1. Historiography and Spirituality of Religious Orders and Congregations in the Chinese Context
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Historiography and Spirituality of Religious Orders and Congregations in the Chinese Context 1. Historiography and Spirituality of Religious Orders and Congregations in the Chinese Context Roman MALEK “I will take some of the power of the Spirit that is on you and put it on them.” Numbers 11,17 Introductory Remarks The conference “History of Catholic Religious Orders and Missionary Congregations in Hong Kong” (2007) served the purpose of preparing a volume on the history of religious orders and congregations in Hong Kong in order to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the history of the Catholic Church in Hong Kong. Such an undertaking surely also needs a “meta-view,” a look from above and outside, combining several aspects and dimensions, since the history of the Catholic Church in Hong Kong is connected with the Church history in general, with the history of China, and with the specific history of the Church in China. The following chapter is therefore a reflection on the history of Catholic religious orders and missionary congregations in the broader perspective of the historiography of Christianity in China. Especially, the interdependencies between the primordial charisma of religious orders or congregations, their spirituality and the shaping of the local Church(es) in the Chinese context are discussed–juxtaposing it also to Hong Kong as a local Church.1 The question is what significance and consequences these interdependencies have for the present situation and the future. I will propose some rather general observations and conclude with remarks on the perspectives of the consecrated life. The main lines of argumentation and at the same time the main points of this chapter are the following: first of all it is important to see 1 ©2009 by Centre for Catholic Studies, the Chinese University of Hong Kong All Rights Reserved II.indd 1 9/11/2009 11:34:21 History of Catholic Religious Orders and Missionary Congregations in Hong Kong Vol. II: Research Papers that (1) the history of the Church is mission history and that mission history is always the history of the Church.2 (2) The religious orders and congregations with their charisma decisively shaped the founding and the specific development of the local Church(es) in China and in Hong Kong; it can thus be said that history of Christianity in China is the history of religious orders and congregations. There are many levels of interdependence here, including positive and negative elements, which are internal (Universal Church, Catholic theology) and external (state, politics, nation, society, regional culture, and many others). (3) All these fact(or)s have, of course, not only methodological consequences, but result in the historical and present responsibility of the orders and congregations, which should, however, be oriented towards the future. (4) In the light of history, the present circumstances and the future challenges, the religious orders and congregations are obliged to reflect again and again on their specific charisma and their possible contribution to further developments of the local Church in China and Chinese society in general. In this context we may recall the words of Pope Benedict XVI from his Letter to the Church in China (No. 14) that in the present context of the Church in China two dimensions of the consecrated life should be seen clearly: (1) “the witness of the charisma of total consecration to Christ through the vows of chastity, poverty and obedience,” and (2) “the response to the demand to proclaim the Gospel in the socio-historical circumstances of the country today.” 3 It is also valid for Hong Kong that the history of the Church here is indissolubly connected with the religious orders and congregations. In the introduction to the conference it was stated that from the very beginning of the Catholic mission in Hong Kong the Franciscans (O.F.M.),4 the Dominicans (O.P.),5 the Paris Foreign Missionaries (M.E.P., 1847),6 the P.I.M.E. (1858),7 the Sisters of St. Paul de Chartres (S.P.C.)8 and the Canossian Daughters of Charity (F.D.C.C.) formed part of the team that started the evangelization in Hong Kong. Later on they were 2 ©2009 by Centre for Catholic Studies, the Chinese University of Hong Kong All Rights Reserved II.indd 2 9/11/2009 11:34:21 Historiography and Spirituality of Religious Orders and Congregations in the Chinese Context joined by the Brothers of the Christian Schools (F.S.C.),9 the Jesuits (S.J.),10 the Salesians (S.D.B.),11 the Benedictines (O.S.B.), the Cistercians (O.C.S.O.),12 the Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers (M.M.),13 the Scheut Missionaries (C.I.C.M.),14 the Québec P.M.E. Fathers, the Columbans (S.S.C.), and the Divine Word Missionaries (S.V.D.). There are also several congregations and mission societies of women which shaped the history of the Church in Hong Kong: Chinese Sisters of the Immaculate Conception (C.I.C.), Daughters of Mary Help of Christians (Salesian Sisters, F.M.A.), Franciscan Missionaries of Mary (F.M.M.), Franciscan Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Sorrows (O.S.F.), Little Sisters of Jesus, Little Sisters of the Poor (L.S.P.), Maryknoll Sisters of St. Dominic (M.M.),15 Missionaries of Charity (M.C.), Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of the Angels (M.N.D.A.), Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception (M.I.C.),16 Daughters of St. Paul (F.S.P.),17 Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (I.C.M.),18 and the Missionary Sisters of St. Columban (S.S.C.).19 Many of these congregations never worked in Hong Kong before 1949 and–expelled from mainland China–had to re-interpret or re-discover their charisma in the new context. For some of them at the beginning Hong Kong was probably only a gateway to or a waiting room for China. Today there are altogether 46 orders and congregations working constantly in Hong Kong. Besides there are New Movements and other forms of religious life, like Opus Dei and Focolare. This is a unique situation in the Catholic Church. If China is a case example of the decisive role of orders and congregations in the mission history, i.e., the history of the local Church, Hong Kong is an example par excellence. We have here a conglomerate or bundle of different charismas in one place, “a whole gamut of missionary societies, male and female,” 20 so it is “a vibrant organism which should be of intrinsic interest to students of history, social science and theology.” 21 What happens, however, if the charismas come together, as in China of the 17th or 19th centuries or as in Hong Kong, in 3 ©2009 by Centre for Catholic Studies, the Chinese University of Hong Kong All Rights Reserved II.indd 3 9/11/2009 11:34:21 History of Catholic Religious Orders and Missionary Congregations in Hong Kong Vol. II: Research Papers particular after 1949? Do we know what was or is the benefit of such a bundle? Charisma and the Local Church: “I will take some of the power of the Spirit that is on you and put it on them” Numbers 11, 17 The orders and congregations are without any doubt the main actors in the history of the Catholic Church in China and in Hong Kong. The Christian presence was determined from the very beginning by the religious orders and congregations, some of them–like for instance the Divine Word Missionaries–had been founded by Arnold Janssen with an explicit “Chinese” purpose (charisma). A charisma (charis–grace; the divine influence on the receiver’s heart, and its reflection in life) is a power of a spiritual nature, believed to be a freely given gift by the grace of God. In the study of Church matters, it also refers to the particular grace granted by God to religious founders and their organizations, which distinguishes them from other organizations within the same Church. The term is used in this sense especially in the ecclesiology of the Roman Catholic Church.22 Asked what the “spirit” (charisma) of the Society of Divine Word finally is, one of the first Steyler missionaries in China, Joseph Freinademetz (1852– 1908, canonized 2003), who started his missionary work 1879 in Hong Kong, answered as follows: The spirit of the Society is that what makes our Society what she is and without which she would not be what she is.23 From the beginnings of the Church the orders seemed to be “made” for missionary activities because of their spirituality (charisma), organization, a uniform management, tradition and experience. The Second Vatican Council stressed this in a special way (Ad Gentes 40; cf. Evangelii Nuntiandi 69): 4 ©2009 by Centre for Catholic Studies, the Chinese University of Hong Kong All Rights Reserved II.indd 4 9/11/2009 11:34:22 Historiography and Spirituality of Religious Orders and Congregations in the Chinese Context Religious institutes of the contemplative and of the active life have so far played, and still do play, the main role in the evangelization of the world. This sacred synod gladly acknowledges their merits and thanks God for all that they have expended for the glory of God and the service of souls while exhorting them to go on untiringly in the work which they have begun, since they know that the virtue of charity, which by reason of their vocation they are bound to practice with greater perfection, obliges and impels them to a truly catholic spirit and work. Since this volume presents very detailed contributions on the orders and congregations in Hong Kong, it is not necessary to explore the primordial charisma of a single religious order or congregation, because these contributions are already excellent illustrations and prove that–as is said about Moses in the Old Testament (Numbers 11,17)–God has taken some of the power of the Spirit that was on the orders and congregations and put it on the local Church in Hong Kong, like it has been in the whole history of the Church in China.