also included. Powers and duties are also proposed in relation to Zonal, Wereda and Community Environmental Coordinating Committees, which will also be established.

3.2.3. Proclamation on Environmental Impact Assessment, Proclamation No. 29912002

The primary objective of the Proclamation is to make EIA mandatory for specified categories of activities undertaken either by the public or private sectors, and possibly, the extension of EIA to policies, plans and programmes in addition to projects. The Federal Government recently approved the proclamation on Environmental Impact Assessment, which complies with the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in Trans-boundary context. The provisions of this proclamation include:

Every project which falls in any category listed in any directive issued in pursuant to this proclamation are subjected to EIA and projects not likely to have negative impacts and so do not require EIA; Projects will be subject to EIA and execution is subject to an environmental clearance from the EPA or Regional Government Environmental Agency, as applies; EPA or the Regional Agency, depending on the magnitude of expected impacts, may waive the requirement of an EIA; All other licensing agencies shall, prior to issuing of a license, ensure that either EPA or the regional Environmental Agency has authorized implementation of project; and A licensing agency shall either suspend or cancel a license that has already been issued in the case that EPA or the Regional environmental agency suspends or cancels the environmental authorization. A Proponent shall undertake a timely environmental impact assessment, identify the likely adverse impacts of his project, and incorporate the means of their prevention, and shall submit to the Authority or the relevant Regional

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environmental agency the environmental impact study report together with the necessary documents. A Proponent shall ensure that an environmental impact assessment is conducted and an environmental impact study report prepared by experts that meet the requirements specified under a directive issued by the Authority. A proponent shall carry out EIA of a project that is likely to produce a trans- regional impact in consultation with the communities likely to be affected in any region; when implementing the project the proponent shall fulfill the terms and conditions of authorization; An environmental impact study report shall be submitted to the Authority or the relevant Regional environmental agency for review. The Authority or Regional environmental agency shall, after evaluating an environmental impact study report by taking into account any public comment and expert opinions: approve the project without conditions and issue authorization if it is convinced that the project may not cause negative impacts; approve the project and issue authorization with conditions that must be fulfilled in order to reduce adverse impacts to insignificant impact; or refuse implementation of the project if the negative impact cannot be satisfactorily avoided. The Authority or the relevant Regional environmental agency shall audit the implementation of an authorized project in order to ensure compliance with all commitments made by, or obligations imposed on, the proponent during the approval of an environmental impact study report; The Authority or the relevant Regional environmental agency shall monitor the implementation of the authorized project in order to evaluate compliance with all commitments made by and obligations imposed on the proponent

Now the Proclamation on Environmental Impact Assessment has been approved by FDRE and put in place, and it has become an legal document and tool for environmental planning, management and monitoring. In the support of EIA studies, existence of other policies is a precondition. In the FDRE, at the moment ambient quality objectives do not exist. However, the Proclamation on Environmental Pollution Control has been approved and put in place since December 2002.

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3.2.4 Proclamation on Environmental Pollution Control, Proclamation no. 30012002

This Proclamation is mainly based on the right of each citizen to a healthy environment, as well as on the obligation to protect the environment of the Country. The primary objective of the Proclamation on Environmental Pollution Control is to provide the basis from which the relevant ambient environmental standards applicable to Ethiopia can be developed, and to make the violation of these standards a punishable act. The Proclamation states that the "polluter pays principle-PPP" will be applied to all persons and require no one to pollute or cause any other person to pollute the environment by violating the relevant environmental standards and the Authority or the relevant Regional environmental agency may take an administrative or legal measures against a person who releases any pollution to the environment. The proclamation also showed or indicated different pollution control measures that enforce different individuals and government institutions not to pollute the environment. The Proclamation also identified those sectors that require environmental standards, which include the following;

Standards for the discharge of effluent into water bodies and sewage systems; Standards for the type of and amounts of substance that can be applied to the soil or be disposed of on or in it; Standards for noise providing for the maximum allowable noise level taking into account the settlement patterns; Waste management standards specifying the level allowed and methods to be used in the generation, handling, storage, treatment, transport and disposal of the various types of waste; EPA may prescribe different environmental standards for different areas as it may find necessary to protect or rehabilitate the environment.

Under this Proclamation, the EPA is given the mandate for the creation of the function of Environmental Inspectors. These Inspectors (to be assigned by EPA or regional environmental agencies) are given the authority to ensure implementation and enforcement of environmental standards and related requirements.

3.2.5 Proclamation to provide for the Expropriation of Land Holdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation, Proclamation No. 45512005 In order to improve the previous conditions of ERA Proclamation on ROW management, which we had had for estimating compensation payments, the government has prepared a new proclamation in July 2005 on the "Expropriation of landholding for public purposes and payment of Compensation" Proclamation No. 45512005 .The objective of the proclamation was to define the basic principles that have to be taken into consideration in determining compensation to a person whose landholding has been expropriated.

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The proclamation indicated certain procedures to be followed during the expropriation of landholdings. Power to expropriate Landholding: Woreda or an urban administration shall up on payment in advance of compensation, have the power to expropriate rural or urban holdings for public purpose where it should be used for a better development projects to be carried out by public entities, investors. Notification of expropriation order: In this context the landholders will be notified in writing, when they should vacate and the amount of compensation to be paid to them. The period of notification to be given shall be determined by directives, it may not, in any way, be less than 90 days. The landholder shall handover the land to the Woreda or urban administration within in 90 days from the date of payment of compensation. The responsibility of implementing Agency, as defined in the proclamation, include preparing detail data pertaining to the land needed for its works and send same, at least one year before the commencement of the works and to the organs empowered to expropriate land, pay compensation in accordance with this proclamation to landholders whose holdings have been expropriated. As per Article 7 of the Proclamation, the amount of compensation are bases certain conditions, which include;

The landholder whose holding has been expropriated shall be entitled to payment of compensation for his property situated on the land and permanent improvements he made to such land; The amount of compensation for the property shall be determined on the basis of replacement cost of the property, and if it is in urban area, it may not, in any way, less than the current cost of constructing a single room low cost house. Compensation for pennanent improvement to land shall be equal to the value of capital & labour expended, & on the land, and costs of removal, transportation and erection shall be paid as compensation for an property that could be relocated & continue its services as before. It has been also indicated in the rocl lama ti on Article 8, that the displacement compensation shall be paid within the following condition: A rural landholder whose landholding has been permanently expropriated, in addition to Article 7, be paid displacement compensation which is equivalent to ten times the average annual income he secured during the five years preceding the expropriation of the land. A rural landholder or holders of communal land whose landholding has been provisionally expropriated shall, in addition to Article 7, be paid until repossession of the land, and also for lost income based on the average annual income secured during the five years preceding the expropriation of the land, however, such payment shall not exceed the amount of compensation payable under the above article.

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If Woreda administration confirms that a substitute land which can easily be ploughed and generate comparable income is available for the holder, the compensation to be paid as mentioned above shall only be equivalent to the average annual income secured during the five years preceding the expropriation of the land. For urban landholder whose holding has been expropriated shall be provided with a plot of urban land, and be paid displacement compensation equivalent to the estimated annual rent of the demolished dwelling house. For the business houses to be demolished, mutatis mutandis shall apply.

Certified private or public institution or individual consultants on the basis of valuation formula adopted at the national level shall carry out the valuation of property situated on land to be expropriated. The proclamation has also indicated who should be committee members during valuation of properties to be affected, and stated as follows, the Woreda administration where the land to be expropriated is located in rural areas, shall assign a committee of not more than five experts having the relevant qualification and if the land is located in urban area, the urban administration shall do the same for valuating property. If the land to be expropriated requires specialized knowledge and experience, a separate committee of experts to be designated by the Woreda or urban administration shall value it. As per the proclamation, complaints and appeals in relation to compensation payments are dealt as follows: If administration organ to hear grievances related to hold urban holdings is not yet established, compliant shall be submitted to regular court having jurisdiction If the holder is dissatisfied with the amount of compensation, complaints might be lodged to administrative organ established to hear grievances related to urban landholdings. The above organ shall examine the complaint and give its decision within short period of as specified by directives issued by the region. The party dissatisfied with the decision rendered above may appeal to the regular appellate court or municipal appellate court within 30 days and it will be the final decision. The execution of an expropriation order may not be delayed due to a complaint regarding the amount of compensation. In the course of implementing the proclamation, the Ministry of Federal Affairs has the following duties and responsibilities, following - up and ensuring that the provisions of the proclamation are complied with in a region, give technical & capacity building support to regions, and prepare in collaboration with other federal government, national valuation formula for the determination of compensation payable under this proclamation, and submit same to the council of ministers for approval, while the Woreda & Urban Center Administrations have the following responsibilities & duties, pay or cause the payment of compensation to holders of expropriated land & provide them with

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3.2.6 Proclamation on Conservation, Development and Utilisation of Forests This Proclamation, Proc. No. 9411994, was issued in 1994 to provide for the Conservation, Development and Utilisation of Forests. The objective of this Proclamation is to provide the basis for sustainable utilisation of the country's forest resources. The Proclamation categorises types of forest ownership (State, regional and private forests). It provides the power for designation, demarcation, and registration of forests to the Ministry of Agriculture (now MoARD) and Regional Governments. The Proclamation then goes on to give some specific direction for the utilization of State and Regional Forests, and lists prohibited activities within protected forests. One of the objectives of establishment of State Forests is to conserve genetic resources andlor conserve the ecosystem. The law prohibits cutting and utilization of protected tree species such as Hagenia abyssinica ('Koso Zaf'), Cordia africana ('Wanza'), Podocarpus falcatus ('Zigiba'), Prunus Africana ('Tikur Inchet'), and Juniperus procera ('Yeabesh Tid') from either State or Regional Forests.

3.2.7 Proclamation on Rural Land Administration and Land Use This Proclamation, Proc. No. 45612005, came into effect in July 2005. The objective of the Proclamation is to conserve and develop natural resources in rural areas by promoting sustainable land use practices. In order to encourage farmers and pastoralists to implement measures to guard against soil erosion, the Proclamation introduces a Rural Land Holding Certificate, which provides a level of security of tenure. The MoARD is charged with executing the Proclamation by providing support and co- ordinating the activities of the regional authorities. Regional governments have an obligation to establish a competent organization to implement the rural land administration and land use law. According the Proclamation where land, which has already been registered, is to be acquired for public works, compensation commensurate with the improvements made to the land shall be paid to the land use holder or substitute land shall be offered. The Proclamation imposes restrictions on the use of various categories of land, for example wetland areas, steep slopes, land dissected by gullies, etc.

3.2.8 Proclamation on Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage Proclamation No. 20912000 provides legal framework for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage. The Proclamation establishes the Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (ARCCH) as a government institution with a juridical personality. In addition, it has provisions for management, exploration, discovery and study of Cultural Heritage and miscellaneous provisions.

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As defined in the Proclamation, the objectives of the Authority (ARCCH) are to carry out a scientific registration and supervision of Cultural Heritage; protect Cultural Heritage against man-made and natural disasters; enable the benefits of Cultural Heritage assist in the economic and social development of the country; and discover and study Cultural Heritage. Among the powers and duties of the Authority are: registers Cultural Heritage in cooperation with the appropriate body; protects and supervises Cultural Heritage, collects information on Cultural Heritage, defines the nature and classify the standard of same; gives the necessary education and advice on the content, benefit and preservation of Cultural Heritage; and Collects Cultural Heritage in museum and makes available same to visitors and researchers. Part two of the Proclamation provides 15 Articles on Management of Cultural Heritage. Among these are provisions on Ownership and Duties of Owners, Classification, Registration, Conservation and Restoration, Removal, the Use, and Expropriation of Cultural Heritage, Preservation of Cultural Heritage Situated on Land given in Usufruct, and Establishment of Museum. Part three of the Proclamation provides 13 Articles on Exploration, Discovery and Study of Cultural Heritage. Article 41 is on Fortuitous Discovery of Cultural Heritage and Sub- Article (1) states that, any person who discovers any Cultural Heritage in the course of an excavation connected to mining explorations, building works, road construction or other similar activities or in the course of any other fortuitous event, shall forthwith report same to the Authority, and shall protect and keep same intact, until the Authority (ARCCH) takes delivery thereof. Connected to this, Sub-Article (2) states that, the Authority shall, upon receipt of a report submitted pursuant to Sub-Article (1) hereof, take all appropriate measures to examine, take delivery of, and register the Cultural Heritage so discovered. Under Miscellaneous Provisions, the Proclamation states that, any person who holds permit to conduct construction works in a reserved area [an area declared to be containing an assemblage of immovable Cultural Heritage or an archaeological site] and who discovers Cultural Heritage in the course of construction activities shall stop construction and shall forthwith report same in writing to the Authority.

3.2.9 Proclamation on Ethiopian Water Resources Management This Proclamation, Proc. No. 19712000, was issued in March 2000 and provides legal requirements for Ethiopian water resources management, protection and utilization. The aim of the Proclamation was to ensure that water resources of the country are protected and utilized for the highest social and economic benefits, to follow up and supervise that they are duly conserved, ensure that harmful effects of water use prevented, and that the management of water resources is carried out properly.

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The Proclamation defines the ownership of water resources, powers and duties of the Supervising Body, inventory of water resources and registry of actions, permits and professional licenses, fees and water charges. According to the Proclamation, all water resources of the country are the common property of the Ethiopian people and the State. As provided in the Proclamation, the Supervising Body [the Ministry pertaining to water resources at central level, or any organ delegated by the Ministry] shall be responsible fro the planning, management, utilization and protection of water resources. It shall also have the necessary power for the execution of its duties under the provisions of this Proclamation. Regarding inventory of water resources and registry of actions, the Supervising Body shall prepare or cause to be prepared and maintain the inventory of water resources of the country. The inventory would include: identification and description of the occurrence, availability, location, amount and quality of water resources; identification and description of seasonally expected demand of the supply of water; and periodically compile data on consumptive and non-consumptive use of water. According to Sub-Article 1 of the Article 11, no person shall perform the following activities without a permit from the Supervising Body without prejudice to the exceptions specified under Article 12: construct water works; supply water, whether for his own use or for others; transfer water which helshe abstracted from a water resource or received from another supplies; and Release or discharge waste into water resources unless otherwise provided for in the regulations to be issued for the implementation of this Proclamation. As defined in Article 12, any person shall utilize water resources for the following purposes without requiring a permit from the Supervising Body: dig water wells by hand or use water from hand-dug wells; use water for traditional irrigation, artisan mining and for traditional animal rearing, as well as for water mills:

3.2.10 Multilateral Agreements and Conventions The FDRE has ratified, within its own legislative framework, the following international protocols and conventions: Convention concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, ratified 1972. International Plant Protection Convention. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), ratified in 1989. Vienna Convention on Ozone Layer Protection (1990); Montreal Protocol for Substances Depleting the Ozone Layer (1 990); Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 55 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Framework Convention on the Law of the Sea. Framework Convention of Climate, ratified in 1994. Convention on Biological Diversity, ratified in 1994. African Convention on the Conservation on Natural Resources. Convention on Desertification ratified 1997. Convention on Biodiversity (Rio convention) (1997); Framework Convention of United Nations on Climate Change (1997); and Convention on the Control of Tran boundary Movement of Hazardous Substance

3.3 EIA Guidelines

3.3.1 EPA EIA Guidelines

In 2002, as part of the ongoing effort to develop environmental legislation and guidelines in Ethiopia, the EPA released the final of its EIA Guidelines document along with other guidelines such as the EIA Review Guidelines. These follow the conventional pattern adopted in many other parts of the world, and make provision for screening, scoping, identification and evaluation of impacts, the development of environmental management and monitoring plans, consideration of alternatives etc. Approval of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) may be conditional on compliance with environmental quality criteria, or other provisions stated in the EIS, and the approving authority may conduct audit and surveillance to ensure compliance during and after project implementation. The guideline requires all projects to be submitted to an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) to enable a decision to be taken as to whether the project is to be submitted to full EIA (in the case of projects which may have significant impacts) and are defined as falling under Schedule 1, or are of projects such a type or scale which does not justify full EM, and therefore fall into Schedule 2. Schedule 3 projects are the ones who have no impact on the environment and do not require EIA. EPA has also prepared a draft document on environmental impact considerations for projects in different sectors. The documents/guideline provides a comprehensive statement of the types of adverse impact which may occur, and sets out clearly the aspects which need to be addressed in an EIAIIEE. In addition it provides a detailed checklist for the use of IEEIEIA compilers and reviewers, and an outline format for the preparation of TOR for EIA studies. The document, is of a very high standard, and provides a sound basis for IEE and EIA of development projects in various sectors.

Now the Proclamation on EIA is approved by the Federal Government and will be published as regulations in the near future. Therefore, the EIA guideline documents will

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3.3.2 ERA Standard Environmental Procedures Manual and Resettlement /Rehabilitation Policy Framework

ERA Standard Environmental Procedures Manual - 2001 The Environmental Procedures Manual for Roads Prepared for the use and technical guidance for design personnel of the Ethiopian Roads Authority and consultants doing Environmental Assessment Study during road design work for the Authority, however, it may also be used as a guide by other agencies undertaking relevant work in the road sector was produced in 2001. The ERA has prepared the Manual in order to standardize Environmental Procedures for design of new roads and rehabilitation of existing roads. The road network comprises a huge national asset that requires adherence to appropriate Environmental Procedures during design, construction and maintenance of roads, in order to provide a high level service. As the length of the engineered road network is increasing, appropriate choice of methods to preserve this investment becomes increasingly important.

3.4 Institutional and Administrative Framework The following paragraphs discuss the institutional and administrative framework at the Federal and Regional level and organisations responsible for the preparation of environmental policy and technical guidelines.

3.4.1 Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and Administration Regions The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) was formally established on August 21, 1995. The FDRE comprises of the Federal states with nine Regional State members. The new government structure takes power from the centre to regions and localities. The relative roles of government at the different levels (Federal, Regional and Local) in terms of power and duties, including on fiscal matters, have been defined by the Constitution, Proclamations Nos. 33 of 1992, 41 of 1993, and 4 of 1995. Under these proclamations, duties and responsibilities of Regional States include planning, directing and developing social and economic programs, as well as the administration, development and protection of natural resources of their respective regions.

3.4.2. Environmental Protection Authority The National Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) was re-established under Proclamation No. 29512002 as an autonomous public institution of the Federal Government of Ethiopia entrusted with the protection and conservation of natural resources in Ethiopia. The general role of the EPA is to provide for the protection and

Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 57 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report conservation of the broad environment, through formulation of policies, strategies, laws and standards, which foster social and economic development in a manner that enhance the welfare of humans and the safety of the environment sustainable. One of the environmental policies of the EPA is to protect and rehabilitate the fundamental causes that lead to degradation, adverse effects and determine mitigation measures. The policy is usually integrated and compatible to fit to a long term economic development strategy known as agricultural development-led industrialization (ADLI) and other key policies. As per sub-article 2 of article 6 of Proclamation No.9 of 1995, environmental development and management as well as protection in Ethiopia are designated. In this case the socio-environmental assessment needs to be reviewed and incorporated into different road project phases: at designing & planning, construction, monitoring, post-project evaluation and maintenance phases.

The EPA is the Competent Agency at the Federal level in Ethiopia. It is, therefore, the responsibility of this authority in the EIA process to: ensure that the proponent complies with requirements of the EIA process; maintain co-operation and consultation between the different sectoral agencies throughout the EIA process; maintain a close relationship with the proponent and to provide guidance on the process; and Evaluate and take decisions on the documents that arise from the EIA process.

3.4.3 Regional Governments The basic administration units in each Regional Government are the Woreda and each Woreda is sub-divided into Kebele in urban areas and farmers associations in rural areas. Each administrative unit has it's own local government elected by the people. Based on the powers and responsibilities of the regional governments, they have established Sectoral Bureau, Commissions and Authorities.

3.4.4 Ethiopian Roads Authority

General The Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) is the Government body responsible for the administration of the Road Sector Development Programme (RSDP). ERA is a legally autonomous agency in charge of the overall management of the main road network, while responsibility of managing the rural roads network has been decentralized to Regional Rural Road Authorities (RRAs). ERA 's Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch The Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch (EMSB) was established in January 1998 as Environmental Management Branch (EMB) under Planning and Programming Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 58 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report

Division of Engineering and Regulatory Department to address environmental matters arising from the road development programme. The main responsibilities of the Branch include:

Advising senior management and assisting in the decision-making process on all road sector environmental and social issues; Advising senior management and assisting in the decision-making process on all road sector environmental and social issues; Ensuring that environmental and social issues related to environmental and social management and monitoring are adequately addressed in connection with the road project design, construction and operation and maintenance and other activities of all ERA departments and divisions; Supervising and monitoring for road sector projects. Strengthening the capacity of ERA'S Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch is needed for the following reasons. A consequent cost for capacity building for the EMSB staff is indicated in table 8.1.

The Government has issued policies, and regulations describing the requirements for environmental assessment. Therefore, strategies for incorporating environmental considerations into the planning and implementation phases of development projects are a legal obligation. To comply with these requirements, it is necessary for ERA'S EMSB to strengthen its organizational capacity in this regard. In addition, the ever-increasing number of road projects will also require the strengthening of the monitoring capacity of the Branch.

The Authority as nationally responsible body for planning, implementing and monitoring of road projects, the environmental aspect of ongoing and future projects must be addressed with the purpose of complying with the requirements contained in the policies, laws, regulations and guidelines issued by the Government and other concerned authorities.

"Audit and inspection" of internal activities in the planning and implementation stages of road projects are tasks that cannot be left to contractors and consultants. ERA must review its own activities in order to appraise and identity appropriate solutions. This will save time and money of correcting errors involved in the planning, implementation and operation of projects. Moreover, the lessons learned in this process will enhance the ability to incorporate the necessary measures in the planning of future projects.

ERA 's Right-of- Way (ROW) Branch ERA'S RoWB is responsible for implementation of all resettlement action plans and effecting compensations for properties involved in all forms of land acquisition; that is,

Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 59 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report land taken for camps, quarry sites, borrow pits, detours, access roads, etc. It negotiates with regional government bodies, rural and urban Kebele administrations to secure right- of-way for highway maintenance and construction purpose as well as for the establishment of quarry and campsites. ROW negotiates with property owners, rural and urban dwellers associations (or Kebele administration) in establishing compensation for any building, crop, vegetation and other property through judicial methods. ROW investigates claims and disputes arising from land acquisition; recommends acceptance or rejection of compensatory claims and ensures that payments are effected as agreed with claimants or as decided by the competent authority; secures receipts and land transfers for road construction. ROW organizes property valuation committee from appropriate Regional officials, community elders and introduces the committee with the authority's standard methodology and procedures of valuation of properties on the land. The ROW Branch, where appropriate, establishes arbitration appraisal committee for conducting negotiations with property owners or their representatives, ensures that accepted appraisal methods and techniques are followed in the valuation of property.

3.4.5 Regional and Local Government Bodies In accordance with the principles of government decentralization set out in the Ethiopian Constitution, Regional States shall establish their own independent Regional environmental agencies or designate existing agencies that shall be responsible for environmental monitoring, protection and regulation within their respective jurisdictions. These are expected to reflect the environmental management requirements at local level. The Regional Government Environmental Agencies responsibilities shall be: Based on the CSE, co-ordinate the formulation, implementation, review or revision of regional conservation strategies. Facilitate the establishment of lower level environmental coordinating bodies at the Zonal, Woreda and community levels Ensure the implementation of federal environmental standards or, as appropriate, issue and implement their own no less stringent standards. Prepare reports on the state of the environment and sustainable development of their respective states and submit them to the Authority.

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4. Potential alternatives to the proposed route

In selecting route alignments, three issues need to be addressed. These include social, environmental and economic as well as technical consequences of the proposed road realignment considered. As long as Wolkite-Hossaina road project is considered, the project area is located in one of the highly populated areas in the country and as a result agricultural land is very scarce and an individual farmer has a fragmented plot of land. On this plot of land varieties of crops and vegetables are grown to sustain the livelihood of the family. The implication of any realignment the potential environmental, social and economical impacts are relatively very high compared to the impacts of the existing route. Technically, any realignment might bring excessive earth works which may include cut and fill works that results in change in landscape.

Therefore, no alternative routes were considered except minor realignments at 4.3km having a length 1.4km and offset 0.25km from the existing road to improve the geometry of the road and to have good bridge crossing site on Wabe River., and the other realignment at chainage 55.9km having length of 0.5km and offset 0.14km from the existing road to improve the sharp horizontal curve.

5. Public Consultations

Introdzrction The study team carried out consultation with PAPs and local authorities during the field survey. Consultations with PAPs and the local authorities were conducted at various locations along the project road.

Classzfication of Stakeholders Stakeholder analysis typically classifies stakeholders or all those who have an interest in the project into three categories:-

Primary stakeholders who are directly or indirectly affected by a project, such as the project beneficiaries and not least of all, the people who are likely to be adversely affected by a project, such as being affected by the road upgrading exercise.

Secondary stakeholders are those who are involved in the delivery of the project outputs, such as the Government (FDRE, and/or Regionallzone), the implementing agency (ERA), the executing agency (Contractors), and funding agencies (The World Bank etc). Tertiary or external stakeholders are those who are outside the ambit of the project activities, but who can influence the outcome of the project, such as the media, politicians, religious leaders and other opinion leaders.

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This project has identified two groups of people, project beneficiaries and the affected people, as the primary stakeholders. In addition, there is one group of secondary stakeholders, who are government officials, with whom intensive focus group discussions were camed out, in addition to consultations carried out with influential individuals.

Table 5.1: Location of Consultations Undertaken I I I I ZoneIWoreda Participants Work Responsibilities ~ Zone Woreda Guragae Workitie City Zone and Woreda Zone and Woreda Adminst. Cheha Administrators leadership Woreda (Endebir) Municipality mayors Kebele Administration and kebele Officials and Developmental PAPs and Influential works. persons. Silte Zone Mugo Village Zone and Woreda Zone and Woreda Administrators leadership Municipality mayors Kebele Administration and kebele Officials, and Developmental PAPs and Influential works. persons. Hadiya Zone Hossaina City Adm. Zone and Woreda Zone and Woreda Administrators leadership Lema Woreda Municipality mayors Kebele Administration and kebele Officials, and Developmental PAPs and Influential persons.

At all these places, the Study Team began by visiting the local authority offices and briefing them on the purposes of the assignments. The local authorities were then requested to assign a representative to accompany the Team in the identification of environmentally sensitive areas and undertake discussions with the local authorities, PAPs and dwellers along the road project.

The purpose of the discussions was to: Inform, generate, and empower the PAPs, local authorities, and other key stakeholders about the project objectives and the socio-economic benefits of the proposed road project. obtain the commitment of the local authorities to prohibit any further encroachment and development in the ROW after the cut-off-date.

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ensure the availability of land for relocation and to prove the same to the PAPs; Encourage them involve in the project planning and implementation processes and also inform them the EIA and EMP for implementation.

During the field visit, discussions were held with local authorities and the most important outcomes of the discussion include; understanding the socio-economic benefits of the project road, the officials agreed to prohibit and deter newcomers from erecting or carrying out any activity within the ROW; agreed to provide land for the PAPs; agreed to monitor the PAPs in the construction of structures and preparation of sites for resettlement; agreed to cooperate with the construction contractors and supervision consultants in the process of land acquisition; and agreed to play key role in the overall implementation of the project road; etc. following the consultations with Welkite town, the locals or town dwellers requested ERA, the construction of "round about" in Welkite town center where the proposed road joins with the main existing road of Addis - Jimma and the widening of the carriageway of the main existing road from the "Round About" to the center of the town which is about 1km long. ERA also recognized the local's request and agreed to incorporate in the final road design.

On the other hand, the project affected persons were informed about the project's local, regional and national level benefits, and finally accepted and agreed to take part in the project implementation processes. up on the effect of adequate payment of compensation for their affected properties, they have shown full commitment to feel ownership for the project road and involve in the monitoring and follow-up of the project activities. Showed their commitment to stand in line with the government policies and development strategies and involve in the project planning and implementation.

The monitoring and follow-up of the project activities will be backed up with the client's adequate supervision works. In general, all the parties, whose name listed, have signed the minutes of meeting which is attached in the report in Amharic version (Annex 5).

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Fig 5.1: Public Consultation with Fig 5.2: Public consultation with Communities Women Association As mentioned in section 2.10 above, consultations were made with the local administrations and religious leaders to reaffirm the issues of the PCR (especially the grave yards along the existing road route) during the appraisal work. Consultation was made at three locations; Mugo town (km 88), Hossaina and at Walkitie towns. According to the local people opinion, the cemeteries were built after road had been constructed. The focus group discussion asserted that the construction of the road is at the top of the community's priority agenda, and that they are willing to cooperate and facilitate the project implementation as required. Regarding the graveyards, they have promised not to extend towards the road but use the plots at the back for the future. If any portion of the existing graves falls in the road ROW, they are willing to relocate it. However the community proposed two conditions to relocate the cemeteries. One, the costs for relocation should be covered by the implementing agency, and second, the number of dead bodies should be counted and get equal number of space not to put all dead bodies in one single pit or trench.

The Amharic version which is in Annex 5 generally reiterates the above points and also the community's commitment to cooperate in the implementation of project road through their respective Administration Offices.

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6. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

In general, the major positive impacts of any road improvement project are those likely to have social and economic benefits attained from the road improvement, while major adverse impacts are attributed to the impact on the farmland and physical disturbance to the natural ground, and dislocation of people in rural villages, if any, and loss of crops in cultivated areas. In this chapter, the potential significant impacts of the proposed project on the physical, biological and socio-economic environment are discussed. It also identifies and recommends appropriate mitigation measures for the adverse impacts.

Therefore, analyses were conducted with a view to identifying the environmental component that would likely to be affected by the road project i.e. the Valued Environmental Components. The resulting impacts were categorized as positive or beneficial and negative or adverse impacts.

6.1 Impacts on the Socioeconomic Environment

The potential social impacts of the Wolkite - Hossaina Road project have been identified and their significance analyzed based on preliminary data obtained from field surveys along the proposed alignments, local government offices, consultations with key stakeholders and a review of the previous relevant documents.

6.1.1 Positive Impacts

6.1.1.1. Improved Transport Services and Affordability

The main positive impact from the construction of the project road will be reduction of costs of transport, facilitate travel and transport within the project area and toland from other places in the project area and outside the project area. In addition, the improvement of the road will contribute to improved transport services and to increasing levels of travel and transport. The project road, in its short and medium term will create impacts such as reductions in vehicle operating, transport and time costs for public passenger and freight transports and for private vehicle users, and improvement in the availability of transport facilities and services. The advantage of the road would also be to bring down the cost of transport service that also could facilitate travel from one town to the other within the project area and its impact zone and outside of the project area. Improved accessibility would contribute to poverty reduction and long term development in the project area through improved access to the provision of social services. Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 65 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report

6.1.1.2. Improved Social Services

The project road is expected to further improve market opportunities, provide access to improved and better social service facilities, create improved communication, improve the supply of agricultural inputs, enhance investment and employment opportunities, contribute to income generating activities, and improve the situation of women by creating better access to transport and other facilities.

6.1.1.3. Improved Marketing, Income and Livelihood

The construction of the project road will create subsequent increase and utilization of agricultural inputs and services that will result in increased production, higher farm gate prices for local produce, resulting in higher incomes to the farming households. It is also expected that employment opportunities for the local labor force will be created; it can be assumed that this will be a significant contribution to the reduction of poverty at the household level. In the long term, development impacts and incentive will be created that will bring about economic growth and changes in the livelihood conditions of the people residing in the project area. It is anticipated that due to the upgraded road more new businesses and investment projects would be coming up in the project area. It is also true that qualified personnel will be attracted to work in the project area with the improvement of road accessibility, improved transport service and also with the availability and timely delivery of the required services. The major social benefits include the development of increased / improved trade and market facilities and improvement in the provision of social services; and employment opportunity created for women to work as laborers in the project road and also income generation through sales of goods and services to construction workers. The delivery of social services, agricultural inputs, consumer goods will improve due to the construction of the project road and availability of better accessibility in the project area. The project road is important for access to health facilities, schools, major market centers, agricultural input supplies stores and other service giving institutions.

6.1.1.4. Opportunities to Women

Women in road projects could work as daily laborers and in other similar activities in the project implementation. Female-headed households in particular could benefit from the roadwork through employment opportunities that would be created. They also gain working skill that can be applied in other similar activities. It also helps to develop confidence and self sufficient among women who involve in the road construction work.

Therefore, in order to exploit these advantages, the project owners should encourage use of local manpower during the construction phase of the project, giving priority for women.

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6.1.2 Negative Impacts

There will, nevertheless, be several adverse impacts on the physical, natural and socio- economic environment. The major potential socio-economic issues include, but not limited to, the following:

Loss of infi-astructure such as housing units which provide residential, business, commercial or industrial functions; Disruption of utility services such as water supply pipelines, telephone lines and power transmission lines; Several of these effects depend on the road width. During the rapid preliminary assessment, the road impacts both in 30 metre width in rural and 20 metres width in the urban areas were assessed. The impact profiles this together with the corresponding avoidance, mitigation measures are presented below. Adverse impacts on water resources and wetland areas along the project road. This impact will be aggravated if construction works are done during rainy season and inappropriate planning of activities at the vicinity of water bodies.

6.1.2.1 Potential Impacts of the Project

The impact of land and property acquisition will be widely spread over on four Woredas and a number of villages losing land or property, mostly residential houses and trees. Based on the preliminary assessment of the expected impact of the projects, it was observed that the road will affect farm land, trees, grazing land and residential houses. There are about 12 burial grounds in Mirab Azernet Berebere Woreda specifically at two places in Bilalo Kebele and at one site in Derasam Kebele adjacent to the road within 20 meters ROW width.

Generally, the impacts of the development projects are both temporary and permanent. However, the impacts for Welkite-Hossaina road project is considered as permanent impact, and consequently sizeable farmlands (as per RAP findings i.e. 28.68ha) and about 772 houses (both partially and fully) both in urban and rural areas will be affected. However, regarding the relocation of houses, it was observed during the field visit that there is enough space at the back of each house to construct a new house when there is a partial or total damage of houses within the right-of-way. It is estimated that around 90% of the land expected to be affected is currently under cultivation. A final estimate will only become available once the cadastral survey has been completed and the Detailed Measurement Survey (DMS) of land acquisition is undertaken. However, the preliminary descriptive profile (shown in Table 6.2) will show the general picture of the impacts of the Project.

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Table 6.2 Im~actson Rural Areas

I Km ( Reading from Wolkite to Impacts Hossaina) (On 20 meters width) Additional Comments 1 3.5 Farm. Eucalv~tus

4.1 Dwelling, Eucalyptus, farm p 1 4.2 Eucalyptus, Farm, Poles 5.0 Poles 6.1 Dwelling 12.6 Eucalyptus, Farm 1 24.5 Dwelling I 26.1 I Fence I 1 29 I Fence 1 40.5 -41 Eucalyptus, Farm I 46 Fence, Dwelling

65.6 Fence 68 Eucalyptus, Farm 68.5 Fence, Eucalyptus

70 Fence ,Eucalyptus J 75 Fence ,Eucalyptus 76 Fence ,Eucalyptus 77.7 Fence ,Eucalyptus 80.6 -81.1 Fence ,Eucalyptus 82 Eucalyptus, Farm 83.8 - 85 Eucalyptus, Farm 87 Eucalyptus, Farm 90.2-96.9 Eucalyptus + Fence 102-103 Eucalyptus + Fence 104.1-105.4 Eucalyptus + Fence 108 Eucalyptus + Fence

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6.2 Adverse Impacts on the Biophysical Environment

The upgrading of the road project will definitely involve the widening of the existing road alignment, mostly at curvatures and at currently narrowed sections of the road. The existing road is 6 meters wide and Gravel surfaced, as per the Pavement Design Report, November 2007, p32, the road is going to be upgraded to a Design Standard (as per ERA'S design manual) of DS 3 and DS 4 with a pavement width of 7 meters and 0.5-1.5 meter gravel shoulder width in rural areas. Therefore, this activity will not bring any significant impact on the road side areas. The existing government policy allow land owners for compensation depending on the terms of the occupation, which means land owners are eligible for permanent and temporary forms of payment.

6.2.1 Impact on Vegetation There is no significant forest reserve site, except Yegera protected forest at station 24 km, which is located out of the ROW width at about 1.Okm away from the road alignment. However, diversion and access road constructions, stockpiling of excess cuts, material sites establishment, and dust pollution will affect the Yegera protected forest. Beside this, dispersed trees and tree hedges are found at different locations along the route. The tree hedges are mainly Eucalyptus tree plantation and Juniperus procera. These trees will be affected due to land acquisition for the activities.

Therefore, - The corridor should be established with minimum width avoiding substantial cutting of trees, of any species, within the right-of-way; and - As specified on contract documents the Contractor must plant 10 seedlings for every tree cut during construction. - A clause will be included in the contractual document that requires the contractor not cut down trees unnecessarily outside the ROW requirement and inform his workforces not to involve in any tree cutting activities and also illegal transporting of wood products. - A clause will be included in the contractual document that requires the contractor not to establish campsites, materials sites, and stockpiling sites close to any forested areas.

6.2.2 Impacts on the Wildlife

The government of Ethiopia, by developing different environmental policies and regulations, has been trying to protect biodiversity and conserve resources through the creation of protected parks, wildlife resources, and controlled hunting areas. The establishment of these Conservation and Protection Areas has been one of the more farsighted and ecologically beneficial occurrences in the country. However, the project Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 69 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report road conidor is neither contiguous with, nor in close proximity with any of these nationally protected areas.

There is no significant wildlife habitats reported to exist in the project area and no endangered animal species, no wildlife sanctuaries or protected site habitats have been identified in the study corridor. This has been further confirmed by the regional/local Culture and Tourism Bureaus/Offices during the consultation in January 2009. However, there are some wildlife species that exist along the road area which may include ape, monkey, and other smaller wildlife. As stated in the report, the project area is highly populated which created inconvenience for the wildlife movement and breading. Because of this problem, it will be unlikely that the limited wildlife animals in the area come in contact with the moving vehicles. To even protect these limited wild animals, during the construction phase, the contractor shall implement the mitigation measures stated in contract documents to minimize the impacts on wildlife; The contractor should create awareness among the workers on the precautions to be taken while operating in wildlife areas shall be organized and conducted by the contractors. The contractor shall instruct and supervise his workforce not to involve in illegal hunting, poaching, and killing of wild animals, not to involve in trading, transporting and endangering wild animals. The design will include installation of underpasses (culverts) at appropriate intervals along the road for safe crossing of the wild animals across the road

6.2.3 Soil Erosion and Contamination Improper earthwork operation in the corridor may initiate or aggravate soil erosion in the area. Other potential operations to cause soil erosion are activities in quarry and borrow pit areas. In addition, operations for campsites can also be causes for soil erosion. Impact related to soil erosion at later stage (operation phase) comes from the improper design of culvert outlets and turnout ditches. Such activities are responsible for the formation and development of gully erosion that greatly affects productivity through reduction of effective farmland. This effect will be more prevalent in the project area under consideration as land resource is very scarce. During operation phase, improper transportation and handling of chemicals and fuels may cause soil pollution or contamination as a result of overturning of fuel tankers. Therefore; to avoid these problems Only effective corridor should be utilized for earthwork operation during construction; Proper design is done for safe discharge of runoff from culverts and turnout ditches; There should be strict supervision in quarry sites and borrow pits concerning proper utilization and rehabilitation of the sites; and

Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 70 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report a Maximum care should be taken while transporting hazardous chemicals and fuels. The contractor shall also put in place an appropriate equipment preventive maintenance to minimize oil and lubricant leakages,-

6.2.4 Air Pollution and Fugitive Dust Air pollution in and around construction sites may manifest itself in two ways: pollution as a result of emission from construction machinery and transport vehicles as well as dust during and after project implementation. As a remedy, therefore; All construction machinery and vehicles should regularly be maintained to increase engine efficiency and hence to reduce emission to the air; and

a Trees should be planted on roadsides as they have air filtering effect,

a Contractor to arrest flying dust by showering the roadway, access and diversion roads,

6.2.5 Slope Instability At station from 71+000 to 73+000, 81+050 to 81+200 and 81+700 to 82+000 major and minor land slides coursed by undercut erosion and steep slopes are observed. Therefore, to mitigate the problem: The design has considered a stable slope and Benching depending on cut depth and the material property on site. The drainage system in the section is properly designed (to avoid scouring/erosion of soil) a The back slopes at high cut sections are planned to be vegetated with grass after road construction in the section. Up to 20m high Gabion boxes and Reno mattress are going to be provided at stations 71+000 and 73+000 depending on the site condition and as ordered by the engineer.

6.2.6 Construction Workforces Campsites and other worksite areas

It is customary that the contractors establish main construction base camps at reasonable sections of road projects under construction and may also establish smaller advance camps at other strategic locations. Existing sites may be used, if they are conveniently located in relation to the contractors' requirements. When the construction works have been completed, base camps and other areas used temporarily by contractors are often left in a deplorable condition. Scrap metal, other wastes and large masses of concrete, can pose problems for the nearby communities who have the task of removing and disposing of them, and may be left with contaminated land. These sites may or may not be handed over the owners.

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Pollution of water resources may also arise at or close to the base camps or work sites as a result of inadequate provision of sanitary and waste facilities, and accidental or deliberate spillage or leakage of polluting materials. Farmers, who may lose their farmlands, in case of new campsites, will be paid either temporarily or permanently and the compensation rates will also vary accordingly.

Mitigation measures - Precaution should be taken in locating campsites, i.e., it should be located or established in areas where it can not bring any significant effect on the natural and social environments. There should be a clause in the construction contract that requires the contractor to establish campsites after the approval by the Client, the Engineer, and the local officials. The plan to establish campsites should include adequate provision of dry and liquid waste management systems. - a clause is included in the construction contract requiring, on completion of construction and maintenance period activities, to reinstate base camp and other areas, leaving them as far as possible in a clean and tidy condition, and suitable for the purposes for which they were used prior to occupation by the contractor. The sites should be fully reinstated before abandonment, and all wastes etc. removed. - A clause is included in the construction contracts, which requires the contractor to advise the Engineer for the location of the proposed base camp site, and any other temporary construction areas, prior to commencement of any use of such sites. - A clause is included in the construction contracts, which requires the contractor to prepare a plan for the approval of the Engineer and the client, prior to abandonment of base camps, which indicates what facilities are to remain at the request of the landowner, and what activities are to be carried out to clean up the site. These activities should include removal and disposal of all wastes, demolition and removal of unwanted structures, removal and disposal of any earth which has been contaminated by the spillage of diesel, bitumen or any other polluting material, and any others necessary to restore the site, as far as possible, to its initial state.

6.2.7. Impacts of Material Sites Establishment

From the existing practice, material sites are either established as new or any existing sites are used for construction. The consultant has identified the potential sites along the route corridor. Most of those sites have existing access road and are close to the road alignment. For this specific project the possible sources of rock for crushing and masonry works are located at different stations along the road with maximum of 2.3km offset; existing access road. There are also rock source which need new access with average length of lkrn. since most part of the road traverses along good sub grade material the contractor can use side borrows for embankment construction which can avoid the need of access to borrow pits. In either case, farmers who lose their farmland, in case of new establishment of quarries, will be paid either temporarily or permanently term of payment Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 72 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineen'ng Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report of compensation and the compensation rates will also vary accordingly. According to the detail RAP findings, nearly 3,269 households will lose approximately 28.68 hectares of farmlands permanently and there will be no land that will be taken temporarily. This may constitute land required for borrow and quarries.

6.2.7.1. Impacts due to Quarry Development and access Roads

The contractors normally use locally available resources for road construction projects and they will require large quantities of sub base materials mainly for base course construction and surfacing. Although there are disused quarry sites adjacent to the road, which could be re-opened, it seems very likely that new sites will be developed which are strategically located in relation to base camps. Some of the sites will probably continue to be used after the construction period, to provide aggregate for periodic surfacing maintenance. Access road development can have several adverse effects. If a temporary access road has to be constructed across cultivated land, there is a strong possibility that the land will suffer long-term reduction in productivity as a result of soil compaction by haulage vehicles, which cannot easily be remedied using simple country farm implements. Compensation paid by contractors for temporary loss of use of the land is unlikely to take this factor into account, and adverse financial effects on landholders are likely to result. Permanent access road construction can result in displaced landholders being faced with the inconvenience of having to cultivate replacement land which is some distance away from their other holdings and housing, and the possibility that the new land is less productive than that lost. Access roads can also concentrate runoff and lead to increased erosion in adjacent lands, and can also contribute to adverse visual impact. The land size, as mentioned above, (i.e.28.68 hectares in RAP findings) is currently farmlands that will be taken for widening of the ROW width, development of materials sites (such as quarries and borrow pits). As a result, the development of quarries in close proximity to settlements will significantly impact residential houses (including schools and hospitals) and human health due to extensive noise generated and dust nuisance, and also the public safety aspects associated with the storage and use of explosives.

The development of quarries will also affect vegetation cover if not located properly, and consequently end up in changing the existing land use and land cover. If not reinstated properly its development will also create a good ground for malaria breeding and also erosion. Access roads to these sites will also take sizeable land of potentially productive areas.

Mitigation measures - Precaution should be taken, first, in locating quarry sites. Since blasting of quarries generate large noise,

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- a clause is included in the contractual contract that requires the contractor either to avoid using blasting close to settlement areas, social facilities like schools, markets, hospitals, etc or use highly low size dynamite with serious precaution. - The construction contracts contains a clause to the effect that quarry sites and access roads are deemed to be part of the site, so that the powers and authority of the Engineer extend to them in the same way as to other areas where works are being undertaken - The construction contracts contains a clause requiring the contractors to prepare detailed Site Environmental Plans (SEPs) for approval by the Engineer and the client, prior to commencement of any site development, and to execute all work at the sites in accordance with the plans. The SEPs should address all matters relevant to environmental protection and the minimization of impacts. Information provided in the SEPs should include, but not be limited to the following: - A site plan showing the location and proposed extent of the quarry, access road and any other facilities which may be installed - Details of all landholdings, vegetation and land use - Distance from the site to the nearest habitation - Measures which will be taken to minimize erosion caused by access road construction and drainage system operation - Any other measures which will be taken to minimize environmental impacts, including orientation of working faces to reduce visual impact - Measures to be taken to make the quarry site safe on completion of exploitation and to rehabilitate any agricultural land which has been affected by access road construction and operation. - The quality of reinstatement activity of quarry sites should be approved by the Engineer, Client, and local Department of Agriculture to ensure whether or not the sites are reinstated to its original state, if possible, or landscaped, trimmed, well-drained and shaped.

6.2.7.2. Impacts due to Borrow pits Development

Borrow pits will need to be opened adjacent to the road, in order to supply sub-base material. It may also be necessary to use borrow material as embankment fill in any locations where there is a deficit of cut material within economic haul distance. In some locations it may be possible to make use of existing pits which have been developed in the past by ERA to supply gravel surfacing, but in many areas these are widely spaced, and restricting contractors to using these (even if the material is suitable for sub-base) would almost certainly lead to considerably increased costs resulting from long haul distances, with additional adverse impacts related to road safety.

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As mentioned above, (i.e.28.68 hectares in RAP findings) which is currently farmlands will be taken for widening of the ROW width, development of materials sites (such as quarries and borrow pits). The development of borrow pits will significantly impact farmlands, grazing lands, forested areas, and if the pits are dug deep it will also bring tremendous human health problems. If not reinstated properly its development will also create a good ground for malaria breeding and also erosion. Access roads to these sites will also take sizeable land of potentially productive areas.

The development of borrows will also affect vegetation cover if not located properly, and consequently end up in changing the existing land use and land cover.

The principal concerns in relation to borrow pits are that; - Precaution should be taken, first, in locating borrow sites. A clause should be included in the contractual contract that requires the contractor to reinstate borrows to its original state. - Access roads and borrow pits themselves may be developed in materials which are highly erodible, and may contribute to enhanced erosion of a sensitive landscape - Deep pits may be developed which are a safety hazard to people and livestock, especially if they fill with water during the wet season and become breeding grounds for insect disease vectors - Since borrow pits will almost certainly be developed close to the road, even if they are not located in agricultural lands, access roads will probably have to traverse cultivated land, with adverse effects on landholders if they are not properly reinstated when pit use ceases

Mitigation measures - The construction contracts contains a clause to the effect that borrow pit sites and access roads are deemed to be part of the site, so that the powers and authority of the Engineer extend to them in the same way as to other areas where works are being undertaken - The construction contracts contains a clause requiring the contractors to prepare detailed Site Environmental Plans (SEPs) for approval by the Engineer, prior to commencement of any site development, and to execute all work at the sites in accordance with the plans. Information provided in the SEPs should include points mentioned in the previous section. - The quality of reinstatement activity borrow pits should be approved by the Engineer, Client and local Department of Agriculture to ensure whether or not the sites are reinstated to its original state or landscaped, trimmed, and finally suitable for agricultural activities.

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6.2.8. Spoil disposal areas

Although it is not expected that the project works will generate large quantities of spoil material, it is likely that there will be occasions when unsuitable existing pavement material will need to be removed and disposed of, while in areas requiring road width increase also produce excess excavated soil material to be cart way. In hilly areas, there is always a temptation for contractors to side-tip excess material. Such actions can result in the death of down slope vegetation and the stimulation of erosion, which ultimately works upslope towards the road. In addition, material eroded from the spoil itself can be deposited in watercourses, with adverse effects on channel morphology and capacity to convey flood flows.

Mitigation measures; - The construction contract document includes requirements that spoil disposal sites should be officially designated by the relevant local administrative organ and permission is obtained accordingly by the contractor. The selected disposal site shall be in unproductive land, with preference being given to backlfiling quarry and borrow sites developed and abandoned by the contractor, provided that the requirements of the clause which follows are met. - The construction contract contains a clause to the effect that all spoil material shall only be disposed of at sites which have been approved by the local officials and the Engineer and in accordance with approved site-specific Site Environmental Plans. The side-tipping of spoil in any location shall be specifically prohibited. Prior to the commencement of disposal at any site, the contractor shall prepare a site-specific Site Environmental Plan (SEP) for the approval of the Engineer and the local supervising official, which includes a contoured site plan showing the location, maximum area to be used for spoil disposal, current land use, names of landholders, and individual landholding boundaries. The SEP shall also include a statement of the measures to be adopted to ensure stability of the spoil and to minimize erosion both during and after completion of placement, including temporary and permanent drainage works where these are necessary. A specification shall also be prepared which clearly defines the restoration measures, which will be taken to reinstate the site for its previous use. - A clause is included in the contract document that requires the contractor to take appropriate action to avoid erosion of the spoil materials at the dumping sites.

6.2.9. Impacts Associated with Construction Traffic

Construction traffic, mainly related to the haulage of borrows and quarry material, is likely to increase total traffic flow considerably, and is likely to be greater in volume than normal flow, especially near to the main construction fronts.

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Construction traffic may also contribute to increased congestion in towns, especially those where the existing road width is relatively limited. Much of the haulage of materials is likely to take place during the dry season. It is therefore likely that considerable volumes of dust will be raised, especially by relatively fast-moving unladen vehicles. The congestion is unlikely to be of great significance in relation to rural section.

Mitigation measures A clause is be included in the construction contracts to effect that the contractor must make every reasonable effort to minimize road safety hazards and inconvenience to other road users, resulting from the passage of his, or his subcontractors' haulage vehicles, and should impose and enforce compliance with speed limits. A clause is included in the construction contracts to effect that, in cases -where haul routes pass through towns or major settlements, the contractor shall prepare construction traffic management plans, for approval by the Engineer, which set out clearly the steps which will be taken to minimize the impacts of his haulage traffic, including but not limited to the regular watering of un-surfaced sections to suppress dust and the speed limits which will be imposed. In the case of major towns, the contractor shall ascertain from the local authorities their preferences regarding feasible routes to be taken by haulage traffic, and shall use roads other than the main road if so directed.

6.2.10. Pollution from Sanitary and other Wastes and Spillages

As there are surface as well as groundwater resources in the project area, detrimental effects from the project are anticipated. That is, hazardous wastes and chemicals from machinery may join the water resource during implementation of the project. During operation phase, improper transportation and handling of chemicals and fuels may cause water pollution as a result of overturning of fuel tankers. Rivers, ponds, groundwater and spring are used for domestic purposes throughout the project area for drinking, washing and cattle watering. Such pollution adversely affects those who depend on local water resources, and groundwater pollution in particular, can have serious long term effects on water quality. Inappropriate disposal of refuse and some materials used in construction can also lead to public and animal health hazards, and pollution of degraded land.

Mitigation measures

Water source pollution is potentially of high significance along the project road. Therefore, the contractor should take all appropriate mitigation measures to minimize pollution. Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 77 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report

Maximum care should be taken while transporting hazardous chemicals and fuels. A clause is included in the construction contracts which requires the contractor to prepare, for approval by the Engineer, a detailed Site Environmental Plan (SEP) for the base camp, prior to its construction, which also covers other work sites. The SEP must make specific and adequate provision for the disposal of sanitary and other wastes in such a way as will not result in any form of pollution or hazard to human or animal health. A clause is included in the construction contracts, which requires the contractor to take all reasonable precautions to prevent spillages and leakage of materials with the potential to pollute water resources. The measures should be maintained in an effective condition throughout the life of the base camp. Construct to specifically prohibit washing of vehicles and plant in or adjacent to any water sources. All washing to be carried out at designated areas away from water sources. A clause is included in the construction contracts which makes it clear that the contractor will be responsible, at his own cost, for cleaning up any pollution caused by his activities (to the satisfaction of the Engineer) and the payment of full compensation to those affected. Waste disposal site should be systematically identified to avoid also erosion prone soils and ground water sources. This can minimize the possibility of contaminants adversely affecting soil fertility and water quality.

6.2.11. Competition for Water Resources

The contractors will require substantial volumes of water for various construction purposes such as adjustment of moisture content of fill, road sub-base and base courses, and watering of haul routes to suppress dust. In addition, the water requirements at the base camps will be relatively high, although these will be much lower than those needed in connection with construction. It is probable that some of the contractors' water requirements will be met by abstraction from watercourses. All watercourses in the project area are used for drinking, washing and cattle watering purposes. During the dry season, most watercourses which the road crosses have no flow and where there is, it will be very low and any amount of withdrawals by contractors could reduce water availability to existing downstream users. In view of the widespread need for contractor abstraction over a large part and the serious implications of reduced supplies 'for the local communities especially for low flowing watercourses potential impact is considered to be very significant. Regarding wetlands, there is only one place where designated water body or wetland along the project road is located. This is Arekti Lake which is located at 64.3km and this is one of the natural lakes in the SNNP, in Gurage ZoneIGumer Woreda. The Lake water is situated about 150 meters away from the road project at both ends (i.e. the start and the

Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 78 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report end of the road project at the Lake area) and about 50 meter away at the middle of the road. The Lake is locate on the left side of the road.

Mitigation measures - Impact can be minimized satisfactorily by requiring the contractor to make his own arrangements for water supply which will not affect the livelihood of others, and to provide an alternative supply if interference does occur. Therefore, water for construction either has to be made available by constructing ponds or transporting from streams in the project vicinity. - A clause is included in the construction contracts to the effect that the contractor shall be responsible for making his own arrangements for water supply for construction and other purposes without affecting the quality or availability of groundwater or surface water resources to existing uses both for domestic and other economic uses. - A clause is included in the contractual document that requires the contractor to hand over any water sources to be developed in course of construction works to the local Water Department upon completion of the project activities procedurally. - A clause will be included in the contractual document that requires the contractor not to dump excess cut or spoil materials, discharge used oils and other unused chemicals in areas where these materials can be eroded to the Arekti Lake and also nearby water resources or points. - A clause will be included in the contractual document that requires the contractor not to extract water from the Arekti Lake for any purposes including uses for campsites, construction purposes and car washing, and etc - A clause will be included in the contractual document that requires the contractor not to establish campsites, materials sites, and stockpiling sites close to the Arekti Lake, which is located at 64.3km.

6.2.12. Disruption to Public Services

In the larger towns, small diameter water mains run at the margins of the road and there are also water points close to the road, and may lie under the road in places. Telephone and low tension electricity lines, supported on posts, also run near to the road edges. Some of the town services will need to be relocated, in order to accommodate the widened road. Relocation is normally canied out by the service providers upon payment of relocation cost by ERA, and needs to be completed prior to commencement of~the works, in order to avoid delaying the contractor. Some interruption of service provision during relocation works is inevitable. Accidental damage to services by the contractor, during execution of the works, can also result in interruption to services and in towns is likely to affect large numbers of people adversely.

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Mitigation measures ERA should liaison with and inform all service providers of the intended road -works programme at the earliest possible time to enable them prepare themselves and to plan for the relocation work. Service providers and owners of the utilities should provide detail information and location maps of their properties in the ROW to enable the contractor take the necessary precautions. A clause is included in the construction contract which requires the contractor to specify, in the detailed construction programme prepared during the mobilization period, the earliest dates on which construction works will commence in each town where services relocation may be required. ERA should then notify the appropriate authorities of the relevant dates, and request completion of relocation works before those dates. A clause is included in the construction contract which makes the contractor liable for any damage to services resulting from his or his subcontractors' actions. Any damage caused to services by the contractor or subcontractors should be made good without delay at the contractor's cost.

6.2.13. Adverse Impact on Women and Child

Experience reveals that women and children would benefit from the project road implementation, but some adverse impacts might be due to additional work load and responsibilities, if in case, there will be immigrants at newly settled sites. In road construction projects, large size of construction workforces, move from one locality of the other end to satisfy the huge road construction labour demand. In this case, specially, women in the area might be exposed to risk of sexually transmitted diseases and to unplanned pregnancies while for their cheap labour contractors might hire children for some heavy tasks.

Mitigation measures - A clause which obliges the contractor to create awareness among women, children and workers deployed in the area is included also availing condom at the project premises and promotion of its use shall be undertaken in collaboration with the local health institutions. In addition, the BoQ included this task as a pay item for the Contractor to undertake as part of its contractual obligation. - The involvement and commitment of the local officials in the project planning and implementation should be enhanced and promoted at all localities so that the awareness creation program will be promoted. - A clause is included in contract documents that the contractor shall abide to Ethiopian and international laws that limit the minimum age for labour. That is Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 80 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report

the contractor shall not recruit children for the type of labour not suitable for their age.

6.2.14 Physical Cultural Resources (PCR)

Most of the cultural heritages of the area fall outside of the ROW width of the road and will not be significantly affected. However, there are cemeteries, especially in the Silte zone that are found along the road sides and some of these fall either at the boundary or within the ROW width of the road as discussed under section 2.1 1 above.

There are cemeteries to be affected in the ROW at 12 places in one Woreda called Mirab Azernet. The cemeteries are located within 10 km stretches. The community representatives have been consulted and confirm to relocate the cemeteries in the places if the spaces are very narrow to make any possible mitigation measures with the ROW. The suggested mitigation measures are found under section. Hence, adequate protection and mitigation measures have to be exercised, while operating at the stretches where there are graveyards.

Proposed Mitigation measures

The proposed mitigation measures for the grave yards depend up on the specific site conditions, and are classified in to four as; half width construction along the stretches where the graveyards are located, Shifting of the road center line away from the grave yards to the opposite side, construction of barriers (retaining structure between the road and the grave yards, or relocating of the grave incase all other options are not possible. one or both of the mitigation measures proposed can be applied at each location, depending up on the site condition. The most preferred would be half width construction, with out requiring additional plot for detour and maintaining the existing conditions intact. Shifting of the centerline away from the grave yards is the second option to be considered. Possibility of diversion of the alignment away from the heritages should be investigated to avoid the resources.

Relocating of the graves should be avoided as far as possible. Incase all options are not practical; however, relocation has to be arranged in consultation with the community, religious leaders, NGOs and the local administration. Construction of barriers/ retaining structure might be required in all cases depending up on the proximity of the grave yard to the carriage width. In the Silte zone at chainage from krn-89 to 100-km there are numbers of grave yards at intervals and almost all in the left hand side on the Wolkitie - Hosanna direction. The construction within his lOkm stretch should be done carefully and with close follow-ups and involvement of stakeholders, especially the community, religious leaders and the Woreda culture and tourism bureau. Proposed mitigation measures at all culturally and archeologically potential sites would be;

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a) A clause is included in the contractual document that requires the contractor to report & notify immediately the SNNP Bureau of Culture and Tourism and respective Zones Culture and Tourism Offices, ERA or the relevant body like the Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritages (ARCCH), if any cultural or historical artifacts, structures or other archaeological relics are discovered during the excavations works.

b) The right-of-way width around the burial place (km89 - 100km) will be reduced to 20m instead of the standard 30m width, leaving some clearance and buffer towards the burial grounds. c) A clause will be included in the contractual document that requires the contractor to limit Vehicle and machinery movementlspeed during construction. d) A clause will be included in the contractual document that requires the contractor to restricted vehicle and machinery movement to one direction, and within the existing carriage width. This will minimize the damage to the resources due to vibration, e) A clause will be included in the contractual document that requires the contractor to adopt half width construction method at this burial location, to avoid need for wider space for machine operation. f) The specifications shall require the contractor to refrain any of the following activities within a certain radius from Mt. Mugo and Lake Arekti, as prescribed by SNNP Bureau of Culture and Tourism and respective Zones of Culture and Tourism Offices, - Camp establishment, rock blasting, construction of diversion roads, poaching, - extraction of water from Lake Areket for whatever reason g) Constructing reinforcement wall to protect the graveyards and also relocate some of .the graveyards to nearby sites.

7. Environmental Management Plan

7.1 General Considerations

The potential negative impacts and the recommended mitigation measures that should be adopted to avoid or minimize potential adverse impacts have been identified and discussed in Chapter 6. Ln the context of a project, environmental management is concerned with implementation of the measures necessary to minimize or offset adverse impacts and to enhance beneficial impacts. Unless mitigation and benefit enhancement measures identified and recommended in the EIA are fully implemented, the prime function of EIA (which is to provide a basis for shaping the project and enhancing its overall environmental performance) cannot be achieved.

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In order to be effective, environmental management must be fully integrated with the overall project management effort at all levels (pre-construction, construction and operation phases), which itself should be aimed at providing a high level of quality control, leading to a project which has been properly designed and constructed and functions efficiently throughout its life.

7.2 Environmental Management during Pre-Construction Phase

Prior to contractor's mobilization and the commencement of construction, environmental management will be concerned with four principal groups of activities: - Ensuring that all government and funding agency requirements and procedures relating to EIA are complied with; - Preparation of detailed designs which incorporate specific features aimed at minimizing adverse impacts and enhancing beneficial impacts; - Preparation of tender and construction contract documents which contain appropriate clauses including penalty clauses to allow control of impacts arising from construction activities; - Implementation of land and property acquisition procedures including the payment of compensation.

The Team Leader of the consulting firm appointed by ERA to finalize detailed designs and tender documents (DD&TD) will have primary responsibility for the quality and content of the design and tender documents. This will include ensuring that the adverse impact minimization and benefit enhancement measures set out in this EIA, which relate to construction impacts, are given due consideration in the finalization of designs and tender documents.

The Team Leader (during the DD and TD preparation) will also have primary responsibility for preparation of detailed plans showing the land and property which will need to be acquired in order to accommodate the project works, and of services which need to be relocated.

7.3 Environmental Management during Construction Phase

Most of the project environmental management activities will be carried out during the construction phase, since this is when most impacts can be expected to arise. Management will very largely be concerned with controlling impacts which may result from the actions of the Contractor, through enforcement of the construction contract clauses related to protection of the environment as a whole and of the components within it. In this respect, it is important to recognize that successful mitigation of construction impacts can only be achieved if the environmental protection measures, as set out in the construction contract, are properly enforced. Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 8 3 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report

The overall primary responsibility for construction supervision and contract management, and therefore for environmental management during construction, will lie with the Engineer as defined in the construction contract. The RE will be responsible for establishing procedures and mechanisms for effective environmental management and monitoring and will ensure that these are fully incorporated in, and integrated with, the overall construction supervision and monitoring framework. The Consultant strongly recommends the appointment of one Environmentalist and one Sociologist on part-time basis as member of the construction supervision team. The Environmental Management and Safety Branch (EMSB) would be responsible for reviewing and commenting on environmental and social aspects of work plans prepared by the Contractor during the mobilization period, as well as in developing site environmental management procedures etc in collaboration with the RE. During the actual construction period, the Environment Specialist/Sociologist, together with a staff from EMSB, would provide advice and assistance to the Supervision Engineer, when required, on all aspects of environmental management. The Environmentalist/Sociologist would also be responsible for periodic overviews of environmental and social monitoring during the construction period and would report directly to the Engineer.

7.4 Environmental Management during Operation Phase

Continued enjoyment of the benefits arising from implementation of the project will only be achieved if effective routine and periodic pavement, earthworks and drainage system maintenance is carried out in a timely manner. Environmental management and monitoring in this respect will be the responsibility of the Operations Department in consultation with the EMSB of ERA, with implementation being carried out either by the Department itself or by contractors. The EMSB within ERA is expected to take on a general overall advisory role during this phase.

7.5 Specific Activities and Responsibilities

Table 7.1 sets out, in summary (matrix) form, the management measures to be taken with regard to controlling the potential impacts which could occur during the pre-construction, construction and operational phases of the project, and also indicates who is to be responsible for taking management actions.

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Table 7.1 Impact Mitigation Measures

Adverse Proposed Mitigation Measures Responsible Responsible Frequency or Costs for Impacts Body/Agency for BodyIAgency for Monitoring Mitigation the Monitoring the Activities Measures Implementation of Implementation impact mitigation of impact measures mitigation measures Pre - Construction Phase i Water Resource The contract document should recommend, and include Design Consultant ERA, Respective Once after the Included in the Pollution clauses on, safe disposal of pollutants including used oil Woreda Offices, completion of the Design costs and grease from garages, solid and liquid waste from Contract Document camps, etc. not to join surface as well as groundwater in the project area. Clauses should be include on work discipline and precautions to be taken in he premises of water bodies; Lake Areket and at river crossings Removal of The alignment should, as much as possible, avoid (by Design Consultant ERA, respective Once after the Included in the vegetation1 following the existing alignment) areas with vegetation Woreda Forestry completion of the Design costs wildlife habitat cover and even isolated indigenous tree species found Departments Contract Document along the project road as they support life or use for public gathering, etc. Land Although erosion may not be a critical problem given the Design Consultant ERA, Once after the Included in the Design costs degradation and climatic condition of the project area, the design should Woreda completion of the soil erosion adapt proper slopes corresponding to each critical site Department of Contract Document (depending on the susceptibility of the material under Agriculture consideration) and provide biological or physical energy dissipaters to minimize erosion. Loss ofhouses Although there are no many houses anticipated to be Design Consultant ERA, Woreda Once after the Included in the and Public demolished, the corridor consideration should be to the Administrators, Utilities effect that minimum width for construction should be Services Contract Document

Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 8 5 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Repotl not to demolish houses in built-up areas Provoiders unnecessarilv. 7 Vehicular The design should consider the compatibility of the Design Consultant ERA Once after the Included in the accidents geometry (vertical & horizontal alignments) of the road to completion of the Design costs accommodate the anticipated vehicle size and weight. In Contract Document addition, appropriate and adequate number of traffic signs should be assessed and recommended to ensure safety on the road especially during the operation phase. The measures may include humps and rumble strips in settlement areas, introduction of smooth curves where the tangents are too long, etc.

Loss of The alignment should avoid at least known sites like Design Consultant ERA, ARCCHA, Once after the Included in the historical and graveyards, isolated trees of special importance, Local completion of the RAP costs, Administrations, cultural Reduce ROW width in constrained route comdor to avoid Contract Document about heritage sites Respective PCRs (like in section 89 - 100krn) etc 232,600.00 Woreda Tourism ETB for Include appropriate clauses to protect PCRs in contract and Cultural relocation and document Offices construction of Relocation of Graveyards and construction Reinforcement wall for the burial sites Reinforcement i Construction Phase I I - - Pollution of Hazardous materials like used oil, lubricants, fuel should Contractor, ERA-EMSB Monthly and Included in the water resource be handled with care and disposed properly so that they do Quarterly by ERA, project costs ERA, Federal EPA, and wetland not join water bodies others are as the Federal EPA, Regional EPA, need arises degradation Limit substantial proportion of excavation works to dry period; Regional EPA, Local Administrators Follow appropriate waste disposal discipline-according to Water Supply the EPA regulations-in and around camps (land filling, Offices recycling, etc depending on the type of waste to be disposed ) Avoid spoils stockpiling, disposal around river courses and at Lake Areket premises. I Provide adequate flow dispersal structure (culverts, etc.) I Id Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 86 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Repod the natural flow direction and to avoid flow concentration to specific locations, and maintain normal recharge of the wetland areas Construction There should be a clause in'the construction contract that Supervision Supervision Quarterly basis for Included in Construction workforces requires the contractor to establish campsites after the Consultant, Consultant, EMEMSB and Contractor; frequently by the Costs approval by the Client, the Engineer, and the local EM, Campsites and officials, Supervision other worksite EM, Federal and Consultant, A clause should be included in the construction contract Regional EPAs areas Local Officials requiring, on completion of construction and maintenance and Depart. Of Local EPAs and period activities, to reinstate base camp and other areas, Agriculture and Depart. of Agriculture and leaving them as far as possible in a clean and tidy Forestry condition, and suitable for the purposes for which they Forestry were used prior to occupation by the contractor. ( A clause shall be included in the construction contracts, which require the contractor to advise the Engineer of the location of the proposed base camp site, and any other temporary construction areas, prior to commencement of any use of such sites. A clause should be included in the construction contract which requires the contractor to prepare a plan for the approval of the Engineer and the client, prior to abandonment of base camps, which indicates what facilities are to remain at the request of the landowner, and what activities are to be carried out to clean up the site. The construction contracts contains a clause to the effect that quarry sites and access roads are deemed to be part of the site, so that the powers and authority of the Engineer extend to them in the same way as to other areas where works are being undertaken The construction contracts contains a clause requiring the contractors to prepare detailed Site Environmental Plans (SEPs) for approval by the Engineer and the client, prior to commencement of any site development, and to execute all work at the sites in accordance with the plans.

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Precaution should be taken in locating campsites, i.e., it Supervision ERA and local included in the should be located or established in areas where it can not consultants, Officials project costs bring any significant effect on the natural and social Contractor, environments. ERA, The plan to establish campsites should include adequate provision of dry and liquid waste management systems. Local Officials Impacts due to a clause should be included in the contractual contract that Supervision Supervision Daily by the included in the requires the contractor either to avoid using blasting close Consultants, consultant, ERA, Supervision RAP costs Quarry to settlement areas, close to social facility areas like Local Officials Consultant and Development school, market hospitals, etc or use highly low size Local Officials, dynamite with serious precaution. Quarterly by ERA Precaution should be taken, first, in locating quarry sites Contractor, ERA, Supervision Daily by the included in the since blasting of quarries generate large noise. Local Officials consultant, ERA, Supervision RAP costs Local Officials Consultant and Local Officials, Quarterly by ERA Impacts due to The construction contracts contains a clause to the Supervision Supervision Daily by the included in the Borrow pits effect that borrow pit sites and access roads are deemed to Consultants. consultant, ERA, Supervision RAP costs be part of the site, so that the powers and authority of the Local Officials Consultant and development Engineer extend to them in the same way as to other areas Local Officials, where works are being undertaken Quarterly by ERA The construction contracts contain a clause requiring the contractors to prepare detailed Site Environmental Plans (SEPs) for approval by the Engineer, prior to commencement of any site development, and to execute all work at the sites in accordance with the plans. Information provided in the SEPs should include points mentioned in the previous section. A clause should be included in the contractual contract that requires the contractor to reinstate borrows to its original state.

- - - Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 88 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report 7- Precaution should be taken, first, in locating borrow sites Contractor, ERA, I Supervision I Supervision I included in the consultant, ERA, RAP costs Implement borrow site environmental management as Local Officials consultant, ERA, 1 Local Officials prescribed in EMP and clauses included in the contract Local Officials -- I Removal of 1 Unnecessary removal of vegetation (like operating beyond Supervision Supervision Daily by included in the vegetation or the ROW width) should be prohibited Consultant, Consultant, ERA, Supervision project costs wildlife habitat Consultant, Limiting usage of firewood to the already fallen trees and 1 Contractor, Local institutions I ( monthly and not indigenous species. That is, create awareness among Community, ERA- Quarterly by ERA, construction workers to avoid timber cutting and fire EMSB hazard Local institutions Limit or avoid vehicle movements on access roads unless as required there is uncontrollable factor. Threat on Although there is no park along the project road, the Supervision Supervision i*As required wildlife following precautions should be taken to save the existing Consultant Consultant, ERA, But, the traffic wildlife in the project area. Contractor ( Local Institutions I sign cost to be included in Prohibit hunting and poaching by the work force. That is, Community create awareness among construction workers to avoid I project cost. poaching Traffic Police I Unnecessary removal of vegetation, including fire hazard, should be prohibited Drivers should be aware and proper traffic signs should be installed to take care of the wildlife that may cross the

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Land As per the design, construct adequate drainage Construction Supervision Daily by Costs included degradation facility including energy dissipaters at upstream and contractor Consultant, ERA, Supervision in project cost and soil downstream side of structures. EP A, Consultant and erosion/ Local institutions, Rehabilitatelreinstate abandoned excavated and Local institutions Quarterly by ERA, contamination graded sites. others as required Planting of grass on graded ground, cuts and fill slopes. Limit area of disturbance & vehicle movement. I Control oil spills by regular vehicle & equipment maintenance. Proper housekeeping program for waste management (as described above). Loss of houses Compensate for the lost houses, fences or other Compensation Supervision Daily by Costs included and public properties in monetary terms; however, the design committee, Consultant, ERA, Supervision in RAP utilities Consultant and should be completed to determine whether or not ERA, Local Authorities, resettlement is required. Municipalities, Local institutions, Local Quarterly by ERA administration, Services Providers

The construction contract document includes requirements Contractor Supervision Daily bt included in the that spoil disposal sites should be officially designated by Consultant, ERA, Supervision project costs the relevant local administrative organ and permission is Local Authorities Consultants and obtained accordingly by the contractor. Depart. Of local Authorities, the construction contract should contain a clause to the Agriculture Depart. Of effect that all spoil material shall only be disposed of at Agriculture, sites which have been approved by the local officials and quarterly by the Engineer and in accordance with avvroved site-

Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 90 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Repod specific Site Environmental Plans. The side-tipping of spoil in any location shall be specifically prohibited. A clause should be included in the contract document that requires the contractor to take appropriate action to avoid erosion of the spoil materials at the dumping sites -- Contractor implements the mitigations and clauses as set Contractor Supervision Daily by included in the in EMP & contract clauses Consultant,4 ERA, Supervision project costs Local Consultant, Administration Monthly by EM and Local Administration, and Quarterly by ERA EMSB -- Adverse Impact Awareness creation among the women and children and Contractor, Supervision Daily by Supervision on Women and also for the workers deployed in the area would minimize Sub-contractors Consultant, Child the impacts. ERA, MoLSA, Consultant and, Monthly and Included in the The involvement and commitment of the local officials in Local Officials Quarterly by ERA the project planning and implementation should be Sub- enhanced and promoted at all localities so that the and Local contracting Administration, and awareness creation program will be promoted. Woreda Women Costs for Affairs Office HIVIAIDS Awareness creation among the workers deployed in the Contractor Supervision Daily Supervision prevention and area would minimize the impacts Consultant, Sub- Consultant and control contractor, Sub-contractor, Availing condom at the project premises and promotion of program its use shall be undertaken in collaboration with the local ERA, MoLSA, Quarterly by ERA, health institutions. Local Officials as required by MoLSA, The contractor will ensure that the recruitment of labourer should be consistent with the provisions of Ethiopian Local Health Labour Laws and Directives and similarly the Offices International Laws.

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Awareness creation programs organized both for the local Sub-contractor, Supervision Daily by Sub- community and workforce on health related issues Local Health Consultant, Sub- Supervision contracting Avail first -aid facilities at camp sites centers contractor, Consultant and Costs about Sub-contractor, Awareness creation to construction workers and the host ERA, Monthly and community on communicable diseases including STDs Local Officials ETB 1 and HIVIAIDS Quarterly by ERA, Follow (and enforce) strict sanitary discipline at camp Local Health sites & work places Offices Rehabilitate or reinstate excavated grounds including Contractor, Sub- Supervision Daily by Reinstatement quarry and borrow pit sites immediately when they are no contractor Consultant, Sub- Supervision cost is included more required to avoid stagnant water (should be contractor, Consultant and in Project Costs scheduled in the EMP of the contractor) that may be the Sub-contractor, cause for malaria. Local Officials, Monthly an Local Health quarterly ERA CE centers and EMSB , Local Health centers, Local Officials Traffic signs like "workers ahead", "detour", "roadway Contractor Supervision Daily by Included in the narrows", "obstruction (like stockpiles) ahead", etc should Consultant, Supervision Project costs be available at all necessary sites Consultant, ERA, Flagmen in sufficient number should be assigned at all Local Officials, Monthly and necessary sites like narrow structures, roadways, and other quarterly ERA, and potentially accident-prone sites. Local Officials Detours should be watered regularly (as in the specifications) to suppress dust on detours that may be cause for traffic accident. The local people should be made aware on possible Contractor, Local Supervision Daily by Included in the accidents and protect themselves from same. traffic police, Consultant, Supervision Project costs Consultant, Local ERA, Administration Local Officials, Monthly an auarterlv ERA Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 92 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Design and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Report

Local Officials on hazardous sites like quarry and crusher sites Supervision Supervision Included in the Safety should be provided with protection materials like helmets, I Consultant, Consultant, Supervision Project costs masks, goggles, gloves, etc Consultant, Contractor ERA, MoLSA monthly and Local Officials Quarterly by They should also be educatedl trained on the nature of ERA and accidents at work sites and how to protect themselves MoLSA/Local against such accidents. i Officials as 1 required Physical a) clause will be included in the contractual Contractor Supervision Daily by Cost is Cultural document that requires the contractor to report & notify Consultant, Supervision included Resources immediately the SNNP Bureau of Culture and Tourism ERA-EMSB consultant and above in the (PCR) and respective Zones Culture and Tourism Offices, ERA Respective Zones Pre- or the relevant body like the Authority for Research and SNNPRS Bureau Culture and of Culture and Construction Conservation of Cultural Heritages (ARCCH), if cultural Tourism Offices, phase or historical artifacts, structures or other archaeological Tourism and monthly and relics are discovered during the excavations works. Respective Zones quarterly by ERA Culture and EMSB and b) The right of way width around the burial places Tourism Offices SNNPRS Bureau of (stretch km89 - 100 krn) will be minimized leaving some Culture and clearance and buffer towards the burial grounds. Tourism. c) A clause will be included in the contractual document that requires the contractor to limit Vehicle and machinery movement/speed during construction. d) A clause will be included in the contractual document that requires the contractor to restricted vehicle and machinery movement to one direction, and within the existing carriage width. el A clause will be included in the contractual document that requires the contractor to adopt half width construction method at this burial location, to avoid need for wider space for machine operation.

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Same as above as above Same as above in contract clauses and specifications Construction of barriers like retaining wall, dry masonry wall retained in gabion etc. will be constructed at burial grounds that are very close o he road side. Tree The contractor should plant 10 trees (and manages their Supervision Supervision Daily by About Birr rn consultant Consultant, Sub- Supervision Planting growth for about 1 high before handing over to the 1,500,000.00 Client) for each tree cut along the road. Contractor Contractor, Consultant and ETB ERA, Sub-contractor, ocal Officials, ERA, Local Officials, Local ,ocal Forestrv - Forestry I

Operation Phase Traffic Traffic education to children at school and the adults Supervision Daily by Included in the Consultant, Sub- Supervision Project costs accident should be given I The Regional Road There should be strict enforcement of the traffic laws and Safety Co- Contractor, Consultant and Local traffic police, regulations ordination Office, ERA, Monthly and The ERA should regularly inspect the traffic signs and Local traffic police Local Officials, quarterly by replace those missing or damaged. NRSCO, Regional Road ERA and Regional The road should be maintained regularly to ensure safe Safety Road Safety and smooth traffic flow Co-ordination Co-ordination Office Office, Local Officials, Yearly by ~ ~ NRSCO Water and soil Vehicular traffic, especially those transporting fuel and Drivers1 ERA-DMO, regularly contamination other hazardous chemicals and substances should travel transporters Local Officials with care (allowable speed) to avoid accidents through overturning and hence spillage of these materials contaminate the soil and water Air pollution Roadside tree plantation should be practiced especially in The ERA (through ERA-DMO, Regularly 1 NIA -- 1

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8. Environmental Monitoring Programme

8.1 General Considerations

Environmental monitoring is an essential tool in relation to environmental management as it provides the basis for rational management decisions regarding impact control. The monitoring programme for the present project will be undertaken to meet the following objectives: - to check on whether mitigation and benefit enhancement measures have actually been adopted, and are proving effective in practice - to provide a means whereby any impacts which were subject to uncertainty at the time of preparation of the EIA, or which were unforeseen, can be identified, and to provide a basis for formulating appropriate additional impact control measures - To provide information on the actual nature and extent of key impacts and the effectiveness of mitigation and benefit enhancement measures which, through a feedback mechanism, can improve the planning and execution of future, similar projects.

There are two basic forms of monitoring:

- Compliance monitoring, which checks whether prescribed actions have been carried out, usually by means of inspection or enquiries. - Effects monitoring, which records the consequences of activities on one or more environmental components, and usually involves physical measurement of selected parameters or the execution of surveys to establish the nature and extent of induced changes.

Compliance monitoring is usually given more emphasis in the case of road projects than is effects monitoring. This is because most impact controls take the form of measures incorporated in project designs and contract documents, and the extent to which recommendations on these matters, as set out in the EIA, are complied with, plays a major part in determining the overall environmental performance of the project.

Executive responsibility for project management and monitoring commonly involves several organizations, each with specific responsibilities for particular aspects, and this project is no exception. Executive responsibility for environmental management and monitoring will therefore be split between several organizations, depending on the activities that are being executed at various stages.

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As stated above, Table 7.1 sets out, in summary form, the environmental monitoring activities to be taken with regard to controlling the potential impacts which could occur during the pre-construction, construction and operational phases of the project, and also indicates who is to be responsible for taking monitoring activities.

8.2 Pre-Construction Phase

Monitoring during the pre-construction phase of the project will be concerned with two aspects: 1. Checking that the project designs and specifications incorporate appropriate measures to minimize negative impacts and to enhance beneficial impacts 2. Checking that the appropriate environmental protection clauses have been included in the contract documents to allow control of actions by the contractor, which are potentially damaging to the environment.

These activities will be carried out as part of the preparation of designs and tender documents for the project, and will be mainly the responsibility of the final design and tender documents consultant's Team Leader.

During the pre-construction phase, ERA-EMSB will play major role in collaboration Federal EPA, and ARCCH and EWCA with their replica at the RegiodZonetWoreda levels in creating awareness for all construction Workforces as well as road side communities.

The short day training or awareness workshop will be given to construction workforces and road side communities by qualified professionals from ARCCH and EWCA during the pre-construction phase of the project. Experts from the local Department of Agriculture and Forestry as well as respective Woreda Tourism and Cultural Offices will participate in the awareness workshop.

8.3 Construction Phase

Environmental monitoring during the construction phase will comprise two principal groups of activities:

1. Review of the Contractor's plans (including the EMP), method statements, temporary works designs, and arrangements relating to obtaining necessary approvals from the Engineer, so as to ensure that environmental protection measures specified in the contract documents will be adopted, and that the Contractor's proposals will provide an acceptable level of impact control. 2. Systematic and regular observatiodinspection on a day-to-day basis of all site activities (including environmental mitigation measures) and the Contractor's offsite facilities, as a check that the contract requirements relating to environmental

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matters are in fact being complied with, and that no unforeseen impacts are occumng.

These activities will be fully integrated with other construction supervision and monitoring activities carried out by the Construction Supervision Consultant. Primary responsibility for ensuring that an adequate level of environmental monitoring is camed out will lie with the Supervision Consultant, as part of his duties concerned with general site supervision.

The monitoring activity will be camed out in close co-ordination with ERA'S EMSB and Counter Engineers from the Construction Contracts Implementation Division. The qualified environmentalist and Sociologist from the Construction Supervision Consultant will carry out monitoring activity in collaboration with ERA-EMSB.

The qualified environmentalist and Sociologist from the Construction Supervision Consultant will carry out check monitoring on an intermittent basis at intervals not exceeding 2 months. The Environmentalist and Sociologist from ERA'S EMSB should participate in alternate visits, so as to gain first-hand experience of on-site environmental management and monitoring.

The Supervision Consultant will delegate specific responsibility for directing day-to- day site environmental management and monitoring matters to the Assistant RE, to be carried out as an integral part of his site supervision activities, so as to avoid the problems that often occur if responsibilities are not clearly defined and allocated. However, the Supervision Consultant will still retain overall responsibility for environmental matters, and this should be reflected in his Terms of Reference.

The majority of monitoring will comprise visual observations, camed out at the same time as the engineering monitoring activities. Site inspections will take place with emphasis on early identification of any environmental problems and the initiation of suitable remedial action. Prior to the commencement of construction, the RE and the Environment Specialist/Sociologist will develop environmental inspection checklists for site use; thus, it will facilitate the systematic monitoring, recording and follow-up.

The Supervision Consultant will decide on the appropriate course of action to be taken in cases where unsatisfactory reports are received from his field staff regarding environmental matters. In the case of relatively minor matters, advice to the Contractor on the need for remedial action may suffice, but in all serious cases, the Supervision Consultant should recommend an appropriate course of action to the contractor and let the Client be aware of the matter. That is, he should issue a formal instruction to the Contractor to take remedial action depending on the extent of his delegated powers in close co-ordination with the ERA EMSB.

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In addition to visual observation, it is particularly important that monitoring should also include limited informal questioning of people and local community leaders who live near to and use the project road on their opinion on the environmental performance of the contractor. In case of any diversions, the Supervision Consultant should take necessary measures especially on the malpractice of the contractor concerning environmental and social activities. Monthly Progress Reports prepared by the Engineer should contain a section referring exclusively to environmental matters (as per ERA'S recently developed Format), which summarizes the results of site monitoring, remedial actions that have been initiated, and whether or not the resultant action is having the desired result. The Report will also identify any unforeseen environmental problems occurred and will recommend suitable additional actions. Monthly progress meetings with the Contractor will and should also include a review of environmental aspects.

As described earlier, Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for use on site should be developed by the Supervision Consultant, Environmental Specialist/Sociologist and the Assistant RE, prior to the commencement of construction, so as to facilitate systematic monitoring and recording. These may require modification in the light of site experience, and it is recommended that a review of their adequacy and ease of use should be carried out, and submitted to ERA for review and comment, approximately 3 months after the commencement of works. Further reviews as to their suitability should be carried out whenever a new activity, e.g. pavement construction, commences.

The Supervision Consultant will mainly be responsible for the review for the effectiveness of environmental management and monitoring plan approximately 4 months into the construction period and will introduce improved procedures as required by the project-specific circumstances.

The contractor will inform the local Tourism and Cultural Offices upon finding artifacts or other archaeological remains during construction, which will also include the Supervision Consultant to inform ERA and the ARCCH in order to take further actions.

Respective Woreda Department of Forestry and Agriculture will also play paramount role in replacing the affected trees during construction as to what species of trees to be planted and at which locations. The qualified environmentalist and Sociologist from the Construction Supervision Consultant will work with these departments during the implementation of the impact mitigation measures.

The following table depicts the cost estimates for the environmental monitoring and capacity building activities.

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Table 8.1: Environmental Management and Monitoring Costs (in Birr) iculars nit Cost 1. Environmental Costs Related to Engineering Works 1.1 Drainage works 1 1.2 Safety Provisions (Road signs, traffic signs, Included in engineering cost estimate etc.) 1.3 Restoration of detour roads and spoil disposal Included in engineering cost estimate I sites 1 1.4 Artificial landscaping of borrow pits and Included in engineering cost estimate quarry areas 11.5 Erosion control measures C-Included in engineering cost estimate '1.5.1 Physical erosion control measures Included in engineering cost estimate 1.5.3 Bio-Engineering measures (Re-vegetation of road slopes and other working areas by Included in engineering cost estimate plantinglsowing of collected seeds) 2. Resettlement Costs Costs included in RAP costs. 3. Public Health 3.1 HIVIAIDS Prevention & control Activities Promam 4. Tree Replanting and Vegetation

5.1. Constructing Wall Reinforcement for m2 300.00 ETB 442 132,600.00 , graveyards ll 6. Relocation of Services Like Water Supply, Service providers to estimate the relocation costs and it is included in the RAP cost 7. Capacity Building and Environmental

7.1. Environmental Specialist and Will be included in the supervision Consultant Costs Sociologists

7.2 Short term training for EMSB staff: No. Included in ERA'S Capacity Building Program abroad 7.3 Awareness Workshop or trainingiorientation for woreda /zone environment experts and Short P term training for excavators on PCR artifact recognition Sub Total Contingencies (15%) Grand Total

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*- The HIVIAIDS Prevention & Control Activities Program, along the project road will be executed by the Sub-contractor to be recruited by ERA during mobilization stage as part of'the Construction works,.

8.4 Post-Construction Phase

Post-construction phase monitoring will be concerned with identification of the need for routine and periodic maintenance to pavement structure and the drainage system in general, together with checking that the maintenance works are being carried out properly and are not resulting in environmental damage. This aspect will be the responsibility of ERA'S Operations Department together with the EMSB.

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9. Environmental Monitoring Indicators

The environmental indicators will serve to check the environmental performances of the project activities. In general they serve to check whether environmental clauses and specifications as set in the contract documents are properly and timely met or complied with and environmental mitigation measures described as in the EMP are implemented to the required standard.

During the construction phase the designated environmental unit of the contractor, the supervising consultant, and environmental regulatory organ in the regional state and /or the Woreda environmental office should monitor the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures - including the works method and compliance of mitigation measure as identified in the contractual specifications. ERA'S Environmental & social Management Branch should conduct periodical monitoring of the project environmental performances. Both Qualitative and/ or quantitative performance indicators are used for the monitoring purpose.

Some of the monitoring indicators among the many issues to be considered are; Number of established and reinstated quarries and borrows;

Length of detours and access road established and reinstated; Number of trees destroyed for road widenindmaterial sites development and replaced.

Number of houses demolished and constructed. Area of project affected (disturbed) land (ha or km2) that has been covered by soil conservation and rehabilitation measures as prescribed under mitigation management plan.

Percentages (%) of land area of material production site (Quarries, borrow pits), detour & access road, and excavated and graded sites that are rehabilitated to a reasonable degree at least to resemble their respective original condition.

Percentage of Spoil soils volume that are properly collected & timely cart away at designated disposal site, Percentages of debris, wastes materials produced & oil products that are properly handled and managed both at storage sites and at work places. facilities availed/provided at camps and garage sites for Proper storage of chemicals and oil products, for used oil collection, waste collection and disposal Number of indigenous trees planted to replace cut trees in the ROW Water quality (like turbidity, color, solids concentration etc.) is within the standard limits set by the Ministry of Water Resource(MoWR) or that of WHO set maximum allowable limits

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Extent of silt deposits in river beds, number and locations of stagnant water along the project road Percentages of Water sources and Wetlandmarshland sites that are free of spoil soils deposits, Number and location of approved and designated spoil soils disposal sites. Number of traffic signs posted and locations, traffic regulations observed Frequency and intervals of vehicle1 machinery service & maintenances Number and frequency of traffic accident that occurred since project commenced. Arrangements made regarding construction methods and safety measures in the proximity of wetlandmarshlands Extent of dust pollution and distance visibility along the road under construction and at material sites, crusher plant sites, dust suppression measures taken to minimize air pollution and traffic accidents is applied regularly, and dust pollution in the area doesn't pose significant adverse impact. Compensation committee has been established timely and is operational Number(%) of PAPs resettled and properly compensated Number and percentages of PAPs resettled and compensated. Poaching in the forest and wildlife areas by construction workers, and illegal timber cutting and illegal hunting is strictly put under control and no complaints from the community nor from other stakeholders is received. Any cultural and archeological resources encountered upon excavation are dully reported andor preservation measures are done, through consultation with the bureau of culture and tourism or the respective local administration. Trends of investment, land use and economic development in the area. Public health effect, changes as compared to pre- project implementation in the project area. Level of social services and infrastructures provided to the community as compared to pre -project situation.

The monitoring program should also maintain assessment data and records of pre- construction situation of the project area. This would serve as a reference to follow up the changes and developments in the process of project implementation and to ensure the proper rehabilitation and restoration of the previous situation as far as possible.

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lo. Public disclosure of the EIA

Public disclosure of the EIA Report has to be made to PAPs and other stakeholders for review and comments before the road projects proceeds to implementation. The purpose of the disclosure is to receive comments and suggestions from PAPs , IVGOs and other stakeholders and to incorporate the appropriate suggestions.

ERA has to publicly disclose this EIA Report and include in its website and make copies available and distribute with letter accompanied to regional and wereda authorities. Public disclosure of the summary of the EIA Report also needs to be made in national language (Amharic) and may be in local language Guragegna. This could be done by publishing it on regional news papers, announcing on regional radio stations, posting it on the range of publicly accessible places such as Woreda and kebele offices.

Once this EIA report is disclosed, the public have to be notified both through administrative structures and informal structures about the availability of the EM report and also be requested to make their suggestions and comments.

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11. Conclusions and Recommendations

11.1 Conclusion

The findings of this EIA reveals that the construction and operation of the Wolkite- Hossaina Road Upgrading Project will have several beneficial as well as adverse impacts on the bio-physical and socio-economic environments of the project area. Most of the impacts on the environment are manageable and minimum in most of the cases. Generally, the positive impacts of the project are found to outweigh the negative impacts provided that the proposed mitigation measures are implemented properly as the project road follow more or less the existing alignment. It can also be concluded that the findings of this EIA report be implemented, if and only if, all the proposed avoidance or mitigation measures are included in the project EMP for implementation by the contractor with adequate costs and capacity building programme.

11.2 Recommendations

It is hoped that the positive impact of the project will be perceived at both the construction and operation stages. During construction, the benefits will be mainly related to business activities and employment opportunity. That is, it is considered that people who reside in towns and villages along the road will benefit from business activities created by the contractor. Employment opportunities will probably be restricted to the hiring of unskilled laborers who will be actively involved in the construction processes and will thereby gain income and knowledge.

On the other hand, with regard to adverse consequences of the project, the most important impact on socioeconomic life is the loss of property; in particular the loss of housing units and business centers. However, these will be mitigated by the payment of suitable compensation.

Based on the socio-cultural assessment, the following recommendations should be implemented to ensure the sustainability of the road project:

To reduce the adverse social impacts, the right of way requirement should be reduced to the minimum possible. That is, 20 m in urban areas and 30 m in rural settings. The beneficiaries and affected people should participate at different stages of the Project to ensure its sustainability. That is, project area communities and stakeholders should be consulted from time to time, particularly before and during the construction period, to find appropriate mitigation measures or adverse impacts, and to solve them accordingly.

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- The involvement of stakeholders is essential. The local administration, namely Woreda administration and Kebele administration will be very helpful in facilitating the project activities through solving problems related to land acquisition and displacement if any. - These adverse impacts are all such that they can easily be controlled within acceptable limits, provided that the appropriate mitigation measures are adopted. - It is, therefore, recommended that all mitigation measures discussed in the EIA-report; and environmental clauses listed out below be incorporated in the tender documents. Construction contract document should also incorporate ' environmental clauses that require the contractor to follow environmentally friendly work discipline, while project implementation. - The design consultant should liaise with and consult the local community and administrative organs to find their needs and constraints at each location and try to incorporate their requirements and opinions in the design as far as possible. The road design should responsive both environmentally and socially at each location taking into account site specific conditions in to account. These can be sensitive ecosystems like urbanized areas, River crossings and wetland areas etc. - The client, together with the local environmental authorities, should ensure the appropriate locations of the material; spoil dumping, and construction camp sites and their proper reinstatement upon completion of the project works, as required. - The client, together with the federal and environmental authorities, should make sure the provisions in the country's and international laws/regulations are respected or fulfilled - It is therefore, concluded that payment of adequate cash compensation for all families to be displaced and other proposed impact mitigation measures will be adopted, thus the implementation of the road upgrading project would minimize undesirable social and environmental negative consequences. - It is considered that the long-term social and socio-economic benefits to the regions in general and the local population in particular are such that they far outweigh the minor and short-term inconvenience, which will accompany project implementation. - It can also be recommended that the ERA-EMSB will ensure the preparation of detailed action plan for either section(s) of or the entire road project and continual improvement/updating of the action plan throughout the project life.

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12. Clauses proposed to be included in Contract Document

Environmental clauses related to the following issues will be included in the Tender Document of the Project under consideration. Some of these environmental clauses will be included in the contractual document as part of the main engineering works while the remaining clauses are included as a separate activity to be undertaken by either by the construction contractor or Sub-Contractor. These clauses will be included in the tender document by the contract engineer of the Consulting firm as part of the Consultancy Services and will be an official document. ERA will decide as to which clauses to be included in the tender in consultation with the Design Consultant.

12.1 Camp Establishment and Demolishing 1) The Contractor shall establish all camps, with the approval of the Engineer and consultation of the Client, at appropriate site taking into consideration, not only the permanent works but also the peculiar environmental and social situation of the area. 2) In abandoning the camps, the Contractor, at no cost to the Client, shall remove the entire superstructure as well as the foundations of all buildings. 3) The contractor shall select location of campsites in collaboration with local authorities, RE and with EMSB of ERA, and camps shall only be established at places/locations approved by ERA EMSB and the RE in collaboration with local Officials, 4) Locate campsites in less productive areas away from streams and rivers (at least 500 m), 5) The camp sites shall not be located close to residential areas, on fertile farmlands, and forested lands that are either owned by Farmers' Cooperative or government organizations like that of the Forest Priority Areas and other sensitive areas or NGOs. 6) The RE and the contractors shall take photograph of the camp site campsites before the construction of any structure in order to be to compare the level of environmental degradation before and after the establishment of the camp site and to plan rehabilitation work. Any removal activities of trees for camping shall be done in the presence of Environmentalist from the Supervision Team and a Forester from Local Forestry Department, 7) Establish construction campsite with appropriate and standard sanitation facilities including an imperviously lined septic tanks to reduce possible pollution impact on ground and surface water resources, 8) Dispose all the wastes from the camp properly in a designated and authorised places, 9) The contractor shall take all necessary measures and precautions to avoid any nuisance or disturbance to inhabitants arising from the execution of works.

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10)If the campsites are not going to be used or going to be demolished, the contractor shall reinstate (the reinstatement activities shall include stockpiling the top soil during camp construction, removing all concretes/slabs and all scrap metals from the workshops, loosening the compacted soils, and spreading of the top soils) to its original state. 11) The RE shall order the Camp administrator for the planting of tree seedlings in the camp yard for beautification purpose. 12) A clause will be included in the contractual document that requires the contractor not to establish construction campsites close to any forested areas like Yegera protected forest area.

12.2 Air Pollution 1. In cases where haul routes pass through towns or major settlements, the contractor shall prepare construction traffic management plans, for approval by the Engineer, which set out clearly the steps which will be taken to minimise the impacts of his haulage traffic, including but not limited to the regular watering of un-surfaced sections to suppress dust and the speed limits. 2. The Contractor shall inspect and service all the transport and the construction machinery, to the satisfaction of the Engineer, so that their emissions shall not pollute the air. 3. Parts of the Crusher Plant from where dust may rise shall be covered. 4. The contractor shall reduce dust from construction sites, access roads and detours by watering at least three times a day when the same are located in sensitive areas, towns and villages, 5. The Contractor shall prevent generation of air pollutants by watering during crushing and screening of aggregates, 6. The Contractor shall locate construction plants such as stone crushing plants away from the settlement areas, hospitals and schools. 7. The Contractor shall avoid burning of materials such as tiers, plastic, rubber products or other materials that creates heavy smock or nuisance odor. 8. The Contractor shall avoid disposing of any volatile chemicals to the air, 9. The Contractor shall any vehicle with an open load carrying area used for transporting potentially dust producing materials should have properly fitted side and tail boards. Materials having the potential to produce dust should not be loaded to a level higher than the side and tail boards and should be covered with a clean tarpaulin in good condition. 10. The contractor shall provide safety equipment such as goggle, masks and other protection measures. 11. The RE shall supervise and monitor the contractor's compliance of the contractors with the above conditions. 12.3 Disruption of Services

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1. The contractor shall be liable for any damage to services resulting from his or his subcontractors' actions. Any damage caused to services by the contractor or subcontractors should be made good without delay at the contractor's cost. 12.4 Archeological and Cultural Heritage Sites

1) A clause will be included in the contractual document that requires the contractor to report & notify immediately the SNNP Bureau of Culture and Tourism and respective Zones Culture and Tourism Offices, ERA or the relevant body like the Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritages (ARCCH), if cultural or historical artifacts, structures or other archaeological relics are discovered during the excavations works. 2) The right of way width around the burial place will be minimized leaving some clearance and buffer towards the burial ground on both sides. 3) A clause will be included in the contractual document that requires the contractor to limit Vehicle and machinery movementlspeed during construction. 4) A clause will be included in the contractual document that requires the contractor to restricted vehicle and machinery movement to one direction, and within the existing carriage width. 5) A clause will be included in the contractual document that requires the contractor to adopt half width construction method at this burial location, to avoid need for wider space for machine operation..

12.5 Soil and Water Pollution

1. The contractor shall dispose all sanitary and other wastes, at all camps and sites, safely in such a way as will not result in any form of soil or water pollution or hazard to human or animal health. 2. The contractor shall take all reasonable precautions to prevent spillage and leakage of materials with the potential to pollute soil and water resources. The measures shall be implemented in an effective way throughout the life of the base camp. 3. The contractor shall be responsible, at his own cost, for cleaning up any pollution caused by his activities, to the satisfaction of the Engineer, and the payment of full compensation to those affected by the pollutants.

12.6 Erosion and Gully Control

1. The contractor shall provide adequate cross sectional area to drainage structures to allow sufficient passage for the discharge and also shall minimise the effect of discharge from structures to the downstream side in the form of gully formation. Thus, the contractor shall introduce energy dissipaters, for safe disposal of the discharge, along the course on the downstream side. 2. The Contractor shall protect unstable slopes with stabilizing structures such as retaining walls; wire basketry, gabions etc. as permanent installation on risk slopes.

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3. The contractor shall implement Bioengineering techniques to protect and stabilize unstable slopes and also shall use appropriate local variety grass species together with a physical engineering measures as soon as possible after completion of the works. 4. Install cut-off drains above cut slopes, 5. The contractor shall provide riprap, grass turfing on erosion prone slopes of high embankments and fill areas, toes and banks of the streams to avoidlrestrict erosion, 6. The contractor shall remove all dangerous and loose boulders and rocks from cut faces. 7. The contractor shall rehabilitate existing roadside gullies and landslides at particular locations and also other places even outside the ROW when the RE approves that the gullies will be extended towards the pavement or road. 8. Limit disturbance to natural vegetation above cut slops, 9. The contractor shall pave roadside drains above 5% slope gradients and construct all energy-dissipating structures at the drainage outlets and discharging points. 10. The contractor shall provide cross drainage structures as close as possible to reduce the amount of flow from side ditches and to let the flood join to the nearest stream easily with out scouring the side walls, 11. The contractor shall plant local variety grass species and replant slope embankments and erosion prone areas and water until the grasses and trees area survive independently. 12. The contractor shall construct the different physical erosion control measures such as paved side drain, check dams, mitre drains, and other energy dissipating structures such as chutes, cascades, etc

12.7 Occupational and Traffic Safety

1. The contractor shall make every effort to minimize road safety hazards and inconvenience to other road users, resulting from the passage of his or his subcontractors' haulage vehicles, and shall impose and enforce compliance with speed limits.

2. All detours shall be constructed to the specified standard stipulated in contract document and shall be watered as per the contact specifications to suppress the dust that is a cause of many accidents to mainly road users. 3. The contractor shall provide workers especially working on hazardous sites like quany and crusher sites with protection materials like masks, goggles, gloves, etc. 4. The contractor shall prepare a detailed safety management plan approved by the Engineer, 5. The contractor shall provide diversions with suitable and reflecting road signs; provide barricades and delineators and flagmen to guide the traffic. For regulation of traffic, the flagmen shall be equipped with red an d green flags,

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6. At the points where traffic is to deviate from its normal path, the lane width path for traffic should be clearly marked with the aid of pavement markings, painted drums or similar devices. At night, the passage shall be delineated with lanterns or other suitable light source. 7. One-way traffic operation should be established whenever the traffic is to be passed over part of the camageway inadequate for two-lane traffic. This should be done with the help of temporary traffic signals or flagmen kept positioned on opposite sides during all hours. The flagmen shall equipped with red and green flags, 8. The contractor shall provide alternative pedestrian routes where these are interrupted. 9. The Design Engineer shall consult the local people as to where to construct the different engineering facilities like parking bays, footpaths and etc as per the respective Towns Master Plans. For instance, these facilities are important for various reasons at Market Places to avoid possible traffic accidents and for safe mobility. 10. The contractor shall use clear, labeled properly and meaning full traffic signs and speed limits, especially at road crossing of the people and conjunction of animals 11. The contractor shall provide traffic awareness, especially at schools, churches and other places at certain period of the construction time and accident protection measures "concrete or Slabs shall be put at schools, churches and etc. 12. The contractor shall prepare "Traffic Management Plan" for the entire or sections of the road project, that should be approval by the RE and ERA EMSB for review and comment.

12.8 Health

1. The contractor shall ensure the availability of first-aid service to the workers 2. The contractor shall undertake, through his dedicated staff or a sub-contractor for this activity, prevention and control of the spread of STDs, especially the HIVIAIDS pandemic, in the workplaces of the contract. 3. the contractor or construction activities shall be aware that the road traverse through malaria endemic areas and be prepared to avoid possible health risk through environmental health and hygiene management of camp sites and availing clinic, chemically treated mosquito nets and medicines for the work force; 4. The contractor shall not induce malaria outbreak by creating temporary & permanent water holding areas which favour mosquito breeding, 5. The contractor shall restore borrow pits and quarry areas to avoid breeding sites for mosquito, 6. The contractor shall provide clinics with all necessary medications in major construction camps, and First Aide Kits at all working sites.

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7. The contractor shall minimize dust emission by watering the road during construction at the settlement areas at least 3 times a day (in the morning, before lunch time and before the end of working hour), 8. Explosives and chemicals should be stored under proper security at a safe distance from the road and any inhabited premises, 9. Give warning each time of his intention to blast and should station personnel on the roads and elsewhere with flags, horns and whistles and prevent persons , animals and traffic entering danger zone, 10. The contractor shall take care when selecting campsites in such a way that it should not invite close interaction with local community. 11. The contractor shall provide safe water supply & appropriate waste disposal facilities including the provision of sanitary latrines in the construction camp,

12. The contractor shall provide health education mainly focusing on the HIV control and prevention, void discrimination in work places due to HIVIAIDS and provide counseling service. This activity shall be executed as a sub contract by local NGOs and relevant institution or NGOs. The contractor shall provide free counseling and distribute condoms & leaflets to workforce and vulnerable group of nearby communities, 13. The contractor shall provide education to personnel of the contractor about safety procedures and emergency response plans associated with their task.

12.9 Use of Child Labour

1. The contractor shall abide to the Ethiopian and international laws that limit the minimum age for labor. That is, the contractor shall not recruit children for the construction work. 2. Awareness creation among the women and children and also for the workers deployed in the area would minimize the impacts. Availing condom at the project premises and promotion of its use shall be undertaken in collaboration with the local health institutions. 3. The contractor will ensure that the recruitment of labourer should be consistent with the provisions of Ethiopian Labour Laws and Directives and similarly with International Laws. 4. The involvement and commitment of the local officials in the project planning and implementation should be enhanced and promoted all localities so that the awareness creation program will be promoted.

12.10 Tree Planting

1. The contractor shall compensate for the loss of mature trees by planting at least 10 seedlings for every tree that will be removed during road widening,

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detours and borrow area clearing and manages their growth until they reach a height of lmetre before handing them over to the client. 2. The contractor shall confine clearing of vegetation to what is absolutely necessary. All trees and shrubs which are not required to be cleared or removed for construction purposes should be protected from any damage that may be caused by the contractor's construction operations and equipment, 3. The contractor shall not locate campsites quarries and borrow pits and detour roads in a forest areas, 4. Farmers shall be given adequate time to harvest their trees before clearing. 5. Transplant trees, which are transplantable. 6. The contractor shall take maximum care and never cut endangered and indigenous tree species 7. The contractor shall aware construction work force to not cut tree for any purpose with out 8. prior approval of Environmental supervisor and local forestry department,

9. The contractor shall save big trees located on roadside by shifting the centerline of the road to the other side, in campsites, and also in material sites. 10. The contractor shall take the exact number with the tree species type to be removed in the presence of the Environmentalist from the Supervision Team and Forester from the Local Forestry Department, 11. The contractor shall take photographs of these sites before starting clearing and keep it as official documents in a separate folder. 12. The contractor shall forbid his workforces from deliberately and discriminate cutting down trees, involving in any trade activities or illegally transporting forest products. The contractor shall take the responsibility for his misbehaviour of workforces and involvement in any trade activities by his workforces or transporting of any forest products by construction vehicles 12.11 Grassing

1. The contractor shall grass all embankments and cut slopes susceptible to erosion with appropriate grass species and shall ensure the survival of the grasses before handing over to the client. 12.12 Spoil Disposal

1. The contractor shall dispose off all unnecessary and spoil material at the appropriate sites, approved by the Engineer, on land not required for any activity by the local people for agriculture, grazing, or any other public services. Spoil materials shall also not be disposed on areas of aesthetic value. 2. A clause will be included in the contractual document that requires the contractor not to stockpile spoils close to any forested areas, for instance, like Yegera protected forest area.

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12.13 Preparation of Site EMP 1. The contractor shall prepare, for approval by the Engineer and final acceptance by the client, a detailed Site Environmental Plan (SEP) related, but not limited to, interventions:

The Contractor should consider the recommendations of the EIA into his EMP as well as his social management plan; For the base camp, prior to its construction, which also covers other work sites, the SEP must make specific and adequate provision for the disposal of sanitary and other wastes in such a way as will not result in any form of pollution or hazard to human or animal health. For stockpiling of topsoil from borrow pit areas and redistribute over the entire surface after reinstating the sites when no more needed. For reinstating quarry sites to a shape close to their original contour and approved by the Engineer For protecting the water resource against pollution For protecting the flora and fauna against deforestation and pouching respectively For not affecting protected areas along the route corridor For handling ROW issues; and Other issues or problems that may be encountered on site Information provided in the SEPs should include, but not be limited to the following: - A site plan showing the location and proposed extent of the borrow pit, quany sites, access road and any other facilities which may be installed Details of all landholdings, vegetation and land use - Measures which will be taken to minimize erosion caused by access road construction and drainage system operation Measures which will be taken to reinstate the site measures should be taken to reinstate all sites and make the borrow pits and quany site safe on completion of exploitation, and to rehabilitate any agricultural land which has been affected by detours access roads construction and operation

The Engineer should satisfy himself, prior to approval of the SEPs that all reasonable precautions have been or will be taken into account to minimise adverse environmental impacts. In the case of interventions for camps, quarry sites, borrow pits, crusher sites, etc, the sites shall be photographed prior to exploitation so that monitoring of reinstatement would be effective.

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12.14. Impact from Quarry sites, Borrow Areas and Detour Roads

1) The contractor shall select quarry and borrow sites that are far from settlement and environmentally sensitive areas after approval by RE, ERA EMSB and local authorities. 2) The contractor shall not select quarry and borrow sites near and at river bed, 3) The contractor shall not establish quarries and borrow pits in forested areas. The contractor shall reinstate all quarries and borrow sites and access roads after the completion of the road construction works, any material sites shall not be left open unless otherwise approved by ERA EMSB and RE upon request from locals to have the sites open permanently. The reinstatement works shall include the following activities; a. The contractor shall take photographs of the proposed borrow areas, quarry sites and detour roads before the commencement of the works; b. The contractor shall take lists of all the tree species found in the proposed quarry sites, borrow areas and detour roads and the exact number of trees to be affected in the presence of Environmentalist from the Supervision Team and a Forester from the Local Forestry department c. The contractor shall preserve top soils for later use to refill borrow sites and quarry areas and do not mix topsoil with subsoil. d. Borrows and quarries shall be reinstate (which include dumping unnecessary materials and excess cuts, landscaping/leveling/shaping, spreading the top soil uniformly over the surface, constructing spillways if in case the sites are deep enough to hold water and putting a barrier all around the sites to prevent accidents on animals and human beings) after completion of the works e. After reinstating, plant appropriate tree species (indigenous trees) or grasses to recover the original vegetation and to improve the aesthetic value of these sites. f. Provide proper drainage to avoid storage of water in quarry and borrow sites to reduce malarial out break through reduction of mosquito breeding sites g. Access roads to these sites shall be reinstated (execute the following activities, preservation of the top soils and stockpiling the top soils, removing the applied selectedlforeign materials, loosening the compacted soils and spreading the top soil) to productive state when construction is completed. h. A clause will be included in the contractual document that requires the contractor not to establish materials sites i.e. quarries and borrows, close to any forested areas like Yegera protected forest area.

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12.15. Impact on Water Resources and Wetlands

1) The contractor shall avoid dumping of solid and liquid wastes from the construction areas and camps into streams, rivers and wet lands, 2) The contractor shall not block natural flow of streams, rivers and wetlands, 3) The contractor shall not select quarry sites in river beds and river banks, 4) The contractor shall re-grass cut slopes and areas and fill sections to avoid down stream sedimentation and water quality deterioration, 5) The contractor shall avoid polluting of rivers or streams during concreting work from cement slag. 6) The contractor shall not cleanlwash construction equipment in to wet lands, streams and rivers, and discharge waste chemicals into the streams, if in case this problem happens, the contractor, at his own expense, shall be obliged to the clear water until it reaches its original quality level or consumable. 7) Servicing of plants, equipments and vehicles shall be carried out at a workshop area. The workshop area should be equipped with secured storage areas for fuels, oils and other fluids. The storages should be constructed in such a way as to contain any spillages, which may occur. Similar storage should be constructed to store used fluids prior to their disposal in a designated and authorized place. Waste oils from various plants and equipments shall be collected in drums and send it to oil reprocessing companies and never dispose them into wetlands, streams and rivers, 8) The contractor shall avoid conflicting with water demands for domestic and livestock consumption & give priority for domestic and livestock consumption, and not use water from low discharge streams in this case the contractor shall fulfill his water requirements for campsites and construction purposes by developing own water sources. 9) Avoid locating camp sites near the water sources and ground water recharging areas, 10) Careful handling of explosives and residue of fuel to avoid health risk and water pollution, 11) The contractor should ensure that all the existing stream courses and drains within and adjacent to the site are kept safe and free from any debris, 12) Avoid harvesting of fish or other aquatic organisms without the permission of responsible authority or organization. 13) The contractor shall officially handover all developed water sources at any locations to the Local water Department, if the water sources are to be handed over to the locals.

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12.16 Impact on Fauna

1) The contractor shall forbid his workforces from deliberately killing wild animals, hunting wild animals for food or sport purposes, involving in any trade activities of dead or live wild animals or parts. 2) The contractor shall maintain road side forest that may serve as wild life habitat and corridor, 3) The contractor shall abstain from encroaching into areas of wildlife habitats and other sensitive areas. 4) The contractor shall restore affected areas (e.g. quarries and borrow pits and access roads to those sites) through replanting programme. 5) The contractor shall install warning signs and speed control measures at all animal-crossing sites as identified by the Design Engineer. 6) The contractor shall create awareness among drivers to give priority for road crossing animals and abstain from running after them or chasing the animals. 7) The contractor shall aware drivers to put off light and give priority for road crossing nocturnal animals during the nighttime.

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13. References

CSA, The 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia; Results for Somali 1996 Region. Volume I. FDRE Office of Population and Housing Commission, Central Statistical Authority, Addis Ababa, April 1998

CSA, The 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia; Results for Oromiya Region. Volume I. FDRE Office of Population and Housing Commission, Central Statistical Authority, Addis Ababa, April 1996

EEC , 1993 Environmental Manual, Sectoral Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Di recto rate General for Development, Commission of the European Communities, 199319

EPA 1997 Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline: Environmental Protection Authority, Addis Ababa, 2000

EPA 1997 Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation: Environmental Protection Authority, Addis Ababa, 2000

EPA 1997 Proclamation on the Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs: Environmental Protection Authority, Addis Ababa, 2000

EPA 1997 Environmental Policy of Ethiopia: Environmental Protection Authority, Addis Ababa, April 1997

PNMEDAC The Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia; E 1996 Vol I-V: Secretariat for the Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia, Environmental Protection Authority in collaboration with Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation, Addis Ababa, April 1996

ERA 1996 Road Sector Development Programmed 1997-2007. Second Draft Final Report. Ethiopian Roads Authority, Addis Ababa, January 1996

'DRE 1995Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Proclamation No. 111995

FDRE 1996 The 1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia; Results for Oromiya Region. Volume I. FDRE Office of Population and Housing Commission, Central Statistical Authority, Addis Ababa, April 1996

MoA 1993 Ethiopian Forestry Action Program, 1993. Draft Final Report, Volume 2- The

Metaferia Consulting Engineers JV CORE Consulting Engineers 119 Review of Feasibility and EIA and Preparation of Detailed Engineering Revised Final Environmental and Social Impact Desian and Tender Document for Welkite - Hosaina Road Project: Assessment Re~ofl challenge for Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa.

MoA 1997 The Wildlife Policy of Ethiopia; Draft. Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, 1997

MoA 1999 Natural Resources Management and Regulatory Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Agro-ecological Zones of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 1999.

World Bank, 1991 Environmental Assessment Source Book, (Volume I, I1 & 111). World Bank Documents Number 139, 140 & 141, World Bank, 199 1.

World Bank, 1995 Roads and the Environment: A Hand Book. The World Bank, 1995.

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ANNEXES

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ANNEX 1. List of Contacted Persons

1 Name Woredal Town Position 1. Ato Mulat Worku Limo 1 Hossiana Wored Admnistration office Head 2. Shambel Dejene Limo 1 Hossiana Wored General Service Head Mokenen 3. Ato Shimeles Shibeshi Limo 1 Hossiana Municipality Vl GM 4. Ato Ayele Gobena Limo 1 Hossiana 3wns Road Coordination office head 5.Ato Bilala Dari Azernet 1 Lera Woreda Adminstrator 6. Ato Abdela Rahimeto Azernet I Lera Woreda Adminstration office Head 7. Ato Nadew Wumbe Azernet 1 Mugo Kebele Chairperson 8. Ato Ahmed Neri Gumerl Arekit Woreda Adminstrator 9. Ato ---Dila Worku Gumerl Arekit 1 10. Ato Sadik Chahd Endibir Woreda Adminstrator Mohammed P 1 1. Ato Tagesu Nima Chaha, Endibir 1 2. Ketema Haile Chahd Endibir Woreda council member

14. Ato Abdirezak Seid Chahd Endibir 15. Ato Iyasu Solomon SNNP Bureau of SNNPR BCT Documentary and Culture and Tourism Information Head (SNNP - BCT) 11 6. Wlo Saida Neresedin I Silte Zone ) Silte Zone Office for Tourism, I I 1 kh=Gurara Gurage Zone Gurage Zone Tourism Resources I Tourism Resources

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ANNEX 2. List of Community Participated on Consultation , Name Location 1. Ato Beshir Muzein Azernet Woreda, Demeas debabis Kebele, Homa Village 2. Ato Mahmud Hamza Same above I 3.Ato Amdiso Osman Same above 4. Ato Negash Muzien Same above 5. Ato Hussien Bulti 6. Ato Sergota Sebado Same above 7. Ato Mekt Hakil Same above

9. Ato Juhar Shifa

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Annex 3: List of Contacted Officials

Culture and Tourism boSaida Neresedin Silte Zone Culture and Tourism Office Gurage Zone Tourism Resources :I Development Offices :I

SNNPR Ato Iyasu Solomon - SNNPR BCT Documentary and Information Head

I Guraghe Zone

Cheha Woreda

- Ato Birhanu Wolde - Woreda Office Administartor

- Ato Degemu Gamma - Woreda Health Office Head - Ato Hadra ahmed Mohammed Woreda Water Resource Development Office - Ato Kinfe Tsegaye - Woreda Agriculture Branch Office Head - Ato Tigistu Nansana - Woreda Natural Land Administration - Ato Ashemelis Gurara- Gurage Zone Tourism Resources Development and Sales Officer 11 Silte Zone Ahrenet Berbere Woreda

- Ato Abdella Ramato - Woreda Office Administrator - Ato Dari Kedir - Woreda Health Office Bead

- Ato Fekadu Tessema - Woreda Educational Programme Group Leader

- Ato Nabarae Dilbar - Woreda Agriculture Branch Head - Ato Getahun Gezahegn - Woreda Natural Resources Branch Head - W/o Saida Neseredin- Silte Zone Office for Tourism, Parks and Hotels, Desk Head

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I11 Hadiya Zone Hossana Woreda

Ato Mulatu Worku - Woreda Office Administrator Ato Assefa Buntae - Woreda Education Office Head

Ato Abayneh Kalo - Woreda Health Office Ato Adbicho Wachiiso - Woreda Agricultural Branch Head Hosaana Town

Ato Loba Bachorae - Town Manager Ato Tessema Tirefo

Ato Dohtor Ashoro - Town Public Relations Advisor Sister Etagegnehu Ayalew - Town Health Programmes Coordinator Ato Abera Geletu - Town Educational Planning Coordinator

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Annex 4: Project Road Site Photos

Fig 1: Public Consultation with Wolketie town Fig 2: Consultation with the local people Administrators and Zonal administrators (Women Associations at Gumer Woreda), Dec

Fig 3: Consultation with Woreda Counsel and Fig 4: Natural Vegetation covers along community representatives at Hossana town, Dec 2008 the road project

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Fig 8: Livestock watering site Fig 7: Livestock grazing ground along the road project

Fig 9: View of Natural Fig 10: Commercial flower farming vegetation cover near the road but not in Right way of

Fig 11: Gully formation on the Fig 12: Enset Crop protected side of the road project in temporary fences With in the

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Fig 13: View of Soil Fig 14: Settlement at erosion on the sides of the junction Wolketie city on the

Fig 14: Lera town settlement with Fig 15: Rural settlement in Lera in the right of way limit rural kebele out side the ROW

Fig 16: Rural settlement site along the road project Fig 17: Hill side Vegetation cover along the road project

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Annex 5: Community Consultation

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