Online Na-English-Chinese Dictionary (Version 1.0)

Online Na-English-Chinese Dictionary (version 1.0)

Alexis Michaud August 5, 2015

1 GUIDE TO USING THE DICTIONARY

Introduction

About the language

This dictionary documents the lexicon of the Na language (nɑ˩-ʐwɤ˥) as spoken in and around the plain of Yongning, located in Southwestern China, at the border between Yunnan and Sichuan, at a latitude of 27°50’ N and a longitude of 100°41’ E. This language is known locally as ‘Mosuo’.

Chronology and method

The author’s fieldwork on Yongning Na began in October 2006, with tone as its main focus (lexical tone, andtonalmor- phology). This required examining as many lexical items as possible to ensure that no tone category was overlooked, but lexicographic work was not in itself a priority. A list of words was begun through elicitation, and gradually expanded and corrected as narratives were recorded and transcribed; addition of new words was therefore a slow process. An advantage of placing the emphasis on text collection is that a context is available to help clarify the meaning of newly encountered words, also offering a basis for further discussion of their usage. But systematic elicitation of large amounts ofvocabulary was not carried out, hence the limited number of entries: currently slightly under 3,000. Unless otherwise stated, all the data are from one language consultant, Mrs. Latami Dashilame (lɑ˧tʰɑ˧mi˥ ʈæ˧ʂɯ˧- lɑ˩mv˩; Chinese: 拉它米打史拉么). She was born in 1950 in the hamlet called ə˧lɑ˧-ʁwɤ#˥ in Na, close to the monastery of Yongning. The administrative coordinates of this village are: Yúnnán province, Lìjiāng municipality, Nínglàng Yí autonomous county, Yǒngníng district, Ālāwǎ village (云南省丽江市宁蒗彝族自治县永宁乡阿拉瓦村). The choice to work in one location only, and essentially with one consultant, is, again, based on the investigator’s focus on the tone system. There is considerable dialectal diversity within the Na area (much more so than in the Naxi-speaking area); the tone systems of different villages are conspicuously different, and this geographical diversity combines with dramatic differences across social groups, and across generations. The obvious thing to do seemed to be an in-depth description and analysis of the language as spoken by one person (simultaneously making a few forays into other idiolects and dialects). Data from other speakers are indicated using their codes in the author’s database of speakers of Naish languages. Table 2 provides the speaker codes.

Table 1: Language consultant codes speaker code name year of birth F4 (main consultant) lɑ˧tʰɑ˧mi˥ ʈæ˧ʂɯ˧-lɑ˩mv˩ 1950 F5 ki˧zo˧ 1973 F6 tɕʰi˧ɖv#˥ 1987 M18 lɑ˧tʰɑ˧mi˥ ʈæ˧ʂɯ˧-ʈæ˩ʈv˩ 1972 M21 ho˧dʑɤ˧tsʰe˥ 1942 M23 ɖɯ˩ɖʐɯ˧ 1974

The list of words as of 2011 was deposited in the STEDT database (http://stedt.berkeley.edu/). The same year, under the impetus of Guillaume Jacques and Aimée Lahaussois, plans were made to bring the word list closer to the standards of a full-fledged dictionary. A project was deposited with the Agence Nationale de la Recherche, accepted in 2012,andbegun in 2013: the HimalCo project (ANR-12-CORP-0006). Céline Buret, a computing engineer, worked with the project team for two years (Nov. 2014-Oct. 2015). She converted the data to the format of the Field Linguist’s Toolbox (MDF), then produced scripts for conversion to a XML format complying with the LMF standard, allowing for automatic conversion to an online format as well as to LaTeX files (with PDF as the final output for circulation). In 2015, version 1.0 oftheonline and PDF versions of the dictionary were produced and published online, along with the source document in MDF (Toolbox) format.

Guide to using the dictionary Formats: trilingual Na-Chinese-English or Na-Chinese French Entries and examples have translations into English, Chinese and French. Two language settings are offered for the PDF and online dictionary: either Na-Chinese-English, or Na-Chinese-French. The English and the French are not typeset alongside each other in the same document because distinguishing them visually is not obvious, even with the help of typographic devices such as using different fonts and colours. In the author’s own experience, it was found that the presence offour

i Format of entries GUIDE TO USING THE DICTIONARY

languages alongside one another made consultation more difficult; specifically, English translations tended to be a distraction slowing down access to the French translations, and English users may similarly find that French clutters the layout. On the other hand, Chinese characters are visually well-distinct from Latin-based scripts, and so it did not appear necessary to separate the Chinese and produce a Na-Chinese version. Moreover, Chinese translations are often a useful complement to the translation in English (or French), as there are often closer equivalents: for instance gɤ˧˥ translates straightforwardly as Chinese 扛 whereas the English translation is more roundabout: ‘to carry on the shoulder’. Users who wish to have access to all the information can download the original file in Toolbox (MDF) format.

Format of entries Each entry contains

• phonological transcription: the form of the word in phonetic alphabet; tone is indicated in terms of phonological categories

• part of speech: an indication of the part of speech, using a simple set of labels

• tone: the tone category of the word. This information is already present in the phonological transcription; having it repeated on its own facilitates searches

• definitions in Chinese and English

• examples with translations

• links to related words, such as synonyms, or constituent parts of complex words

• classifier: for nouns, an indication on the more commonly associated classifiers

Among examples, those elicited to verify the output of certain combinations of tones are marked as ‘PHONO’: examples elicited for the purpose of the phonological study. Proverbs and sayings are marked as ‘PROVERB’. Some pieces of information are not shown in the PDF and online versions. These are:

• An indication of semantic domain: ‘society’, ‘house’, ‘body’, ‘plant’, ‘animal’... No attempt was made to use a fine-grained classification of the sort found in the WordNet database of English, where nouns, verbs, adjectivesand adverbs are grouped into sets of cognitive synonym (?). This is simply a rough division into subsets for convenient sorting; the labelling relies partly on form, and partly on semantic contents. As for other aspects in the dictionary, choices made reflect the investigator’s research priorities: for instance, the entries for ‘day’, ‘night’, ‘month’, ‘year’ were tagged as “classifiers”, along with all other nouns that can appear immediately after a numeral. Thisallowed easy extraction of all classifiers for the purpose of a study of the tone patterns of classifiers(Michaud, 2013). These lexical items could just as well have been tagged as ’time’, in view of their semantic field. The numbers ‘100’, ‘1,000’ and ‘10,000’ were likewise labelled as “classifiers” rather than numerals.

• Notes on past notations: information tracing the history of notations, from the first fieldwork to the current version. For instance, the entry ŋwɤ˧pʰæ˧˥ ‘tile’ has a note that indicates that it was initially written with a M.H tone pattern, and with vowel æ in both syllables: *ŋwæ˧pʰæ˥. The note explains that the perception of æ in the first syllable is due to a phonetic tendency towards regressive vowel harmony. Verifications are also consigned in this field. About half the entries have information of this type.

• glosses: glosses in English, Chinese and French, intended for the glossing of texts. The dictionary adopts the abbre- viations recommended in the Leipzig Glossing Rules (Comrie et al.); all other terms are provided in full. Glosses mostly follow the choices made by (Lidz, 2010).

Part-of-speech labelling Dictionary entries carry a part-of-speech label. A rough-and-ready typology has been followed: see the table below. Needless to say, this system has limitations: a refined typology would require subcategories, e.g. defining classifiers as a subsetamong nouns; and categories such as ‘adverbs’ raise greater difficulties, lacking a clear definition. No attempt was made at including expressive noises in the dictionary, such as the sound ɬː. The meaning of this sound in Na can be characterized in the same way as that of words in the dictionary: the full definition would be that it expresses enjoyment of food or drink (‘Yummy!’), and is also used to express admiration of a beautiful object, scene, or prospect. But a reason for leaving it out is that, unlike interjections, ɬː is not pronounced on expiratory airflow, but on inspired airflow. The air flows through the sides of the mouth, which is where saliva flows when one’s mouth waters. Observations about such sounds (including clicks), like that of gestures, appeared to fall outside the scope of the dictionary.

ii OTHER RESOURCES ABOUT YONGNING NA Loanwords

Table 2: Parts of speech label meaning Leipzig Glossing Rules? y/n adj adjective y clf classifier y clitic (same) n cnj conjunction n ideophone (same) n disc.PTCL discourse particle n intj interjection n lnk linker n n noun y num numeral n pref prefix n postp postposition n pro pronoun n v verb y

Loanwords Borrowings from Chinese and Tibetan are indicated as such in cases where identification seems straightforward. No efforts at systematic elicitation of borrowings from either language were made, but all loanwords occurring in texts were added to the dictionary. The information provided includes: donor language; form in the donor language; and explanations. When the number of syllables in the borrowed word is the same as in the donor language, the glosses in English (and French) start by the original word followed by two colons and a translation: e.g. ‘办法::solution’ for pæ˧˥hwɤ˧.

Planned improvements and mid-term perspectives

This dictionary is conceived of as work-in-progress: successive versions will be released, probably every two years or so, (i) as an online dictionary in HTML format, (ii) as PDF documents, and (iii) in database format (native Toolbox/MDF format, then, in due course, the successors of this format). Planned improvements for future versions include the addition of

• a phonetic transcription of tone as it surfaces on the item pronounced in isolation: a surface-phonological transcription of tone, in addition to the indication of the underlying tone category

• audio files for each head word: this function has successfully been tested, but the editing of audio files still needs to be conducted

• links to the entire set of online recordings: listing all textual occurrences in the lexicon entry, with links to the audio file and its aligned transcription

• more cross-references between entries, pointing to synonyms

More cross-references between entries will also be added gradually, pointing to synonyms, etc. Collaborations are welcome for the following improvements :

• the vocabulary of religion: the field of religion remains mostly unexplored; the main consultant and I bothlackthe command of Tibetan that would be essential for this part of the investigation, and involvement of consultants from the Yongning monastery did not prove feasible in view of current restrictions on contacts with foreigners

• plants and animals: as a dweller of the Yongning plain, the main consultant does not have extensive knowledge of wild plants and animals; the number of entries recorded so far remains small, and some definitions are currently limited to general indications such as ‘a type of pine’. To arrive at exact identification, and at more extensive lexicographic coverage, would require collaboration with other consultants, and with botanists.

Other resources about Yongning Na

In the classical tradition of linguistic fieldwork (Dixon, 2007), a language description should include a dictionary, a grammar, and a collection of texts.

iii REFERENCES

• A set of Na recordings with time-aligned transcriptions is available from the Pangloss Collection (Michailovsky et al., 2014); the current web address is lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/pangloss/languages/Na_en.htm

• The grammar is still in its early stages of preparation. A preliminary draft of a book-length study of Na morphotonology can be found online: https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01094049/document It also contains detailed information on the phonemic analysis.

A review of the literature about Na and the other languages of the Naish group is provided (in Chinese) by Li (2015). For an English-language introduction, see Michaud et al. (2015). I would gratefully receive any comments or notifications of errors that the reader may wish to bring to my attention: please send e-mail to [email protected]

Acknowledgments

Many thanks to the main consultant, Latami Dashilame, and to Mosuo scholar Latami Dashi for encouraging my work with his mother over the years, since 2006. Many thanks to Céline Buret and Séverine Guillaume for their much-appreciated computational expertise, and to Guillaume Jacques for suggestions all along the way. Many thanks to the colleagues and students who suggested corrections, in particular A Hui and Roselle Dobbs. Remaining errors are my own responsibility. This work was supported financially by the ANR project HimalCo (ANR-12-CORP-0006), and constitutes a contribution to the LabEx “Empirical Foundations of Linguistics” project ((ANR-10-LABX-0083).

References

Li Zihe [李子鹤]. 2015. 纳西语言研究回顾——兼论语言在文化研究中的基础地位 [A review of Naxi language studies, with a discussion of the fundamental role of cultural studies for linguistic research]. 茶马古道研究期刊 4. 125–131.

Comrie, Bernard, Martin Haspelmath & Balthasar Bickel. 2008. Leipzig Glossing Rules. http://www.eva.mpg.de/ lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php.

Dixon, Robert M. 2007. Field linguistics: a minor manual. Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 60(1). 12–31. Lidz, Liberty. 2010. A descriptive grammar of Yongning Na (Mosuo). Austin: University of Texas, Department of linguistics dissertation. https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2010-12-2643/ LIDZ-DISSERTATION.pdf. Ph. D. Michailovsky, Boyd, Martine Mazaudon, Alexis Michaud, Séverine Guillaume, Alexandre François & Evangelia Adamou. 2014. Documenting and researching endangered languages: the Pangloss Collection. Language Documentation and Conservation 8. 119–135. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/4621. Michaud, Alexis. 2013. The tone patterns of numeral-plus-classifier phrases in Yongning Na: a synchronic description and analysis. In Nathan Hill & Tom Owen-Smith (eds.), Transhimalayan Linguistics. Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM] 266), 275–311. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Michaud, Alexis, He Limin & Zhong Yaoping. 2015. Naxi / Naish. In Rint Sybesma, Wolfgang Behr, Zev Handel & C.T. James Huang (eds.), Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics, Leiden: Brill.

iv 参考书目

前言

缘起

在北纬27.50度，东经100.41度的交界点上生活着一个知名的族群——摩梭人。它奇特的民族风俗使它名扬天下，但是，它的语言研究还远远跟不上它的名气。作为一名语音学家找到了摩梭语言就如同进入了阿拉丁的宝库：摩梭语音的丰富多彩，尤其是声调在整个语法系统里所起的核心作用，独特而又迷人。本词典的全部信息来自于一位充满独特个人魅力的摩梭阿妈——拉它米打史拉么。1950年出生的这位阿妈，差不多与新中国同年龄，她身上的故事就是摩梭人今天与昨天的缩影。在云南省丽江市宁蒗县永宁乡平静村独自养育了四个儿女，其中一位就是摩梭著名学者拉他咪达石（拉他咪王勇）。有幸结识拉他咪达石先生与他亲爱的母亲是这本词典得以与世人见面的关键，在此向他们表示最深切的感谢。

词典

2006年在纳西语语音研究告一段落之后，我开始了对摩梭语音的分析。一开始的初衷只是进行音系分析，但却惊奇地发现摩梭声调不仅是单纯的音系问题，同时与语法有着千丝万缕的联系。这一发现，促使我开始对摩梭话进行全方位的研究。研究方法以搜集来的长篇语料为蓝本，在搜集语料的同时进行音系实验（系统的机械问答），并以长篇语料中的词汇为基准，汇集成为本部词典。词典目前的条目数量不到三千，但我的初衷并不致力于单纯的词汇收集而是希望能在有限的条目中最大限度地呈现摩梭语音的独特性。本词典以国际音标为注音基础。声调标注系统由于比较复杂，因此启用了一套专门符号，该符号的用法及说明见Michaud 2015。本词典有三种呈现格式，在线词典、PDF文本、与Toolbox资料库。内容将陆续进行更正及删补。同时欢迎读者的指正与批评。来信请寄[email protected] 。

其它

著名语言学家孙天心提出，语言学家有三件宝：长篇语料、词典与参考语法。以这个标准来看，长篇语料就是我囊中最大的宝贝，历时十年搜集而来的近二十个小时的资料及逐句标注翻译，已经全部在线公开。在线地址：“泛语资料库”（Pangloss Collection ），lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/pangloss/languages/Na_en.htm 。下一步的相关工作，是完成一本《摩梭话声调研究》，初稿也已上线，地址：https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01094049/document 。

致谢

拉它米打史拉么、拉他咪达石、Céline Buret、Séverine Guillaume、向柏霖（Guillaume Jacques）、阿慧、杜玫瑰（Roselle Dobbs）：感谢你们的大力支持。

参考书目

• 李子鹤. 纳西语言研究回顾——兼论语言在文化研究中的基础地位[J]. 茶马古道研究期刊, 2015, 4: 125–131.

• 孙天心. 藏缅语的调查[J]. 语言学论丛, 2007, 36: 98–107. • LIDZ L. A descriptive grammar of Yongning Na (Mosuo) [D]. Austin: University of Texas, Department of linguistics, 2010. （下载地址：https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2010-12-2643/LIDZ- DISSERTATION.pdf）

• MICHAUD A. Phrasing, prominence, and morphotonology: How utterances are divided into tone groups in Yongning Na [J]. Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics, 2015. （下载出版前版本的地址：https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs- 01162331）

v 参考书目

vi ɑ˩mi#˥ ɑ˩˧

- ɑ - ɑ˩ʁo˧=ɻæ˩ the members of the family, the family group (liv- ɑ˩mi#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. ing under the same roof) Female goose. 母鹅。家人、家族（住在一起的家人） ɑ˩mi˧-ɑ˥pʰv˩ goose and gander njɤ˧ | ɑ˩ʁo˧ 公鹅与母鹅 my home, my house 我家 CL: mi˩ njɤ˧ | ɑ˩ʁo˧=ɻ˩ ɑ˩pʰo˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L. my family, my lineage, my kin Outside. 外面。我的家族 ɑ˩pʰo˩ bi˩˥ no˧ | ɑ˩ʁo˧ to go out your home, your house 出去你家 ɑ˩pʰo˩ bi˩-ze˥! ɑ˩ʁo˧ ʝi˧ Let’s go out! / Out we go! 出去了！ to take care of the household, to look after the affairs of the family (in particular: distributing ɑ˩pʰo˩ bi˩-ʂv˥ɖv˩! work to the various members, and ensuring that [She] wants to go out! (Context: on a sunny day, the supplies are not running low) a family member senses that a toddler wants to 管家里的事情（如：分配工作、家务等） go and play outside.) CL: （她）想出去！（情景：婴儿看外边，觉得她 ɭɯ˧ 好像想出去。） ɑ˩zo#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. ə˧dɑ˥ | ə˩pʰo˩ hɯ˩-ze˥! Baby goose. 小鹅。 Daddy went out! (Context: explanation provided to a little child who has just woken up and looks ɑ˩˧ NOUN Tone: LM. for her dad.) Goose. 鹅。爸爸出去了！ ɑ˩ dzɯ˥-ze˩ ə˩pʰo˩-bv˥ | lo˧ ʝi˧ ...has eaten (a/the) goose to work outside the household: to help other fam- 吃了鹅 ilies (in particular for harvesting); to go and look for work in a city ɑ˩ hwæ˧-ze˧ 在外边工作：去帮别人家的忙（特别是收庄稼 ...has bought (a/the) goose 的时候），或者到城市里面打工买了鹅

ɑ˩pʰo˩-hĩ˩ NOUN Tone: L. CL: mi˩ Outsiders; strangers; other people. 外人，别人。

ɑ˩pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. Gander; male goose. 公鹅。 CL: mi˩

ɑ˩pʰv˧˥ VERB Tone: LM+MH#. To belch, to burp. 打饱嗝儿。

ɑ˩ʁo˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Home, central room in the house. 家、家里。

ɑ˩ʁo˧-hĩ#˥ the members of the family, the family (who live under the same roof) 家人（住在一起的家人）

1 æ˧bæ˧ æ˧tsɯ˥-pɤ˩lv˩

- æ æ̃ - kɤ˧mv˧˥, | æ˧ʂæ˧, | ŋwɤ˧hɑ̃˩, | ʂwæ˧gv#˥, | nɑ˩tsʰi˩˥ | -tɕʰɤ˧pɤ˧mi#˥, | qv˧ɻ˧-ʈʂʰɑ˧nɑ˥ | æ˧bæ˧ NOUN Tone: M. The six mountains of Yongning that carry a 甲状腺肿瘤。 Goitre. name and have a definite symbolic value. The CL: ɭɯ˧ other mountains do not have comparable symbolic value, and fewer people use specific names for them. æ˧bæ˧-ʈʂʰæ˧ɣɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Kelp (literally “medicine against goiter”, because kelp 永宁地区有固定名字的六座山。其它的山，因 was introduced in Yongning as a means to provide io- 为没有重要的象征意义，因此没有取名。 dine as a diet supplement, to prevent goiters). 海带。 æ˧ʂæ˧-pi˧mv˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. From: æ˧ʂæ#˥ and pi˧mv˥$ Folk tale, tradition; this term is more collo- æ˧-hi˩hi˩ INTERJECTION Tone: L. quial than /æ˧ʂæ˧-tɑ˩mv˩/. 传统故事。 Cry of defiance or provocation. It can also express tri- CL: kʰwɤ˥ umph and exultation. 嘘！（蔑视、挑衅或欢呼的叫声）。 æ˧ʂæ˧-qʰwæ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. From: æ˧ʂæ#˥ æ˧-hi˩hi˩ kʰɯ˩ and qʰwæ˧ Oral tradition; literally: “messages from old times”. 口传文化。直译：“（来自）古时候的寓 to shout a cry of defiance or provocation 意”。喊出蔑视、挑衅或欢呼的叫声 æ˧ʂæ˧-qʰwæ˧-ɳɯ˥ | dʑo˩-ɲi˥! “I’m not making this up:) this is part of what the NOUN Tone: L#. æ˧ʝi˩ old folks have passed down to us! / This is what Amusement, enjoyment, recreation, mirth. 娱乐。 our traditions say!” (Context: the speaker cites a proverb or saying, and emphasizes that it is to be æ˧ʝi˩ kʰɯ˩ taken seriously.) to have fun, to crack jokes, to enjoy oneself “（这些道理，不是我个人的意见：）传统中玩耍、开玩笑：大声聊天、唱唱歌、讲笑是这样讲的！ / 咱们的口传文化中就是这么话…… 讲的！”（情景：一个人提到一个谚语，也强调这些不是空话，而是重要的一个道理。） æ˧ɲi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Clarinet. 唢呐。 æ˧ʂæ˧-qʰwɤ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. CL: ɭɯ˧ Story, folk tale. 故事。 æ˧ʂæ˧qʰwɤ˧ ʐwɤ˧˥ æ˧ʁwæ˧ NOUN Tone: M. to tell a story 杏。 Apricot. 讲故事

æ˧ʁwæ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ ə˧ʝi˧-ʂɯ˥ʝi˩, | æ˧ʂæ˧qʰwɤ˧ ʐwɤ˧-kv˥! an apricot In the old times, (people) used to tell stories! 一颗杏在过去，大家经常讲故事！

CL: kʰwɤ˥ CL: ɭɯ˧

æ˧ʂæ˧-tɑ˩mv˩ NOUN Tone: L. From: æ˧ʂæ#˥ and æ˧ʂæ#˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: #H. tɑ˩mv˩ Folk tale, tradition. 传统故事、传说。 Yore, long ago. 从前。 æ˧ʂæ˧-tɑ˩mv˩ tʰv˩-kʰwɤ˩ æ˧ʂæ˧-kɤ˥ʈʂɯ˩ that legend Sayings of the old times, oral traditions of the old 那个传统故事 times CL: kʰwɤ˥ 过去的说法，过去的口传文化 æ˧tse˥-pʰæ˩ NOUN Tone: H#-L. æ˧ʂæ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Kneebone. 膝盖骨。 Name of a mountain: one of the two main mountains CL: ɭɯ˧ in the vicinity of the Yongning plain. It is a masculine mountain (“the young man”: /pʰæ˧tɕi˥/), the counter- æ˧tsɯ˥-pɤ˩lv˩ NOUN Tone: H#-L. part to the feminine mountain /kɤ˧mv˧˥/ (“the young Nape. 项背、项、脖颈儿。 woman”: mi˩zɯ˩˥/). 一座山的名字。 CL: ɭɯ˧

2 æ˧ʈwɤ˩ æ̃˥

æ˧ʈwɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. dʑɤ˩bv˧kɤ˧-sɑ˥ʁwɤ˩, | hi˩ʁwɤ˩-lo˥, | The early morning; early in the morning. 清晨、一大早 æ˩mi˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | lɑ˧lo˧-ʁwɤ˥, | lɑ˧ŋwɤ˧, （鸡叫的时候）。 | bɤ˧tsʰo˧gv˥, | ə˧lɑ˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | gæ˧ɻæ˩, | qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧, | tʰo˧ʈɯ#˥ æ˧ʈwɤ˩-mv˩kʰv˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L#-L. the ten villages traditionally considered as part of Constantly, all the time; literally: ’[from] morning [till] Yongning evening’. 一直不停地，从早到晚。直译：‘（从）早摩梭传统地理概念中，属于永宁的十个村落上（到）晚上’。 æ˩mo˧ NOUN Tone: LM. NOUN Tone: L. Beam of the ard, pole of the ard: a long piece of wood æ˩gv˩ 犁杆。 Ard. There are no distinct words for ’ard’ and ’plough’; linking the yoke to the sole. only ards were in use at the time of fieldwork. 犁。 æ˩gv˩-mo˥

æ˩gv˩ tʰv˩-nɑ˥ same meaning 同上 N+DEM+CLF 这个犁 CL: nɑ˧ See: æ˩gv˩

æ˩-mo˥ æ˩pʰæ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. used ard, plough which cannot be used anymore Cliff, overhanging cliff. This term designates the topof 陈旧的犁头（不能再用了） the cliff: the relatively flat ground close to the precipice. To refer to the steep (vertical) side of the cliff, one adds æ˩mo˥ tʰv˩-nɑ˩ /lɑ˧bi˧/ ’steep slope’. 悬崖、崖山、崖壁。 N+DEM+CLF æ˩pʰæ˧-lɑ˧bi˥ 这个旧犁杆 same meaning æ˩-ʂɯ˩˥ 同上 new ard, brand new ard CL: pʰæ˧˥ 新的犁头

NOUN Tone: LH. CL: nɑ˧ æ˩qʰv˥ Cave, cavern, crevice (difficult to enter, or too small for a person to enter). 小山洞（难进去，或者钻不进去的 æ˩gv˩-mæ˩qo˥ NOUN Tone: L+H#. 山洞）。 Handle (stilt) of the ard, used to control the ard’s direc- CL: ɭɯ˧ tion and the furrow’s depth. 犁耙子。 æ˩ʈv˥ NOUN Tone: LH. æ̃˩gv˩-mæ˩ ʑi˩-hĩ˥ Large rock. 大岩石。 the person holding the handle of the ard CL: ʈv˩ 抓着犁耙子的人 æ̃˥ NOUN Tone: #H. æ̃˩gv˩-mæ˩qo˥ tʰv˩-nɑ˩ Brass, copper, bronze. 铜，包括黄铜、红铜、青铜。 N+DEM+CLF æ̃˧tso˧-æ̃˧mo˩ 这个犁耙子 instruments and objects made of brass 铜做的工具、物品 CL: nɑ˧ æ̃˧ lɑ˩-zo˩-ɳɯ˩, | ʂe˧ mɤ˧-lɑ˧˥! æ˩mi˧-mv˧ʈv˥ NOUN Tone: LM+H#. “The man who works copper does not work 踝骨。 Anklebone, bone of the top of the foot. iron!” These two specialties require different CL: ɭɯ˧ skills: physical strength for working iron; and delicate gestures for working copper. This say- æ˩mi˧-ʁwɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. ing is used to point out that each person has her/ Amiwa. This is the first village along the road from / his own area of expertise. qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧/ to /ʈʂo˧ʂɯ#˥/. In traditional Na geography, “打铜的人，不打铁！”这两种工作需要不同 which takes Lugu lake as a point of origin, Amiwa is the 的能力：打铁需要体力，打铜需要细致。这个 third village of the plain. 阿咪瓦、阿米瓦（永宁的一谚语意指：每个人有他的专业，不能随便跨越个村落）。到其它领域去。

3 æ̃˧qæ˩ 1 æ̃˩ʁv˩

æ̃˧qæ˩ 1 NOUN Tone: L#. æ̃˩a 2 VERB Tone: La. Parrot. 鹦鹉。 To get stuck. 堵塞、塞。 CL: mi˩ See: æ̃˧qæ˩ 2 ʝi˩mi˩˥ | ɖʐæ˩qʰæ˧-qo˩ æ̃˩! The cow is stuck in the mud. æ̃˧qæ˩ 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: L#. 牛陷在泥巴里。 Blue-green; literally ’parrot[-coloured]’. 像鹦鹉的颜色：青色、蓝色、绿色。 æ̃˩bi˩ NOUN Tone: L. A village just over the river on the Sichuan side of road æ̃˧qæ˩-ni˩gv˩ to Qiansuo. 从阿拉瓦村到前所路上经过的一个村落。 vivid-coloured, blue-green; literally ’like a parrot’, i.e. ’parrot-coloured’ æ̃˩bi˩-ʁwɤ˥ 像鹦鹉的颜色：青、蓝色、绿色 same meaning: the village of /æ̃˩bi˩/ 同上 [F5] æ̃˧qæ˩-bɑ˩lɑ˩ æ̃˩bi˩-hĩ˥ ɲi˩! vivid-coloured, blue-green jacket: literally ’parrot(-coloured) jacket’ [(S)he] is from the village of /æ̃˩bi˩/! 是村的人！青、蓝色、绿色衣服 /æ̃˩bi˩/

[F5] æ̃˧qæ˩ni˩~æ̃˧qæ˩ni˩gv˩ æ̃˩bv˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Poultry yard. 鸡圈。 RED; same meaning: blue-green CL: ɭɯ˧ 重叠。同上：青色

NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. See: æ̃˧qæ˩ 1 æ̃˩-kʰv˧˥ Year of the cock. 鸡年。

NOUN æ̃˧ʂwæ˥ Tone: H#. NOUN Tone: LM+H#. 公鸡。 æ̃˩li˧pʰæ˥ Rooster. Mirror. 镜子。 CL: pʰæ˧˥ æ̃˧ʂwæ˥-æ̃˩mi˩ cock and hen æ̃˩ɬi#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. 公鸡与母鸡 Soul. 灵魂、魂魄。 Borrowing: Tibetan bla(olderform:brla) CL: mi˩ CL: v˧

NOUN Tone: H#. æ̃˩mi˧ NOUN Tone: LM. æ̃˧tsɯ˥ 母鸡。 Chick. 雏鸡、稚鸡。 Hen. CL: ɭɯ˧ æ̃˩mi˧-æ̃˧ʂwæ˥# hen and rooster æ̃˧tsɯ˥-kʰɯ˩ʈʂɤ˩-mo˩ NOUN Tone: H#-. 母鸡与公鸡 “chicken-claw mushroom”: an edible mushroom. 扫把菌，扫帚菌（一种菌子）。 æ̃˩mi˧-æ̃˧tsɯ˥# hen and chick 母鸡与稚鸡 æ̃˧-v#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Copper pot. 铜锅。 CL: mi˩ CL: ɭɯ˧ æ̃˩ʁv˩ NOUN Tone: L. Egg. 蛋。 æ̃˩a CLASSIFIER Tone: La. Classifier for fires. 量词：火（一团）。 bæ˧mi˧-æ̃˩ʁv˩ cane egg mv˧ | ʈʂʰɯ˧-æ̃˥ 鸭子蛋 this fire (tone: H# / H$) 这团火 æ̃˩ʁv˩ dzɯ˩˥ to eat eggs 吃蛋 æ̃˩a 1 VERB Tone: La. To reflect (a mirror reflects light). 反射、辉映。 CL: ɭɯ˧

4 æ̃˩ʂe˧li˥-mo˩ æ̃˩˧

æ̃˩ʂe˧li˥-mo˩ NOUN Tone: LM+H#-. “Chicken-meat mushroom”: an edible mushroom, Amanita spissa. 麻母鸡菌：一种可以吃的菌子，块鳞灰毒鹅膏菌。

æ̃˩ʂe˩ NOUN Tone: L. Muscle. 肌肉。

æ̃˩ʂe˩ tsʰi˩˥ to run a temperature, to have a fever 发烧

CL: kʰwɤ˥

æ̃˩zɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Agate. Agate of various colours is used in ornamenta- tion. Beads range from the size of a quail egg to that of a chicken’s egg. 玛瑙。

sɯ˧ɻ˧-æ̃˩zɯ˩ pearl-shaped agate bead 珠子形状的玛瑙

æ̃˩zɯ˩-ʂo˩~ʂo˥ with lots of agate on it (of a piece of clothing) （衣服上）都镶嵌着玛瑙

CL: ɭɯ˧

æ̃˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Soul (monosyllable). 灵魂。 CL: v˧

æ̃˩˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Chicken. 鸡。

æ̃˩ dzɯ˥-ze˩ ...has eaten (a/some) chicken 吃了鸡

æ̃˩ hwæ˧-ze˧ ...has bought (a) chicken 买了鸡

æ̃˩˥, | kʰv˧, | bo˩˥, | hwɤ˧˥, | ʝi˧, | lɑ˧, | tʰo˧li˧, | mv˧gv˧, | bv˧ʐv˧, | ʐwæ˧, | jo˧, | ʑi˩˥ the twelve years of the duodenary cycle 十二个生肖

æ̃˩-mɤ˥ chicken grease, chicken fat 鸡油

æ̃˩-mɤ˥ dzɯ˩ to eat chicken fat 吃鸡油

CL: mi˩

5 bɑ˧lɑ˧kʰɯ˧tsʰɤ˧ bæ˧mi˧-pʰv#˥

- b - some combinations admit two variants, whereas others only have one possible tone pattern.) bɑ˧lɑ˧kʰɯ˧tsʰɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. 有些（词组）有两种说法，有些只有一种说 Spider. 蜘蛛。法！（情景：讨论的是一些有两种不同变调发 CL: kʰɯ˩ 音的词组，发音合作人确定：确实有些有两种不同的变调，而有些倒只有一种声调模型。） bɑ˩lɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Jacket; upper outer garment. 上衣，衣服。 ɲi˧-bæ˧-ɳɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-bæ˧ ʝi˧ to confuse two things, e.g. to confuse two sounds ɣɯ˩-bɑ˩lɑ˥ (+ɲi˩) (phonemes), and to write them in the same way, leather jacket missing their opposition 皮衣把两种（东西）混在一起，例如把两个音（两个不同的音位）写成一样 CL: ɭɯ˧

bɑ˩˥ DISCOURSE PARTICLE Tone: L?. bæ˧bv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Affirmative final particle; comparable to question-tag in Piglet. 猪崽。 English. 句尾助词，表示肯定：“……是吧。”。 bæ˧bv˥-zo˩ bæ˧ 1 ADJECTIVE Tone: M. same meaning: piglet Stupid, idiot. 傻、笨、蠢。猪崽

bæ˧-hĩ˧ CL: ɭɯ˧ REL 傻的 bæ˧ɖæ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Small rope, string. 细绳。 VERB bæ˧ 2 Tone: M intrans. CL: kʰɯ˩ To let go, to forget about something (as when providing consolation to someone who has failed, telling her/him not to feel desperate). 放弃。 bæ˧mi˧ 1 NOUN Tone: M. Duck (without a spec- ification of gender). 鸭子。 no˧ | bæ˧-ze˩! Female duck. 母鸭子。 Forget it! (Consolation to someone who has tried and failed.) bæ˧mi˧-bæ˧pʰv#˥ 你算了吧！（感叹） female duck and male duck 母鸭子与公鸭子 bæ˧-ze˩ mæ˩! Forget it! (Consolation to someone who has tried bæ˧mi˧-bæ˧zo#˥ and failed.) female duck and duckling 算了嘛！（感叹）母鸭与小鸭子

bæ˧a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ma. CL: mi˩ Classifier for sorts of things; used in statements ofiden- tity: “it is the same”. 量词：东西（一样）。 bæ˧mi˧ 2 NOUN Tone: M. ɖɯ˧-bæ˧-lɑ˧ ɲi˥! Thick rope. 粗绳索。 It’s the same! CL: kʰɯ˩ 是一样的！

NOUN Tone: #H. ʝi˧kʰv˥-dʑo˩, | ɲi˧-bæ˧ | ʐwɤ˩-tʰɑ˩˥! | ʝi˧kʰv˥- bæ˧mi˧-pʰv#˥ Male duck. 公鸭子。 dʑo˩, | ɖɯ˧-bæ˧-lɑ˧ ʐwɤ˧-tʰɑ˥!

Some (phrases/combinations between words) can bæ˧mi˧-pʰv˧ tʰv˧-mi˧˥ be said two different ways; whereas others can only be said in one way / only have one possible N+DEM+CLF realization! (Context: the investigation bears on 这只公鸭子 tonal variants for phrases, such as numeral-plus- classifier phrases; the consultant confirms that CL: mi˩ See: bæ˧pʰv#˥

6 bæ˧pʰv#˥ bæ˩bæ˩ 2

bæ˧pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. bæ˩a CLASSIFIER Tone: La. Male duck. 公鸭子。 Self-classifier for flowers. 量词：花（一朵）。

bæ˧pʰv˧ tʰv˧-mi˧˥ / bæ˧pʰv˧ tʰv˧-mi˥# tʰv˧-bæ˥ N+DEM+CLF DEM _ (tone: H# / H$) 这个公鸭子指示代词 _ ：这朵（花）

bæ˧pʰv˧-bæ˧mi#˥ VERB Tone: L . male duck and female duck bæ˩a 1 a To sweep, to clean up. 扫。公鸭子与母鸭子 ɖæ˩ bæ˧ CL: mi˩ See: bæ˧mi˧-pʰv#˥ to sweep the dust, to sweep the floor 扫地 bæ˧ʁwɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. A village close to the Hot Springs. 温泉乡的一个村落。 le˧-bæ˧~bæ˥ bæ˧ʁwɤ˧-ʁwɤ˧ ACCOMP RED same meaning: the village of /bæ˧ʁwɤ˧/ 扫一扫同上：/bæ˧ʁwɤ˧/村 ɖʐɤ˩ bæ˩˥ ə˧go˧-ʁwɤ˧, | ʁwɤ˧lɑ˩-bi˩, | bæ˧ʁwɤ˧, | to sweep the stairs tʰo˧tsʰe#˥, | pi˧tsʰe˩-di˩, | pɤ˧dʑɤ˩-di˩, | 扫楼梯 ʁwɤ˧tv˧ Villages that one encounters as one leaves the njɤ˧ | ɖʐɤ˩ bæ˩-zo˩-ho˥. plain of Yongning (away from the Lake); the first I have to sweep the stairs! two are perceived as villages with a high propor- 我要扫楼梯了！ tion of Na members, and the third as a mostly Na village, whereas the next ones are Pumi (Prinmi). gi˩ bæ˩˥ 永宁背向泸沽湖方向经过的村落。前两个村落拥有相当大的摩梭人口比例，第三个村落是摩 to sweep the granary 梭村，最后一个是普米村。扫仓廪

bæ˧ʁwɤ˧: | nɑ˩˥! njɤ˧ | gi˩ bæ˩-zo˩-ho˥. /bæ˧ʁwɤ˧/ is a Na village! I have to sweep the granary! 我要扫仓廪了！ /bæ˧ʁwɤ˧/是一个摩梭人村落！

bæ˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. bæ˩a 2 VERB Tone: La. Duckling. 小鸭子。 To bloom. 开花。

bæ˧zo˧ tʰv˧-ɭɯ#˥ bæ˩bæ˩ bæ˥-ze˩ N+DEM+CLF The flower has bloomed. 这个小鸭子花开了。

bæ˧zo˧-bæ˧mi#˥ NOUN Tone: L. duckling and female duck bæ˩bæ˩ 1 Flower. 花。小鸭子与母鸭 CL: bæ˩ See: bæ˩bæ˩ 2 CL: ɭɯ˧ bæ˩bæ˩ 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: L. 花的（蛋、石头、鸟）。 bæ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Spotted. Rope. 绳子。 bæ˩bæ˩ tʰi˩-di˥ bæ˩ ʈʂʰɯ˩-kʰɯ˥ same meaning: spotted (e.g. an egg, a bird, a N+DEM+CLF stone) 这条绳子花的，有花纹

CL: ʈʰɤ˥ ɖæ˩ kʰɯ˩ See: bæ˩bæ˩ 1

7 bæ˩dʑɯ˥ bɤ˧mi#˥

bæ˩dʑɯ˥ NOUN Tone: LH. bæ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. Harvest. 庄稼。 To run. 跑。

bæ˩dʑɯ˥ | mɤ˧-dʑɤ˩! le˧-bæ˧-ze˥ The harvest is not good! ACCOMP _ PFV 庄家不好！跑了

bæ˩dʑɯ˧ | tv˧-bæ˩ le˩-mv˩-kʰɯ˩! bæ˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. May a thousand crops come to maturity! (A Pus. 脓。 blessing to elders, used for instance during the CL: ʈʰɤ˥ rite of coming of age) 祝：一千棵庄稼成熟！（成年礼、过年等节庆 bæ˩˧ NOUN Tone: LM. 时的祝福用语，晚辈对长辈的祝福） Crops. 庄稼。

CL: bæ˩ bæ˩ ɲi˧ COP bæ˩-lɑ˩~lɑ˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: L. 是庄家 Soft, weak, pliant. 软，柔软、软塌塌。 ɖɯ˧-kʰv˧ ʈv˧-bæ˥ mv˩, | ɕi˧-kʰv˧ | le˧-mɤ˧- bæ˩-ljɤ˧~ljɤ˧ NOUN Tone: L-. dzɯ˧! China fir cone. 杉树果。 “This year, even if we had had a thousand har- CL: ɭɯ˧ vests, it would not have lasted a hundred years!” This proverb is a consolation for years of bad har- vests: “If the harvest had been excellent, it would NOUN Tone: L+H#. bæ˩pʰv˥ not have lasted forever anyway! Everything be- Crowndaisy chrysanthemum, Glebionis coronaria. 茼蒿。 gins anew every year, so let us look forward!” “一年收千棵，不够吃百年！”（这个谚语， bæ˩pʰv˥-bv˩ | bæ˩bæ˩˥ 来慰藉收成不好的年份。） the flower of crowndaisy chrysanthemum CL: bæ˩ 茼蒿的顶花

bæ˩pʰv˥-bæ˩bæ˩ bɤ˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Pumi (Prinmi) (ethnic group). 普米族。 crowndaisy chrysanthemum flower 茼蒿顶花 bɤ˧-ʐwɤ˧ so˥ to learn the Pumi language CL: po˧ 学普米语

bæ˩-ʁwæ˩~ʁwæ˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: L. CL: v˧ Loose, slack, lax. 松。 NOUN Tone: L#. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɖwæ˧˥ | bæ˩ʁwæ˩~ʁwæ˥-ʝi˩! bɤ˧dzi˩ A village in Yongning. 八珠（永宁的一个村落）。 It’s loose! / It’s not well-fastened! (About a load on a mule’s back) ɖæ˩ʂɯ#˥, | ʈʂo˧ʂɯ#˥, | bɤ˩tɕʰɯ˩˥, | dɑ˧pʰo˥, | （驮在马上面的货物没系好）松动了! bɤ˧dzi˩, | dze˧bo˧ the six villages of the plain of Yongning, in tradi- bæ˩ʈʂo˥ NOUN Tone: LH. tional order: by order of increasing distance from Broom. 扫帚。 the Lake CL: nɑ˧ 永宁坝的六个村落，按传统排序：从距离泸沽湖最近的村落说起。 bæ˩ʈʂwæ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Reins. 缰绳。 bɤ˧kɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Sifter, sieve. 筛子。 ʐwæ˧-bæ˥ʈʂwæ˩ CL: nɑ˧ horse’s reins 马缰绳 bɤ˧mi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Pumi woman. 普米族女人。 CL: kʰɯ˩ CL: v˧

8 bɤ˧mi˥-ʂe˩ ‑bi

bɤ˧mi˥-ʂe˩ NOUN Tone: H#-. bɤ˩a 2 CLASSIFIER Tone: La. Copper-nickel alloy. 白铜。 Classifier for halves. 量词：半。

ɖɯ˧-bɤ˩-lɑ˩ tʰv˩-sɯ˩! | ɖɯ˧-hu˧-ɻ˥! bɤ˧ʂɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Baisha: name of a village of the Lijiang plain. The vil- I have only done one half as yet! Wait a bit! lage had a tradition of trading and peddling to faraway (Context: someone is sorting out clothes, and is places, hence its familiarity to people in Yongning. Its midway through the task.) Naxi name is /bɤ˧ʂɯ˩/. 白沙（丽江坝子里的一个村我才干了一半！稍等！（情景：一个在收拾衣落）。服，告诉对方：工作没完，还需要时间。）

ɖɯ˧-bɤ˩-lɑ˩ tʰv˩-ze˩! bɤ˧tʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Footprints. 脚印。 You are only half-way through! (An observation about the investigator’s progress in studying the hĩ˧-bɤ˧tʰv˥ Na language. It emphasizes the road ahead; still, this is a more encouraging formulation than the human footprints previous example: this one uses the perfective, 人的脚印 acknowledging that part of the path that has already been covered, whereas ɖɯ˧-bɤ˩-lɑ˩ tʰv˩- kʰv˩mi˩-bɤ˩tʰv˥ sɯ˩ would essentially emphasize all that remains dog’s footprints ahead.) 狗爪印你才到了一半！（合作人对调查者学摩梭话的评定） CL: tʰv˧˥ ʐæ˩ʂæ˥ | ʐwæ˩˥! | le˧-se˥, | ɖɯ˧-bɤ˩-qo˩-lɑ˩ tʰv˩-sɯ˩! bɤ˧tsʰo˧gv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. A village of the Lijiang plain: the central village of the It’s really far! We have walked (for quite some plain, where the marketplace was still located in the early time), and only got mid-way! 21st century. 巴搓古（永宁的一个村落）。真远！走啊走，才走了一半的路！

bɤ˧tsʰo˧gv˥-hĩ˩ ʐɤ˩mi˩˥ | ɖɯ˧-bɤ˩ someone from Bacuogu half the way 从巴搓古来的一个人半路

dʑɤ˩bv˧kɤ˧-sɑ˥ʁwɤ˩, | hi˩ʁwɤ˩-lo˥, | ə˧mi˧! | wɤ˩˥ | ɖɯ˧-bɤ˩ dʑo˩-sɯ˩-wɤ˩! æ˩mi˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | lɑ˧lo˧-ʁwɤ˥, | lɑ˧ŋwɤ˧, Wow! (How far!) There is still half the way to | bɤ˧tsʰo˧gv˥, | ə˧lɑ˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | gæ˧ɻæ˩, | go! qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧, | tʰo˧ʈɯ#˥ 啊呀嚒！还剩一半的路啊！ the ten villages traditionally considered as part of Yongning 摩梭传统地理概念中，属于永宁的十个村落 bɤ˩tɕʰɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L. A village in the plain of Lijiang. 八七（永宁的一个村落）。 bɤ˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Pumi man. 普米族男人。 ɖæ˩ʂɯ#˥, | ʈʂo˧ʂɯ#˥, | bɤ˩tɕʰɯ˩˥, | dɑ˧pʰo˥, | CL: v˧ bɤ˧dzi˩, | dze˧bo˧ the six villages of the plain of Yongning, in traditional order: by order of increasing distance from bɤ˩ 1 CLASSIFIER Tone: La. a the Lake Classifier for corncobs. 量词：玉米棒子（一根）。永宁坝的六个村落，按传统排序：从距离泸沽 hɑ˧bɤ˥ | ɖɯ˧-bɤ˩ 湖最近的村落说起。 a corncob 一根玉米棒子 bɤ˧˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. Classifier for scarves. 量词：头帕（一条）。 tʰv˧-bɤ˥ DEM _ (tone: H# / H$) ‑bi CONJUNCTION Tone: 0. 指示代词 _：那根（玉米棒子） ADVERSATIVE: no matter…. 虽然……。

9 bi˥ bi˧tɕɤ˩

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | nɑ˩ ɲi˥-pi˩-bi˩-bi˩, | nɑ˩-ʐwɤ˧ | mɤ˧- bi˧ 2 NOUN Tone: M. kv˧˥! Village; neighbours, people in the village. 村落，邻居、村里的人们。 Although (s)he is Na, (s)he cannot speak the Na language! 他虽然是摩梭人但不会讲摩梭话。 bi˧ 3 VERB Tone: M. To dare. 敢。 *ʈʂʰɯ˧ | nɑ˩ ɲi˥-bi˩, … / *ʈʂʰɯ˧ | nɑ˩ ɲi˥-bi˩- ʝi˧-mɤ˧-bi˧ bi˩ not to dare to do an ungrammatical sentence; the intended mean- 不敢做 ing was ’although (s)he is Na...’ 病句：不能这样说“他虽然是摩梭人……” bi˧bv˥ VERB Tone: H#. To flow profusely. 流淌，冲下去，下泻，很快地流。 bi˥ NOUN Tone: #H. tʰi˧-ʈwæ˧˥, | sɤ˧ | bi˧bv˥-ze˩! Snow. 雪。 (She/he) fell down; blood is flowing profusely! （他）摔倒了，流了很多血 bi˧ gi˧-ze˩ it is snowing; it has snowed dʑɯ˧ | bi˧bv˥-ze˩! 下雪了 The water is flowing profusely! 水流如注！ CL: ʁwɤ˧, etc dʑɯ˩nɑ˩mi˩ bi˩bv˥-ze˩-pʰæ˩di˩! There seems to be a flood / landslide out on the ADJECTIVE Tone: H. bi˥ mountain! Thin; shallow. 薄，浅(水浅)。山上好像有了泥石流！ bi˧ | ʐwæ˩˥! It’s very shallow! bi˧ɕi˧kv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 腮，腮帮子。很浅！ Cheek. CL: ɭɯ˧ dʑɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-pi˧ bi˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. The water is rather shallow. bi˧hæ˧˥ Girth (for horse). 马肚带。水有点浅。 ʐwæ˧-bi˥hæ˩ dʑɯ˧ bi˧-hĩ˧, | mɤ˧-ɖwæ˩! horse’s girth Shallow water is not frightening! / There is noth- 马肚带 ing frightening about shallow water! / Come on, CL: kʰɯ˩ don’t be afraid: it’s (just) shallow water! 水很浅，不用怕！ bi˧-lv˧~lv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Snow flakes. 雪花。 ‑bi˧ SUFFIX Tone: M. CL: ɭɯ˧ Immediate future. 要近将来。 bi˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. Belly, abdomen. 肚子。 bi˧ 1 VERB Tone: M’ intrans. To go. 去。 bi˧mi˧-ɖɯ˩ covetous, greedy bi˧-tʰɑ˧! 贪心不足，贪吃 ABILITIVE 可以去！ CL: ɭɯ˧

bi˧-tʰɑ˧-ze˥! bi˧tɑ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Broad piece of fabric worn as a belt, also strapped around ABILITIVE+PFV: We can go now! the shoulders. 宽腰带。可以去了！ CL: tsʰi˥

le˧-bi˩ bi˧tɕɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. to go back Navel. 肚脐。回去，返回 CL: kʰwɤ˥

10 bi˧tɕo˧ bo˧ 1

bi˧tɕo˧ NOUN Tone: M. bi˩pʰv˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. Neighbouring villages, neighbourhood. 周围的村落。 Bottle gourd; its fruit is the calabash, which becomes hard when dry. 葫芦。 bi˧zɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. 小肚子。 Lower abdomen. bi˩ʁo˥ NOUN Tone: LH. CL: ɭɯ˧ Purse (used to be attached to the belt, on the inside). 钱包（过去：是系在腰带上的）。 ‑bi˩ POSTPOSITION Tone: L. On; at. 向、至、往。 bi˩ʁo˧ tʰi˧-ʂæ˧˥ to attach (one’s) purse (to the belt) gv˧mi˧-bi˩ 系上钱包（在腰带上） on the body 在身上 CL: ɭɯ˧

kʰɯ˧tsʰɤ˧-bi˥ VERB Tone: L. on the feet bi˩tɑ˩ To pull, to drag. 拖。在脚上 bi˩tɑ˩-ze˥ ʐæ˩sɯ˩-bi˥ | tʰi˧-ʈʂʰv˧˥ PFV to hold grip of the felt cape 拖了抓住毡子

lo˩qʰwɤ˧-bi˩ bi˩-tsɯ˧tsɯ˧ NOUN Tone: L-. on the hand Wild strawberry, Fragaria vesca. 野草莓。手上 bi˩ʈʂʰɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. kʰɯ˧tsʰɤ˧-bi˥ Whiskers. 胡须。 on the foot CL: kʰwɤ˥ 脚上

NOUN Tone: LM. pʰæ˧qʰwɤ˩-bi˩, | mɤ˩ tʰi˩-jɤ˩˥. bi˩wɤ˧ Services (or money) offered as a reward to a priest. 酬 to put oil onto the face, to put on suncream 劳。抹防晒霜 CL: ɭɯ˧

CLASSIFIER Tone: L . bi˩c c bo DISCOURSE PARTICLE Tone: 0. Self-classifier for animal hooves; also used for footprints. Final particle expressing vigorous affirmation. 句尾助量词：动物的脚或脚印（一只）。词：啵（汉语借词）。 Borrowing: Chinese 啵 bi˩bi˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Pod (of bean). 豆荚。 bo˧ 1 NOUN Tone: M. bi˩bi˧ ɲi˩ Small dike (as at the edge of a field; one can walk on it). 田埂、小堤坝。 COP 是豆荚 ʈʂʰɯ˧-qo˧ | bo˧ ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ tʰi˧-di˩. nv˩ɭɯ˧-bi˩bi˩ Here, there is a small dike. 这里有一个小堤坝。 soybean pods 黄豆荚 bo˧-kʰi˧ CL: kʰwɤ˥ the edge of the small dike 小堤坝的边 bi˩mi˩ NOUN Tone: L. Axe. 斧头。 [F5] bo˧ ɖɯ˧-pʰæ˧˥ CL: nɑ˧ a small dike 一个小堤坝 bi˩pʰv˧-dʑɯ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. Flood. 洪水。 CL: ɭɯ˧

11 bo˧ 2 bo˩-mæ˧qv˩

bo˧ 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: M. bo˩-bi˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: L-. Bright, shining. 亮，光明。 Meat of the pig’s belly. 猪肚肉。 CL: ɭɯ˧ tʰi˧-bo˧-dʑo˧ It casts light / it is bright. (Definition of a lamp.) bo˩-bv˥ NOUN Tone: LH. （它）在发光。（描写灯） Pigsty, pigpen. 猪圈。 CL: ɭɯ˧ bo˧-hĩ˧ REL bo˩dze˧ NOUN Tone: LM. 发亮的 Lark. 百灵鸟。 See: bo˩dze˧-ko˩dze˩

bo˧b VERB Tone: Mb. To spin. 纺（麻线），使旋转。 bo˩dze˧-ko˩dze˩ NOUN Tone: LM-L. Lark. 百灵鸟。 tso˧~tso˧ bo˧ See: bo˩dze˧ to spin something, to spin things 使东西旋转 bo˩-ɣɯ˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Pigskin, hogskin. 猪皮。 See: sɑ˧bo#˥ bo˩-ɣɯ˧kɯ˩ same meaning: pigskin bo˧tsi˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 同上：猪皮 Mane. （马）鬃。 CL: tsʰi˥ ʐwæ˧-bo˧tsi˥# horse mane bo˩-hɑ#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. 马鬃 Pig feed, swill. 猪食。 CL: kʰɤ˧˥ bo˩-bo˧tsi˩ hog bristle bo˩-kʰɯ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. 猪鬃 Pig’s feet: dried meat preserved in the skin of the pig’s foot. 猪脚腊肉：把猪腿的皮剥下来，缝成筒形，塞满 CL: kʰwɤ˥ qɑ˩ 瘦肉。 CL: ɭɯ˧ bo˧ʐæ˧ʈæ˧qʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Echo (in some places in the mountains, there is an echo). bo˩-kʰv˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. 回音。 Year of the pig. 猪年。

bo˧ʐæ˧ʈæ˧qʰv˧ | tʰi˧-ɖʐɯ˩~ɖʐɯ˩! bo˩ɬɑ˥ NOUN Tone: LH. the echo resonates Boar. 种公猪。有回音 CL: v˧

NOUN bo˩a VERB Tone: La. bo˩-ɬo˥ Tone: LH. To kiss. 亲吻。 Pork ribs. 猪肋骨。

ɖɯ˧-bo˩-ɻ˩ bo˩ɬo˥ | ɖɯ˧-do˥ DELIMITATIVE _ INCEPTIVE a large piece of pork ribs; this also desig- 吻一下 nates (metaphorically) a family, to emphasize the strong bonds between all family members ɖɯ˧-bo˧~bo˥-ɻ˩ 一大块猪肋骨。也来比喻一个家庭，强调家所有成员之间的密切关系。 DELIMITATIVE _ RED INCEPTIVE 吻一下 CL: ɭɯ˧

bo˩b CLASSIFIER Tone: Lb. bo˩-mæ˧qv˩ NOUN Tone: L-L#. Classifier for women’s traditional hair dresses / head- Pig’s tail. 猪尾巴。 dresses. 量词：缎子发带（一条）。 CL: ɭɯ˧

12 bo˩-mɤ˥ bv˥ 1

bo˩-mɤ˥ NOUN Tone: LH. bo˩zɑ˧mi#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. Lard. 猪油。 “Piggy-Sow”: a term used as a temporary name for little girls, during the first months of their life, before they are given a real name. This ugly term is intended to disgust NOUN Tone: LM. bo˩mi˧ evil spirits, which will therefore turn their attention away Sow. 母猪。 from the infant. (In the early 21st century, the registry office requires a name to be given at birth; but this name bo˩mi˧ ʑi˩ only begins to be used by the family after the first months to catch (a/the) sow of life have elapsed.). 猪崽子（给刚出生的女孩起的名抓母猪字，让鬼对她不感兴趣，不会来害小孩）。

bo˩mi˧ do˧ (+ze˩) NOUN Tone: LM. ...has seen (a/the) sow bo˩˧ Pig. 猪。见了母猪

bo˩ hwæ˧-ze˧ bo˩mi˧-bæ˧bv˥ ...bought (some/a) pig sow and piglets 买了猪母猪与猪仔

CL: mi˩ v˧ bo˩ dzɯ˥-ze˩ ...ate (some/the) pig 吃了猪 bo˩mi˧-dʑɯ˩pv˩ NOUN Tone: LM-L. (Dytiscus, a predaceous diving beetle. 龙虱。 CL: mi˩ v˧

bo˩mi˧-dʑɯ˩pʰv˩ NOUN Tone: LM-L. Weevil, snout beetle. 象鼻虫，米象。 bõ IDEOPHONE Tone: 0. Noise of a shock between two hard objects, for instance the sound of an axe hitting a tree trunk: Bang! 形声词： bo˩mi˧-ɳæ˧tɕʰɯ˩ NOUN Tone: LM-L#. 斧头砍树。砰！ / 啪！。 Dandelion. 蒲公英。 CL: po˧ ‑bv SUFFIX Tone: 0. Possessive. 属式：的。 bo˩pʰv˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Boar. 种公猪。 CL: v˧ bv˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Worm; insect. 虫。 bo˩qʰæ˧-pv˧ʈɤ˥-ɻ˩ NOUN Tone: LM - H# -. Dung beetle. 蜣螂。 bv˧ tʰv˧-mi˧˥ / bv˧ tʰv˧-mi˥# N+DEM+CLF 这只虫 bo˩tv#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. Wild boar. 野猪。 CL: mi˩ bo˩tv˧ hwæ˥ to buy (a/the) wild boar bv˥ 1 ADJECTIVE Tone: H. 买野猪 Thick (tree trunk); coarse (flour, powder). 粗（树粗大，粉末不精细……）。 CL: mi˩ qʰɑ˧-bv˧-gv˧ bo˩ʈʂʰæ˥ NOUN Tone: LH. very thick Lard, fat meat of pig; also: boneless, fleshless preserved 很粗 pork: cured pork made from a whole pig by removing all its internal organs from the opened stomach, seasoned qʰɑ˧bv˧~bv˧-gv˧ with salt and spices and then the opening is stitched together. The whole sewn pig is then pressed with a slab- very thick (as above) stone. 猪膘，琵琶肉。很粗（同上）

13 bv˥ 2 bv˧ʈʂɯ˥

bv˥ 2 VERB Tone: H. bv˧-nɑ˥mi˩ NOUN Tone: #H-. To distribute things, to allot things, to divide things be- Mythimna separata (Walker). 玉米黏虫。 tween several persons. 分东西。 VERB Tone: M intrans. ɖɯ˧-v˧ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥ | le˧-bv˧~bv˧ bv˧nv˧ 1 To smell, to perceive by smelling. 闻到（嗅觉）。 to share, giving each person a piece 分给一人一块 no˧ | ɖɯ˧-bv˧nv˧-ɻ˩! | ɖwæ˩˥ | ɕjɤ˧! Have a smell! It smells great! le˧-bv˧~bv˧ tʰi˧-kwɤ˩ 你闻一闻吧！好香！ to scatter all over the place, to lay out in no good order See: bv˧nv˧ 2 弄乱，散开 bv˧nv˧ 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: M intrans. 臭。 bv˥ 3 VERB Tone: H. Stinking, smelly. To roast, to grill. 烤，炙。 bv˧nv˧-ze˧ hɑ˧ tʰi˧-bv˥ PFV to roast food, to roast cereals 臭了烤饭 See: bv˧nv˧ 1 bv˧ NOUN Tone: M. Intestine. 肠子。 bv˧pʰv˧ NOUN Tone: M. CL: kʰɯ˩ Male yak (elicited form; the commonly used form is / bv˩ʂwæ˩/). 公牦牛。 CL: mi˩ bv˧ɖæ˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: M. From: bv˧ and ɖæ˥ With a bad temper. Literally ’short-intestined’: in folk representation, short intestines are associated with hasty bv˧qʰv˧ʑi˩-hĩ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 蜗牛，螺蛳。 emotional reactions, whereas long intestines allow their Snail. owner to digest vexations calmly. 脾气很坏。 CL: mi˩

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | bv˧ɖæ˧-ze˩! bv˧ɻ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. He is is a bad mood now. Fly. 苍蝇。他现在脾气很坏！/ 他生气了！ bv˧ɻ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-mi˧˥ / bv˧ɻ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-mi˥# N+DEM+CLF bv˧hu˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. Bowels: intestine+stomach. 胃与肠。这只苍蝇 CL: kwɤ˩ CL: mi˩

bv˧kʰɯ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. ADJECTIVE Tone: M. From: bv˧ and ʂæ˧ Silkworm. 蚕。 bv˧ʂæ˧ Good-tempered, with a good mood, good-humoured. 脾 CL: kʰɯ˩ 气好。

bv˧mi˧ 1 NOUN Tone: M. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | bv˧ʂæ˧-ze˩ 母牦牛。 Female yak, dri, drimo, nak. He is in a good mood now. bv˧mi˧-bv˩ʂwæ˩ 他现在脾气好。/ 他高兴了。 female yak and castrated yak bv˧ʂæ˧ | ʐwæ˩˥ 母牦牛与阉割牦牛 in a very good mood bv˧mi˧-bv˧zo#˥ 脾气很好 female yak and baby yak 母牦牛与小牦牛 bv˧tɕi˧ NOUN Tone: M. Wild peach. 毛桃。 CL: mi˩ CL: tɕi˧˥ ɭɯ˧

bv˧mi˧ 2 NOUN Tone: M. bv˧ʈʂɯ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Large food steamer. 大蒸笼。 Sifter, sieve. 筛子。 CL: mi˩ CL: nɑ˧

14 bv˧ʈʂʰv˧ bv˩a 4

bv˧ʈʂʰv˧ NOUN Tone: M. bv˩a 3 VERB Tone: La. Cymbals. 钹。 To live (one’s life). 过（日子）。 CL: nɑ˧ zɯ˧ bv˩ to live one’s life bv˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 过日子 Baby yak. 小牦牛。 hĩ˧-zɯ˧ bv˥, | lo˧hɑ˧! bv˧zo˧ tʰv˧-mi˧˥ / bv˧zo˧ tʰv˧-mi˥# Living one’s life is hard! / Life is tough! N+DEM+CLF 生活，是艰难的！这头小牦牛 hĩ˧-zɯ˧ | le˧-bv˩-ze˩ CL: mi˩ (Her/his) life has gone by! / (Her/his) life is over! (A reflection after someone’s decease.) 他的日子，就结束了！（情景：一个人去世 bv˧ʐv˧-kʰv˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. 了，葬礼的时候，有人这样说。） Year of the serpent. 蛇年。 qʰwɤ˧-ɭɯ˥, | ʈʂʰæ˧-mɤ˧-dʑɯ˧! | ʈʂʰɯ˧ ɖɯ˧- zɯ˧ bv˩-ze˩! NOUN Tone: L. bv˩ He never had to do the washing-up (in his entire Pen, corral for cattle. 牲畜圈（单音节）。 life)! That’s how he spent his lifetime (=without any practical concerns)! (About an office-holder bv˩-qo˩ whose every need in daily life was attended to by inside the corral servants.) 牲畜圈里面他从来没有洗过碗！他这辈子就是这么过来的！（关于一个官员，完全不用管家务、日常 bv˩qo˩ ʈæ˧ 生活中的活儿：有人来管一切。） to enclose (cattle) inside the pen ɖɯ˧-ɲi˥~ɖɯ˩-ɲi˩ | bv˩ lo˩ fv˩˥! 关在圈里 How easily days go by! / How time flies! 日子过得真快！ CL: ɭɯ˧

泼水， bv˩a 4 VERB Tone: La. To sprinkle water. bv˩a 1 VERB Tone: La. 浇(浇菜)。 To hatch, to incubate. 孵。 le˧-bv˩-ze˩ æ˩mi˧ bv˩ ACCOMP _ PFV The hen is hatching eggs. 泼了母鸡孵蛋 dʑɯ˩ bv˩˥ to sprinkle water bv˩a 2 VERB Tone: La. 泼水 To steam, to cook by steaming. 蒸。 ɖɯ˧-bv˧~bv˥-ɻ˩ le˧-bv˩-ze˩ DELIMITATIVE RED INCEPTIVE ACCOMP _ PFV 泼一泼蒸了 le˧-bv˧~bv˥-ze˩ pɤ˩jɤ˧ bv˥ ACCOMP RED PFV 泼了一点 to steam buns 蒸馒头 To sow (seeds). 撒（种子）。

hɑ˧ bv˥~bv˩ ɻæ˩ bv˥ to steam rice to sow seeds 蒸米饭撒种子

15 bv˩a 5 bv˩ʐv˩-dzi˩

tʰi˧-bv˩-ɻ˩ bv˩ɭɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Go ahead and sow! Kidneys. 肾。撒吧！ CL: ɭɯ˧

tʰi˧-bv˩-qɑ˩! bv˩qo˩-bv˧qʰæ˩ NOUN Tone: L-L#. Sow! Manure, dung. 肥料、粪。撒吧！ CL: ʁwɤ˧

bv˩a 5 ADJECTIVE Tone: La. NOUN Tone: L. Thin, scarce, sparse (e.g. hair). 细、薄。 bv˩qo˩-qʰæ˩ Manure, excrement. 肥料，粪。 ʁo˧ bv˧˥ bald (literally “the head (has) scarce (hair)”) bv˩qo˩-qʰæ˩ tʰv˩-ʁwɤ˥ 头秃、头发很少 N+DEM+CLF 这堆肥料 ʁo˧-bv˧-hĩ˥ bald person CL: ʁwɤ˧ 秃子

NOUN Tone: L. ʁo˧-bv˧-zo˥ bv˩-qʰæ˩ Manure, dung. 肥料、粪。 as above 同上 bv˩qʰæ˩ tʰv˩-ʁwɤ˥

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ʁo˧ bv˧-ze˥ N+DEM+CLF 这堆肥料 He lost his hair, he went bald 他秃头了，他头发掉了 CL: ʁwɤ˧ ʁo˧qʰwɤ˩ | le˧-bv˩-ze˩ (his) head has gone bald bv˩qʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L. Conch shell, Turbinella （他）秃头了。 pyrum L.. It is used in ceremonies. Each family has a pair of conchs. 法螺、海螺、螺号。 bv˩-hĩ˩˥ Lines of the hand. 手纹。 REL 秃的 lo˩qʰwɤ˧-bv˧ | bv˩qʰv˩˥ the lines of the hand bv˩di˩ NOUN Tone: L. 手纹 Food steamer. 蒸笼。 CL: ɭɯ˧ See: bv˩˧ 2 CL: dze˩

NOUN Tone: L. bv˩dze˩ 1 bv˩ʂwæ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Large spoon, used for rice. 大调羹。 Castrated yak. 阉割过的牦牛。 CL: nɑ˧ See: bv˩dze˩ 2 bv˩ʂwæ˩-bv˥mi˩ CLASSIFIER Tone: L. bv˩dze˩ 2 castrated yak and female yak Ladleful. 量词：勺。阉割牦牛与母牦牛 ɖɯ˧-bv˩dze˩ one ladleful CL: pʰo˧˥ 一勺 bv˩zo˩ NOUN Tone: L. See: bv˩dze˩ 1 Small food steamer. 小蒸笼。 CL: ɭɯ˧ bv˩hwɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Wooden hut where shepherds stay while herding their flock on the mountain. 山上放牧的人暂时住的木头小 bv˩ʐv˩-dzi˩ NOUN Tone: L. 房。 Ivy. 常春藤。 CL: ɭɯ˧ CL: dzi˩

16 bv˩˧ 1 bv˩˧ 2

bv˩˧ 1 NOUN Tone: LM. Yak, Bos grunniens. The same term is used for wild yaks and domesticated yaks. 牦牛/野牦牛。

bv˩-hṽ˩˥ yak hair 牦牛毛

bv˩ dzɯ˧-ze˩ ...ate (some) yak 吃了牦牛

bv˩ hwæ˧-ze˧ ...bought (some) yak 买了牦牛

CL: pʰo˧˥

bv˩˧ 2 NOUN Tone: LM. Food steamer. 蒸笼。 CL: mi˩ See: bv˩di˩

17 ɕi˥a ɕi˩ʈʰæ˧˥ 1

- ɕ - ɕi˧tɕʰi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Chaff; bran; husk (of rice). 米糠。 ɕi˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ha. CL: mɤ˩ 100. 百。 NOUN Tone: M. ɖɯ˧-ɕi˥ ɕi˧ʈʂʰwæ˧ Husked rice. 米。 one hundred 一百 ɕi˧ʈʂʰwæ˧-hɑ˧ cooked rice; literally “cooked-rice food”, spec- ɖɯ˧-ɕi˧ kʰv˧˥ ifying the term /hɑ˥/, which refers to food in one hundred years general. 一百年米饭

古语 ɖɯ˧-ɕi˧ kʰv˧~ɖɯ˥-ɕi˩ kʰv˩ ɕi˩ VERB Tone: La?. Archaic [ ] To be afraid of. century after century 怕、害怕。一百年又一百年 njɤ˧ | no˩ ɕi˩ tʰɑ˥-mɤ˩-ʝi˩! | njɤ˧ | no˩ ɖwæ˩ tʰɑ˥-mɤ˩-ʝi˩! ɕi˧-kʰv˧˥ Don’t you fancy I am afraid of you! / Don’t you a century, one hundred years (abridged formula- imagine you frighten me! tion) 不要以为我害怕你！（挑衅的话）百年（“一百年”的省略说法） njɤ˧ | no˩ ɕi˩-mɤ˩-ʝi˥! ɕi˥b CLASSIFIER Tone: Hb. You don’t frighten me! / I’m not afraid of you! One hundredth of a yuan, one penny. 量词：分（一分你不让我害怕 / 我不害怕你！钱）。 njɤ˧ | tʰv˧ ɕi˩-mɤ˩-ʝi˩! ɕi˧ NOUN Tone: M. I’m not afraid of him! Rice (monosyllable). 米（单音节）。我不怕他！

njɤ˧ | ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧ do˧˥, | ʁo˧ ɕi˧˥ | ʐwæ˩˥! ɕi˧ɕi˩-lo˩ NOUN Tone: L#-. When I see him, I’m terribly afraid! / When I see The smallest cutlets. 最细的肋骨。 him, I get frightened! 我见他，非常害怕！ ɕi˧-ho˩ʂɯ˩ NOUN Tone: -L. Tomato. 西红柿（汉语借词）。 Borrowing: Chinese 西红柿 ɕi˩dv˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Incense. 香。

ɕi˧lv˧ NOUN Tone: M. ɕi˩dv˥ qæ˩ Paddy field. 水田。 to burn incense CL: pʰæ˧˥, kɤ˧˥ 烧香

ɕi˧lv˧-mv˧di˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. ɕi˩dzi˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Paddy field. 水田。 Cypress. 柏树。 CL: pʰæ˧˥, kɤ˧˥ CL: dzi˩

ɕi˧ɭɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. ɕi˩ʈʰæ˧˥ 1 ADJECTIVE Tone: LM+MH#. Paddy rice; by extension: paddy field. 稻子，稻田。 To be a stammerer; to have a stammer. 结巴。 CL: kɤ˧˥ (pour le grain) pʰæ˧˥ (pour un champ) ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-pi˧˥ | ɕi˩ʈʰæ˧˥ (S)he has a stammer. ɕi˧ɭɯ˧-lv˧pʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 他有一点结巴。 Paddy field. 水田。 CL: pʰæ˧˥, kɤ˧˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɕi˩ʈʰæ˧-zo˥. (S)he stammers a lot. ɕi˧tv˧di˩-lv˧ NOUN Tone: L. 他很结巴。 Paddy field. 水田。 CL: pʰæ˧˥, kɤ˧˥ See: ɕi˩ʈʰæ˧˥ 2

18 ɕi˩ʈʰæ˧˥ 2 ɕjo˩li#˥

ɕi˩ʈʰæ˧˥ 2 NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. ɕjɤ˩tʰv˧˥ VERB Tone: LM+MH#. Stammerer, stutterer. 结巴。 To insult; to criticize. 骂,批评。

ʈʂʰɯ˧ ɕi˩ʈʰæ˧ ɲi˥ hĩ˧ ɕjɤ˥tʰv˩ (S)he is a stammerer. to insult people; to criticize people 他是结巴。骂人、批评人

See: ɕi˩ʈʰæ˧˥ 1 ɕjɤ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To try; to taste. 尝试、体会、经过。 ɕi˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. 香（单音节）。 Incense (2nd syll.). le˧-ɕjɤ˧-ze˥ ɕi˩ qæ˧˥ ACCOMP _ PFV 试了 to burn incense 烧香 tso˧~tso˧ ɕjɤ˩ to taste something ɕjɤ˥ VERB Tone: H. 尝一个东西 To invent, to think out/up, to come up with (an idea, a 发明、想出、找到（办法）。 solution). no˧ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥ ɕjɤ˩! le˧-ɕjɤ˥ Have a taste! / Taste a bite! ACCOMP 你尝一口吧！想出了 ɖɯ˧-ɕjɤ˧-ɻ˥! ʈʂʰɯ˧ | pæ˧˥hwɤ˧ | ɕjɤ˧ ɣɯ˧! Have a try! (S)he knows to find solutions under all circum- 尝一尝吧！ / 试一试吧！ stances! / (S)he is good of finding solutions to all problems! ɕjo˩li#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. 他很会想办法的！ Flute. 笛子。 CL: ɭɯ˧ ɕjɤ˧-bv˧nv˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: M. From: bv˧nv˧ Good (smell). 香（气味）。

ʈʂʰɯ˧ ɕjɤ˧-bv˧nv˧ ɲi˩. It smells good. 这很香（气味香）。

ɕjɤ˩~ɕjɤ˩ VERB Tone: L. To browbeat, to ill-treat. 欺负。

hĩ˧ ɕjɤ˥~ɕjɤ˩ to ill-treat someone, to ill-treat people 欺负人

no˧ | njɤ˩ ɕjɤ˩~ɕjɤ˩-mv˩-zo˩˥! / no˧ | njɤ˩ ɕjɤ˩~ɕjɤ˩˥! You are treating me badly! / You are bullying me! 你对我不好！你欺负我！

no˧ | njɤ˩ ɕjɤ˩~ɕjɤ˩-ze˥! You have treated me badly! / You have bullied me! 你欺负了我！

ɕjɤ˩jo˩ NOUN Tone: L. Fritillaria cirrhosa. 贝母。 CL: ɭɯ˧

19 dɑ˧ʝi˩ dɑ˩kʰɤ˩

- d - dɑ˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L. Archaic [古语] Happy. 幸福、平安、安好。 dɑ˧ʝi˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Mule. 骡子。 mɤ˧-dɑ˩-qʰwɤ˩ Melancholy song; song telling of one’s unhappi- dɑ˧ʝi˩-dʑo˩, | ɖɯ˩mi˧ dʑo˧-kv˥-mæ˩! | ɖɯ˩zo˧ ness. This is one of the genres of singing, lament- dʑo˧-kv˥-mæ˩! ing one’s hardships. As for mules, there exist female mules, (and) 悲情歌，讲述自己日子痛苦 male mules! / Among mules, there is a distinc- mɤ˧-dɑ˩! tion between females and males! (Explanation Introductory formula for melancholy songs, and provided to a city dweller on a visit, who knew sometimes at the beginning of stories. (The same precious little about animal breeding.) formula is also used in the Laze language.) 骡子呢，有母骡子！（也）有公骡子！ / 骡悲情歌的开头词子，分母的和公的！（这个说明是给一个不懂畜牧业的城里人听） mɤ˧-dɑ˩-mi˩ As above: same meaning as the form without a CL: v˧ /-mi/ suffix. 同上 dɑ˧pɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Priest of the local religion. 宗教礼师。音译：达巴。 ɖwæ˧˥ | hɤ˩-dɑ˥! | ɖwæ˧˥ | hɤ˩˥! Good job! / Well done! (Context: compliment dɑ˧pɤ˧ ʝi˧-hĩ˧ hĩ˧ to a toddler who has climbed on a piece of furni- priest, person who performs the function of priest ture.) 当达巴的人很了不起啊！（情景：表扬一个小孩子成功地爬上了一个家具）

CL: v˧ ɖʐɯ˩dɑ˥-kʰɤ˩dɑ˩-ɻ˩ All is well. / All is for the best. (Used for in- dɑ˧pv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. stance to describe a period without food shortage, Host. 主人。 earthquake, epidemic, war or other catastrophe) 一切都安好。（如：来指一段时间没有饥荒、 ʑi˧dv˧ dɑ˧pv˧ 地震、流行病、战争等灾难） the family host, the member of the family who has the role of host dɑ˩b VERB Tone: Lb. 家的主人 To weave. 织。

ʑi˧dv˧-ʝi˧-hĩ˧ dɑ˧pv˧ ɣɯ˧ dɑ˩ ditto to weave fabric 同上织布 ɣɯ˧ | le˧-dɑ˩ CL: v˧ to weave fabric 织布 dɑ˧pʰo˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Dapo. 达坡（永宁的一个村落）。 tso˧~tso˧ dɑ˩ to weave things ɖæ˩ʂɯ#˥, | ʈʂo˧ʂɯ#˥, | bɤ˩tɕʰɯ˩˥, | dɑ˧pʰo˥, | 织东西 bɤ˧dzi˩, | dze˧bo˧ the six villages of the plain of Yongning, in tradi- ɖɯ˧-dɑ˧~dɑ˩-ɻ˩ tional order: by order of increasing distance from DELIMITATIVE _ RED INCEPTIVE the Lake 织一下永宁坝的六个村落，按传统排序：从距离泸沽湖最近的村落说起。 dɑ˩kʰɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Drum. 鼓。 dɑ˧ʁwɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. dɑ˩kʰɤ˩ lɑ˥(-ze˩) A village downstream from Qiansuo; the language spo- to play a drum ken there is reported to be close to that of the Yongning 打鼓 plain. 一个村落，在前所的下游。据说那边的方言跟丽江坝比较接近。 CL: ɭɯ˧

20 dɑ˩to#˥ di˧ɻæ˧

dɑ˩to#˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: LM+#H. le˧-dɑ˩~dɑ˩(-ze˩) Politely. This term was only observed in association with (I) have cut (e.g. a chicken) into pieces the verb ’to say’, with the meaning ’to say polite words, （我把一只鸡）割成块了 polite small-talk’. 客气地。 ʂe˧ dɑ˥~dɑ˩ dɑ˩to˧ ʐwɤ˧˥ to cut meat to pieces, to mince meat to say some polite things 把肉剁碎说客气话

dɑ˩to˧ ʐwɤ˧-hĩ˥-lɑ˩ ɲi˩! dɑ˧˥b CLASSIFIER Tone: MHb. Self-classifier for blows. 量词：下（打一下）。 It’s just polite words! (Comment about an invitation by a neighbour, which was intended to be ɖɯ˧-dɑ˧˥ declined: it was not a true invitation.) a blow 这只是客气话而已！当头一棒

dɑ˩to˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L. ɖɯ˧-dɑ˧ tʰi˥-dɑ˩ At bottom, in reality, when all is said and done. 说到 to strike a blow, to give a blow 底，根本上，归根结底。打一下

dɑ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH. dɤ˧-qo˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: M. Misfortune, mishaps. Local Chinese dialect: 苦。 Way over there. 那里（远指）。 dɑ˧-ʐwɤ˧˥ to complain, to tell one’s misfortunes dɤ˧-tʰv˧-gi#˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: #H. Way over there. 那边（远指）。诉苦

ɻ ̃˧-ʐwɤ˧ | dɑ˧-ʐwɤ˧-ɻ˥ dɤ˧-tʰv˧qo˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: M. 那边（远指）。 to bemoan one’s misfortunes Way over there. 讲自己的不幸 See: dɤ˧-ʈʂʰɯ˧qo˧

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | mɑ˧dɑ˩-qʰwɤ˩, | ɻ ̃˧-ʐwɤ˧ | dɑ˧-ʐwɤ˧- dɤ˧-ʈʂʰɯ˧qo˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: M. ɻ˥! Way over there. 那边（远指）。 (S)he is unhappy; (s)he is constantly complain- See: dɤ˧-tʰv˧qo˧ ing! 他不幸福，他一直在诉苦！ ‑di SUFFIX Tone: L. Nominalizer; locative or purposive. 名物化/处所格/目的格。 dɑ˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. 建（房子）。 To build (a house...). tso˧~tso˧-tɕɯ˧-di˧˥ ʑi˧mi˧ dɑ˧˥ (piece of furniture/object) on which one can put to build a house things 可以摆东西的（家具）建房

NOUN Tone: M. VERB Tone: MH. di˧mi˧ dɑ˧˥ 2 Large plain. 平坝。 To fell (a tree); to cut into pieces (a large piece of meat); to create a breach (in a dike). 砍(树)，割（肉）。 ɬi˧di˩-di˩mi˩

le˧-dɑ˧-ze˥ the plain of Yongning 永宁坝 ACCOMP _ PFV 砍了(树)，割了（肉） CL: di˩

ɖɯ˧-dɑ˧ tʰi˥-dɑ˩ di˧qo˧ NOUN Tone: M. to hit a blow Plain. 平坝。砍一下 CL: di˩

dɑ˩~dɑ˧˥ di˧ɻæ˧ NOUN Tone: M. RED Plain. 平坝。重叠 CL: di˩

21 di˩c di˩˥

di˩c CLASSIFIER Tone: Lc. di˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. Self-classifier for plains, and places. 量词：坝子、地方 To hunt; to scatter, to drive out, to drive away. 打散，（一个）。驱赶，撵，赶，打猎。 ɖɯ˧-v˧ | ɖɯ˧-di˩ hɯ˩ to separate, each going their separate ways tɕʰɯ˩di˩˥ 分开，每个人去不同的地方 to hunt the muntjac; to hunt 赶麂子，狩猎 di˩a VERB Tone: La. To possess (non-movable thing, located in space, e.g. a house). 存在动词：有，拥有（不能移动的东西，如： tɕʰɯ˩di˩-bi˩-ni˩gv˩˥ 有房子）。 to have a habit of hunting, to have a fondness for hunting ʈʰɯ˧ ɑ˩ʁo˧ mɤ˧-di˩-hĩ˩. 有打猎的习惯、喜欢打猎 (S)he does not have a home. / (S)he is homeless. 他没有家。 di˩~di˧˥ / di˩~di˧-ze˥ mɤ˧ tʰi˧-di˩ RED: to hunt, to track there is grease (eg there is grease around the 重叠：跟着、追着 mouth of someone who has been biting away at large slabs of meat) 有油（例如：一个人的嘴巴周围油乎乎，有 tʰi˧-di˩~di˩ 油） DUR RED ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ di˥ DUR RED there is something 有一块东西 di˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. 拉 di˩-gɤ˩lɑ˥ NOUN Tone: L+H#. To run; to have a runny belly = to have diarrhea. Earth spirit. 地菩萨。（肚子）。 CL: v˧ bi˧mi˧ di˧˥ NOUN Tone: L. di˩li˩ to have diarrhea Dandy: Ottelia Acuminata, Boottia acuminata, Ottelia yunnanensis. 海菜花。Local Chinese dialect: 龙爪菜。拉肚子 di˩li˩-ʁo˩bv˥ (ton: L+H#) dandy shoots di˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. 海菜花的萌芽 Earth (as in: the sky and the earth). 地（天地的地）。 di˩li˩-ʁo˩bv˥ hwæ˩ to buy dandy shoots di˩ dv˩-ze˥ 买海菜花萌芽 to dig the earth di˩li˩-ʁo˩bv˥ tɕʰi˩ 挖土 to sell dandy shoots 卖海菜花萌芽 di˩ hwæ˧-ze˩ di˩li˩-ʁo˩bv˥ dzɯ˩ bought some earth to eat dandy shoots 买了土吃海菜花萌芽

di˩li˩-ʁo˩bv˥ dze˩ ɖɯ˧-di˩ ɖɯ˩-bæ˩! to cut dandy shoots Each place is different! (In particular, each place 割海菜花萌芽 has its own pronunciation: its own dialect of the Na language) di˩li˩-ʁo˩bv˥ tɕɤ˩ 一个地方，一个样！ = 每个地方有自己的特 to boil dandy shoots 色（如：每个村落有自己的摩梭方言/土语）煮海菜花萌芽

CL: qɑ˩ CL: di˩

22 do˥ 1 dv˩ 2

do˥ 1 VERB Tone: H. do˧bv˧ NOUN Tone: M. To climb. 爬，上去，上山。 Buttocks. 屁股。 CL: ɭɯ˧ ʈʂo˩bo˩ do˩˥ to climb a wall do˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L. Archaic [古语] Immature, 爬墙 lacking maturity. 不成熟、晚熟。

gɤ˩-do˧ ŋwɤ˩ɬi˩-mi˩˥, | ʂe˧ mɤ˧-mv˥, | ʂe˧ do˧˥! | to escalate, to climb up tsʰe˩ŋwɤ˩ kʰv˥, | zo˧ mɤ˧-ti˩, | zo˧ do˧˥! 爬上 In the fifth month, if cereals are still green (=if they do not yet yield grain), the crop is immature ʁwɤ˩ do˩˥ (and may not yield any harvest). At age 15, if a boy does not become an adult (=if a boy does to climb a mountain, to go hiking in the moun- not visit girls), he is immature (he is not devel- tains oping normally)! 爬山五月份，谷物还是小草（还不出谷粒），算是晚熟！男人十五岁还不成熟（=还不见姑 to˩ do˩˥ 娘），算是晚熟！ to ascend a slope, to climb a slope 爬上一个山坡 do˩b VERB Tone: Lb. To see; to come across someone. 看见，遇见，见。 do˥ 2 VERB Tone: H. To mate with; to pair (of animal). 交配、交尾。 ɖɯ˧-do˥~do˩-ɻ˩ DELIMITATIVE _ RED INCEPTIVE bo˩ɬɑ˥ | bo˩mi˧ do˧ 见一见 The pig mates with the sow. 公猪与母猪交配。 ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ do˧˥ to see a piece do˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ha. 看见一块（东西） Classifier for partitions/walls. 量词.墙壁（一堵）。 tso˧~tso˧ do˧˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧-do#˥ to see things, to see something this partition/wall 看见东西这堵（墙壁） do˩-mɤ˩-ho˥ do˧ 1 ADJECTIVE Tone: M. _ NEG DESIDERATIVE Stupid, silly, idiotic. 笨、愚蠢。不许（看）见

zo˩ do˩˥ bo˩mi˧ do˩ (+ze˩) idiot, village idiot ...has seen (a/the) sow 傻瓜看见了母猪

do˧ 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: M. do˩kv#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. Sterile. 不能生育。 Small beams upholding the ceiling of the ground floor. 小梁子，作为楼上（第二层）木地板的底。 do˧bæ˧ NOUN Tone: M. CL: ɭɯ˧ Thigh. 大腿。 dv˥ VERB Tone: H. do˧bæ˧ | ɖɯ˩-hĩ˩˥ To dig. 挖。 thigh 大腿 ʈʂe˧ dv˧(-ze˩) to dig the earth do˧bæ˧ | tɕi˩-hĩ˩˥ 挖土 calf 小腿 dv˩ 2 CLASSIFIER Tone: L *. Classifier for flocks of cattle; only used in the singular. CL: ʈv˩ 量词：人、牲畜（一群、一队）。

23 dv˩ 3 dv˩˧ 2

dv˩ 3 PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: L?. dv˩mi#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. Distal demonstrative, appearing in the phrase “this way, Female weasel. 母黄鼠狼。 in this direction”. 指示代词：那边（远指），从‘那个方向’这个短语提取出来的。 dv˩mi˧-dv˥pʰv˩ female weasel and male weasel dv˩-tɕo˧ 母黄鼠狼与公黄鼠狼 that way 那个方向 CL: mi˩

dv˩pʰæ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. 毒害、毒化。 dv˩a VERB Tone: La. To poison. The room in the main building of the farm where cereals were kept: the granary. 仓廪。摩梭话音译：‘独 ʈʂʰɯ˧, | hĩ˧ dv˥-mɤ˩-kv˩! | ʈʂʰɯ˧, | hĩ˧ dv˥- 帕’。 kv˩! CL: ɭɯ˧ This one is not poisonous / is edible (literally “this one does not poison people”)! That one dv˩pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H / LM. [on the other hand] is poisonous / is not edible! Male weasel. 公黄鼠狼。 (About different sorts of mushrooms.) CL: mi˩ 这个，不会让人中毒！那个（反倒）会让人中毒！（情景：谈不同菌子种类。） dv˩zo#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H / LM. Baby weasel. 黄鼠狼的崽子。 ʈʂʰɯ˧, | dv˩-mɤ˩-kv˥! This one is not poisonous / is edible (literally dv˩˧ 1 NOUN Tone: LM. “this one does not poison people”)! (About a Weasel. 黄鼠狼，黄喉貂。 mushroom species.) 这个，不会让人中毒！（情景：谈不同菌子种 dv˩ hwæ˧-ze˧ 类。） ...bought (a) weasel 买了黄鼠狼 To hate, to detest. 讨厌、恨。 dv˩ dzɯ˧-ze˩ le˧-dv˩-ze˩ ...ate a weasel 吃了黄鼠狼 njɤ˧ | ʈʂʰɯ˧ dv˥ | ʐwæ˩˥! I hate him/her! CL: mi˩ 我很讨厌他！ dv˩˧ 2 NOUN Tone: LM. dv˩-zo˧-mɤ˧-tʰɑ˧˥ Poison. 毒。 to hate deeply See: dv˩a 讨厌得不行

See: dv˩˧ 2

dv˩b CLASSIFIER Tone: Lb. Classifier for small groups of people: 3 ormore. 量词：人（一些）。

hĩ˧ ɖɯ˧-dv˩ a few people, a group of people 一些人

hĩ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-dv˥ these people, this group of people 这些人

dv˩bi˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L. Opposite. 对面。

24 dzɑ˥ dze˧hi˧

- dz - dze˧bɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Bat; used for all species, including the flying squirrel. 蝙 dzɑ˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: H. 蝠、飞鼠。 Bad (action...). 坏（行为）。 dze˧bɤ˩-zo˩ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɳɯ˧ | njɤ˧-ki˧ | dzɑ˧-ʝi˧ | ʐwæ˩˥! a baby bat He really despises me! 一只小蝙蝠他很瞧不起我！ dze˧bɤ˩-pʰv˩ | ɖɯ˧-mi˩ a male bat hĩ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧ dʑo˩, | õ˧-ki˥ | dzɑ˧-ʝi˧-ze˩! 一只公蝙蝠 This person has no self-respect! (literally: This person is doing herself harm) dze˧bɤ˩-mi˩ | ɖɯ˧-mi˩ 这个人，不尊重自己！ a female bat 一只母蝙蝠 mv˧ dzɑ˧. The weather is bad. CL: mi˩ 天气很坏。 dze˧bo˧ NOUN Tone: M. A family name from 者波（姓）。这个家族有三个家庭。 mv˧ dzɑ˧-ze˩ Yongning. The weather is getting bad. dze˧bo˧=ɻ˩ 天气变坏了。 the /dze˧bo˧/ clan, the /dze˧bo˧/ family 者波家族 lo˧ dzɑ˧ poor (work), bad (job: e.g. someone has done a A village in the Yongning plain. It consists of two bad job) parts, “upper” and ”lower: /gɤ˩ʁwɤ˧/ and /mv˩ʁwɤ˧/. 者波（永宁的一个村落）。村落有两个部分，/ （工作）差 gɤ˩ʁwɤ˧/‘上村’与/mv˩ʁwɤ˧/‘下村’.

Poor (person). 穷（人）。 ɖæ˩ʂɯ#˥, | ʈʂo˧ʂɯ#˥, | bɤ˩tɕʰɯ˩˥, | dɑ˧pʰo˥, | bɤ˧dzi˩, | dze˧bo˧ dzɑ˧ | -ʐwæ˩-ze˥! the six villages of the plain of Yongning, in tradi- (He/she) is really poor! tional order: by order of increasing distance from 他很穷！ the Lake 永宁坝的六个村落，按传统排序：从距离泸沽湖最近的村落说起。 dzɑ˧ʈʂɤ#˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: #H. Destitute, impoverished. 穷苦，寒苦，拮据。 dze˧dv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 饼。 ɑ˩ʁo˧ | bo˩ʈʂʰæ˧ mɤ˧-dʑo˧, | dzɑ˧ʈʂɤ˧-kv˩! Cake, bread. If there is no fleshless preserved pork at home, it dze˧dv˩-pɤ˩jɤ˩ appears as if the family is really destitute! cake of cereals 如果家里没有猪膘，会显得很穷！粮食饼

dzɑ˧ʈʂɤ˧ | ʐwæ˩˥! dze˧hi˧ NOUN Tone: M. It’s really a shame / it’s really something to be In-laws. 丈人。 ashamed of! (Talking about a socially stigma- tized situation, such as not having the required njɤ˧ | dze˧hi˧-ki˩ bi˩! food items or pieces of clothing for important I’m going to my in-laws’ place! / I’m going to ceremonies.) visit my in-laws! 真羞耻啊！我去我丈人（那边）！

no˧ | dze˧hi˧ | ə˩-to˩-ze˥? - le˧-to˩-ze˩! dzɑ˩qʰwɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Do you have in-laws? / Do you stand in an ’in- 鞋、鞋子。 Shoe. law’ relationship? (=Are you married?) - Yes, CL: dzi˧ I have entered into such a relationship! (=Yes, I am married!) dze˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 你有丈人吗？（=你结婚了吗？）-有的！（= Sugar. 糖。结婚了！）

25 dze˧kʰɤ˧˥ dze˩dʑɯ˧˥

no˧ | dze˧hi˧ to˩ ə˩-bi˩? le˧-se˩-ze˩! | gɤ˩-mɤ˧-dze˩! Do you have plans to get married? (Literally: It’s completely finished (=eaten up / drunk up)! Are you going to enter an ’in-law’ relationship?) There are no leftovers! 你打算结婚吗？完了！（=全部吃/喝完了！）没有剩！

dze˧kʰɤ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. dze˩a CLASSIFIER Tone: La. Commoner (2nd of the 3 ranks in feudal society). 百姓。 Classifier for pairs of separable objects: a pair ofpots,a 音译：“责卡”。 pair of bottles…. 量词：瓶子、锅（一对）。 CL: v˧ zo˧mv˥ | ɖɯ˧-dze˩ twins (literally: ’a pair of children’) (F5) dze˧ɭɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. 双胞胎（直译：“一对孩子”） Wheat. 小麦。 ʈʂʰɯ˧-dze˥ NOUN Tone: #H. dze˧ɭɯ˧-ɻ ̃#˥ DEM _ (tone: H# / H$) Wheat straw. 麦杆。指示代词 _

dze˧-ɻ ̃#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. VERB Tone: L . Wheat straw. 小麦秆。 dze˩a 1 a To fly. 飞。

dze˧-tɕʰi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. le˧-dze˩-hɯ˩-ze˩ 麦芒。 Wheat beard. (The bird) has flown away. （鸟）飞走了。 dze˧-ʈʂæ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Sting organ. 蜜蜂的螫針。 mv˧ʁo˧ dze˧˥ CL: ɭɯ˧ to fly in the sky 在天空中飞 dze˧ʈʂɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Sifter, sieve. 筛子。 dze˩a 2 VERB Tone: La. CL: nɑ˧ To cut (with a knife). 切（用刀）。

NOUN Tone: H$. le˧-dze˩ Cereals; the main cereal crop used to be barley, but the ACCOMP meaning of this word currently tends to become identified ACCOMP with the five main sorts of grains referred to in Chinese as ’the five cereals’, 五谷, namely rice, two kinds of millet, dze˧~dze˥ wheat, and beans. 粮食。现在，这个词的含义受到汉 RED 语‘五谷’这个词的影响，用来指代‘五谷杂粮’， RED 相当于所有粮食类，如：小米类、稻谷、麦子、玉米以及豆类与薯类。 le˧-dze˧~dze˥ ACCOMP _ RED dze˩ VERB Tone: L. ACCOMP _ RED To be left over (food or drink). 剩下（饭或饮料）。 v˩tsʰɤ˧ dze˧~dze˥ dzɯ˧-dze˥-ze˩! to cut vegetables There are some leftovers! / The food has not been 切菜 eaten up! 剩了一些饭！/ 剩了一些吃的！ nv˩dʑɯ˥ dze˩~dze˩ to cut tofu gɤ˩-dze˥ +ze˩! 切豆腐 There are some leftovers! 有剩下的！ dze˩dʑɯ˧˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: LM+MH#. Arrogant, conceited. 骄傲，自以为好。 ʈʰɯ˩ dze˩-ze˥ Some of the drink is left over! / (The drink) has ʈʂʰɯ˧ | hĩ˧-bi˥ | mɤ˧-li˧! | dze˩dʑɯ˧˥ | ʐwæ˧˥! not been drunk up! He despises others! He is very arrogant! 喝剩了、没喝完他看不起别人！他很骄傲！

26 dze˩mi˧ dzi˩ 2

dze˩mi˧ NOUN Tone: LM. dzi˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Bee. 蜜蜂。 Chisel. 凿子。 CL: mi˩ CL: ɭɯ˧ (*nɑ˧)

dze˩mi˧-bæ˩bæ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. CLASSIFIER Tone: M . 茶绒蒿。 dzi˧b b Artemisia suboligata. Classifier for pairs of objects, when the pair makesupa CL: bæ˩ unit: e.g. a pair of shoes. 量词：鞋（一双）。

dze˩mi˧-dze#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. From: ɣɯ˩-dzɑ˩qʰwɤ˥ | ɖɯ˧-dzi˧ 蜂蜜。 dze˩mi˧ and dze˥ Honey. a pair of leather shoes dze˩mi˧dze˧ dzɯ˧ 一双皮鞋 to eat honey 吃蜂蜜 dzi˧dzi˧ NOUN Tone: M. Oriental white oak. 青冈树、槲栎。 CL: kʰwɤ˥ dzi˧dzi˧, | si˧dzi˩-mv˩! dze˩mi˧-kʰv˩ NOUN Tone: LM-L. /dzi˧dzi˧/ is the name of a tree! Beehive, honeycomb. 蜂窝。 /dzi˧dzi˧/ CL: ɭɯ˧ Syn: dzi˩si˩. dze˩mi˧-pv˥ɻ˩ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. Adenophora sp.: root of straight ladybell (flower). 沙参。 dzi˧dzi˧-mo˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. A species of edible mushroom that grows on fallen trees; dze˩mi˧-pv˥ɻ˩-kʰɯ˩ʈɯ˩ it is used as a medicine against stomach-ache. 一种可以吃的菌子，长在枯木上。 root of straight ladybell 沙参根 dzi˧ɖæ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Location. 位置、所在地。 *dze˩˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Bee. 蜜蜂。 CL: kʰwɤ˥

dze˩˧ NOUN Tone: LM. dzi˩ 1 VERB Tone: L. Wild pepper, Szechuan pepper. 花椒。 To fall, to come (of night); to get (dark). 来（晚上来 CL: mɤ˩ 了）。

nɑ˩˥ | le˧-dzi˩-ze˩! dzɤ˥b CLASSIFIER Tone: Hb. Classifier for sides. 量词：面。 The night has fallen! / It has got dark! 天黑了！ ʈʂʰɯ˧-dzɤ˧ this side nɑ˩˥ | le˧-dzi˩ | le˧-se˩-ze˩! 这面 It has got completely dark! 天完全黑了！ ɖɯ˧-dzɤ˥ one side 一面 dzi˩ 2 CLASSIFIER Tone: Lc. Classifier for entire dresses. 量词：衣服（一套）。

dzɤ˩a VERB Tone: La. dʑi˧hṽ˥ | ɖɯ˧-dzi˩ To collapse, to topple over, to fall into ruin. 塌毁，倒塌，倒。 a full set of dress, a complete dress 一套衣服 mv˩tɕo˧ dzɤ˩ same meaning: to collapse dʑi˧hṽ˧ ɖɯ˧-dzi˩ 同上：塌毁 a full set of dress, a complete dress (same as preceding example, integrated into a single tone le˧-dzɤ˩-ze˩ group) ACCOMP _ PFV 一套衣服（同上，但将短语合在一起，构成一塌毁了个单一的声调短语）

27 dzi˩a 1 dzo˧-lv˧~lv˥

坐。 dzi˩a 1 VERB Tone: La. To sit. dzi˩b CLASSIFIER Tone: Lb. Classifier for trees, bamboos…. 量词：树（一棵），竹 tʰi˧-dzi˩! 子（一根）。 Sit down! 坐下！ si˧dzi˩ | ɖɯ˧-dzi˩ a tree hĩ˧bæ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-qo˧ dzi˩. 一棵树 The guest sits here. tʰv˧-dzi˧˥ 客人是坐在这边的。 that tree (ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ) tʰi˧-dzi˩-kʰɯ˩-se˩. 那棵树 (S)he has got seated. 他坐下了。 dzi˩ʁo˩ NOUN Tone: L. Seat, place. 座位。 le˧-dzi˧~dzi˥ CL: kʰwɤ˥ to remain seated; used as a euphemism to mean: to sit with others at a funeral wake, to keep a dzi˩tsʰɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L. 永宁的一种灌木。 deathwatch A shrub with sharp thorns. 坐一坐。来指：居丧、守灵（委婉语） CL: dzi˩

To dwell, to live at a place. 住。 dzi˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To tremble, to shake. 颤抖、抖动。 dzi˩-bi˩-ni˩gv˩ njɤ˩ dzi˧˥ to be accustomed to; to get accustomed to, to feel at ease, to adapt (to an environment) the eyelid trembles (literally ’the eye trembles’) 习惯（一个新的环境、一个地方的饮食……）眼皮跳

njɤ˩ dzi˧-ze˥ dzi˩-bi˩-ni˩-mɤ˩-gv˩˥ the eyelid trembles not to get accustomed; to feel awkward 眼皮跳不习惯 njɤ˩ dzi˧˥ | ʐwæ˩˥ njɤ˧ | ʈʂʰɯ˧-qo˧ | dzi˩-bi˩-ni˩-mɤ˩-gv˩˥ the eyelid trembles terribly I can’t get accustomed (to this place)! / (I) can’t 眼皮跳得很厉害 make myself at ease here! / (I) don’t like it here! 我不习惯这里！ / 我不喜欢这里！ / 我不想 njɤ˩˥ | le˧-dzi˧-ze˥ 待了！ the eyelid trembles 眼皮跳 dzi˩a 2 VERB Tone: La. To gather, to assemble (people gather together). 聚集。 njɤ˩˥ | mɤ˧-dzi˧˥ the eyelid does not tremble ɖɯ˧-ʁwɤ˧ | le˧-dzi˧~dzi˥ 眼皮不跳 the whole village gathered together 全村都聚集在一起 dzo˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Hail. 冰雹。 hĩ˧ ɖɯ˧-v˧ | le˧-ʂɯ˧-ze˧! le˧-dzi˧~dzi˥ jo˩! Someone has passed away! Come and join the dzo˧ lɑ˩ gathering! there is some hail 一个人去世了！来参加丧礼吧！下冰雹

dzo˧ gi˧-ze˩ dzi˩a 3 VERB Tone: La. To drop, to fall, to sink (e.g. boat slowly sinking down there is some hail into a lake). 掉入、沉下去。下冰雹了

mv˩tɕo˧ dzi˩ dzo˧-lv˧~lv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. to sink down Hailstone. 冰雹。往下掉入、沉下去 CL: ɭɯ˧

28 dzo˧mi˧ dzɯ˧tsɯ˧˥

dzo˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. dzo˩zo#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. Large vat. 大桶。 Baby lizard. 小壁虎。 CL: ɭɯ˧ CL: mi˩ ɭɯ˧

dzo˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. dzo˩˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Small vat. 小桶。 Lizard. 壁虎，蜥蜴，四脚蛇。 CL: ɭɯ˧ dzo˩ hwæ˧-ze˧ dzo˩ NOUN Tone: L. ...bought (a) lizard Bridge. 桥。买了壁虎

dzo˧ | ɖɯ˧ pɤ˩ dzo˩ dzɯ˧-ze˩ a bridge ...ate (a) lizard 一辆桥吃了壁虎 dzo˩ bæ˩˥ CL: mi˩ to sweep (a/the) bridge 扫桥 dzɯ˥ VERB Tone: H. njɤ˧ | dzo˩ bæ˩-zo˩-ho˥. To eat. 吃。 I have to sweep the bridge. le˧-dzɯ˥ 我要扫桥了。 ACCOMP dzo˩ gv˩˥ 实施 to build (/repair) a bridge 建一辆桥 hɑ˧ dzɯ˧ to have a meal; to take some food njɤ˧ | dzo˩ gv˩-zo˩-ho˥. 吃饭 I have to build (/repair) a bridge. njɤ˧ | hɑ˧ le˧-dzɯ˥-ze˩ CL: pɤ˩ nɑ˧ I have eaten. / I have had a meal. 我吃过饭了。 dzo˩~dzo˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To laugh at, to poke fun at, to mock, to ridicule. 嘲笑、取笑。 dzɯ˧-di˧˥ food, thing to eat hĩ˧ dzo˧-dzo˥-ho˩-ni˩zo˩! 吃的（东西） It looks like (he/she) is going to poke fun (at...) 他好像要开始取笑人家了！ dzɯ˧-bi˩-ze˩! Let’s eat! / It’s time to eat! tʰɑ˧ dzo˩~dzo˩! 要吃饭了！ Don’t laugh at people! 别嘲笑（人家）！ dzɯ˧tsɯ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. A shrub that grows in Yongning. 永宁的一种灌木。 NOUN dzo˩mi#˥ Tone: LM+#H. CL: pʰæ˧˥ Female lizard. 母壁虎。

dzo˧mi˧-dzo˩pʰv˩ female lizard and male lizard 母壁虎与公壁虎

CL: mi˩

dzo˩pʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L. Male lizard. 公壁虎。

dzo˩pʰv˩-dzo˩mi˥ male lizard and female lizard 公壁虎与母壁虎

CL: mi˩ ɭɯ˧

29 dʑɤ˧bo˩ dʑɤ˩qʰɑ˥

- dʑ - dʑɤ˩bv˧kɤ˧-sɑ˥ʁwɤ˩ NOUN Tone: LM +MH#-. dʑɤ˧bo˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Gaoming, a village north-east of Yongning). 高明（摩 Granary (a special building). 粮仓。梭话名称的汉译：嘎撒瓦）（永宁的一个村落）。 CL: ɭɯ˧ dʑɤ˩bv˧kɤ˧-sɑ˥ʁwɤ˩, | hi˩ʁwɤ˩-lo˥, | æ˩mi˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | lɑ˧lo˧-ʁwɤ˥, | lɑ˧ŋwɤ˧, NOUN Tone: L#. dʑɤ˧do˩ | bɤ˧tsʰo˧gv˥, | ə˧lɑ˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | gæ˧ɻæ˩, | Zhongdian (place name). 中甸。 qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧, | tʰo˧ʈɯ#˥ dʑɤ˧do˩-bɤ˩ the ten villages traditionally considered as part of the Pumi people of Zhongdian Yongning 中甸普米族摩梭传统地理概念中，属于永宁的十个村落之一

dʑɤ˩b ADJECTIVE Tone: Lb. Good (good decision). 好。 dʑɤ˩ɕjɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Shoe-pad; insole. 鞋垫。 mɤ˧-dʑɤ˩ bad dʑɤ˩kʰwɤ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. 坏 Distance. 距离。

dʑɤ˩-hĩ˥ no˧ | ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ə˩-ʐæ˥ʂæ˩? | dʑɤ˩kʰwɤ˧ ə˩-di˩? | REL - dʑɤ˩˥ | dʑɤ˩kʰwɤ˧ mɤ˧-di˥! | mɤ˧-ʐæ˩ʂæ˩! REL Are you distant from him? Is there distance (between you)? - There is not much distance to (no˧) ɖwæ˧˥ | dʑɤ˩˥! speak of! We are not distant! (=we are close You’re great! friends) 你很好！你们很熟吗？/ 你们很亲吗？ - 不很熟！/ 不很亲！ dʑɤ˩-kʰɯ˥! A benediction used on the New Year: “Let there dʑɤ˩pi#˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: LM+#H. be good (things)!”, i.e. “Prosperity!”, “All the Plenty of. 多。 best for the New Year!” dʑɤ˩pi˧ ʝi˧ 新年祝福：“祝一切好！ / 万事如意！” It’s very useful! 很有用、有很多用处 dʑɤ˩bv˥ VERB Tone: LH. To play. 玩，玩耍。 dʑɤ˩pi˧ dʑo˧!

dʑɤ˩bv˥ -bi˩/-ze˩ (I) have plenty! / (I) have a lot! (possession) 我有很多！ _ FUT.imm/PFV 要玩耍 / 玩耍了 dʑɤ˩pi˧ dʑo˧˥ There is plenty / there is a lot. (Note: existence, le˧-dʑɤ˩bv˩ +ze˩ and not possession) ACCOMP _ PFV 有很多。玩耍了

tʰi˧-dʑɤ˩bv˩, | tʰi˧-dʑɤ˩bv˩, | le˧-fv˧! dʑɤ˩qʰɑ˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: LH. Continuously, with full might. 一直、一个劲地。 They play, they play... they’re happy! / (By) playing on and on, they get really happy! (About dʑɤ˩qʰɑ˥ ʈɤ˩ children playing together) to pull with full might 他们玩着玩着，很高兴！（情景：几个小孩子一个劲地拉一起玩） dʑɤ˩qʰɑ˥ mi˩ dʑɤ˩bv˥-di˩ NOUN Tone: LH-. to push with full might Toy. 玩具。一个劲地推

dʑɤ˩qʰɑ˥ lɑ˩ dʑɤ˩bv˥-ʁwɤ˩ NOUN Tone: LH-. Jiabowa (name of a village). 甲波瓦（永宁的一个村 to beat with full might 落）。一个劲地打

30 dʑɤ˩so˧ ‑dʑo˧

dʑɤ˩so˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: LM. dʑi˧ qæ˧-ze˩! 好几（个）。 Many, a great number of. (He/she) has changed clothes! 换衣服了！ dʑɤ˩-so˧ ɲi˧ many days; a long time 好几天 nɑ˩-dʑi#˥ Na clothing dʑɤ˩tsʰi#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. 摩梭服装 Masculine given name. 男性名字。 hæ˧-dʑi#˥ dʑɤ˩tsʰi˧-ɖɯ˩mɑ˩ NOUN Tone: LM-L. Chinese (Han) clothing Feminine given name. 女性名字。汉族服装

dʑɤ˩tsʰi˧-tsi˩mv˩ NOUN Tone: LM-L. CL: ɭɯ˧ Prayer flag. 经幡、风马旗（挂在家旁边的树上，或房顶上）。 CL: dzi˩ dʑi˧hṽ˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. Clothes, clothing. 衣服。 dʑɤ˩tsʰo#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. CL: ɭɯ˧ Housewarming party. 乔迁庆宴、乔迁聚会。

ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧-ʂɯ˧-qo˧ | dʑɤ˩tsʰo˧ ʁɑ˧ ʂe˩ dʑi˧mi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. to throw a housewarming party in a newly built Female water buffalo. 母水牛。 house 在新房子举办乔迁宴会 dʑi˧mi˧ tʰv˧-pʰo˩ N+DEM+CLF dʑɤ˩tsʰo˧ VERB Tone: LM. 这头母水牛 To dance. 跳舞。

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | dʑɤ˩tsʰo˧ mɤ˧-dʑɤ˩! dʑi˧mi˧-dʑi˧zo#˥ / dʑi˧mi˧-dʑi˥zo˩ (S)he does not dance well! female water buffalo and male water buffalo 他舞跳得不好！母水牛与公水牛

dʑɤ˩tsʰo˧ | ɖɯ˧-hɑ̃˧ tsʰo˧ to dance all evening, to dance a whole night CL: pʰo˧˥ 跳一整夜舞

dʑi˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. dʑi˥ 1 NOUN Tone: #H. Male baby buffalo. 小水牛（水牛崽子），一般指公的 Urine. 尿。小水牛。

dʑi˧ bæ˥ to sweep urine dʑi˧zo˧ tʰv˧-ɭɯ#˥ 扫尿 N+DEM+CLF 这只水牛崽子 dʑi˧-lɑ˩ | qʰæ˧

excrements: urine and faeces CL: ɭɯ˧ 大小便的统称

dʑi˥ 2 NOUN Tone: H. dʑi˩wɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Clothes, clothing (monosyllabic form). 衣服。 Stirrup. 马镫。 CL: dze˩ kʰv˧ʂɯ˥, | dʑi˧ qæ˧! On New Year’s Eve, one changes one’s clothing / one wears new clothes! ‑dʑo˧ SUFFIX Tone: M. 过年，换衣服！ / 过年，要穿新衣服！ Progressive aspect. 进行式。

31 dʑo˧b dʑɯ˧ki˥

dʑo˧b VERB Tone: Mb. dʑɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. To possess. 有，拥有。 Moment, time (of a certain event). ……的时间。

mɤ˧-dʑo˧-ze˧! ʈʂʰwɤ˩ dzɯ˩-bi˩-dʑɯ˩˥ There isn’t any left! dinner-time 没有了！吃晚餐的时间 le˧-dʑo˧-ze˧! ɑ˩pʰo˩ bi˩-dʑɯ˩˥ There is some, now! 有了！ time to go out; the right time to go outside 出去的（合适）时间 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɑ˩ʁo˧ | ɖɯ˧-sɑ˥ | mɤ˧-dʑo˧! At his home, they have nothing at all = he is le˧-ʑi˧-bi˧-dʑɯ˧ tʰv˧-ze˩! needy It is time to go to sleep! 他家什么也没有 = 他家贫穷睡觉的时间到了！

njɤ˧ | mv˩zɯ˩-ni˥mi˩ | ŋi˧-kv˧ dʑo˧˥! ʐo˩ dzɯ˩-bi˩-dʑɯ˩˥ I have two siblings! lunch-time 我有两个兄弟姐妹！午饭的时间 dʑo˧-tʰɑ˧˥! There could be some! / It’s possible that there dʑɯ˧dv˧ NOUN Tone: M. will be some! Earthworm. 蚯蚓。会有的！ dʑɯ˧dv˧-mi˩, | ə˩-dʑo˩˥? tso˧~tso˧ dʑo˧ Do female earthworms exist? (An artificially de- he has some things signed question, so as to elicit a form of ’earth- 他有东西 worm’ with the ’female’ suffix, with a view to understanding the synchronically productive tone njɤ˧-ɻ˩, | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧-lɑ˧ dʑo˥! assignment rules for the gender suffixes.) We only have one (child)! 有母蚯蚓吗？我们只有一个（孩子）！ dʑɯ˧dv˧-pʰv˩, | ə˩-dʑo˩˥? ɖwæ˧˥ | dʑo˧-ɲi˥! Do male earthworms exist? (An artificially de- There are lots! (For instance, when preparing to signed question, so as to elicit a form of ’earth- build a house, one needs large quantities of lum- worm’ with the ’male’ suffix, with a view to un- ber; someone may comment: “There are lots!”) derstanding the synchronically productive tone 有很多！（如：准备建房，积累的木材有很 assignment rules for the gender suffixes.) 多）有公蚯蚓吗？

‑dʑo˩ SUFFIX Tone: L. CL: kʰɯ˩ Topic-marker. 主题。 dʑɯ˧dze˧mi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. VERB Tone: L . dʑo˩b b Cicada. 蝉。 Existential: there is someone in the toilets/at home; there are n people in the family. 存在动词：有，存在着。如：某人在家或家里有几口人。 dʑɯ˧dze˧-mi˧ tʰv˧-mi˧˥ / dʑɯ˧dze˧-mi˧ tʰv˧- mi˥# mɤ˧-dʑo˩ N+DEM+CLF NEG 这只蝉没有、不在 CL: mi˩ ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɑ˩ʁo˧ mɤ˧-dʑo˩! (S)he is not at home! dʑɯ˧ki˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 他不在家！ Girdle, waistband (a large piece of fabric worn at the waist; can be used to carry a child). 布带子/腰带，用 ‑dʑɯ˧ SUFFIX Tone: M. 来背小孩的带子。 EXPERIENTIAL. ……过。 CL: kʰɯ˩

32 dʑɯ˧-li˧ dʑɯ˩

dʑɯ˧-li˧ VERB Tone: M. dʑɯ˧qʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. To irrigate. 灌溉。 A wild plant of Yongning. 永宁的一种植物。

dʑɯ˧-li˧-ze˧ dʑɯ˧qʰv˩-lv˩lv˩ PFV the grains of this plant 灌溉了这种植物的种子

dʑɯ˧-mɤ˧-li˧-hĩ˧ lv˧ CL: ɭɯ˧ dry farmland, dry field: a field that is not irrigated 旱田：不灌溉的田 dʑɯ˧ʁo˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Peach. 桃子。

dʑɯ˧ɭɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. NOUN Tone: #H. 黍，小米。 dʑɯ˧ʈʂʰwæ#˥ Broomcorn millet, Panicum miliaceum. Husked broomcorn millet, Panicum miliaceum. 已碾的小米。 dʑɯ˧ɭɯ˧-ho#˥ See: dʑɯ˧ɭɯ˧, dʑɯ˧njɤ˧ millet gruel 小米粥 dʑɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Water. 水。

See: dʑɯ˧njɤ˧, dʑɯ˧ʈʂʰwæ#˥ dʑɯ˧ ʈʰɯ˧ to drink water dʑɯ˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. 喝水 Large river. 大河。 CL: kʰɯ˩ ʈʂʰɯ˧ dʑɯ˧ ʈʰɯ˧-dʑo˧! (S)he is drinking water 他在喝水 dʑɯ˧njɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Broomcorn millet, Panicum miliaceum. 黍，小米。 dʑɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ʈʰɤ˧ ʈʰɯ˧˥ dʑɯ˧njɤ˧, | ʐɯ˧ tɕɤ˧˥! to drink a little water (literally ’a drop of water’) Millet is used to make wine! 喝一点水（直译：‘一滴水’）小米，用来酿酒！ dʑɯ˩ kʰɯ˩˥

dʑɯ˧njɤ˧-hɑ#˥ to put water 放水 cooked millet 小米饭 dʑɯ˩ mæ˩˥ to irrigate, to water See: dʑɯ˧ɭɯ˧, dʑɯ˧ʈʂʰwæ#˥ 浇灌、灌溉

dʑɯ˧qʰɑ˧ NOUN Tone: M. dʑɯ˩ qæ˩, hɑ˩ qæ˩˥ | Large-leaved gentian. 秦艽。 a description of the traveller’s changes in environment: ’to change water, to change food’. This dʑɯ˧qʰɑ˧-bæ˩bæ˩ requires using strategies to avoid ailments: in gentian flowers particular, it was customary to boil in water a 秦艽花 little earth of the place where one had arrived, and to drink this preparation. CL: qɑ˩ ‘换水换土’：这个短语描述旅人到他人乡的情况，带来水土不服的危险。为了预防这类不良反应，摩梭旅人习惯水煮一点当地的土，喝 dʑɯ˧qʰv˧ NOUN Tone: M. 下去，为了适应当地的水土。 Well. 井、水井。 [F5] dʑɯ˧ | mv˩tɕo˧ dɑ˧˥ ɑ˩ʁo˥ | dʑɯ˧qʰv˧ tʰi˧-di˩. the water flows downwards There is a well at home / in the farm. 水往下流家里有水井。 River, waterway. 河流。 CL: ɭɯ˧ CL: kʰɯ˩

33 dʑɯ˩a dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-bo˧

dʑɯ˩a VERB Tone: La. dʑɯ˩nɑ˩hæ̃˩tʰɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L. To twist (strings) together (to make a rope). 搓(搓绳 Water-mill. 水磨。子)。 CL: pɤ˩

le˧-dʑɯ˩-ze˩ dʑɯ˩nɑ˩mi˩ NOUN Tone: L. ACCOMP _ PFV Mountain areas (uncultivated), mountain forest, wilder- 搓了 ness. 深山老林、高山上的地方。 See: dʑɯ˩nɑ˩mi˩-ʁo˩, dʑɯ˩ʁo˩ bæ˩ dʑɯ˩˥ to twist (strings into) a rope dʑɯ˩nɑ˩mi˩-ʁo˩ NOUN Tone: L. 搓绳子 Mountain areas (uncultivated), mountain forest, wilder- ness. 深山老林、高山上的地方。 qʰv˩ɖʐæ˩ dʑɯ˥ See: dʑɯ˩nɑ˩mi˩, dʑɯ˩ʁo˩ to twist a string, a small rope 搓一根小绳子 dʑɯ˩pɤ˩-kv˧hĩ˩ NOUN Tone: L-L#. Spring. 水泉、山泉。 ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ dʑɯ˥ to twist a little dʑɯ˩pɤ˩-kv˧hĩ˩ | tʰi˧-di˩ 搓一下 there is a spring 有水泉 dʑɯ˩-æ̃˩tsɯ˧ NOUN Tone: L-LM. Sandpiper, Calidris. The main consultant also uses this See: dʑɯ˩pɤ˩qʰv˩, dʑɯ˩pɤ˩tv˩qʰv˥ word when shown images of other birds including avo- 鹬。 cet, Baillon’s crake, and blue-breasted banded rail. dʑɯ˩pɤ˩qʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L. CL: ɭɯ˧ Spring. 水泉、山泉。 See: dʑɯ˩pɤ˩-kv˧hĩ˩, dʑɯ˩pɤ˩tv˩qʰv˥ dʑɯ˩dze˩ NOUN Tone: L. Ladle used for people’s food. 舀汤的勺子。 dʑɯ˩pɤ˩tv˩qʰv˥ NOUN Tone: L+H#. CL: nɑ˧ Spring. 水泉、山泉。 See: dʑɯ˩pɤ˩qʰv˩, dʑɯ˩pɤ˩-kv˧hĩ˩ dʑɯ˩gɤ˩di˩ NOUN Tone: L. Carrying/shoulder pole. 扁担。 NOUN Tone: L. CL: nɑ˧ dʑɯ˩pʰæ˩ Ice. 冰。 CL: pʰæ˧˥ dʑɯ˩gv˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: LH. Round-shouldered, stooping. 驼背。 dʑɯ˩qʰæ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Cold water. 凉水。 dʑɯ˩gv˩ NOUN Tone: L. Large barrel where drinking water is kept; water trough. 大水桶，水槽。 dʑɯ˩qʰwɤ˩-lv˩ NOUN Tone: L. Marsh, bog, swamp (unsuitable for agriculture). 沼泽、 [F5] pv˩-dʑɯ˩gv˩˥ 湿地。Local Chinese dialect: 潮地。 CL: kɤ˧˥ CL: ɭɯ˧ dʑɯ˩ʁo˩ NOUN Tone: L. dʑɯ˩hṽ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. Mountain areas (uncultivated), mountain forest, wilder- 面和水和成的浆糊。 Dough made of flour and water. ness. 深山老林、高山上的地方。 See: dʑɯ˩nɑ˩mi˩, dʑɯ˩nɑ˩mi˩-ʁo˩ dʑɯ˩-hwæ˩tsɯ˥ NOUN Tone: L+H#. Shrew: the consultant uses a periphrasis: “wild mouse”. 尖鼠、鼩鼱。 dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-æ̃˧ NOUN Tone: L-M. Quail, rail, Coturnix; used when identifying pictures of various species of Turnix, Coturnix, and Crex. 鹌鹑。 dʑɯ˩kʰi˩ NOUN Tone: L. CL: mi˩ Water’s edge. 水边。 dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-bo˧ NOUN Tone: L-M. dʑɯ˩kʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L. Wild boar. 野猪。 Moss. 青苔。 CL: mi˩ Syn: bo˩tv#˥.

34 dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-dze˧ dʑɯ˧˥

dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-dze˧ NOUN Tone: L-M. dʑɯ˩tsʰi˩ʈʰɯ˩di˩ NOUN Tone: L. Wild pepper. 野花椒。 Small container for hot water (for 1 person). 口杯。 CL: ɭɯ˧ dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-hwɤ˩li˧ NOUN Tone: L-LM. Yunnan wild cat, Felis temincki. 野猫。 dʑɯ˩ʈv˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: LM. CL: mi˩ To be a hunchback/humpback. 驼背（严重的病）。

dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-ɬi˩bi˧ NOUN Tone: L-LM. dʑɯ˩ʈv˧-ze˩ Chinese yam (shan-yao). 山药。 PFV CL: ɭɯ˧ 驼背了

dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-zɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L. dʑɯ˩zo˩ NOUN Tone: L. Wild herbs. 野草。 Brook, rivulet. 溪流。 CL: kʰɯ˩ ʈʂʰɯ˧ | dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-zɯ˩ ɲi˥. DEM _ COP dʑɯ˩ʐv˩ VERB Tone: L. 指示代词 _ 系词 To swim. 游泳。 CL: qɑ˩ po˧ dʑɯ˧˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: MH. Many, much. 多。 dʑɯ˩si˩ NOUN Tone: L. 青冈树、槲栎。 Oriental white oak. hĩ˧ dʑɯ˩ Syn: dzi˧dzi˧. There are many people. 人多。 dʑɯ˩so˩ NOUN Tone: L. Wave. 波浪。

dʑɯ˩so˩ pʰv˩˥ there is a wave, a wave breaks 有波浪

CL: pʰæ˧˥

dʑɯ˩ʂo˥ NOUN Tone: L+H#. Name of a ritual. 一项仪式。

dʑɯ˩ʂo˥-tsɑ˩bɤ˩ flour used for ceremonies; it must not contain oatmeal. After the ceremony, it is thrown away (not eaten). 做仪式时所使用的面粉。这种面粉里不要含有燕麦。仪式结束后，面粉被扔掉。

dʑɯ˩tɤ˩ɻ˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: L+H#. Humid, moist. 湿。

dʑɯ˩tɤ˩ɻ˥ gv˩-ze˩ It got wet. 湿了！

dʑɯ˩tɕʰɯ˩lɑ˩qʰɑ˥ NOUN Tone: L+H#. Plum. 一种梅子。

dʑɯ˩tɕʰɯ˩lɑ˩qʰæ˥ NOUN Tone: L+H#. Buckthorn, Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.. 沙棘。

dʑɯ˩tsʰi˩ NOUN Tone: L. Boiled water, hot water. 开水，热水。

35 ɖæ˥ 1 ɖɤ˥

- ɖ - ɖæ˩mi˧ NOUN Tone: LM. The Yongning monastery. 永宁大寺。 ɖæ˥ 1 ADJECTIVE Tone: H. Borrowing: Tibetan dgramed Short. 短。 ɖæ˩mi˧-ʈæ˩bɤ˩ ɖæ˧~ɖæ˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L#. a priest from the monastery Horizontal. 横着（横躺在路上）。永宁大寺的和尚

ɖæ˧~ɖæ˩ | tʰi˧-tɕɯ˥ NOUN Tone: LM-L#. to lay flat ɖæ˩mi˧-go˧bɤ˩ Yongning temple. 永宁大寺。横着放 Borrowing: Tibetan dgrameddgonpa

ɖæ˩a CLASSIFIER Tone: La. A section of (road); a bolt of cloth. 量词：路（段）/布 ɖæ˩pʰv˥ NOUN Tone: LH. （匹）。 Dust, dirt. 灰尘。 CL: ti˧˥ ʐɤ˩mi˩˥ | ɖɯ˧-ɖæ˩ a section of road, a stretch of road ɖæ˩ʂɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. 一段路 A village name. 扎实（永宁的一个村落）。

ɲi˧, ɲi˩-ɖæ˩! | ɖæ˩ʂɯ˧-ʁwɤ#˥ Two stretches a day! (Set phrase: in one day, one same meaning can cover a distance of two ’stretches’. If one can 同上：扎实村 get somewhere before lunch, the distance counts as one stretch/section; if one can only arrive there ɖæ˩ʂɯ#˥, | ʈʂo˧ʂɯ#˥, | bɤ˩tɕʰɯ˩˥, | dɑ˧pʰo˥, | in the afternoon, it counts as two stretches/sec- bɤ˧dzi˩, | dze˧bo˧ tions.) the six villages of the plain of Yongning, in tradi- 一天两段路！（说明：早上出发，如果午饭前 tional order: by order of increasing distance from 能到目的地，距离算是一段，如果下午晚上才 the Lake 到，算两段。）永宁坝的六个村落，按传统排序：从距离泸沽湖最近的村落说起。 ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɖæ˥ DEM _ (tone: H# / H$) NOUN Tone: LM. 指示代词 _ ɖæ˩˧ Dust. 尘土。

ɖæ˩a VERB Tone: La. ɖæ˩˥ | ɖɯ˧-ti˧ tʰi˧-di˥ To pass over, to cross (a river on a boat, a mountain…). there is a layer of dust 渡（坐船渡河……）。有一层灰 dʑɯ˩ ɖæ˩˥ / dʑɯ˩ ɖæ˩-ze˥ ɖæ˩ bæ˧ to cross a river 渡河 to sweep the dust 扫灰 dʑɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-kʰɯ˩ ɖæ˩ 污垢。 as above Dirt, filth. 同上 CL: ti˧˥

VERB Tone: H. NOUN Tone: LH. ɖɤ˥ ɖæ˩dʑɯ˥ To crawl, to creep. 爬行，匍匐。 Dirt, filth. 污垢。 CL: ʁwɤ˧, etc ɖɤ˧~ɖɤ˧ (-ze˩) RED NOUN Tone: L-. ɖæ˩-lɑ˧so˧ 重叠：爬一爬 Name of a ceremony conducted at home once a year, during the first two weeks of the year, by one or two monks ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɖɤ˧~ɖɤ˧-ʁo˧-ze˩! invited to the farm: offering grain (or fruit) to the gods. The aim is to ensure prosperity for the household. 一种 She can crawl! / She knows how to crawl! 祈福仪式，和尚在过年时主持行礼。 (About a baby that crawls around.) Borrowing: Tibetan ’braslhagsol 她会爬了！

36 ɖɤ˧mi˧ ɖɯ˧-njɤ˧

ɖɤ˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. ʝi˧ mɤ˧-ɖo˧! 狐狸。 Fox. (One) must not do (that)! ɖɤ˧mi˧-zo#˥ 不要做！ little fox, baby fox 小狐狸 PREPOSITION Tone: M. DELIMITATIVE. 进行时态。 ɖɤ˧mi˧-pʰv#˥ male fox VERB Tone: M . 公狐狸 ɖɯ˧b b To obtain, to get. 得到。 ɖɤ˧mi˧, | mi˩ ɲi˥! le˧-ʂe˧ le˧-ɖɯ˧-ze˧! This fox is a female! (I) have looked for something and found it! / I 这只狐狸是母的！ have found (something by looking around for it)! CL: pʰo˧˥ 找到了！

ɖɯ˧-tʰɑ˧˥! ɖɤ˩a ADJECTIVE Tone: La. Hot (weather). 很热（天气），阳光强烈。 It is possible to obtain it! / It can be obtained! 可以得到的！ ɲi˧mi˧ | ɖɤ˩-ze˥! The sun is burning hot, scalding ɖɯ˧-tʰɑ˧-ze˥! 太阳很大、很强烈 We have managed to obtain it! / We found it possible to obtain it! ɖɤ˩-hĩ˩˥ （我们）成功地得到了！ REL 热的 tso˧~tso˧ ɖɯ˧ (+ze˧) to obtain something VERB Tone: M intrans. ɖo˧ 得到东西 To allow, to permit; also: to order about; to run errands for. 让，指使、使唤。 ɖɯ˧-ɬi˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. po˧ mɤ˧-ɖo˧! 1st month. 正月。 (You) are not allowed to take it! / You must not take it! (eg telling a child that (s)he is not allowed to take a knife) ɖɯ˧-njɤ˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: M. 一直、一直不停。不许拿！ Continuously, ceaselessly.

ʈʂʰɯ˧, | po˧ ɖo˧! ɖɯ˧-njɤ˧ | so˩˥ That one, you can have it / you can take it / you to study ceaselessly can play with it! (Context: as above: telling a 一直不停地学习 child what (s)he can and cannot toy with.) 那个，是可以拿的！ / 那个，是可以玩的！ ɖɯ˧-njɤ˧ | lo˧ ʝi˧ （情景同上：告诉一个小孩子什么东西可以 to work ceaselessly 拿，什么不可以拿。）一直不停地工作 gɤ˩ do˧ mɤ˧-ɖo˧! ɖɯ˧-njɤ˧-zo˥ (You) are not allowed to climb (on the table,...) 不许爬上（桌子……） often 经常、常 lɑ˧-kʰv˧˥, | ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧ tsʰi˧-mɤ˧-ɖo˧! | ʑi˩-kʰv˩˥, | ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧ tsʰi˧-mɤ˧-ɖo˧! | ɖɯ˧-njɤ˧ hwæ˩; ɖɯ˧-njɤ˧ tɕʰi˧; ɖɯ˧-njɤ˧ (During) the year of the Tiger, one should not dzɯ˧; ɖɯ˧-njɤ˧ dze˧˥; ɖɯ˧-njɤ˧ ʐwɤ˧˥; ɖɯ˧- build a house! (During) the year of the Monkey, njɤ˧ lɑ˧˥ one should not build a house! (These years are combinations with verbs in the six tones: to buy, considered too “hard”, /wu˧/, by astrology.) to sell, to eat, to cut, to speak, to strike 虎年，不要建房！猴年，不要建房！（这样的跟六个调类的动词结合：买，卖，吃，切，年，被认为是太‘硬’的。）说，打

37 ɖɯ˧-ɲi˧-ɖɯ˥-hɑ̃˩ ɖv˩

ɖɯ˧-njɤ˧ | hwæ˧; ɖɯ˧-njɤ˧ | tɕʰi˧; ɖɯ˧-njɤ˧ | ɖɯ˩lo#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. dzɯ˧; ɖɯ˧-njɤ˧ | dze˩˥; ɖɯ˧-njɤ˧ | ʐwɤ˩˥; ɖɯ˧- Tradition. 传统。 njɤ˧ | lɑ˧˥ ɖɯ˩lo˧ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥ | tʰi˧-so˥-ɻ˩ combinations with verbs in the six tones: to buy, to teach a custom to sell, to eat, to cut, to speak, to strike (separat- 教授一个传统、一个习俗 ing into two tone groups) 跟六个调类的动词结合：买，卖，吃，切， Good manners. 礼仪、礼貌。说，打 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɖɯ˩lo˧ dʑɤ˥! (S)he knows the customs / (s)he has good man- ɖɯ˧-ɲi˧-ɖɯ˥-hɑ̃˩ NOUN Tone: #H-. ners One day and one night. 一天一夜。他懂礼貌、他会做人 The order of things. 道理。 ɖɯ˧-so˩ NOUN Tone: La. CL: kʰwɤ˥ Some, a few. Made up of ’one’ and ’three’. 一些、两三个（直译：‘一三（个）’。 ɖɯ˩mɑ#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. Feminine given name. 女性名字。 hĩ˧ | ɖɯ˧-so˩-kv˩ a few people ɖɯ˩mɑ˧-ɬɑ˩tsʰo˩ NOUN Tone: LM-L. 几个人 Feminine given name. 女性名字。

ɖɯ˧ʈæ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. ɖɯ˩mɑ˧-pv˩ʈʰɯ˩ NOUN Tone: LM-L. A ritual performed by monks after someone’s decease. Feminine given name. 女性名字。一个葬礼仪式，由和尚主持。 ɖɯ˩mi#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. Female mule. This is a sterile animal. It is docile, and ɖɯ˩a ADJECTIVE Tone: La. Big, large. 大。 suitable for tasks such as leading a caravan. It is therefore a highly valued animal. 母骡子、母马骡。 mɤ˧-ɖɯ˩ ɖɯ˩mi˧-ɖɯ˥zo˩ NEG Female mule and male mule NEG 母骡子与公骡子

ɖɯ˩-hĩ˩˥ CL: mi˩ REL NOUN Tone: LM+#H. REL ɖɯ˩zo#˥ Male mule. 公骡子。 le˧-ɖɯ˩(-ze˩) ɖɯ˩zo˧-ɖɯ˥mi˩ ACCOMP+PFV male mule and female mule ACCOMP+PFV 公骡子与母骡子

CL: ɭɯ˧ ə˧pɤ˥ɖɯ˩-gv˩ very big ɖɯ˧˥ NUMBER Tone: MH. 好大、大得很 1. 1。

NOUN Tone: LM. ɖv˧qæ˧ NOUN Tone: M. ɖɯ˩ɖʐɯ˧ 翅膀。 Masculine given name. 男性名字：独知。 Wing. Borrowing: Tibetan kɤ˩nɑ˧mi˧-ɖv˧qæ˥ eagle wings ɖɯ˩ɖʐɯ˧-tsʰɯ˩ɻ˩ NOUN Tone: LM-L. 老鹰翅膀男性名字。 Masculine given name. CL: dze˩

ɖɯ˩hĩ˩ NOUN Tone: L. ɖv˩ NOUN Tone: L. Important people (including elders). 大人、重要的人 Wing (monosyllabic form; the disyllabic form is pre- （包括长辈）。 ferred). 翅膀。 CL: v˧ CL: dze˩

38 ɖwæ˥ ɖwæ˧˥ 2

ɖwæ˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Pond. 池塘。 ɖwæ˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. To whip. 鞭打、抽打、加鞭。 [F5] ɖwæ˩ɬo˩mi˧ mæ˧qv˩-po˩-ɳɯ˩ | ɖwæ˧˥ large pond 大池塘 to whip with the tail (e.g. a tiger whips the ground with its tail) 用尾巴来抽打（如：老虎用尾巴来抽打地面） Pool (artificial). 水坑。 CL: ɭɯ˧ ɖwæ˧˥ 2 ADVERB(IAL) Tone: MH. Intensive: very. 很、极。 ɖwæ˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: H. Muddy, turbid. 浑浊 (水)。 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɖwæ˧˥ | æ˧mv˩ fv˩! She likes her elder sister very much! dʑɯ˧ ɖwæ#˥ 她很喜欢她姐姐！ turbid water 浑浊的水

dʑɯ˧ | ɖwæ˧-ze˩! The water has become turbid. 水浑浊了。

ɖwæ˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ha. Classifier for steps (of stairs). 量词：梯级、楼梯（一节）。

ɖɯ˧-ɖwæ˧ ɲi˥ It’s a step (of stairs). (Elicited to investigate the word’s tonal behaviour) 是一节/一节阶梯。（引出这句是为了了解这个词在不同语境的声调变化。）

ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɖwæ#˥ this step 这节阶梯

ɖwæ˧-pɤ˧ɭɯ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Puddle, pool (natural). 水潭。

ɖwæ˧ tʰi˧-pɤ˥ɭɯ˩ there is water in the pool; a puddle has formed 有水潭

CL: ɭɯ˧

ɖwæ˩a VERB Tone: La. To be afraid. 害怕。

njɤ˧ | ɖwæ˩˥! I am afraid! 我害怕！

njɤ˧ | ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧ | ɖwæ˩˥ | ʐwæ˩˥! I am really afraid of this person! 我很害怕那个人！

39 ɖʐæ˧b ɖʐɤ˩kɤ˥$

- ɖʐ - ɖʐe˧ʁwɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Money. 钱。 ɖʐæ˧b VERB Tone: Mb. To ride (a horse). 骑马。 ɖʐɤ˧qʰwɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. le˧-ɖʐæ˧-ze˧ Cold, flu. 感冒。 ACCOMP _ PFV ACCOMP _ PFV ɖʐɤ˧qʰwɤ˧ go˩ ʐwæ˧ ɖʐæ˧ to have a cold; to have a flu to ride a horse 感冒骑马 ɖʐɤ˧qʰwɤ˧ mɤ˧-go˩ ɖʐæ˧-tʰɑ˧˥! ...has no cold / does not have a cold It’s possible to ride (it)! / It’s OK to ride (it)! 没感冒可以骑的！

CL: ʂɯ˩ ɖʐæ˧qʰæ˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. Mud. 泥巴。 NOUN Tone: #H. ɖʐæ˧qʰæ˧ ʐæ˥(-ze˩) ɖʐɤ˧qʰwɤ˧ʈʂe#˥ Awl. 锥、锥子。 There is mud; mud has formed. CL: ɭɯ˧ 有泥巴了。

[F5] ɖʐæ˧qʰæ˧ ʐæ˧~ʐæ˥ ɖʐɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Ladder. 梯子。 There is mud; mud has formed. 有泥巴了 ɖʐɤ˩ do˧ to climb a ladder ɖʐæ˩a VERB Tone: La. 爬上一个梯子 To melt; to thaw. 融化。

mɤ˧ | le˧-ɖʐæ˩-ze˩ ɖʐɤ˧ | gɤ˩-do˧ The grease has melted. to climb up a ladder 油融化了。爬上一个梯子

dʑi˩pʰæ˩˥ | le˧-ɖʐæ˩-ze˩ Stairs. 楼梯。 The ice has melted. 冰融化了。 lv˧mi˧-ɖʐɤ˩ (+ɲi˩) stone stairs NOUN Tone: M. ɖʐe˧ 石头楼梯 Money. 钱。

ɖʐe˧gɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. CL: pɤ˩ Yongsheng (place name). 永胜（地名）。

ɖʐe˧gɯ˧-to˩mi˩ ɖʐɤ˩ɖwæ˩ NOUN Tone: L. 台阶。 a high mountain located in Yongsheng Step of stairs. 永胜的一座高山 CL: ɖwæ˥

ɖʐe˧gɯ˧-hæ˧ NOUN Tone: LM+H$. Yongsheng Chinese (Han) (note: Yongsheng is ɖʐɤ˩kɤ˥$ A family name from Yongning. There are two families mainly populated by Han Chinese) in Yongning that carry this name. 一个姓。这个姓，永永胜汉族宁有两家。 ɖʐe˧gɯ˧-dʑo˧, | hæ˧-ʂo˧~ʂo˩! In Yongsheng, there are lots of Chinese (Han) ɖʐɤ˩kɤ˧=ɻ˥$ people! the /ɖʐɤ˩kɤ˥$/ clan 永胜，汉族群多！ /ɖʐɤ˩kɤ˥$/家族

40 ɖʐɤ˧˥ 1 ɖʐɯ˧ʈʂɯ˥

ɖʐɤ˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. To pluck (fruit, weeds), ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ ɖʐo˧˥ 摘（果子、蔬菜）、扯(草)。 to pick (vegetables). to crush a piece (of something) 弄碎一块 le˧-ɖʐɤ˧-po˥-jo˩!

Pluck some (fruit) and pass them over (to us)! ɖɯ˧-mɤ˩ ɖʐo˩ （你）去给摘（一些）过来吧！ to crush a little (of something) 弄碎一点（东西） v˩tsʰɤ˧ ɖʐɤ˥ to pick vegetables 摘蔬菜 ɖʐɯ˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Market. 集市(圩场，街子)。 le˧-ɖʐɤ˧˥, | mv˩-tɕo˧ kwɤ˩ CL: ɖʐɯ˩ to pluck and throw away (weeds) 扯(荒草)，扔掉 ɖʐɯ˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ha. Self-classifier for marketplaces/towns. 量词：市场（一 To snap, to cut (thread); to smash; to destroy (a build- 个），城市（一个）。 ing). 拆（线），拔，捣碎。 ɖʐɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ɖʐɯ˥ le˧-ɖʐɤ˩~ɖʐɤ˩ a marketplace, a town RED 一个市场重叠：拆拆

ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧ ɖʐɤ˧˥ ɖʐɯ˥kʰɤ˩ NOUN Tone: . to destroy a house Moment. （一）会儿。拆房子 ɖɯ˧-ɖʐɯ˥kʰɤ˩ le˧-ɖʐɤ˧˥ | ɲi˧-gi˧ gv˧ a moment to tear into two pieces 一会儿拆成两半 ɖʐɯ˧~ɖʐɯ˥ NOUN Tone: . ɖʐɤ˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. （一）会儿。 To prop open (a tent). 撑开（帐篷）。 ɖɯ˧-ɖʐɯ˧~ɖʐɯ˥ le˧-ɖʐɤ˩~ɖʐɤ˩ a moment RED 一会儿重叠 ɖɯ˧-ɖʐɯ˧~ɖʐɯ˥ ʝi˩ ɖʐo˥ NOUN Tone: #H. to work for a moment Major roof beam. 大梁。工作一会儿 CL: ɖʐo˥

ɖʐɯ˧qo˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L#. ɖʐo˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: H. In town, in the street. 在城里、在市里。 Cold (weather). 冷（天气……）。 ɖʐɯ˧qo˩ kʰi˩ ɖʐo˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ha. to go into town 量词：梁（一 Classifier for beams (in carpentry). 上街根）。

VERB Tone: L . ɖʐɯ˧ʂɯ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. ɖʐo˩b b 筷子。 To crush, to crumble (with the teeth or with a grindstone). Chopsticks. 弄碎（用牙齿、手磨）。 CL: dzi˧

ʈʂo˧ɭɯ˧ ɖʐo˧˥ ɖʐɯ˧ʈʂɯ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. to crush with a grindstone Sifter, sieve. 筛子。用手磨弄碎 CL: nɑ˧

41 ɖʐɯ˩~ɖʐɯ˧˥ ɖʐv˧ 4

ɖʐɯ˩~ɖʐɯ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. ɖʐv˧ 1 VERB Tone: M intrans. To shake (one’s head). 摇（头）。 To burn, to catch fire. 燃烧。

ʁo˧ ɖʐɯ˥~ɖʐɯ˩ mv˧ ɖʐv˧-ze˩! to shake one’s head It has caught fire! 摇头着火了！

ʁo˧ | le˧-ɖʐɯ˩~ɖʐɯ˩-ze˩ mv˧ le˧-ɖʐv˧-ze˧! shook (her/his) head The fire has caught! 摇了头开始着火了！

ɖʐɯ˩kʰɤ˥ NOUN Tone: LH. From: ɖʐɯ˩a Society, tʰi˧-ɖʐv˧-dʑo˧! the present times, the current times. 社会、社会状况。 The fire is burning! CL: ɖʐɯ˩ 火在燃烧！

NOUN Tone: LM+#H. ɖʐɯ˩tso#˥ NOUN Tone: M. Rules of society. 社会规矩。 ɖʐv˧ 2 Friend, companion, partner. 朋友、伙伴、伴侣。 ɖʐɯ˩tso˥ | hĩ˧-qo˩-ɳɯ˩ | le˧-tsʰɯ˩-ɲi˩-tsɯ˩- njɤ˧ | ɖʐv˧ ɲi˩. mæ˩! The rules of society, the moral teachings (includ- [(S)he] is my friend. ing proverbs, tales...) come from people / are 是我朋友。 human creations / are the fruit of human experience! õ˧ ɖʐv˥, õ˩ li˩! | 社会规矩，是通过人类的经验形成的！ / 社 ’One is easily influenced by one’s friends!’ (Lit- 会规矩，是人（按一代代的经验）创造的！ erally: ’One’s friends, one observes’.) The proverb refers to influence from friends, good CL: kʰwɤ˥ or bad: good friends exert good influences; bad friends exert bad influences. ɖʐv˥ VERB Tone: H. “大家都容易受朋友的影响！”（直译：“自 To rise, to go up, to increase. 涨。己的朋友，自己看（= 自己爱学他们的习惯）”） hĩ˧ ɖʐv˧ people become numerous CL: v˧ 人变多 ɖʐv˧ 3 NOUN Tone: M. mo˧ ɖʐv˥ An important and unfortunate event, such as a serious mushrooms multiply, become numerous accident. 事故，（不幸的）大事。菌子长得多 ɖʐv˧ kʰɯ˧˥ ɖʐv˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: H. to cause an accident; to commit a fault; some- Moist, wet, damp, humid. 湿。 thing serious happens 犯错误，出大事 le˧-ɖʐv˥-ze˩ ACCOMP _ PFV ɖʐv˧ kʰɯ˧-ze˥ ACCOMP _ PFV As above, with the PFV morpheme 同上，加上PFV语素 ɖʐv˧~ɖʐv˧ RED ɖʐv˧ ɖɯ˧-ɖʐv˧ | kʰɯ˧-ze˥! RED An accident has happened! / There’s been an accident! ʈʂe˧ ɖʐv˧-ze˩! 出大事了！ The earth is damp! 土湿了。 CL: ɖʐv˧

ɖʐv˥ NOUN Tone: #H. ɖʐv˧ 4 NOUN Tone: M. Large vein, artery. 动脉。 Dew. 露水。 CL: kʰɯ˩ See: ɖʐv˧tsi˥ See: ɖʐv˧qʰɑ˧

42 ɖʐv˧b ɖʐwæ˩˧

ɖʐv˧b CLASSIFIER Tone: Mb. ɖʐwæ˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Self-classifier for accidents. 量词：事故（一场）。 Baby sparrow, little sparrow. 小麻雀。 CL: v˧, mi˩ ɖʐv˧-nɑ˥mi˩ NOUN Tone: #H-. 鹳。 Heron. ɖʐwæ˩a VERB Tone: La. CL: mi˩ To quarrel. 吵架。

ɖʐv˧qʰɑ˧ NOUN Tone: M. ɖʐwæ˧~ɖʐwæ˥ Dew. 露水。 RED See: ɖʐv˧ 4 重叠

动脉。 ɖʐv˧tsi˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Artery. NOUN Tone: L. Canine teeth. 獠牙。 ɖʐwæ˩hi˩ Stem, stalk. 茎。 Fang. 动物的牙（犬牙）。 CL: kʰɯ˩ See: ɖʐv˥ CL: ɭɯ˧

ɖʐv˧ʐv˧-ɖʐv˧mi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. VERB Tone: MH. 朋友、伙伴、伴侣。 ɖʐwæ˧˥ Friend, companion, partner. To fall down; to release, to drop. 掉下。

ɖʐv˩a 1 ADJECTIVE Tone: La. mv˩tɕo˧ ɖʐwæ˧˥ / mv˩tɕo˧ ɖʐwæ˧-ze˥ Ugly. 丑陋。 to fall down ɖʐv˩-hĩ˩˥ 掉下去（+了） REL/NMLZ 丑的 ɖʐwæ˩˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Sparrow (monosyllabic form; not in common use). 麻 ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧ | ɖwæ˧˥ | ɖʐv˩˥! 雀。 This one is really ugly! CL: mi˩ 这个好丑！

ɖʐv˩a 2 VERB Tone: La. To decide, to make a decision. 决定、选择、拿主意。 njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ | ɖʐv˧ ʝi˧-bi˧! I’m going to decide! 我来决定吧！

ɖʐv˩ti#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. Spear. 矛。

ɖʐwæ˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Small hoe (smaller than /hwæ˧pʰæ˩/). 锄头。 CL: nɑ˧

ɖʐwæ˧lɑ˧-ʁo˧ɖɯ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. A type of sparrow. 雀。 CL: mi˩

ɖʐwæ˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. Sparrow. 麻雀。 CL: mi˩

ɖʐwæ˧pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Male sparrow. 公麻雀。 ɖʐwæ˧pʰv˧ tʰv˧-mi˧˥ / ɖʐwæ˧pʰv˧ tʰv˧-mi˥# N+DEM+CLF 这只公麻雀

CL: mi˩

43 ə ə˧-dzɤ˧~dzɤ˥

- ə - ə˧dɑ˧-ə˧mi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Father and mother. 父母。 ə INTERJECTION Tone: . Interjection. 感叹词。 ə˧dɑ˧-ə˧mi˧ ɲi˥-kv˩ the father and mother, as a pair 父母亲 ə˧bɑ˩-lɑ˩bɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L#-. Cactus. 仙人掌。 ə˧dɑ˧-zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 父子。 ə˧bɑ˩-lɑ˩bɑ˩ | ɖɯ˧-dzi˩ Father and son. a cactus plant 一棵仙人掌 ə˧dze˧ NOUN Tone: M. Purple gromwell, red-root gromwell, Lithospermum ery- throrhizon Sieb. et Zucc.. 紫草。Local Chinese dialect: ə˧bo˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. 紫红草。 Paternal uncle. 父亲的兄弟。 ə˧dze˧-njɤ˩hṽ˩ ə˧bo˧-ɖɯ˧˥ same meaning: purple gromwell 紫草 paternal uncle, father’s elder brother 伯父：父亲的哥哥 ə˧dze˧-bæ˩bæ˩ gromwell flowers ə˧bo˧-tɕi˥ (+ɲi˩) 紫草花 paternal uncle, father’s younger brother 叔叔：父亲的弟弟 ə˧-dzɤ˥$ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: H$. Slowly. 慢。 CL: v˧ ə˧-dzɤ˧ ʝi˧ ə˧bo˧tɕo˧li˧ NOUN Tone: M. to work slowly, to do slowly Cricket. 蟋蟀。慢慢做 CL: mi˩ ə˧dzɤ˧ le˧-hõ˩! | Goodbye! (Said by the host to their guest. Liter- ə˧bv˧-ʁwɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. ally: “Walk slowly!” = “Take your time on the 阿布瓦村。 Name of a village. way!”) 慢走！ ə˧bv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Oven to make bricks, ceramics... 烤砖、陶器等用的烤 ə˧dzɤ˥ | le˧-hõ˩! | 炉。 Goodbye! CL: ɭɯ˧ 慢走！

ə˧dzɤ˧ le˧-dzi˩! | NOUN Tone: L#. ə˧ɕjɤ˩ Goodbye! (Said by the guest to their host. Liter- Lover, boy/girl-friend. 情人。 ally: “Sit quietly!” = “Take it easy!”) CL: v˧ See: ə˧ɖo˧ 慢慢坐！

ə˧ɕjo˩ NOUN Tone: L#. See: ə˧ze˧, ə˧-dzɤ˧~dzɤ˥ A family name from Yongning. There are two families in Yongning that carry this name. 一个姓。这个姓，永 ə˧-dzɤ˧~dzɤ˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: H#. From: ə˧- 宁有两家。 dzɤ˥$, ə˧ze˧ Slowly. 慢慢地。

ə˧ɕjo˩=ɻ˩ ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɖwæ˧˥ | ə˧-dzɤ˧~dzɤ˥ ʝi˩-kv˩! the /ə˧ɕjo˩/ clan (S)he works very carefully. (The literal meaning 家族 is ’very slowly’; this is not a criticism, however: /ə˧ɕjo˩/ it means that they know to take their time in order to do a good job.) ə˧dɑ˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. 他工作很细致。（直译：‘他工作很慢’，但 Father. 父亲。不是批评：意味着那个人懂得慢慢来做，做得 CL: v˧ 更仔细。）

44 ə˧ɖo˧ ə˧mɑ˧

[F5] ə˧-dzɤ˧~dzɤ˥ ʝi˩ ə˧hĩ˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: H#. 一会儿、待会儿、等一下。 to do (something) slowly In a moment. 慢慢地做 ə˧hĩ˥-ɳɯ˩, | li˧-kʰɯ˧-bi˥! I will show you in a moment! [M21] ə˧-zɤ˧~zɤ˥ ʝi˩ 待会儿，我给你看吧！ to do (something) slowly 慢慢地做 ə˧hwɤ˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: M. Yesterday evening. 昨晚。 See: ə˧-dzɤ˥$ ə˧hwɤ˧ | mv˩kʰv˧˥ yesterday evening, during the night ə˧ɖo˧ NOUN Tone: M. Lover, boy/girl-friend. 情人（音译：阿注）。昨晚，夜里 CL: v˧ See: ə˧ɕjɤ˩ ə˧hwɤ˧-zo˧hṽ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. Newborn baby. 婴儿。 ə˧go˧ NOUN Tone: M. A family name from Yongning. There are three families in Yongning that carry this name. 一个姓。这个姓，永 ə˧jɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 宁有三家。 Maternal aunt (mother’s elder sister). 姨母 (比母亲大)。 ə˧go˧=ɻ˩ CL: v˧ the /ə˧go˧/ clan ADVERB(IAL) Tone: H$. /ə˧go˧/家族 ə˧ʝi˥$ Last year. 去年。 ə˧go˧ | dʑɤ˩tsʰi˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: #H-. The person called /dʑɤ˩tsʰi#˥/, of the /ə˧go˧/ ə˧ʝi˧-ʂɯ˥ʝi˩ Long ago; in the past; once upon a time. 很久以前，古 clan 时候，传说古代。 /ə˧go˧/ 家族名叫/dʑɤ˩tsʰi#˥/那个人 ə˧ʝi˧-tsʰi˧ʝi#˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: #H. ə˧go˧-ʁwɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. These years, currently. 这几年、现在这个时代。 Name of a village of the Hot Springs area. 温泉乡的一个村落。 ə˧lɑ˧ NOUN Tone: M. A family name from Yongning. There are three families ə˧go˧-ʁwɤ˧, | ʁwɤ˧lɑ˩-bi˩, | bæ˧ʁwɤ˧, | in Yongning that carry this name. 一个姓。这个姓，永 tʰo˧tsʰe#˥, | pi˧tsʰe˩-di˩, | pɤ˧dʑɤ˩-di˩, | 宁有三家。 ʁwɤ˧tv˧ Villages that one encounters as one leaves the ə˧lɑ˧=ɻ˩ plain of Yongning (away from the Lake); the first the /ə˧lɑ˧/ clan two are perceived as villages with a high propor- /ə˧lɑ˧/家族 tion of Na members, and the third as a mostly Na village, whereas the next ones are Pumi (Prinmi). ə˧lɑ˧-ʁwɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 永宁背向泸沽湖方向经过的村落。前两个村落 A hamlet of Yongning, close to the monastery. 永宁拥有相当大的摩梭人口比例，第三个村落是摩寺旁边的村落（主合作人住的地方）。（音译：阿拉梭村，最后一个是普米村。瓦，旧名：七家村，因为村落在1960年左右有七个家庭）。

45 ə˧mi˧ ə˧-sɯ˩kv˩

ə˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. ə˧mv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Mother; aunt. 母亲、姑母、姨母、伯母、叔母、大 Elder sibling (brother or sister). 哥哥，姐姐（也指堂哥娘、婶、大妈、姨、伯母、舅母、大婶、大姨、阿堂姐）。姨、妗母、妗子、舅妈、婶母、婶娘、婶子、叔母、姨妈、姨母、姨娘。 æ˧mv˩=ɻæ˩ ASSOCIATIVE: elder siblings ə˧mi˧=ɻæ˩ 联想复数：哥哥们、姐姐们 _ ASSOCIATIVE 母亲们 =长辈女性 CL: v˧

CL: v˧ jɤ˧˥ ə˧ɲi˥$ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: H$. Yesterday. 昨天。 ə˧mi˧-ɖɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Maternal aunt (mother’s elder sister). 姨母 (比母亲大)。 ə˧ɲi˥-tsæ˩qæ˩ NOUN Tone: H#-L. Little finger. 小指。 CL: v˧ CL: ɭɯ˧

ə˧mi˧-mv˩ NOUN Tone: L. ə˧ɲi˧mɤ˩ NOUN Tone: . Mother and daughter. 母女，母亲与女孩。 Buddhist nun. 尼姑。

ə˧mi˧-tɕi˩ NOUN Tone: L#. [F5] mi˩zɯ˩-ʈæ˩bɤ˥ Maternal aunt (mother’s younger sister). 姨母 (比母亲 woman priest 小)。尼姑 CL: v˧

ə˧ɲi˧-tsʰi˧ɲi#˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: #H. ə˧mi˧-ze˩mi˩ NOUN Tone: L. These days. 近来。 Aunt and niece. 姑母、姨母、伯母、或叔母(=婶母)与侄女或外甥女。 ə˧pʰv˧ NOUN Tone: M. Grandmother’s elder brother=mother’s uncle (on her NOUN Tone: #H. ə˧mi˧-zo#˥ mother’s side); extended meaning: male elder two gen- Mother and son. 母子。 erations above oneself. 姥姥的哥哥=舅舅的舅舅=母亲的舅舅。泛指：“祖父”。 ə˧mv˥-tɕi˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: H#. CL: v˧ Very small, diminutive. 小、细小。 ə˧si˧ NOUN Tone: M. ə˧mv˥-tɕi˩-gv˩ Elders, four generations above oneself: great- very small, diminutive grandmother on the mother’s side, and her elder brothers. 小、细小祖母与其哥哥。 CL: v˧ ə˧mv˥-tɕi˩-hĩ˩ very small ə˧si˧-ə˧pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 细小的 Ancestors of the third and fourth generations. 祖宗（三、四代以前）。 ə˧mv˥tɕi˩ | ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥ a little piece, a little bit ə˧so˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: M. 一小块 A short time ago, a moment ago. 刚才。

ə˧mv˧-gi˥zɯ˩ NOUN Tone: #H-. ə˧-sɯ˩kv˩ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: L / LMH. Brothers, irrespective of age (elder or younger). 兄弟 1pl inclusive. 咱们。（哥哥们与弟弟们）。 ə˧-sɯ˩kv˩ | ɖɯ˧-tɑ˧˥ | nɑ˩ ɲi˧! ə˧mv˧-go˧mi˥ NOUN Tone: H#. We are Na, all of us! Sisters (elder as well as younger). 姐妹。咱们都是摩梭人！

46 ə˧ʂɯ˧ɲi˥-ɖɯ˧ɲi˥ ə˧ze˧

ə˧-sɯ˩kv˩ lɑ˩ ɲi˩! no˧ | ə˧tso˧ ʝi˧ bi˧? We are between ourselves! (Context: a grand- What are you going to do? mother encourages her one-year-old granddaugh- 你要做什么？ ter to defecate; there are other people present, which may be intimidating to the child, so her no˧ | ə˧tse˧ bi˧? grandmother reassures her: “These are all fam- contracted form of the previous example: /tso˧/ ily members! You can relax, there’s nothing to and the following /ʝi˧/ fuse into a single syllable, be afraid of!” [tse˧]. 只有我们！（=没有人在看！）（情景：一位上面例子的缩短格式：/tso˧/与/ʝi˧/合成一个奶奶鼓励一岁的小孙女拉屎。周围有人，这可音节，。能会让小姑娘害羞，所以奶奶安慰她：“都是 [tse˧] 家人，可以轻松！”） ə˧tso˧~ə˧tso˥ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: H#. What (reduplicated). 什么（重叠）。 ə˧ʂɯ˧ɲi˥-ɖɯ˧ɲi˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: H#-H$. The past few days. 前几天。 ə˧tso˧-mɤ˧-ɲi˩ PRONOUN/ PRONOMINAL Tone: L#. NOUN Tone: H#-. ə˧ti˥-dzi˩ All, all sorts of. 各种。 The city of Weixi, in Yunnan. 维西。

ə˧v˧-ze˥v˩ NOUN Tone: H#-. ə˧tɕi˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Uncle and nephew. 叔叔侄子。 Maternal aunt (mother’s younger sister). 姨母 (比母亲小)。 ə˧v˧˥ 1 ADJECTIVE Tone: MH#. ə˧tɕi˩=ɻæ˩ Beautiful, pretty. 美，好看，美丽。 ASSOCIATIVE: aunts 姨母们 ɖwæ˧˥ | ə˧v˧˥ INTENSIVE.very CL: v˧ 很好看！

ə˧tse˥$ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: H$. ə˧-mɤ˧-v˧˥ Why. 为什么。 NEG: ugly 丑陋 ə˧tse˧-ʝi˥ / ə˧tse˧-ʝi˧ Why? (Two variants; same meaning) NOUN Tone: MH#. 为什么？（有两个变体，意思一致） ə˧v˧˥ 2 Maternal uncle (mother’s brother: same term for older brother and younger brother). 舅舅、舅父 (比母亲大 no˧ | ə˧tse˧-ʝi˥ | mɤ˧-tsʰɯ˩ ɲi˩? / no˧ | ə˧tse˧- 或比母亲小不区分)。 ʝi˧-zo˥ | mɤ˧-tsʰɯ˩ ɲi˩? Why didn’t you come? ə˧v˧-ɖɯ˧˥ 你为什么没有来？ mother’s elder brother 比母亲大的舅舅 no˧ | ə˧tse˧-ʝi˥ | mɤ˧-dzɯ˥? = no˧ | ə˧tse˧-ʝi˥ | mɤ˧-dzɯ˧-ɲi˥? ə˧v˧-tɕi˥ Why don’t you eat? mother’s younger brother 你为什么不吃？比母亲小的舅舅

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ə˧tse˧-ɲi˥-hɯ˩? CL: v˧ What does that mean? 这是怎么一回事？ ə˧ze˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: H#. Slowly. 慢慢地。 ə˧tso˧ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: M. What. 什么。 ə˧ze˧ le˧-hõ˩! Walk slowly! / Take your time on the road! / ə˧tso˧ ɲi˩? Have a quiet and pleasant journey! (Polite salu- What is it? tation to someone who is leaving.) 是什么？慢走！

47 ə˧zo˩-ʁwɤ˩ ə˩qo˥

ə˧ze˧ le˧-dzi˩! ə˩kʰɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Just stay seated! (Polite salutation when leaving Turnip, wild cabbage, Brassica rapa. 芜菁、扁萝卜、 someone.) 大头菜、蔓菁。慢慢坐！ ə˩kʰɯ˩-bv˧ | kʰɯ˩ʈɯ˩˥ See: ə˧-dzɤ˥$ the root of wild cabbage 芜菁的根

NOUN Tone: L#-. ə˧zo˩-ʁwɤ˩ CL: ɭɯ˧ A village close to the Hot Springs. 温泉乡的一个村落。 ə˩ljɤ˩hæ̃˩ʂɯ˥-mo˩ NOUN Tone: L+H#-. ə˧zɯ˩ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: L# / L. A sort of mushroom: Hygrophorus lucorum Kalc hbr.. 咱们两个。 Dual: us two. 柠檬黄蜡伞（一种菌子）。Local Chinese dialect: 黄蜡伞。 ə˧ʐv˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L#. 陈旧。 Old, used. ə˩qo˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: LH. Inward. 往里。 ʂe˧ ʐv˥ old meat, meat that is not fresh 陈肉、不新鲜的肉

ə˧ʑi˧-ə˧pʰv˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. Elders by two generations: the grandmother and her brothers. 奶奶与她的兄弟。

ə˧ʑi˧-ʐv˥mi˩ NOUN Tone: H#-. Grandmother and granddaughter. 奶奶与孙女。

ə˧ʑi˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. Grandmother (on mother’s side); elderly woman. 祖母，姥姥，老妪。

ə˧ʑi˧ ʝi˧ so˥-zo˩-ho˩-ze˩! I shall have to learn to be a grandmother! / I shall have to learn to behave as a grandmother! (Humorous remark by the main consultant, after a doctor has advised her to avoid low, soft seats such as sofas and to adopt a taller wooden chair. Paraphrase: “I guess I have entered the category of elderly persons!”) 我要学习当老太太了！（情景：一位医生建议合作人不要坐在小凳子或者软沙发上了，而要坐更高的木头椅子。她幽默地说：“看来我是老年人了！”）

CL: v˧

PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: L. Total interrogation. ……吗？。

dʑɯ˧ | ə˩-dʑo˧? Is there any water? 有谁吗？

ə˩-ŋi˩˥ ? Is that right? / Is that correct? / ... isn’t it? 对吗？ / 对吧？

48 fɑ˩a fv˩˧

- f - fv˩bi˩ NOUN Tone: L. Neighbourhood (in the extended sense: encompasses fɑ˩a VERB Tone: La. several small villages). 邻里、邻村：大家族居住的 To ferment. 发酵（汉语借词：发）。那片地方，包括几个小村落。 Borrowing: Chinese 发（酵） fv˩˧ NOUN Tone: LM. tsɑ˧bɤ˧ ɖɯ˧-mɤ˩ | tʰi˧-fɑ˩ Neighbours. 邻居，村里的人们。 to make a little flour ferment, to prepare a little bread dough 发一点面

tsɑ˧bɤ˧ tʰi˧-fɑ˩! | pɤ˩jɤ˧ gv˥-bi˩! Make some flour to ferment! We’re going to prepare buns! 你发一点面吧！要做馒头！

fæ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Direction. 方（汉语借词）。 Borrowing: Chinese 方

fv˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: M. Glad, pleased, happy, delighted; to like. 高兴、起劲，喜欢、爱、愿意。

ɖwæ˧˥ | fv˧ INTENSIVE.very: really glad, very happy 很高兴

dʑɤ˩˥ | fv˧ really glad, very happy 很高兴

mɤ˧-fv˧ ʝi˧ to get angry, to lose one’s temper, to air one’s anger 生气

ʈʂʰɯ˧ mɤ˧-fv˧ ʝi˧! He/she is angry. 他在生气。

[F5] ɖwæ˧˥ | fv˧hĩ˧ ɖɯ˧-v˧ ɲi˩ It’s a very agreeable person. 他是很善良的人。

fv˧kʰo˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Fengke: a village located close to the Yangtze river, on the right bank. 奉科（金沙江边的一个地区）。

fv˧ʂɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Rhumatism. 风湿（汉语借词）。 Borrowing: Chinese 风湿

fv˧ʂɯ˩ go˩ to suffer from rhumatism, to have rhumatism 有风湿、得风湿

49 gæ˧ɻæ˩

- g - gɤ˧bɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Shadow. 影子。 gæ˧ɻæ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. The name of a village located about 1,500 meters West of /ə˧lɑ˧-ʁwɤ#˥/: to the left when leaving the plain of gɤ˧bɤ˧ li˧ Yongning towards Eya; Chinese: Gaer. 嘎尔村。 to watch television (coinage to avoid the loan- dʑɤ˩bv˧kɤ˧-sɑ˥ʁwɤ˩, | hi˩ʁwɤ˩-lo˥, | word ’television’) æ˩mi˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | lɑ˧lo˧-ʁwɤ˥, | lɑ˧ŋwɤ˧, 看电视 | bɤ˧tsʰo˧gv˥, | ə˧lɑ˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | gæ˧ɻæ˩, | qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧, | tʰo˧ʈɯ#˥ CL: v˧ the ten villages traditionally considered as part of Yongning 摩梭传统地理概念中，属于永宁的十个村落 -gɤ˧bi#˥ POSTPOSITION Tone: #H. 上面。 gæ˩ɖæ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. On top. Top part of body. 上半身。 ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧-gɤ˧bi˧ gæ˩pʰæ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. on the (roof of) the house = on the roof Storeroom, larder: a room where food is kept. 储藏室、库房：存粮食、火腿的房间。在房頂上 CL: tso˩

-gɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Place. 地方。 gɤ˧lɑ˧ NOUN Tone: M. 神，菩萨，佛。 njɤ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ʝi˧ (-gɤ˧) bi˧-zo˧-ho˩! Spirit, Pusa, Buddha, Bodhisattva. I have to go somewhere! / I have to make a trip! Borrowing: Tibetan lha / I’m off! CL: v˧ 我要去一个别的地方！ / 我要换一个地方了！ / 我要走了！

ze˩ gɤ˧ gɤ˧lɑ˧-pɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 佛像。 which place Image of Buddha. 什么地方 CL: pɤ˥

ʈʂʰɯ˧-gɤ˧ this place NOUN Tone: L. 这个地方 gɤ˧lɑ˧-ʑi˩ Room where the ancestors are worshipped. 经堂（拜 tʰv˧-gɤ˧ 佛、拜祖先的房间）。 that place 那个地方 gɤ˧lɑ˧-ʑi˩-di˩ Moment. 时候。 same meaning ʂɯ˧-ɬi˧mi˧-qo˧-gɤ˧ tʰv˧ 同上 when the seventh month has come, when one is in the seventh month CL: ɭɯ˧ 七月到了的时候

ʂɯ˧-ɬi˧mi˧-qo˧-gɤ˧-dʑo˥ in the seventh month, during the seventh month gɤ˧qo˥ NOUN Tone: MH. 七月的时候 Higher part of the main room. 主屋的高处：人吃饭的地方。

gɤ˧b VERB Tone: Mb. CL: ɭɯ˧ To lack something (someone lacks a certain ability). 缺乏。

mɤ˧-gɤ˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L. NEG: not to lack Directional prefix: upward. 向上、往上。不缺乏 See: gɤ˩-qo˧, gɤ˩-tʰv˧qo˧, gɤ˩-ʈʂʰɯ˧qo˧

50 gɤ˩ gɤ˩ʁwɤ˧

gɤ˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L. You have grounds for satisfaction: your children Quarrelsome. This term is used to describe the personal- are really bright! ity associated with certain astrological signs: some, such 你呢，（应该）很满意：（你的）孩子很成 as the Tiger and the Monkey, are considered as quarrel- 功！ some, making the people born during the corresponding years less suitable for participating in certain rites (e.g. mɤ˧-gɤ˩ the Coming of Age rite), and more suitable for certain to be dissatisfied, not resigned, recalcitrant 爱吵架。 other rites and occasions. 不满意、不甘心、不服气

kʰv˧ gɤ˧˥ gɤ˩a 3 VERB Tone: La. “quarrelsome year”: a year whose astrological 害怕、吃惊，惊。 sign is a quarrelsome animal. Astrological signs To be afraid. such as the Tiger and the Monkey are considered le˧-gɤ˩-ze˩ as quarrelsome; people born during one of these years are said to be tough and quarrelsome. ACCOMP _ PFV 害怕了爱打架的年份/生肖：十二个生肖中，虎、猴……被认为是爱打架的。 no˧ | hĩ˧ gɤ˧-kʰɯ˥! kʰv˧ gɤ˧-hĩ˥ You frighten people! / People are afraid of you! 你让人害怕！ person whose astrological sign is a quarrelsome animal. Astrological signs such as the Tiger and the Monkey are considered as quarrelsome. gɤ˩bv˧ VERB Tone: LM. 属一个爱打架的年份/生肖的人。十二个生肖 To overflow. 溢出来。中，虎、猴……被认为是爱打架的。 gɤ˩bv˧-ze˩ ʑi˩hṽ˥, | lɑ˧ : | kʰv˧ gɤ˧˥! PFV The Monkey and the Ape are quarrelsome birth 溢出来了 signs! 属猴和属虎的人很爱吵架！ gɤ˩dzɤ˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: LM. At the top part: inside a room, at a table..., this is the ʑi˩˥, | lɑ˧, | kʰv˧ gɤ˧˥! place of honour. 在上部分，上座。 Same meaning as above; the investigator substi- gɤ˩dzɤ˧ dzi˧˥ tuted the colloquial term for ’ape, monkey’. 同上 to sit at a place of honour, to sit at the superior part (of a table, a room...) 坐上座 gɤ˩a 1 VERB Tone: La. To go out (fire). 灭，熄。 no˧ | gɤ˩dzɤ˧ dzi˧˥! Please be seated at the place of honour! mv˧ | le˧-gɤ˩(-ze˩) 请您坐在上座！ The fire has gone out. / The fire went out. 火灭了。 See: gɤ˩-

gɤ˩a 2 VERB Tone: La. gɤ˩-qo˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: M. To be satisfied/happy; to feel that things are fair. 满意， Way up there. 那上面（指高处）。幸福，甘心，服气。 See: gɤ˩-, gɤ˩-ʈʂʰɯ˧qo˧, gɤ˩-tʰv˧qo˧,

hɤ˩-zo˥, | le˧-gɤ˩-ze˩! gɤ˩qwɤ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. (S)he has made a good job of it; (s)he is satisfied/ Altar above the hearth (where gifts made to the family happy! are displayed). 火炉旁边的祭坛（上面摆礼物等）。很成功，真高兴！ / 他成功了，很满意！ CL: ɭɯ˧

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɖwæ˧˥ | le˧-gɤ˩-ze˩! gɤ˩ʁwɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. (S)he is very satisfied/happy! The village of Gewa. 格瓦村：永宁的一个村落。直他很满意！译：上村。音译：格瓦。

no˩-se˥, | ɖwæ˧˥ | le˧-gɤ˩-ze˩: | zo˧mv˥ hɤ˩- gɤ˩ʁwɤ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. zo˩! Upper reaches of a river; upstream. 上游。

51 gɤ˩-tʰv˧-gi#˥ gi˧dʑɯ˧

gɤ˩-tʰv˧-gi#˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L-#H. tsʰi˧-ɲi˧-dʑo˩, | hi˩ gi˩-ze˥, | le˧-gɤ˩-ze˩! 那里（指高处）。 Way up there. Today, it is raining; that’s good! / it’s a good See: gɤ˩‑, gɤ˩-qo˧, gɤ˩-tʰv˧qo˧, gɤ˩-ʈʂʰɯ˧qo˧ thing! (A comment made at the beginning of the rainy season, after a long drought.) gɤ˩-tʰv˧qo˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L-#H. 今天，下雨了，真好！（情景：大旱灾过后， Way up there. 那里（指高处）。雨季终于来了，这对庄稼很好。） See: gɤ˩‑, gɤ˩-qo˧, gɤ˩-ʈʂʰɯ˧qo˧

VERB Tone: H. NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. gi˥ 2 gɤ˩ʈʂæ˧˥ 欠（钱）。 Top part (of the body=above the waist). 上半（身）。 To owe money.

ɖʐe˧ | tʰi˧-gi˥ gɤ˩ʈʂʰæ˧-hĩ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. Ancestors, past generations. 祖先。 to owe money 欠钱 gɤ˩-ʈʂʰɯ˧-gi#˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L-#H. Way up there. 那里（指高处）。量词：一半。 gi˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ha. A half. See: gɤ˩-, gɤ˩-qo˧, gɤ˩-tʰv˧qo˧, gɤ˩-ʈʂʰɯ˧qo˧ ɖɯ˧-gi˥ gɤ˩-ʈʂʰɯ˧qo˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L-#H. one half 那里（指高处）。 Way up there. 一半 See: gɤ˩-, gɤ˩-qo˧, gɤ˩-tʰv˧qo˧

tsʰe˩ʐv˩-gi˥ gɤ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To carry on the shoulder; to carry on a shoulder pole. fourteen halves (combination elicited to deter- 扛，担。 mine the tonal category of the classifier) 十四个半（注：这是为了确定调类而问的短 tʰi˧-gɤ˧˥ 语） DUR DUR tv˧tsʰɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-gi˥ half the time, half the duration tʰi˧-gɤ˧-ze˥ 一半的时间 DUR _ PFV DUR _ PFV A side; a direction. 量词：一面（房屋的一面）。

le˧-gɤ˧-ze˥ ɖɯ˧-gi˧ hõ˧ ACCOMP _ PFV to go in a certain direction, to go one’s way 扛了往一个方向走、走自己的方向 tso˧~tso˧ gɤ˩ to carry something on the shoulder ɖɯ˧-v˧ | ɖɯ˧-gi˧ hɯ˧ 扛东西 to go each one’s separate way; to go each in a different direction njɤ˧(-ɳɯ˧) | gɤ˧-bi˥! 分开：每个人去自己的方向 Let me carry it! 我来扛吧！ gi˧dʑɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. The Yangtze river (Yellow Sands river). 金沙江。 gi˥ 1 VERB Tone: H. 下（雨，雪）。 To fall (snow, rain), to snow/to rain. gi˧dʑɯ˧-kʰi#˥ bi˧ gi˧. / bi˧ gi˧-ze˩. the banks of the Yangtze river: Fengke, Labai... It snows. / It has snowed. 金沙江边：奉科，拉伯…… 下雪。 / 下雪了。 gi˧dʑɯ˧-kʰi˧-hĩ#˥ hi˩ gi˩˥. / hi˩ gi˩-ze˥. inhabitants of the banks of the Yangtze: people It rains. / It has rained. of Labai, Fengke... 下雨。 / 下雨了。金沙江边的人：奉科人，拉伯人……

52 gi˧-nɑ˧mi#˥ ‑gi˧˥

gi˧-nɑ˧mi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. gi˩a ADJECTIVE Tone: La. From: /gɯ˩a 2/ and /ʝi˥/ Bear; she-bear. There is no way to refer unambiguously True, real; really, truly. 真，真的。 to a female bear, as the same term is used for bears irrespective of sex. 熊，母熊。 mɤ˧-gi˩! gi˧-nɑ˧mi˧ tʰv˧-pʰo˩ (It) is not true! N+DEM+CLF 不是的！ / 不是真的！这只熊 ə˩-gi˩˥? CL: pʰo˧˥ Right? / Is that true? / It is true, isn’t it? 对吧？ / 对吗？ gi˧-nɑ˧mi˧-pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 公熊。 He-bear, male bear. ə˩-gi˩˥ ? – gi˩˥! gi˧-nɑ˧mi˧-pʰv˧ tʰv˧-pʰo˩ Is that right? - Yes, it is! (One speaker asks for N+DEM+CLF confirmation; the other provides confirmation.) 这只公熊对吧？ -对的！

CL: pʰo˧˥ gi˩-hĩ˩ ʐwɤ˥ to speak the truth, to tell the truth gi˧-nɑ˧mi˧-zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Little bear, cub. 小熊。说实话，老实说

gi˧-nɑ˧mi˧-zo˧ tʰv˧-ɭɯ#˥ gi˩˥ | -gɯ˩˥ N+DEM+CLF truly, veritably 这只小熊真的，真正的 CL: ɭɯ˧ gi˩kɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L. gi˧zɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Musk (literally: ’bear’s gall’). 麝香（直译：大熊 Little brother, younger brother; the term is also used to 胆）。 refer to younger cousins. 弟弟（也可指更年轻的表弟）。 ‑gi˧˥ POSTPOSITION Tone: MH. gi˧zɯ˧=ɻæ˥ Behind. 后面，（最）后。 ASSOCIATIVE: younger brothers, cousins... 联想复数：弟弟们，表弟们 ə˧mɑ˧-gi˧˥ CL: v˧ behind mummy 妈妈后面 gi˧zɯ˧-go˧mi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Younger siblings (brothers and sisters). 弟弟妹妹。 lɑ˧-gi˧˥ behind the tiger gi˩ NOUN Tone: L. 老虎后面 Bear. 大熊。 bo˩-gi˥ gi˩ NOUN Tone: L. behind the pig Granary (room within the house where grain is stored). 粮仓。猪后面

gi˧mi˧ mv˩-gi˥ large granary behind the daughter 大粮仓女儿后面 gi˩zo˩˥ ʐwæ˧-gi˥ small granary 小粮仓 behind the horse 马后面 njɤ˧ | gi˩ gv˩-zo˩-ho˥ I shall have to repair the granary! ʈʂʰɯ˧-gi˥ | tʰi˧-tɕʰo˩ 我应该修粮仓！ to hide in there (literally ’behind there’) CL: ɭɯ˧ 藏那后面

53 go˧bɤ˩ gɯ˩a 2

no˧-gi˧ njɤ˥ ʈʂwæ˩! bi˧mi˧ go˩ I follow in your footsteps! / I follow you! / I to have stomach-ache imitate you! 肚子疼我跟你走！ / 我都按你说的来做吧！

ɖɯ˧-v˧-gi˧˥, | ɖɯ˧-v˧ hwæ˧! go˩bi˧ NOUN Tone: LM. 丽江城。 to buy one after the other (context: someone buys The city of Lijiang. one horse after the other, to put together a complete caravan of his own) go˩bi˧-ɖʐɯ˧qo˩ 一个接着一个地买（情景：一个人接二连三地 the city of Lijiang 买马，最后组成自己的马帮队）丽江城

[F5] gi˧˥ | ɖɯ˧-qɑ˩ gv˩-bi˩! NOUN Tone: LH. Let’s do one last bundle! (Context: women are go˩bo˥ Livestock. 牲畜。 extracting flax fiber, processing bundle after bundle; towards the end of a long work session, CL: pʰo˧˥ someone says: “Let’s do one last bundle! / One last bundle and we shall call it a day!”) gɯ˩a 1 VERB Tone: La. 再做一捆吧！（情景：女人们在纺麻线，工作 To believe. 相信。了很久，一个人就说：“再做最后一捆（就收工吧）！”） ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɳɯ˧ ʐwɤ˩-hĩ˩, | njɤ˧ | mɤ˧-gɯ˩! I do not believe what (s)he says! gi˧-se˧ 他说的话，我不相信！ to walk after, to follow after 在后面走，在后面跟着 gɯ˩a 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: La. True, authentic, veritable. 真，真的。 go˧bɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Temple, monastery. 庙，寺。 mɤ˧-gɯ˩ Borrowing: Tibetan dgonpa CL: ɭɯ˧ not true 不是真的 go˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. Younger sister. 妹妹。 gɯ˩-hĩ˩˥ NMLZ go˧mi˧=ɻæ˩ 真的 ASSOCIATIVE: younger sisters, younger cousins 联想复数：妹妹们，表妹们 ə˩-gɯ˩˥?

CL: v˧ Is that true? 真的吗？

go˩a VERB Tone: La. To suffer; to be sick, to be ill. 痛，病 (生病)。 gɯ˩ wɤ˩-ɻ˥! It’s really like that! / Yes, it is indeed true! njɤ˧ | go˩˥! 就是真的啊！ / 的确是这样啊！ I am suffering! / It hurts! 我痛！ gɯ˩-ʝi˥? Really? njɤ˧ | go˩˥ | ʐwæ˩˥! 原来是这样吗？ I am suffering a lot! / It hurts alot! 我好疼！ gɯ˩ ʂv˩ɖv˩˥ go˩-hĩ˩˥ to believe in (something); literally: ’to think (that NMLZ: patient, sick person something is) true’ 病人，病的（人）相信

hĩ˧ | go˩-hĩ˩˥ gɯ˧ ʐwɤ˧ sick person, person who is ill, patient to say the truth 病人说实话

54 gɯ˩ɭɯ˧˥ gv˧tɕʰɯ˧˥

gɯ˩ɭɯ˧˥ VERB Tone: LM+MH#. mɤ˧-gv˧-ze˧! 揉。 To rub, to knead (e.g. rub one’s hands). It won’t do! / It won’t work! / It’s no good! 不好了！ / 不行了！ gɯ˩ɭɯ˧-ze˥ PFV ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧-ʝi˥ | gv˧, -tsɯ˩-mv˩! 揉了 They say that’s how it happened! 据说是这样发生的！ le˧-gɯ˩ɭɯ˩+ze˩ ACCOMP _ PFV 揉了 gv˧ 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: M. Good (good heart). 好（心好）。 le˧-gɯ˩ɭɯ˩~le˧-gɯ˩ɭɯ˩ ɖwæ˧˥ | gv˧! ACCOMP RED PFV INTENSIVE.very 揉一揉很好！

‑gv SUFFIX Tone: 0. mɤ˧-gv˧! 形容词名词化语素。 Nominalizer for adjectives. NEG 不好 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | no˧ | ɲi˧gɤ˧ | ʂwæ˧-mɤ˧-gv˧! Her nose is less straight than yours! (About a little girl whose nose does not resemble her father’s gv˧ 3 NUMBER Tone: M? H#? (pas L). 9。 straight nose) 9. 她的鼻子没有你的直！（关于一个鼻子比较扁的小女孩） gv˧dv˧ NOUN Tone: M. Back. 脊背。 CL: ʈv˩ gv˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Manger. 马槽。 gv˧dv˧-gv˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. From: gv˧dv˧ ʐwæ˧gv#˥ and gv˧mi˧ Body. 身体。 horse’s manger CL: ɭɯ˧ 马槽 gv˧kv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. CL: ɭɯ˧ Intonation, way of speaking; can be used, by extension, to refer to tones. 语调，声调。 gv˥ VERB Tone: H. To cross, to get over (a river, a lake…). 过（一条河、 gv˧kv˩-gv˩li˩ | ʐwɤ˩˥ 一个湖……）。 to speak with a pleasant style, to deliver one’s speech with elegance dʑɯ˩ gv˩˥ 说话说得好听、有口才、口若悬河、能言善辩 to cross a river 过河 gv˧mɑ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Masculine given name. 男性名字。 gv˧ 1 VERB Tone: M’ intrans. To flow, to go by, to elapse (time); to take place, tooccur hĩ˧ | ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧, | gv˧mɑ˧ mv˧ʈʂæ˧˥! (event). 过去 (时间)、过，发生。 This person is called /gv˧mɑ˧/! 这个人，名叫/gv˧mɑ˧/！ le˧-gv˩-ze˩ ACCOMP _ PFV gv˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. 已经过去了 Body. 身体。 CL: ɭɯ˧ ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ gv˧ an hour goes by gv˧sɯ˥-pv˩ NOUN Tone: H#-L. 一个小时过去了 Shoulderblade, scapula. 肩胛骨。 CL: kʰwɤ˥ tsʰe˩-ɲi˩ gv˩-ze˥! Ten days have gone by/ten days have elapsed gv˧tɕʰɯ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH#. 十天过去了 To catch a cold. 着凉。

55 gv˧tsʰi˩ gwɤ˩a

gv˧tsʰi˩ NUMBER Tone: L#. ɲi˧mi˧ | le˧-gv˩-ze˩. 90。 90. The sun has set. 太阳落山了。 gv˩a 1 VERB Tone: La. To prepare (a meal), to cook. 做（饭）。 ɲi˧mi˧ | mɤ˧-gv˩-sɯ˩. hɑ˧ gv˥ The sun has not set yet. to cook, to prepare a meal 太阳还没有落。做饭

le˧-gv˩-ze˩ gv˩dʑɯ˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L. ACCOMP _ PFV Angry; afflicted. 生气。做（饭）了

njɤ˧ | hɑ˧ gv˥-bi˩! gv˩ɬi˩mi˩ NOUN Tone: L. Let me do the cooking! / I’m doing the cooking! 9th month. 九月。我来做饭吧！

To construct, to build (a house). 盖、建 (房子)。 gv˩pʰæ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Thin plank. 相当薄的木板。 ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧ gv˩ CL: pʰæ˧˥ to build a house 建房 gwɤ˩a VERB Tone: La. To repair; to make (a tool, a machine…). 修理、做出 To sing. 唱、唱歌。来（工具）。

njɤ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ɖʐo˩ | gwɤ˩-ze˥! le˧-gv˧~gv˥ RED: to repair I have sung a song! 重叠：修理我唱了一首歌！

le˧-gv˩ | le˧-tʰv˧-ze˧! no˧ | ɖɯ˧-ɖʐo˩ gwɤ˩! It’s repaired! / It’s done! / I have finished doing Please sing a song! / Go ahead and sing us a it! song! 修理好了！/ 修理出来了！你唱一首吧！

gv˩a 2 VERB Tone: La. ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ gwɤ˥ To tidy up, to sort out. 收拾。 to sing a song tʰi˧-gv˧~gv˥ 唱一下 DUR DUR ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ gwɤ˥-ɻ˩ to sing a song ɖɯ˧-gv˧~gv˥-ɻ˩ 唱一下 to clear up a little 收拾一下 nɑ˩-gwɤ˥ le˧-gv˧~gv˥ | tʰi˧-tɕɯ˥ Na songs to tidy up and put (everything) into place 摩梭民歌收拾，摆好 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | nɑ˩-gwɤ˥ F | kv˧˥! | hæ˧-gwɤ˩ F | kv˧˥! | ʁo˧dzi˩-gwɤ˩ F | kv˧-ʝi˥! | gv˩a 3 VERB Tone: La. To set (the sun sets), to decline. 落下（太阳落山）。 He can sing (lots of different styles:) Na songs! and also Chinese (Han) songs! and also Tibetan ɲi˧mi˧ gv˩-se˩ songs! after the sun has set, after sunset 他会唱很多种风格的歌曲：摩梭的，会唱！汉在太阳落山之后，在太阳落山了以后族的，会唱！藏族的，会唱！

56 gwɤ˩~gwɤ˧˥ gwɤ˩ʝi˧

gwɤ˩~gwɤ˧˥ VERB Tone: L. To stroll, to ramble, to roam. 逛，玩，游。

le˧-gwɤ˩~gwɤ˩ | le˧-tsʰɯ˩-ze˩! So you are back from a stroll! / You are back from your little walk, eh? 你已经散步回来了！

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | gwɤ˩~gwɤ˩-hɯ˩-ze˥! (S)he has gone out for a walk! 他散步去了！

æ˧ʂæ˧ gwɤ˩; | qv˧ɻ˧ gwɤ˥; | nɑ˩tsʰi˩ gwɤ˥ “to walk around Mount /æ˧ʂæ˧/; to walk around Mount / qv˧ɻ#˥/; to walk around Mount / nɑ˩tsʰi˩/”: i.e. to do rituals on these mountains, in particular to obtain fertility, or to obtain a cure for a child who did not learn to speak. 绕/æ˧ʂæ˧/fv:/qv˧ɻ#˥/fv:/nɑ˩tsʰi˩/ “”

gwɤ˩ʝi˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: LM. In good order. 整齐。

tso˧~tso˧ | gwɤ˩ʝi˧ tʰi˧-tɕɯ˥ | to put things in good order 把东西摆整齐

57 ɣɯ˥ ɣɯ˩˥

- ɣ - Eggshell. 蛋壳。 Bran. 麸。 ɣɯ˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: H. Competent, able. 能干、好（做事情做得好）。 dze˧ɭɯ˧-ɣɯ˩kɯ˩ oatmeal bran mɤ˧-ɣɯ˥ 燕麦麸 NEG 不能干 CL: kʰwɤ˥

ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɳɯ˧, | bɑ˩lɑ˩ hwæ˧ | ɣɯ˧! ɣɯ˩-nɑ˥mi˩ NOUN Tone: LH-. He/she is very good at buying clothes! / He/she Yi (derogatory term). 彝族（带偏见的说法）。 has talent for choosing clothes! ɣɯ˩-nɑ˥mi˩-zo˩ 他很会买衣服！ Yi man 彝族男人 ɣɯ˧ NOUN Tone: #H. 布料。 Cloth. ɣɯ˩-nɑ˥mi˩-mv˩ ɣɯ˧dzo˩, | ɣɯ˧ni˧˥, | ɣɯ˧, | ɖɯ˧-ʑi˩ ɲi˩-ze˩! Yi woman 彝族女人 The weaving-machine, the bamboo structure keeping the threads together, and fabric: these CL: v˧ belong to the same family! / these are all part of the same sphere! 织布机、竹子的框（让线不乱混）、布料，属 ɣɯ˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. 皮肤。于同一类！（直译：“都是一家的！”） Skin. ɣɯ˩ dzɯ˩˥ CL: bo˩ to eat skin 吃皮 ɣɯ˧bo˩ NOUN Tone: MH#. 纬线、纬纱。 Weft, weft thread, pick. CL: tsʰi˥ CL: bo˩

ɣɯ˧dzo˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Loom. 织布机。 CL: nɑ˧

ɣɯ˧ni˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. A part of the loom: a small bamboo structure hanging from the top of the loom, keeping the threads together. 织布机的一部分：竹子的框，让线不乱混。 CL: dze˩

ɣɯ˩kɯ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. Peel, rind. 皮、鸡蛋壳、麦麸。

pʰi˩ko˧-ɣɯ˩kɯ˩ peel of an apple 苹果皮

jɤ˩jo˧-ɣɯ˥kɯ˩ potato peel 洋芋皮

Fur, pelt, skin (of animal). 皮。

ʂe˧-ɣɯ˥kɯ˩ skin of meat, i.e. skin on a piece of meat 肉皮：鸡皮、猪肉的皮……

58 hɑ˥ hɑ̃˧˥a

- h - hɑ˩a VERB Tone: La. To open (one’s eyes). 睁开（眼睛）。 hɑ˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Food. 饭，米饭。 tʰi˧-hɑ˩ DUR hɑ˧-ʈv˧~ʈv˥ DUR ball of cereals 饭坨坨、饭团 njɤ˩ɭɯ˥ | gɤ˩-hɑ˥ | to open one’s eyes hɑ˧ dzɯ˧ 睁开眼睛 to eat 吃饭 njɤ˩ɭɯ˧ hɑ˩ to open one’s eyes ʈʂʰɯ˧ | hɑ˧ dzɯ˧-dʑo˩! 睁开眼睛 (S)he is eating! 他在吃饭！ hɑ̃˧mo˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: H#. hɑ˧ʂɯ˩ Old (person). 年老。 fresh cereals (freshly reaped; they yield espe- hĩ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧ | hɑ̃˧mo˥ | ʐwæ˩˥! cially good-tasting cakes) 新鲜的粮食（可以用来烤很香的饼） This person is extremely old/extremely advanced in years! 这个人，年纪非常大！ hɑ˧bɤ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Corncob. 玉米棒子。 hɑ̃˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. qʰɑ˧dze˧-hɑ˧bɤ˥ To put out (e.g. the fire of the stove). 把火炉灭了。 sweetcorn ear mv˧ le˧-hɑ̃˧˥ 玉米棒子 to put out the fire CL: bɤ˩ 灭火

hɑ˧-bv˥~bv˩-di˩ NOUN Tone: #H–. hɑ̃˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. Rice steamer. 甑。 To spend the night (at a certain place). 过夜。 CL: ɭɯ˧ ɖɯ˧-hɑ̃˧ tʰi˥-hɑ̃˩ | hɑ˧-gv˥-di˩ NOUN Tone: H#-. to spend a night (somewhere), to stay for the Stove. 炉子、灶头。 night 过夜 hɑ˧ɭɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Cereals. 粮食。 ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧ ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧-qo˧ hɑ̃˧˥ to spend the night in a house hɑ˧mi˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 在一个人家过夜 Beggar. 乞丐。

hɑ˧mi˥-hĩ˩ hɑ̃˧˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. Classifier for nights. 量词：夜。 _ REL; same meaning: [person] who begs 要饭的、乞丐 ɖɯ˧-hɑ̃˧˥ one night CL: v˧ 一夜

LINKER Tone: H#. hɑ˧ʂɯ˥ tsʰe˩-hɑ̃˩˥ Expletive, borrowed from the Chinese: “still/also...”. 还是（汉语借词）。 ten nights = ten days Borrowing: Chinese 还是十夜（等于十天）

ɖɯ˧-hɑ̃˧ lɑ˥-dʑo˩! hɑ˧-ʐwɤ˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L#. Hungry. 饿（饭）。 There is only one day left! See: ʐwɤ˧ 只有一个晚上了！

59 hæ˧ hæ̃˧a

[F5] ɖɯ˧-hɑ̃˧-ɳɯ˥ | le˧-li˧-le˧-se˩-ze˩! hæ˧˥ 1 ADJECTIVE Tone: MH. Supple, lithe. 软、柔软（树枝……）。 He has entirely read it in one night! / He has read the whole (book) in just one night! (Imagined hæ˧njæ˧˥ | -gv˩ context: someone is given a book; he finishes reading it within a day) soft, lithe, supple 一个晚上就读完了！/一天之内都读完了！软、柔软（树枝……）（情景：送一个人一本书，他马上全部读完） Thin, watery (soup, gruel). 稀（粥、汤）。

NOUN hæ˧ Tone: M. NOUN Tone: MH. 汉人。 hæ˧˥ 2 Chinese (Han). Lime. 石灰。 hæ˧-mi#˥ hæ˧ hwæ˥ a Chinese woman, a Han Chinese woman to buy lime 汉族女人买石灰 hæ˧-mv˧ hæ˧-di˧˥ hæ˧ tɕʰi˥ (Han) Chinese territory: Chengdu, Kunming... 汉族地区，包括成都、昆明等等 to sell lime 卖石灰 hæ˧-di˩ (Han) Chinese territory: Chengdu, Kunming...; hæ˧ ki˥ used to mean ’the south’ to give lime 汉族地区，包括成都、昆明等等，来代指南方给石灰

hæ˧-zo˧bæ˩ hæ˧ dv˥ Han Chinese man (derogatory: literally ’Chinese to dig lime idiot’) 挖石灰汉男人（带偏见的称呼） hæ˧ bæ˥ CL: v˧ to sweep lime 扫石灰 hæ˧di˩-ʈæ˩bɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L. 比丘、游僧。 Beggar-monk (of the Buddhist religion). hæ˧ gɤ˥ to carry lime NOUN Tone: #H. hæ˧ɭɯ#˥ 扛石灰 Chinese sorghum. 高粱。 See: kɤ˧ljɤ˩ hæ̃˧ NOUN Tone: M. 风。 hæ˧se˧ NOUN Tone: M. Wind. 石花菜、海参。 Agar. hæ̃˧ tʰv˧ / hæ̃˧ tʰv˧-ze˧ Borrowing: Chinese dialect海参 the wind has risen, the wind is blowing 刮风了 hæ˧ʐwɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 汉语。 The Chinese language. wɤ˩˥ | hæ̃˧ tʰv˧-ho˩-ze˩! There’s going to be some wind again! VERB Tone: L . hæ˩a a 风又要刮起来了！ To harm, to cause trouble. 祸害、害。 hĩ˧ hæ˥ CL: kʰwɤ˥ to harm people 害人 hæ̃˧a VERB Tone: Ma. To use the wind to winnow. 扬（粮食）。 hĩ˧ hæ˥-kv˩ hɑ˧ hæ̃˩ who can harm people; cruel 会害人的、残忍、凶狠 to winnow cereals 扬粮食 hĩ˧ hæ˥-zo˩ terrifying person, frightening person, creepy per- tso˧~tso˧ hæ̃˩ son to winnow things 可怕的人扬东西

60 hæ̃˧do˧ hɤ˧

hæ̃˧do˧ NOUN Tone: M. hæ̃˩ NOUN Tone: L. Threshing ground. 打场。 Gold. 金子。 CL: ʈv˩ hæ̃˧do˧ bæ˩ to sweep the threshing ground hæ̃˩-bɑ˧lɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L-L#. 清扫打场 Silk. 丝绸。 CL: ɭɯ˧ CL: ɭɯ˧

hæ̃˩bæ˩ VERB Tone: L. hæ̃˧kʰɤ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. To dance a ritual dance. 跳大神。 Rafter; beam. 椽子。 CL: ɭɯ˧ hæ̃˩di˩ NOUN Tone: L. Ruler. 尺。 hæ̃˧kʰo˧ NOUN Tone: M. CL: nɑ˧ Princess, young lady of the nobility. 小姐、公主。

hæ̃˧kʰo˧-mi˧ hæ̃˩qʰwɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Lavender. 薰衣草（永宁的一种植物）。 same meaning: young lady CL: ɭɯ˧ 同上：小姐、公主

CL: v˧ hæ̃˩sɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Magpie. 喜鹊。 CL: hæ̃˧pɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. mi˩ Plait; braid. 辫子。 CL: kʰɯ˩ hæ̃˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To cut (with a blade: sword…), e.g. to cut cloth (to make clothes). 切，裁。 hæ̃˧qʰv˥$ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: H$. Late at night, in the middle of night. 半夜。 le˧-hæ̃˧-ze˥ ACCOMP _ PFV NOUN Tone: L#. 切了 ’precious’: a prefix added to certain nouns to coin a pres- tige term. This prefix is not currently productive: it can- tʰɑ˧-hæ̃˧˥! not be added to terms such as ’mother’, ’house’... PROHIB 别切！ hæ̃˧ʂɯ˩-to˩mi˩ the Precious Pillars, the Golden Pillars: a solemn bɑ˩lɑ˩˥ | le˧-hæ̃˧˥, | le˧-ʐv˧˥ designation for the two pillars of the main build- to cut cloth to make clothes, and to sew clothes ing 裁（布料来做）衣服，又缝（衣服） / 先裁 ‘黄金柱’、‘宝贵柱’：对主屋两个柱子的布料，再缝衣服庄严称呼 To castrate. 阉割。 CL: nɑ˧ hɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. NOUN Tone: L#-. hæ̃˧ʂɯ˩-pæ˩pʰæ˩ All. 全部。 Rack for drying grain. 粮架。 CL: pʰæ˧˥ ɖɯ˧-hɤ˧ | mɤ˧-go˩ to have no ailment at all, to be free from any pain hæ̃˧ʂv˧pɤ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 一点也没病、没有任何痛苦 Husband. 丈夫。 ɖɯ˧-hɤ˧ | mɤ˧-sɯ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. hæ̃˧ʐɤ˥ to be ignorant of everything (literally: not to Trace of cutting. 切割的痕迹。 know a thing) hæ̃˧ʐɤ˥ tʰv˩-kʰwɤ˩ 什么也不知道 N+DEM+CLF: this trace of cutting ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-hɤ˧ hwæ˧ 这道割痕 (S)he buys everything / buys the lot CL: kʰwɤ˥ 他全部都买。/他什么都买。

61 hɤ˩a 1 hi˩ 1

古语快。 hɤ˩a 1 VERB Tone: La. *hi˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: H?. Archaic [ ] Fast. To dry beside or over a fire. 烘干。 hi˧le˩ ʝi˩ tʰi˧-hɤ˩ to do quickly DUR 快速做 DUR hi˧le˩ | le˧-jo˩! le˧-hɤ˩ Come quickly! ACCOMP 快来！ ACCOMP ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɖwæ˧˥ | hi˧le˩ | ʝi˧-kv˩! ɖɯ˧-hɤ˩-ɻ˩ (S)he knows how to work really fast! DELIMITATIVE _ INCEPTIVE 他做事很麻利！烘干一下 hi˧dʑi˧ NOUN Tone: M. le˧-hɤ˩-ze˩, | le˧-pv˧-ze˧! Rain cape, rainware made from straw, rush…. 蓑衣。 It was dried beside the fire, and it got dry / and it is now dry! hi˩ gi˩-ze˥, | hi˧dʑi˧ tʰi˧-mv˧. 烘干了，（现在）干了！ It has begun to rain / it’s raining; put on a rain cape. ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ hɤ˥ 下雨了，披蓑衣（雨衣）吧。 to dry something beside the fire 烘干一个东西 CL: ɭɯ˧

hi˧kʰɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. hɤ˩ 2 VERB Tone: La. a Gum; gingiva. 牙龈。 To go, past perfective form: has gone. 去，过去式，°整体体。 hi˧kʰɯ˧ ʈʂʰæ˧ to brush one’s teeth hɤ˩a 3 ADJECTIVE Tone: La. 刷牙 Appropriate, good; of person: able, good at a cer- 好（技巧好），好（表扬一个人的行 tain technique. hi˧kʰɯ˧-ʈv˥ 为）。 root of the teeth 牙根 ɖwæ˧˥ | hɤ˩˥! INTENSIVE.very 很好！ hi˧qʰwɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Decayed teeth; dental caries. 蛀牙。 mɤ˧-hɤ˩ CL: ɭɯ˧ NEG 不好 hi˧tʰɑ˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L#. Sharp, keen (blade). 锋利。 hɤ˩-hĩ˩˥ REL/NMLZ hi˧tʰo˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. 好的 Tooth. 牙齿。 CL: ɭɯ˧ hi˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Tooth. 牙齿。 hi˧tsɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Incisives (teeth). 门牙。 hi˧ go˧˥ CL: ɭɯ˧ (a) tooth aches; to have a tooth-ache 牙疼 hi˩ 1 NOUN Tone: L. Lake (monosyllabic word). 湖、海（单音节）。 CL: ɭɯ˧ CL: ɭɯ˧

62 hi˩ 2 hĩ˧hĩ#˥

hi˩ 2 VERB Tone: L. hi˩ʐæ˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Uvula. 小舌。 Existential verb, for unmovable objects: e.g.the Lake ex- qv˧ʈʂæ˧-bv˥ | hi˩ʐæ˧ ists/is at a certain place. 存在动词：固定不动的物体，如：泸沽湖。 the uvula; specifying ’the throat’s...’ disambiguates between the uvula and the tendon of the hi˩nɑ˧mi˧ | tʰi˧-hi˩ tongue, which are referred to by the same term, /hi˩ʐæ˥/. the Lake exists/is there 小舌有（泸沽）湖（在那儿） Tendon of the tongue. 舌头的筋。 hi˩dʑɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L. hi˩mi˩-bv˧ | hi˩ʐæ˧ Charcoal. 炭。 the tendon of the tongue; specifying ’the CL: kʰɤ˧˥ tongue’s...’ disambiguates between the uvula and the tendon of the tongue, which are referred to by the same term, . hi˩mi˩ NOUN Tone: L. /hi˩ʐæ˥/ Tongue. 舌头。舌头的筋 CL: ɭɯ˧ hi˩mi˩˥, | ɻ ̃˧ mɤ˧-ʑi˧! | ə˧tso˧ ʐwɤ˩-bi˩, | õ˧-lɑ˥ ɖʐv˩! hi˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. The tongue has no bone! Only oneself knows Rain. 雨。 what one is going to say! (Proverb meaning that one is responsible for one’s speech: only oneself hi˩ gi˩˥ / hi˩ gi˩-ze˥ knows whether one is telling the truth or not.) it’s raining “舌头没有骨头。讲的是什么（= 是否真下雨了的），只有自己才知道！”（谚语） CL: ʂɯ˩ CL: ɭɯ˧ ‑hĩ˥ CONJUNCTION Tone: 0. Relativizer and nominalizer. 关系从句/名词化。 hi˩nɑ˧mi#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. Lake. 湖。 hĩ˥ NOUN Tone: #H. CL: ɭɯ˧ Person, human being, man (without any indication of gender). 人。 NOUN hi˩ɲi˩zo˩ Tone: L. hĩ˧ | ɖɯ˧-v˧ Salamander. 娃娃鱼。 one person, an individual CL: mi˩ 一个人

hi˩qʰɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L. hĩ˧-ɻ̃˧ | ɖɯ˧-lo˩ Torrential rain, cloudburst. 暴雨。 a lineage, a family 一个家族 hi˩qʰɑ˩ lɑ˥(-ze˩) CL: v˧ torrential rain is falling 下暴雨了 hĩ˧bæ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Guest, visitor. 客人。 CL: ʂɯ˩ hĩ˧bæ˧ ʝi˧ hi˩ʁwɤ˩-lo˧ NOUN Tone: L-. to be a guest, to be invited, to attend a party The name of a village in the plain of Yongning. 永宁的做客一个村落。 hĩ˧bæ˧ tsʰɯ˧-ze˥ ! |

63 hĩ˧-lɑ˩-kv˩-hĩ˩ ho˧di˧

hĩ˧-lɑ˩-kv˩-hĩ˩ NOUN Tone: -L–. hĩ˧-ʈʂɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Dangerous person; enemy. 危险的人，仇人，敌人。 Family member belonging to the same generation: brother, sister, or cousin (on the mother’s side). 同一辈的亲戚：兄弟姐妹、堂兄弟姐妹。 hĩ˧mɤ˧gɤ˥ VERB Tone: . To envy, to be jealous of. 妒忌。 hĩ˧-tɕʰɯ˧ - hĩ˧-ʈʂɤ#˥ hĩ˧mɤ˧gɤ˥ ʝi˩ same meaning: the family members belonging to to be jealous (of someone), to have a fit of jeal- the same generation ousy 同一辈的亲戚：兄弟姐妹、堂兄弟姐妹妒忌 Syn: hĩ˧-tɕʰɯ#˥.

NOUN Tone: H#. hĩ˧mo˥ VERB Tone: MH. Elderly person. 老人。 hĩ˧˥ 1 To stand, to stand upright. 站(站立)。 hĩ˧mo˥-hĩ˩ VERB Tone: MH. _ REL; same meaning hĩ˧˥ 2 To have to, to be necessary. 应该。老人、老的人 mɤ˧-hĩ˧ CL: v˧ NEG 否定 hĩ˧mo˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Corpse. 尸体。 no˧ | ʝi˧-hĩ˧˥! hĩ˧mo˩-kʰɯ˩-di˩ You have to do it! coffin; literally ’thing (in which) to put a corpse’ 你应该做！棺材 njɤ˧ | ʝi˧-mɤ˧-hĩ˧-hĩ˥ | (ɖɯ˧-pi˧) ʝi˧-ze˩! | Tomb. 坟墓。 CL: mo˧ I have done something I shouldn’t have! 我做了一件不应该做的事！ VERB Tone: . hĩ˧nv˥ no˧ | lo˧ ʝi˧-hĩ˧! To be disobedient, naughty. 不听话、调皮。 You have to work! / You must work! 你应该工作啊！ hĩ˧-tɕʰɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Family member belonging to the same generation: brother, sister, or cousin (on the mother’s side). 同一 ho˥ 1 NOUN Tone: #H. 辈的亲戚：兄弟姐妹、堂兄弟姐妹。 Partridge. 雉。

hĩ˧-tɕʰɯ˧ - hĩ˧-ʈʂɤ#˥ ho˧ tʰv˧-mi˧˥ / ho˧ tʰv˧-mi˥# same meaning: the family members belonging to N+DEM+CLF the same generation 这只雉同一辈的亲戚：兄弟姐妹、堂兄弟姐妹 CL: mi˩ ʈʂʰɯ˧ | njɤ˧ | hĩ˧ tɕʰɯ˧ ɲi˥! (S)he is someone of my generation! (=my ho˥ 2 NOUN Tone: #H. 粥。 cousin, my brother/sister...) Porridge, gruel, congee. 他是跟我同一辈的亲戚！（=堂兄弟姐妹） ho˧ ʈʰɯ˧˥

hĩ˧-tɕʰɯ˧ mɤ˧-ɲi˥ F | hĩ˧-tɕʰɯ˧ ʝi˧ tʰɑ˩-kv˩! to drink gruel 喝粥 “Even if one is not (born) a family member, it is possible to become one!” A saying that refers to quasi-family links between friends, which ho˧ɕjæ˩ NOUN Tone: LM. amount to a form of adoption into the family cir- Cord to which fire is put in order to shoot. 火绳，导火 cle. 索。Local Chinese dialect: 火线。火线 “不是亲戚，也可以变成亲戚！”这个俗语来 Borrowing: Chinese 形容朋友之间的深情，变成像家人之间的感情。 ho˧di˧ NOUN Tone: M. Chinese (Han) areas of Sichuan: Yanyuan, Yanbian, Xi- Syn: hĩ˧-ʈʂɤ#˥. chang... 四川（盐边，盐源……）。

64 ho˧dʑɯ˧tɤ˥ɻ˩ ho˩dʑɯ˩

ho˧dʑɯ˧tɤ˥ɻ˩ NOUN Tone: #H-. ‑ho˩ SUFFIX Tone: L. Paste; starch. 浆糊，浆子。 Future / desiderative / conjecture. 未来_愿望。 See: ho˧dʑɯ˧˥ hi˩gi˩ ə˥-ho˩? - hi˩ gi˩ ho˥! Is it going to rain? - Yes, it is going to rain! NOUN Tone: MH#. ho˧dʑɯ˧˥ 要下雨了吗？ - 是的，要下雨了！ Paste; starch. 浆糊，浆子。 See: ho˧dʑɯ˧tɤ˥ɻ˩ ʈʂʰɯ˧ | so˧ɲi˥ | le˧-jo˩ ho˩-hĩ˩ | ə˩-ɲi˩˥ ? - ʈʂʰɯ˧ | so˧ɲi˥ | le˧-jo˩-ho˩-ɲi˩-mæ˩. ho˧ko˧ NOUN Tone: M. Is he going to come tomorrow? - (Yes,) he will Cooking pot for making hotpot; traditionally made of come tomorrow. copper, with a hole in the centre. 火锅（汉语借词）。他明天要来买？ - （是的，）他明天会来的。 Borrowing: Chinese 火锅（回答表示：比较肯定。）

æ̃˧-ho˧ko˥ so˧ɲi˥ | le˧-ɬi˥ | mɤ˧-ho˥! copper pot for hotpot Tomorrow, they won’t be on holiday anymore! 铜火锅 (Context: on a Sunday, talking about a kinder- garten that has been on holiday during the previous week.) ho˧mi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 明天就不休息了！ Female pheasant. 母雉。 tɕʰi˧ ə˧-ho˩? ho˧mi˧ tʰv˧-mi˧˥ / ho˧mi˧ tʰv˧-mi˥# Is (she/he) going to sell? N+DEM+CLF 要卖吗？/ 会卖吗？这个母雉 hwæ˧ ə˧-ho˥? ho˧mi˧-ho˧pʰv˥ / ho˧mi˧-ho˥pʰv˩ Is (she/he) going to buy? female and male pheasant 要买吗？/ 会买马？母雉与公雉

ho˩a ADJECTIVE Tone: La. CL: mi˩ Correct; suitable, appropriate. 准确，合适。 Borrowing: chinois ancien:合? NOUN Tone: #H. ho˧pʰv#˥ mɤ˧-ho˩ Male pheasant. 公雉。 NEG ho˧pʰv˧ tʰv˧-mi˧˥ / ho˧pʰv˧ tʰv˧-mi˥# 不合适，不准，不对 N+DEM+CLF ho˩-ze˧! 这只公雉 PFV 对了！ / 准确！ CL: mi˩ ho˩-hĩ˩˥ ho˧ʈʂɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. REL/NMLZ Mugwort, wormwood, Artemisia vulgaris. 蒿（汉语借准确的词：蒿枝）。Local Chinese dialect: 蒿草、蒿枝。 Borrowing: Chinese 蒿枝 NOUN Tone: LM. See: tɕɤ˧qʰɑ#˥ ho˩ɕjæ˧ Wrinkled giant hyssop, Elshotzia sp.. 藿香。 Borrowing: Chinese 藿香 ho˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 小雉。 Baby pheasant. ho˩dʑɯ˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L. Destitute, impoverished, down and out. 穷苦、凋敝、 ho˧zo˧ tʰv˧-ɭɯ#˥ 寒苦、竭蹶、穷乏。 N+DEM+CLF 这只小雉 ho˩dʑɯ˩-ze˥ PFV CL: ɭɯ˧ 变穷苦了

65 ho˩lo˧pv˥ hɯ˧b

ho˩lo˧pv˥ NOUN Tone: LM+H#. hu˥ VERB Tone: H. Carrot. 胡萝卜。 To wait. 等候。 Borrowing: Chinese 胡萝卜 CL: ɭɯ˧ le˧-hu˥-ze˩ ACCOMP _ PFV VERB Tone: MH. ho˧˥ 1 等了 To sip: to drink by small mouthfuls. 小口地喝。

ʐɯ˧ ho˧˥ ɖɯ˧-hu˥ / ɖɯ˧-hu˧-ɻ˥ to sip wine to wait a while / Wait a while! 小口地喝酒等一下 / 请等一下！

ʐɯ˧ ho˧~ho˥ hĩ˧ hu˧ to sip wine to wait for someone 小口地喝酒等人

ʐɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ho˧~ho˥ to sip wine hu˧mi˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. 喝一小口酒 Stomach. 胃。 CL: ɭɯ˧ hõ˧ VERB Tone: M intrans. To go away (imperative). 走(离开)，命令式。 hu˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. no˧ hõ˧! To miss, to long for, to have the nostalgia of. 想念。 Go! 你走吧！ ə˧mi˧ hu˧˥ to miss (one’s) mother no˧ | le˧-hõ˧! 想念母亲 Go! 你走吧！ hu˧˥ 3 NOUN Tone: MH. ə˧-ze˧~ze˥ hõ˩! / ə˧-dzɤ˥ | le˧-hõ˧! Entrails. 内脏：胃、肠子等。 Walk slowly! / Take your time on the road! / CL: ɭɯ˧ Have a quiet and pleasant journey! (Polite salutation to someone who is leaving.) 慢走！ hɯ˧ VERB Tone: M’ intrans. To go, past form. 走（过去式）。 ɑ˩pʰo˩ hõ˩˥! Get out! (ki˧zo˧) | lo˧ ʝi˧-hɯ˧(-ze˩)! 出去！走开！滚出去！ Kizo has gone to work! 给若（人名）干活去了！ Imperative. 命令式。

no˧ | dzɯ˧-hõ˧! le˧-hɯ˩-hĩ˩ hĩ˩ Eat! euphemism for ’deceased person’: literally ’per- 你吃吧！ son who has gone’ 委婉语：‘走了的人’=去世了的人 hõ˧-ɬi˧mi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 8th month. 八月。 hɯ˧b CLASSIFIER Tone: Mb. A few, some, a little. 量词：一点。 hõ˩tsʰi˧˥ NUMBER Tone: LM+MH#. 80. 80。 ʈʂʰæ˧ɣɯ˧ ɖɯ˧-hɯ˧ hõ˧˥ NUMBER Tone: MH. some medicines, a few medicines 8. 8。一些药

66 hṽ˥ hwæ˧ɖʐæ˥ 1

hṽ˥ VERB Tone: H. hṽ˩a 1 ADJECTIVE Tone: La. To stir-fry. 炒（肉、菜）。 Red. 红色的。

hṽ˧~hṽ˧ hṽ˩a 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: La. RED Of small stature, small in stature, short, not tall. 矮。重叠

ADJECTIVE Tone: L+H#. From: le˧-hṽ˧~hṽ˧ hṽ˩-ɖʐæ˩ɻæ˥ hṽ˩a 1 Intensely red, red all over. 红红的。 ACCOMP RED ACCOMP RED hṽ˩ɖʐæ˩ɻæ˥-gv˩ intensely red, red all over hṽ˧~hṽ˧-ze˩ 红红的 RED PFV 炒了 [F5] hṽ˩ɖʐæ˩˥ | hṽ˩ɖʐæ˩˥ gv˩ RED; the first two syllables are higher-pitched ʂe˧ hṽ˧~hṽ˧ than the following two to stir-fry some meat 重叠炒肉

v˩tsʰɤ˧ hṽ˧~hṽ˧ hṽ˩~hṽ˩ VERB Tone: L. To disturb, to interfere, to hinder, to obstruct, to impede. to stir-fry some vegetables 干扰、防碍。炒蔬菜 hĩ˧ hṽ˥~hṽ˩ læ˧tsɯ˥ hṽ˩~hṽ˩ to annoy people to stir-fry chili peppers 干扰人家炒辣椒

hɑ˧ hṽ˧~hṽ˧ hwɑ˩kwɤ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. 黄瓜（汉语借词）。 to stir-fry some rice, to stir-fry some food Cucumber. 黄瓜炒饭 Borrowing: Chinese CL: ɭɯ˧

hṽ˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 毛、豪猪 hwæ˧a VERB Tone: Ma. Body hair; animal’s hair; porcupine’s quills. 买。的翎。 To buy. CL: kʰɯ˩ le˧-hwæ˧ ACCOMP ADJECTIVE Tone: #H. hṽ˧dɤ˧ɻ#˥ ACCOMP Clumsy, incapable. 笨拙，经常损坏东西。

hṽ˩-hĩ˩˥ tso˧~tso˧ hwæ˩ REL to buy things 笨拙的买东西

hṽ˧dɤ˧ɻ˧~hṽ˧dɤ˧ɻ˧-zo˥ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥ hwæ˩ clumsy person / clumsy boy to buy a piece (of something) 笨手笨脚的（男）人买一块

[F5] hṽ˩ɖɻ˩~hṽ˧ɖɻ˧-gv˧ hwæ˧~hwæ˩ RED RED 重叠：笨笨的重叠

hṽ˧~hṽ˩-ɖʐæ˩~ɖʐæ˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L#-. hwæ˧ɖʐæ˥ 1 NOUN Tone: H#. From: hṽ˩a 1 Intensely red, red all over. 红红的。 Squirrel. 松鼠，灰鼠。

hwæ˧ɖʐæ˥-pʰv˩ hṽ˧nɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Wild animal. 野兽。 male squirrel CL: mi˩ 公松鼠

67 hwæ˧ɖʐæ˥ 2 hwæ˩a 1

hwæ˧ɖʐæ˥-mi˩ hwæ˧tsɯ˥-njɤ˩di˩ NOUN Tone: H#-. female squirrel Setose thisle. 大蓟。母松鼠 CL: dzi˩

CL : mi˩ NOUN Tone: H#–. Burdock. 牛蒡。Local Chinese dialect: 牛蒡子。 hwæ˧ɖʐæ˥ 2 NOUN Tone: H#. Wart. 瘊子、肉赘。 hwæ˩a VERB Tone: La. hwæ˧ʈʂæ˥ tʰv˩ To close the door (from outside). 关（出门，就关门）。 a wart forms 长瘊子 kʰi˧ | tʰi˧-hwæ˩! hwæ˧ʈʂæ˥ | le˧-tʰv˧-ze˧! Close the door! A wart has formed! 关门吧！长瘊子了！ ʂe˧bæ˧ | le˧-wo˧-hwæ˥ CL: mi˩ kʰi˧-bi˥ di˩-hĩ˩ ʂe˩bæ˩

NOUN hwæ˧pʰæ˥ Tone: H#. See: ʈæ˩a A piece of cloth. 一块布。 CL: pʰæ˧˥ hwæ˩a 1 VERB Tone: La. To suspend, to hang (in a place). 悬挂、挂在墙上。 hwæ˧pʰæ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Large hoe. 大锄。Local Chinese dialect: 挖锄。 tso˧~tso˧ | gɤ˧bi˧ hwæ˥ hwæ˧pʰæ˩ tʰv˩-nɑ˩ to suspend things up high (e.g. on a hook) N+DEM+CLF 挂东西在上面这把大锄 tso˧~tso˧ hwæ˥ CL: nɑ˧ to suspend things 挂东西 hwæ˧pʰæ˩-gv˩-di˩ NOUN Tone: L#–. Loom. 织布机。 ʂe˧ | tʰi˧-hwæ˩ to hang meat (above the hearth, to smoke it) hwæ˧pʰæ˩gv˩di˩-tɕi˩tɕʰi˧ 挂肉（在火塘上，为了熏肉） industrial sewing machine (formed of the Na word plus the Chinese word for ’engine’) tso˧~tso˧ | tʰi˧-hwæ˩ 工业织布机。直译：“织布机器”（在摩梭词后面加上汉语的“机器”） to suspend things 挂东西 CL: nɑ˧ ʂe˧-hwæ˥-di˩ hwæ˧tsɯ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. A small beam in the main room (right under the Rat. 老鼠（汉语借词）。Local Chinese dialect: 耗子。 main beams) where meat is suspended to smoke Borrowing: Chinese 耗子 it. The word literally means “thing to hang meat”. hwæ˧tsɯ˥-pʰv˩ 主屋里面的小梁（大梁下面），用来挂肉，熏 male rat 肉。直译：“挂肉的东西”。公老鼠 tso˧~tso˧-hwæ˥-di˩ hwæ˧tsɯ˥-mi˩ object used to suspend things; this can refer to female rat any object from a hook to a beam on which things 母老鼠 are hung 挂（东西）用的（东西），如：钩子、用来挂 CL: mi˩ 肉的小梁……

68 hwɤ̃˩a hwɤ˧zo#˥

hwɤ̃˩a ADJECTIVE Tone: La. hwɤ˧li˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. Late. 迟，晚。 Cat. 猫。 CL: mi˩ hwɤ̃˩-hĩ˩˥ REL/NMLZ hwɤ˧mi˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. 迟的 She-cat, queen. 母猫。

ʈʂʰɯ˧ ʑi˧-ʈi˥ hwɤ̃˩! hwɤ˧mi˧-hwɤ˥pʰv˩ / hwɤ˧mi˧-hwɤ˧pʰv˥# He/she gets up late! she-cat and tom-cat 母猫与公猫他起床起得晚！ CL: mi˩ hwɤ˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Gift made on important occasions (weddings, etc). 在大 hwɤ˧pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 事发生的时候送的礼物（近期一般给钱）：婚礼、葬 Tom-cat, tom. 公猫。礼。 hwɤ˧pʰv˧ tʰv˧-mi˥# hwɤ˧ | ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥ N+DEM+CLF a gift, a donation 那个公猫一份大礼物 hwɤ˧pʰv˧-hwɤ˧mi˥

CL: kʰwɤ˥ tom-cat and she-cat 公猫与母猫

hwɤ˥ VERB Tone: H. CL: mi˩ To participate in a funeral ceremony (literally ’to see [the deceased] out’). 执绋送丧。 hwɤ˧se˧ NOUN Tone: M. Peanuts. 花生。 hwɤ˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: M. Borrowing: Chinese: Broad, vast, extensive; big (plain; piece of cloth, vegetable…). 宽，辽阔，宽敞。 hwɤ˧se˧-qo˧tv˩ peanuts qʰɑ˧-hwɤ˧-gv˧ 花生米 extremely vast 非常宽敞 hwɤ˧tɕi˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Curly dock, Rumex crispus. It is one of three sorts of hwɤ˧kʰv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. plants used as pig fodder; it is also used as food for hu- 土大黄（学名：皱叶酸模）（喂猪的牧草）。 Year of the Cat (corresponding to the Chinese year of the mans. 鼠年（摩梭话称作“猫年”）。 Rat). hwɤ˧tɕi˥-bæ˩bæ˩ same meaning hwɤ˧li˧-bv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 同上 Lower balcony, mezzanine. 夹层：主屋的夹层。因为烟多，所以人不能将这个空间当卧室。只有一层薄的 hwɤ˧tɕʰi˥-ʁo˩bv˩ 木地板。 sprouts of curly dock CL: kɤ˧˥ Syn: hwɤ˧li˧-se˧-di˧˥. 土大黄的嫩芽

hwɤ˧li˧-se˧-di˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. CL: po˧ Lower balcony, mezzanine. 夹层：主屋的夹层。因为烟多，所以人不能将这个空间当卧室。只有一层薄的 hwɤ˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 木地板。 Kitten. 小猫。 CL: kɤ˧˥ Syn: hwɤ˧li˧-bv˥. hwɤ˧zo˧ tʰv˧-ɭɯ#˥ N+DEM+CLF NOUN Tone: H#. hwɤ˧li˧-ʂɯ˧mo˥ 那个小猫 Old cat (male or female). 老猫（不分公、母）。 CL: mi˩ hwɤ˧zo˧-hwɤ˧mi˥ cats, the cat family: kitten and parents hwɤ˧li˧-zo˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. 猫，包括小猫、母猫和公猫 Kitten, cub. 小猫。 CL: ɭɯ˧ CL: ɭɯ˧

69 hwɤ˩ hwɤ˧˥ 3

hwɤ˩ VERB Tone: La. To pack, to tie together into hwɤ˩kæ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. a bundle. 捆（捆成捆儿）。 Red birch; its wood is good: it is used to make ards. 红桦树。 zɯ˧-wɤ˧ hwɤ˥ to make a bundle of hay hwɤ˩kæ˧-si˧dzi˩ 将草捆成一垛、捆一垛草 same meaning: red birch 同上：红桦树 si˧-wɤ˧ hwɤ˥ to make a bundle of wood hwɤ˩ʈi˥ VERB Tone: LH. 将木头捆成一堆、捆一堆木头 To become rusty, to get rusty, to rust. 生锈。

hɑ˧-wɤ˧ hwɤ˥ hwɤ˩ʈi˥-ze˩ to make a bundle of cut cereals PFV: it has become rusty 将粮食捆成一包、捆一包粮食生锈了

wɤ˩ hwɤ˩˥ hwɤ˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. 补。 to tie together into a bundle, to make a bundle To mend, to patch. 捆成一包 le˧-hwɤ˧˥ ACCOMP wɤ˩˥ | tʰi˧-hwɤ˩ ACCOMP and then, (we) tie (it) into a bundle! 然后，捆成一包！ bɑ˩lɑ˩ hwɤ˥ to mend clothes wɤ˩˥ | ɖɯ˧-wɤ˩ hwɤ˩ 补衣服 to tie another bundle, to make (yet) another bundle 又捆一包 hwɤ˧˥ 2 NOUN Tone: MH. Cat (monosyllable). 猫（单音节）。 CL: To be in trouble, to put oneself into trouble (figurative mi˩ sense: as if one were all tied up with a rope, unable to move, to live one’s life normally). 有困难、像把自己 hwɤ˧˥ 3 NOUN Tone: MH. 捆起来一样。 Rust (monosyllable). 锈（单音节）。

hĩ˧, | wɤ˩ hwɤ˧ ʝi˧-ni˥gv˩! The people seem to be unhappy / under strain! (Figuratively: they look all tied up, as if they were tied with a rope, unable to move = to live a normal life.) 人家难受，像被捆一样

wɤ˩hwɤ˧ ʝi˧-ni˥gv˩-ɲi˩-ze˩! I have put myself in trouble! / I have made a lot of trouble for myself! / I have put my knickers in a twist! 我给自己找麻烦了！

hwɤ˩a VERB Tone: La. To hand over, to pass over, to send. 递过去。

hĩ˧-ki˧ | tso˧~tso˧ hwɤ˥ to send some stuff to someone 给人家寄东西

hwɤ˩dʑɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Cabin, hut. 山上过夜的小木房。 CL: ɭɯ˧

70 ĩ˧ ĩ˧

- ĩ -

ĩ˧ INTERJECTION Tone: M. Yes, OK. 是的，好的。

ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɳɯ˧ | “ĩ˧! ĩ˧!” | pi˧. | (S)he said “Yes! yes!” 他说：“是的，是的！”

71 jɤ˧ 1 jɤ˩ɕjo˧-dzɑ˧qʰwɤ˩

- j jæ jɤ jo je - jɤ˩ VERB Tone: Lb. To be listless, to be dejected. 没精神。 jɤ˧ 1 ADJECTIVE Tone: M. Good (only appears in negative construction). 好（只出 tʰi˧-jɤ˩-ho˩-ze˩! 现在否定词后面）。 (S)he is getting listless/dispirited! mɤ˧-jɤ˧ 他没精神了！ NEG: it’s not good! It’s not right! (About some- ɑ˩ʁo˧ ʂv˧ɖv˧ | tʰi˧-jɤ˩-ho˩-tsɯ˩! one’s behaviour) 不好（形容一个人的行为） When one misses home, one gets listless/dispirited! 想家的时候，没精神！ jɤ˧ 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: M. Flat. 平（土地）。 ɑ˩ʁo˧ ʂv˧ɖv˧-zo˥, | tʰi˧-jɤ˩-ho˩! mɤ˧-jɤ˧ When one misses home, one gets listless/dispir- NEG: not flat; uneven ited! 不平想家的时候，没精神！

jɤ˧ 3 NOUN Tone: M. ɲi˧mi˧ tsʰi˧-zo˩, | tʰi˧-jɤ˩-ho˩! Tobacco, cigarettes. 烟。 When the weather is hot, one gets listless/dispir- Borrowing: Chinese 烟? ited! 天气很热，没精神！ jɤ˧ ʈʰɯ˩

to smoke tobacco jɤ˩-mɤ˥-jɤ˩ 抽烟 _ NEG _ CL: ko˧ _ NEG _

NOUN jɤ˧gɯ˩ Tone: L#. VERB Tone: L . 甜荞/荞麦/花荞。 jɤ˩a 1 a Buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum. To coil. 盘、盘绕（线）。 CL: kɤ˧˥ See: jɤ˧qʰɑ#˥ sɑ˧ jɤ˥ jɤ˧ŋɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. to coil linen thread The city of Chengdu, in Sichuan. 成都。盘麻线 ho˧di˧-jɤ˧ŋɤ˧ same meaning sɑ˧ | le˧-jɤ˩ 同上 to coil linen thread 盘麻线 jɤ˧qʰɑ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Bitter buckwheat, Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn. 苦荞。 See: tɕɯ˧ɭɯ˧ CL: kɤ˧˥ See: jɤ˧gɯ˩ jɤ˩a 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: La. （煮） jɤ˧qʰɑ˧-pɤ˥jɤ˩-mo˩ NOUN Tone: #H. Overcooked, overdone, mushy, sodden, mushed. Cep, Boletus edulis. 牛肝菌。烂。 See: njo˩kæ˧tɕi˩˥ le˧-tɕɤ˧˥ | le˧-jɤ˩-ze˩! jɤ˧wo˧˥ VERB Tone: MH#. It got sodden after boiling! / After boiling, it got To regress. 倒退、退步。 all mushy/overdone! 煮烂了！ no˧ | jɤ˧wo˧˥ | sɯ˧ɖʐæ˧! / no˧ | le˧-wo˥ | sɯ˧ɖʐæ˧! jɤ˩-hĩ˩˥ You are regressing! (Said to a child who had al- REL/NMLZ ready developed a habit of going to the loo in the 烂的 previous weeks, but who, that day, pooed in her trousers.) 你这是在退步！（情景：一个小孩已经几个礼 jɤ˩ɕjo˧-dzɑ˧qʰwɤ˩ NOUN Tone: LM-L#. 拜有了上厕所的习惯，那天又把屎拉在裤头 Sandal. 凉鞋。里） CL: dzi˧

72 jɤ˩ho˧ jo˥

jɤ˩ho˧ NOUN Tone: LM. jɤ˧˥ 2 NOUN Tone: MH. Matches. 火柴（洋火）。 A wild radish that grows on the mountains; it is edible; Borrowing: Chinese 洋火 it is picked and eaten in the Spring, when vegetables are CL: po˩ not ripe yet. Yi people harvest it and sell it in the plain. 红萝卜菜：一种山上的野菜。春天的时候，菜园的蔬 jɤ˩jo#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. 菜还没有成熟的时候，永宁的人吃红萝卜菜。彝族在 Potato. 洋芋、土豆、马铃薯。高山上采下来，在永宁卖。Local Chinese dialect: 野 Borrowing: Chinese 洋芋山菜，/ʝi˧ʂæ˧tsʰɤ˩/。 CL: kɤ˧˥ jɤ˧ dzɯ˧ | qʰɑ˧-sɯ˥~sɯ˩, | jɤ˧ ʈʂɤ˥ ŋv˩- jɤ˩jo˧-bv#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. From: jɤ˩jo#˥ ɭɯ˩~ɭɯ˩! and bv˥ Grub, Agriotes lineatus. 蛴螬。 “The wild radish is bitter; and its harvest costs CL: mi˩ tears! / The wild radish tastes bitter; and its harvest is bitter, too! / The wild radish is all bit- jɤ˩pæ˧sɯ˥$ NOUN Tone: LM+H$. terness inside, and all bitterness at the harvest!” Yang Chieftain: a family name from Yongning, contain- 杨 This proverb evokes the difficulty of the harvest, ing a name borrowed from Chinese (Yang ) plus a term which requires long wanderings up high on the referring to the lowest degree in the hierarchy of feudal mountain. leaders: the hamlet chieftain, 把事. Only one family in “红萝卜菜，味道苦，去摘也要流眼泪！ / 红 Yongning carries this name. 杨把事。这个姓，由两部分组成的：‘杨’姓（汉语借词）与封建社会最小领萝卜菜，吃起来苦，摘起来也苦！”摘红萝卜导层次：‘把事’。菜，需要爬高山，寻找时间长，永宁坝子的农民觉得这比较苦。 jɤ˩pæ˧sɯ˧=ɻ˥$ ASSOCIATIVE _ : the people of the Yang Chieftain See: ʝi˧ʂæ˧tsʰɤ˩ family 杨把事家族

jɤ˩pɑ˧sɯ˥ | ʈæ˧ʂɯ˧ jɤ˧˥a 1 CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. the proper name of a person of the Yang Chief- Classifier used for women, and for some female domes- tain family (given name: Dashi): ’Dashi of the tic animals; it does not carry any hint of deprecation, nor 量词：母 Yang Chieftain family’. does it convey any hint of respect by itself. 性、雌性（人或动物）（一个/一只）。杨把事家的一个人的名字：杨把事•达石

See: pæ˧sɯ˧ jɤ˧˥a 2 CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. jɤ˩po˧ VERB Tone: LM. Classifier for dough balls and teacakes. One dough ball To gamble, to bet, to wager. 赌博、打赌。 is the quantity of dough that can be prepared with one egg. Tea consumed in the Yongning area in the first half jɤ˩po˧ VERB Tone: LM. of the 20th century was green tea from a large leaf variety To gamble. 赌。 of Camellia sinensis (C. sinensis assamica) found in the mountains of southern Yunnan; it used to be pressed into ’teacake’ shape. 量词：面（一团），茶饼（一个） jɤ˩tʰi˧-ʁæ˩bæ˩ NOUN Tone: LM-L. 等。(一团面，是和了一个鸡蛋的面团的量。）。 Porcelain plate. 瓷盘。 CL: ɭɯ˧ æ˩ʁv˩-pɤ˥jɤ˩ | ɖɯ˧-jɤ˧˥ jɤ˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. a ball of egg dough 舔。 To lick. 一个鸡蛋面团 tso˧~tso˧ jɤ˩ to lick something ʝi˧-jɤ˧˥ 舔东西 one ball/cake dzɯ˧-di˧ jɤ˥ 一个团/并 to lick food 舔食品 jo˥ NOUN Tone: #H. [F5] tso˧tso˧ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥ jɤ˩-ze˩ Jade. 玉石。 (S)he has licked something. Borrowing: Chinese 玉他舔了一个东西。 CL: pʰo˧˥

73 jo˧ je˩ʐe˧

jo˧ VERB Tone: M intrans. jo˩pv˧ NOUN Tone: LM / LM+MH#. To come; to come in. 来。 Oilcloth; tarpaulin. 油布。 Borrowing: Chinese 油布 le˧-jo˧-ze˧! jo˩pv˧˥ ACCOMP _ PFV: (s)he has come 来了！ oilcloth (tonal variant) 油布（声调变体）

jo˧gv˧ NOUN Tone: M. CL: tsʰi˥ Lijiang. 丽江（包括丽江坝子）。 jo˩pʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L. 公绵羊。 jo˧gv˧-ŋv˧lv˧ NOUN Tone: M. Male sheep. Yulong snow mountain; literally ’Lijiang’s snow moun- jo˧pʰv˧ tʰv˧-mi˥# tain’. 玉龙雪山。 _ DEM CLF: that ram 这头公羊 jo˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. 母绵羊。 Ewe. CL: pʰo˧˥ mi˩ See: po˧lo˧

jo˧mi˧-po˧lo˧ jo˩ʂwæ˩ NOUN Tone: L. ewe and ram Wether (castrated ram, neutered ram). 阉羊。母绵羊与公羊 CL: pʰo˧˥

CL: pʰo˧˥ jo˩zo˩ NOUN Tone: L. Lamb. 绵羊羔。 jo˧mi˧-ʁwɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. CL: ɭɯ˧ The second village that one crosses when going from / qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧/ to /ʈʂo˧ʂɯ#˥/. 有米瓦村。 jo˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To offer. 赠给。 jo˩ NOUN Tone: L. Sheep. 绵羊。 jo˩˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Right (opposite of: left). 右边。 jo˩-ɣɯ˩˥ See: jo˩gi˩ sheep skin 羊皮 je˧pʰi˧-jɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. From: and jɤ˧ Opium. 鸦片（汉语借词）。鸦片 CL: pʰo˧˥ Borrowing: Chinese

NOUN Tone: LM. CLASSIFIER Tone: L . je˩ʐe˧ jo˩b b 西方人（“洋人”）（汉语借词）。 An ounce. 量词：两（一两）。 Westerner. Local Chinese dialect: 洋人。 Borrowing: Chinese 洋人 jo˩gi˩ NOUN Tone: L. CL: v˧ Right (opposite of left). 右边。

jo˩gi˩dzɤ˩ the side to the right, the right 右边

See: jo˩˧

jo˩kʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L. Year of the goat. 羊年。

jo˩lo˩ NOUN Tone: L. Right (opposite of left). 右边。 See: jo˩˧

74 ʝi˥ 1 ʝi˧ 2

- ʝ - ʈʂɑ˧tɑ˥ ʝi˩ to draw a sign ʝi˥ 1 VERB Tone: H. 画一个符号 To do, to work. 做，工作。

ɖwæ˧˥ | lo˧ ʝi˧ ʝi˥ 3 NOUN Tone: #H. Archaic [古语] Man, male per- 男人。 hard-working, who works hard son. 勤劳、努力 ʝi˥ 3 VERB Tone: H. ɖɯ˧-sɑ˥ | mɤ˧-ʝi˥ To inform, to tell. 通知、告诉。 to do nothing at all le˧-ʝi˥-ze˩ 什么也不干 ACCOMP _ PFV 通知了 ə˧tso˧-mɤ˧-ɲi˩ | ʝi˧-bi˧-zo˧-ho˥! [I/we] will have to take charge of everything / [I/ qʰwæ˧ mi˧ ʝi˧ we] will have to do all the work! to provide a piece of news, to provide some in- 什么都要做！ / 我什么都要干（/管）！ formation 告诉（一个）消息 ʈʂʰɯ˧ne-ʝi˥ | ʝi˧-zo˧-ho˥-ɲi˩! This is how it must be done! / This is how it is njɤ˧ | hĩ˧-ki˧ | qʰwæ˧mi˧ ʝi˧-ze˩ done! I have told people the news. 应该这样做的！我告诉了人家（那个消息）。

ɑ˩ʁo˧ ʝi˧ VERB Tone: H. to take care of the household, to look after the ʝi˥ 4 Verb of existence, for movable things. 存在动词：有 affairs of the family; in particular: distributing （可移动物品）。 work to the various members, and ensuring that the supplies are not running low ə˧tso˧-mɤ˧-ɲi˩, | le˧-ʂe˧, | le˧-ʝi˥! 管理家里的大小事情（如：分配工作、家务 We get all sorts of things (all the necessary para- 等） phernalia for a ritual, a feast...) and we have it (at hand for when we need it) / We get all sorts ʝi˥ 1 NOUN Tone: #H. of things ready (for the ritual / the feast)! Ox. 牛。所有（的东西都）找，（就）有了 = 所有的东西都备好了 ʝi˧-ɣɯ˥ ox skin ʝi˧ 1 VERB Tone: M’ intrans. 牛皮 To come. 来。

ʝi˧ tʰv˧-pʰo˩ lɑ˧ ʝi˧-ze˧! N+DEM+CLF A tiger is coming! / A tiger has come round! 那头牛老虎来了！

CL: pʰo˧˥ lɑ˧ le˧-ʝi˩-ze˩! The tiger is coming back! / The tiger is coming ʝi˥ 2 NOUN Tone: #H. again! Earthen jar. 坛子，罐子 (陶器)。老虎又来了！ CL: ɭɯ˧ mɤ˧-ʝi˧-ze˧! ʝi˥ 2 VERB Tone: H. It’s going wrong! / Something is going wrong! / To draw. 画。 We’re in for trouble! 不好了！不行了！ mɤ˧-ʝi˥ NEG ʝi˧ 2 NOUN Tone: M. 不画 One (restricted use: only in association with /ɭɯ˧/). 一。

tʰɑ˧-ʝi˥! zo˧mv˥ | ʝi˧-ɭɯ˧ ʂv˧ PROHIB to take care of a child 别画！管一个孩子

75 ʝi˧b ʝi˧sɯ˥

ʝi˧b CLASSIFIER Tone: Mb. ʝi˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. Classifier for places. 量词：地方（一个）。 Jar. 坛子，罐子 (陶器)。 CL: ɭɯ˧ ɖɯ˧-ʝi˧ a place, somewhere NOUN Tone: #H. 一个地方 ʝi˧pʰv#˥ Male ox, bull. 公牛。 ɖɯ˧-ʝi˧ dzi˩ ʝi˧pʰv˧ tʰv˧-mi˥# to live somewhere; to move to somewhere N+DEM+CLF 住在一个地方，搬家到一个地方那头公牛

ʝi˧-bv˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. ʝi˧pʰv˧ tʰv˧-ɭɯ#˥ 牛圈。 Cow pen. N+DEM+CLF.animaux CL: ɭɯ˧ 那头公牛

ʝi˧kʰv˥ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: H#. CL: ɭɯ˧ / mi˩ Some, a few. 一些。 ʝi˧qv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. hĩ˧ ʝi˧kʰv˥ Neck strap: a part of the buffalo’s harness for ploughing: some people, part of the people a strap that fastens the yoke. 轭的一个部分，将牛轭安一些人在牛的脖子上。 CL: ɭɯ˧ ʝi˧kʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Year of the ox. 牛年。 ʝi˧ʁæ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Cow, beef. 黄牛。 ʝi˧kʰwɤ˥$ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: H$. CL: pʰo˧˥ A little, some. 一点。 ʝi˧ʁo#˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: #H. From: ʝi˥ 1 and ʁo˧ 2 ʝi˧lo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Able, capable, able-bodied. 能干、不缺劳力。 Attitude towards others. 态度、对待的态度。 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ʝi˧ʁo˧-hĩ˧ | ɖɯ˧-v˧ ɲi˩ ʝi˧lo˧ dʑɤ˥! It’s an able/competent person. (He/she) has a good attitude! 他是一个能干/称职的人。态度积极 ʝi˧ʁo˧-zo˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ʝi˧lo˧ | dʑɤ˩˥! | hĩ˧-ki˧ | dʑɤ˩-ʝi˥! a competent lad, a capable fellow He/she has a good attitude towards people! He/ 一个能干的男人 she is kind to people / does some good around him/her! ʝi˧ʁo˧ ɲi˥ 他（对人）态度好！对人好/做好事！ COP COP ʝi˧lo˧ dzɑ˧ (to have) a bad attitude: to be lazy, dissipated... 态度不好 ʝi˧sɑ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Umbrella. 雨伞。雨伞 njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ hɑ˧ gv˥, | ʝi˧lo˧ dzɑ˧! Borrowing: Chinese CL: When I cook, I don’t make a good job of it / I nɑ˧ don’t (manage to) put any heart into it / I make a mess of it! ʝi˧se˧ NOUN Tone: M. 我做饭，集中不了精神 / 做的乱七八糟！ Doctor. 医生。 Borrowing: Chinese 医生 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ə˧tso˧ ʝi˧lo˧ ɲi˥? What sort of an attitude is this? (Criticism of ʝi˧sɯ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. someone who does not have a proper attitude) Meaning, sense. 意思（汉语借词）。这是什么态度啊？（批评一个人的态度） Borrowing: Chinese 意思

76 ʝi˧ʂæ˧tsʰɤ˩ ʝi˩˥

ʝi˧ʂæ˧tsʰɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. ʝi˩di˩-mi˥ NOUN Tone: L+H#. A wild radish that grows on the mountains; it is edible; Heifer; also used for a female pianniu: hybrid of yak and it is picked and eaten in the Spring, when vegetables are cattle. 小牝牛（包括黄牛和小母犏牛）。 not ripe yet. Yi people harvest it and sell it in the plain. CL: ɭɯ˧ pʰo˧˥ 红萝卜菜（汉语借词：野山菜）：一种山上的野菜。春天的时候，菜园的蔬菜还没有成熟的时候，永宁 ʝi˩mi˩ NOUN Tone: L. 的人吃红萝卜菜。彝族人从高山上采下来，在永宁 Cow (female). 母牛。卖。Local Chinese dialect: 野山菜。 Borrowing: Chinese 野山菜 ʝi˩mi˩-ʐɤ˥qo˩ See: jɤ˧˥ 2 cow and calf 母牛与小牛 ʝi˧ʂɯ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Masculine given name. 男性名字。 CL: pʰo˧˥

NOUN Tone: L-M. ʝi˧tɕi˧ NOUN Tone: M. ʝi˩næ˩-se˧ Feminine given name. 女性名字。 Kunming, and the Eastern part of the province of Yun- nan. 云南，昆明……。 Borrowing: Chinese 云南省 ʝi˧tɕi˧-ɖɯ˩mɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Feminine given name. 女性名字。 sɯ˧pʰi˧ | ʝi˩næ˩-se˧-qo˧ hɯ˧-ɲi˥! The (feudal) lord has gone to Kunming! ʝi˧tɕi˧-ɬɑ˩mv˩ NOUN Tone: L. 土司到昆明去了！ Feminine given name. 女性名字。 ʝi˩ŋɤ˧˥ VERB Tone: LM+MH#. ʝi˧tsɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. To bend (one’s body) backwards. 往后仰。 Chair (borrowing). 椅子。 Borrowing: Chinese 椅子 ʝi˩ŋɤ˧-ze˥ CL: nɑ˧ PFV 往后仰了 ʝi˧ʈʂʰe˥-mi˩ NOUN Tone: H#-. South. 南方。 ʝi˩ŋɤ˧˥ | tʰi˧-dzi˩ to be seated leaning backwards, to lean against ʝi˧ʈʂʰe˥mi˩-gi˩dzɤ˩ se˩ the back of one’s seat to walk towards the south 坐着往后仰往南方走 ʝi˩qʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L. 袖子。 ʝi˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Sleeve. Calf. 小牛。 CL: ɭɯ˧

ʝi˧zo˧ tʰv˧-ɭɯ#˥ ʝi˩ʈʂæ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. N+DEM+CLF Waist. 腰。那头小牛 CL: ɭɯ˧

CL: pʰo˧˥ / ɭɯ˧ ʝi˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Spot, pimple. 痘痘。 NOUN Tone: L. ʝi˩bv˩ 1 ʝi˩ tʰv˩˥ Pockmarked person. 麻子。 to have spots, to get pimples ʝi˩bv˩-ʝi˧ʈv˩ʈv˩ 出痘痘 same meaning CL: ɭɯ˧ 同上

CL: v˧

ʝi˩bv˩ 2 NOUN Tone: L. Bull (male). 公牛。 CL: pʰo˧˥

77 kæ˧ʈʂe˧ kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩ 1

- k - kɤ˧mv˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. The Gemu mountain (Yongning). 格母山。 kæ˧ʈʂe˧ NOUN Tone: M. Acupuncture needles; acupuncture. 针灸（汉语借词： ɬi˧di˩-kɤ˩mv˩ 干针）。Local Chinese dialect: 干针。 Mount Gemu, in Yongning Borrowing: Chinese: 永宁格姆山

kæ˧ʈʂe˧ lɑ˧˥ kɤ˧mv˧-hæ̃˧kʰo˥ to do an acupuncture session, to use acupuncture the Gemu princess: another name for Mount needles Gemu, considered as a female deity 扎针灸格姆公主：格姆山别名（格姆山被看作女神）

kæ˧ʈʂɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. kɤ˧mv˧˥, | æ˧ʂæ˧, | ŋwɤ˧hɑ̃˩, | ʂwæ˧gv#˥, | Sugar cane. 甘蔗。 nɑ˩tsʰi˩˥ | -tɕʰɤ˧pɤ˧mi#˥, | qv˧ɻ˧-ʈʂʰɑ˧nɑ˥ | Borrowing: Chinese 甘蔗 The six mountains of Yongning that carry a name and have a definite symbolic value. The other mountains do not have comparable sym- kɤ˧dzi˧ VERB Tone: M. To take a seat, to get seated. 坐下（在饭桌）。 bolic value, and fewer people use specific names for them. ɑ˩ʁo˧-hĩ˧ | kɤ˧dzi˧-ze˧. 永宁地区有固定名字的六座山。其它山，没有重要的象征意义，因此也没有固定名称。 The members of the family took their seats / got seated. 家人入座了。 kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩ 1 VERB Tone: L#. To tell. 讲。

kɤ˧kɤ˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L#. hĩ˧-ki˧ | tʰɑ˧-kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩! 挨着（坐……）。 Next to, close to. Don’t tell it! / Don’t tell anyone! 不要告诉人家！ (tso˧~tso˧) kɤ˧kɤ˩ | tʰi˧-tɕɯ˥

to arrange, to put in good order kɤ˧-tʰɑ˥-ʈʂɯ˩! 摆整齐、使均匀，如：一排排挨着 Don’t tell it! / Don’t tell anyone! 不要告诉人家！ [Tiger2] kɤ˧kɤ˩ | tʰi˧-se˥ to walk in a line, one behind the other njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ | kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩-bi˩! 并排走 I’m going to (jump in and) say something! 我要说一点事情！ kɤ˧kɤ˩ | tʰi˧-dzi˩ to sit close to one another no˧ | kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩ dʑo˩-ɲi˩! 挨着坐 You have to say something! 你得说话啊！ kɤ˧ljɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Chinese sorghum. 高粱（汉语借词）。 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩ | dʑɤ˩˥ | mɤ˧-mv˧-sɯ˥! / ʈʂʰɯ˧ Borrowing: Chinese 高粱 | kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩ dʑɤ˩˥ | mɤ˧-mv˧~mv˧-sɯ˥! See: hæ˧ɭɯ#˥ She does not really understand yet! (About a toddler aged 2 who does not yet speak distinctly or kɤ˧mi˧ 1 NOUN Tone: M. follow conversations) Female falcon. 母隼。她还不怎么听得懂话！（关于一个不会说话的两岁小孩） kɤ˩mi˩-kɤ˩pʰv˥ female falcon and male falcon tʰɑ˧-kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩! | hĩ˧ ɳv˧ tʰɑ˧-kʰɯ˩! 母隼与公隼 Don’t talk about it! Don’t let people know! 不要告诉（人家）！别让人家知道！ CL: mi˩ hĩ˧-ki˧ | kɤ˧-mɤ˧-ʈʂɯ˩ kɤ˧mi˧ 2 NOUN Tone: M. not to tell people; (to do something secretly) A large jar; a large bottle. 大坛子，大瓶。 without telling anyone CL: ɭɯ˧ 不跟人家说（自己做什么事）

78 kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩ 2 kɤ˩-nɑ˧mi˧

kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩ ɲi˩ ʐɯ˧ ɖɯ˧-kɤ˩ well-behaved, obedient (child) (literally: who lis- one bottle of wine tens to what (s)he is told) 一瓶酒听话，乖（来形容一个孩子） CL: ɭɯ˧ See: kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩ 2

kɤ˩a CLASSIFIER Tone: La. kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩ 2 NOUN Tone: L#. A bottle of. 量词：瓶。 Speech. 话。 kɤ˩zo˩˥ kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩ ʝi˩ small bottle to promise; to make an oath; also: to swear be- 一小瓶 fore the gods: when people had a disagreement that they were unable to settle, they would go to the monastery and present their point of view be- ʈʂʰɯ˧-kɤ˥ fore the gods, swearing that they were telling the DEM _ (tone: H# / H$) truth; the gods would then punish the guilty one 指示代词 _ (through plagues and misfortunes). 答应，誓、发誓。两个人发生矛盾的时候，如 kɤ˩~kɤ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. 果无法协调，他们会去大寺，在神像前讲述他 To knock, to tap, to poke. 敲、拍。们各自的观点，发誓他们自己讲的是真的。神会惩罚说谎的人（他家会有祸害）。 kʰi˧ kɤ˥~kɤ˩

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩-ʝi˩ to knock at the door 敲门 (s)he promises 他答应 njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ | no˧ | kɤ˩~kɤ˧-bi˥!

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩ | mɤ˧-ʝi˥! I am going to slap your buttocks! (An adult threatens a child.) (s)he has not promised! 我要打你屁股了！（大人对孩子说）他没有答应！

ʈʂo˧tsɯ˥ kɤ˩~kɤ˩ (-ze˩/-bi˩) CL: kʰwɤ˥ See: kɤ˧ʈʂɯ˩ 1 to tap the table, to rap on the table 拍拍桌子 kɤ˧v#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Amulet. 护符，护身符。 CL: ɭɯ˧ gv˧dv˧ kɤ˧~kɤ˩ to tap someone’s back (to relieve back pain) kɤ˧wɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 敲敲背 Predestination, predestined affinity. 缘分、共同命运。 See: kɤ˧˥ kɤ˧wɤ˧-ljɤ˧˥ to have a predestined affinity; to have a common kɤ˩lo˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. destiny Branch. 树枝。有缘分、有共同命运 si˧dzi˩-kɤ˩lo˩ kɤ˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. branch of tree Masculine given name. 男性名字。树枝

kɤ˧zo˧-tsʰɯ˩ɻ˩ NOUN Tone: L. si˧-kɤ˥lo˩ Masculine given name. 男性名字。 as above 同上 kɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Bottle. 瓶子。 CL: kɤ˧˥

ʐɯ˧-kɤ˩ kɤ˩-nɑ˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: L-. wine bottle Eagle. 老鹰。酒瓶 CL: mi˩

79 kɤ˩pʰv˩ ki˧a

kɤ˩pʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L. ki˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ha. Male falcon. 公隼。 In association with the numeral ’one’, this classifier means ’together’. 量词：加上数词‘一’，这个量词 kɤ˩pʰv˩-kɤ˩mi˥ 表示‘一起’。 male falcon and female falcon 公隼与母隼 ɖɯ˧-ki˥ CL: mi˩ together 一起（共事） kɤ˩-tjɤ˧ljɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: L-#H. Small bell hung to an animal’s neck (e.g. horse’s bell). ɖɯ˧-ki˧ tʰv˧ 铃铛。 to arrive together/at the same time CL: ɭɯ˧ 同时到达

kɤ˩zo˩ 1 NOUN Tone: L. Baby falcon. 小隼。 ɖɯ˧-ʝi˧-ɳɯ˧ tsʰɯ˧˥, | ɖɯ˧-ki˧ tʰv˧! Coming from the same place, we arrive together! kɤ˩zo˩ 2 NOUN Tone: L. 从一个地方，一起到！ Small bottle. 小瓶子。 ɖɯ˧-ki˧ dzi˧˥ kɤ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. to live together 敲门。 To knock on the door. 住在一起 tʰi˧-kɤ˧˥ DUR SUFFIX Tone: M. DUR ‑ki˧ Dative (particle indicating the recipient) / allative (indi- See: kɤ˩kɤ˧˥ cating a direction). 对与格/向格。

kɤ˧˥a 1 CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. ʈʂʰɯ˧-ki˧ ʐwɤ˧˥ 量词：棍子、树枝（一 Classifier for sticks/ rods. to speak to her/him 根）。给他讲 si˧-kɤ˧˥ | ɖɯ˧-kɤ˧˥ a branch (of a tree) ʈʂʰɯ˧-ki˧ ʐwɤ˧-bi˥ 一根树枝 as above, with immediate future 要给他讲 kɤ˧˥a 2 CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. 量词：地（一片）。 A tract of land. ə˧mɑ˧-ɳɯ˧ | njɤ˧-ki˧ | nɑ˩-ʐwɤ˧ so˩! Ama teaches me the Na language! kɤ˧˥tʰɑ˩ NOUN Tone: MH+L. 阿妈教我摩梭话！ A family name from Yongning. There are two families in Yongning that carry this name. 一个姓。这个姓，永宁有两家。 ki˧a VERB Tone: Ma. kɤ˧˥tʰɑ˩=ɻ˩ To give, to pass on, to transmit, to offer. 给、传、献给、发（工资），嫁给。 the /kɤ˧˥tʰɑ˩/ clan /kɤ˧˥tʰɑ˩/家族 ki˧~ki˩ kɤ˩˧ NOUN Tone: LM. RED Falcon. 隼、“小鹰”。重叠 kɤ˩ hwæ˧-ze˧ tso˧~tso˧-ki˩ ...bought (a) falcon 买了隼 to give things 给东西 kɤ˩ dzɯ˧-ze˩ ...ate (a) falcon tso˧~tso˧ ki˧~ki˥ 吃了隼 to give things CL: mi˩ 给东西

80 ki˧li˥ ko˧sɯ#˥

hĩ˧-ki˧ ki˩ ɬi˧ ki˥ 1. to give to someone. 2. to give oneself (in ’to put on trousers’; this is the name of the ritual marriage) to someone, to marry someone (for a of entry into adulthood, after a boy has reached woman) age 13 1.许配给人家。2.嫁给人 “穿裤”：这是成年礼的名称（穿裤礼：男孩满了13岁，即为成人） hĩ˧-ki˧ | ɖwæ˧˥ | tʰi˧-ki˧ to be generous, to be open-handed ki˩mi˧ NOUN Tone: LM. 大方 A large fly with a green head; its larvas are particularly harmful. 绿头苍蝇。 hĩ˧-ki˧ ki˩ fv˩ CL: mi˩ to like to make gifts, to like to give things to people ki˩tɑ#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. 爱送礼，爱给别人送东西 Bag made of leather and linen, in which silver coins used to be kept, buried somewhere in the house to hide it from robbers. 皮袋，来装家里的财物：金币、银币……这 pʰɤ˧bɤ˧ ki˧ (-bi˧) 个皮袋，埋在房子里的一个保密地方，防贼。为了让 to offer gifts 它很结实，袋子有四、五层麻布内衬。可以保存很长送礼物时间。

hɑ˧ ki˩ æ˧-tse˥pʰæ˩ | ɖɯ˧-ki˩tɑ˩ to feed, to give food a bag of bronze coins 喂饭一袋铜币

ki˩ti#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. ADVERB(IAL) Tone: H#-LM+#H. ki˧li˥ Leather belt. 皮腰带。 In a mess. 乱七八糟。 CL: kʰɯ˩

ki˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. ko˥ NOUN Tone: #H. A unixex given name: a given name used for both men Hill, small mountain. 小山。 and women. 男女通用名。 CL: ɭɯ˧

ki˧zo˧-ɖɯ˩mɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L. ko˧a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ma. Feminine given name. 女性名字。 Classifier for small objects, e.g. cigarettes. 量词：小东西，例如烟（一只）。

ki˧zo˧-ɬɑ˩mv˩ NOUN Tone: L. NOUN Tone: #H. Feminine given name. 女性名字。 ko˧ɖæ#˥ Scuplture of Buddha (Tibetan borrowing). 佛像。 Borrowing: Tibetan sku-vdra(sku-’dra) ki˩a VERB Tone: La. To put on (a skirt, trousers...). 穿上（裤子、袜子、鞋 ko˧ɖæ˧-zo˧ 子）。 small statue of Buddha 小佛像 ɬi˧qʰwɤ˩ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ ki˩ to put on trousers CL: ɭɯ˧ 穿上裤子 ko˧li#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Blow tube: tube to blow on a fire. 吹火筒，用来吹火的 dzɑ˩qʰwɤ˩˥ | ɖɯ˧-dzi˧ ki˩ 小管子。 to put on a pair of shoes CL: ɭɯ˧ 穿上一双鞋 ko˧no˧-ʁo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. ʈʰæ˩ ki˩˥ Mountain ridge; bridge in the mountains. 山梁。 ’to put on a skirt’; this is the name of the ritual CL: kʰwɤ˥ of entry into adulthood, after a girl has reached age 13 ko˧sɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. “穿裙”：这是成年礼的名称（穿裙礼：女孩 Shop. 商店、小卖部（汉语借词：公司）。满13岁，即为成人） Borrowing: Chinese 公司

81 ko˩a kɯ˩a

ko˩a VERB Tone: La. kɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. To warm oneself at a fire; to bask in the sun. 烤火取 Star. 星星。暖，晒太阳。 mv˧ʁo˥ | kɯ˧ mv˧ ko˥ there are stars in the sky, one can see stars to warm oneself at a fire 天上有星星、天上看得见星星烤火取暖

le˧-ko˩-ze˩ nɑ˩-ʈʂʰɯ˥, | kɯ˧ mɤ˧-li˧! | di˧mi˧-lɑ˧ li˥! ACCOMP _ PFV The Na do not look at the stars! They only look at 烤火了 the plain (=at the plain of Yongning)! (A comment by the consultant about her lack of knowl- ɲi˧mi˧ ko˩ edge of the names of stars and constellations.) to bask in the sun 摩梭呢，不看星星，只看平坝（= 永宁坝晒太阳子）！（合作人说明为什么她不知道星星、星座的名字：摩梭人本来对天文不太感兴趣。） ɲi˧mi˧ ɖɯ˧-ko˩-ɻ˩ to bask in the sun for a while CL: ɭɯ˧, kɯ˧ 晒晒太阳

ɲi˧mi˧ ɖɯ˧-ko˧~ko˥-ɻ˩ kɯ˧b CLASSIFIER Tone: Mb. 量词：星星（一个）。 to bask in the sun for a while Self-classifier for stars. 晒晒太阳 kɯ˧ɭɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Spirit. 神。 ko˩dze˧ NOUN Tone: LM. A sort of dove. 一种鸽子。 kɯ˧ɭɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-dze˩ CL: mi˩ a pair of (good) spirits, two (good) spirits ko˩dʑo˩ NOUN Tone: . 两个（好）神 Peacock. 孔雀。 CL: dze˩ ko˩ɖʐo˩ NOUN Tone: L. 连枷。 Flail. kɯ˧qʰæ˧ʂe˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. CL: nɑ˧ Comet. 流星。 CL: ʂɯ˩ ko˧˥ 1 ADVERB(IAL) Tone: MH. Too much, excessively. 过于，太（汉语借词）。 VERB Tone: L . Borrowing: Chinese 过 kɯ˩a a To ignore someone who would need help, to leave someone alone with difficulties one could help with. This is ko˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. a term for which no straightforward Chinese equivalent To happen, to take place, to pass, to go by (days, exis- has been found; it refers to a situation where lack of real tence). 过（汉语借词）。过 attachment to someone shows up in the lack of impulse Borrowing: Chinese to go out of one’s way and help them. 不理需要帮忙的人：知道一个人需要帮助，自己也有能力帮忙，但假 kɯ˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Gallbladder. 胆。装没看见、什么事没有。 Gall. 胆汁。 CL: ɭɯ˧ hĩ˧ kɯ˥ same meaning kɯ˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: H. 同上 Tight, tense. 紧。

le˧-tsɯ˥ | le˧-kɯ˥-kʰɯ˩ hĩ˧-ɳɯ˩ | kɯ˩-kv˥! to attach tightly, to attach so that it will be quite People will sometimes ignore you when you are tight in need! / (You will realize that, in cases where 绑紧 you need help) people will sometimes ignore you and leave you alone with your difficulties! le˧-kɯ˥-se˩ 人家在你需要帮忙的时候就会不理你的！（如 ACCOMP _ PFV 果处不好关系，人家对你没有什么好感，到时紧了候你需要帮忙他们就不理你了。）

82 kɯ˩ɻ˧ kv˩a 1

kɯ˩-mɤ˩-kv˥! kv˧lv˧lv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. (They) are not going to help you! / You’re not Garlic braid: garlic bulbs with long leaves, braided into 蒜瓣。 going to get any help (from them)! a large clump. 人家在你需要帮忙的时候就会不理你的！ CL: ɭɯ˧

hĩ˧-ɳɯ˩ | kɯ˩-tʰɑ˩-kʰɯ˥! kv˧ɲi˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: H#. Empty. 空手，空。 Don’t (behave in such a way as to) let people ignore you when you are in need! (Explanation: bi˩ʁo˧ | kv˧ɲi˥-kʰɯ˩ one should build trust for oneself, making oth- to empty (someone’s) purse, i.e. to take some- ers feel real trust and gratitude, so that they will one’s money help as a matter of course when the need for it （把一个人的）钱包弄空 arises; otherwise they will ignore us when we are in need of help.) tɕʰɯ˩ di˩-hɯ˩˥, | mɤ˧-ɖɯ˧, | kv˧ɲi˥ | le˧-tsʰɯ˩! 别让人家（在你需要帮忙的时候）不理你！ He went to hunt the muntjac, but did not kill any, and came back empty-handed! njɤ˧ | no˩ kɯ˩-hĩ˥ mɤ˩-ɲi˩! | njɤ˧ | no˧-ki˧ | 他去狩猎，没得（任何猎物），空手回来！ dʑɤ˩-so˥-ɲi˩! I am not neglecting you at all! (On the contrary) I am teaching you good things / I am doing my kv˧ʁo˧bv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 蒜苗。 best to teach you! (Context: a student considers Garlic sprouts (consumed as a vegetable). himself neglected by a teacher; the teacher real- CL: kɤ˧˥ izes that the student is dissatisfied, and provides a clarification.) kv˧ʂe˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. 我不是不重视你！（刚好相反：）我是用心教 Flea. 跳蚤。你的 / 我努力教你最好的！（情景：一名学 CL: mi˩ 生认为老师忽视他，老师发现学生不高兴，就说明。） kv˧tsʰɑ˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. Family name (that of the Muli feudal lord, belonging to the Pumi/Prinmi ethnic group). 一个姓（木里土司，普 kɯ˩ɻ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. 米族，的姓）。 Two-string violin, erhu. 胡琴，二胡。 kv˧tsʰɑ˧=ɻ˥$ kɯ˩ɻ˧ ʈɤ˧ the /kv˧tsʰɑ˥$/ clan, the /kv˧tsʰɑ˥$/ family to play erhu /kv˧tsʰɑ˥$/家族拉二胡 kv˧tsʰɑ˧=ɻ˧ pi˥-zo˩! CL: nɑ˧ They were called “the /kv˧tsʰɑ˥$/ family”! 人家把他们称作“/kv˧tsʰɑ˥$/家族”！ kv˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 大蒜。 Garlic, Allium sativum. kv˧tsʰɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. CL: ɭɯ˧ tsʰɤ˧˥ Head of garlic. 蒜头。 CL: tsʰɤ˧˥ kv˧dʑɯ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH. Tent. 帐篷。 kv˧ʈʂɯ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. Nail. 指甲。 kv˧dʑɯ˧ lɑ˥ CL: ɭɯ˧

to put up a tent, to set up a tent 安装帐篷、搭建帐篷 kv˩a 1 VERB Tone: La. To pick up (from the ground), to gather. 捡起来，拾。

CL: nɑ˧ kv˧~kv˥ RED kv˧ʝi˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. 重叠 Life, existence, lifetime. 生命。 gɤ˩-kv˧~kv˥ kv˧ʝi˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: H#. to pick up (something that was on the ground) Truly, really, for good. 真的、的确、确实。捡起来（地上的东西）

83 kv˩a 2 kwɤ˧pɤ˧

le˧-kv˧~kv˥ kwɑ˧tsʰɑ˧ NOUN Tone: M. to pick up (something that was on the ground) Coffin. 棺材（汉语借词）。捡起来（地上的东西） Borrowing: Chinese 棺材

To fish. 钓鱼。 kwɑ˧tsʰɑ˧, | hĩ˧-mo˩-kʰɯ˩-di˩ ɲi˩! The coffin is the thing in which the corpse isput! ɲi˧zo˧ kv˥ / The coffin is the thing to put the corpse! to fish 棺材，是装尸体的！ / 棺材，是用来装尸体钓鱼的！

CL: ɭɯ˧ kv˩a 2 VERB Tone: La. To cross. 过。 kwæ˧fæ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 中等大小的梁。 ʈʂʰwæ˩ kv˥ Medium-sized beam. CL: pʰæ˧˥ to cross (a river) in a boat 坐船过（河） kwæ˧pæ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Harrow (made of wood). 耙（可能是汉语借词。原来 kv˩kv˩ NOUN Tone: L. 借来的词：刮板?? 刮耙??）。颧骨。 Cheekbone. CL: nɑ˧ CL: ɭɯ˧ See: njɤ˧kv˩ kwæ˧tsɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. kv˩nɑ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. Sunflower seed. 葵花瓜籽（汉语借词）。丝绸。 Silk. Borrowing: Chinese 瓜子

kv˩nɑ˧-bɑ˧lɑ˥ CONJUNCTION Tone: 0. silk garment ‑kwɤ When. ……的时候。丝绸衣服

CL: tsʰi˥ kwɤ˧ɭɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Jug; jar; pitcher; also: treasure, valuable possession. 坛子、罐子 (陶器)，宝贝。 kv˩tɑ˩ VERB Tone: L. To assemble, to group, to bring together (e.g. after felling ʈʂʰɯ˧ | njɤ˧ kwɤ˧ɭɯ˩ ɲi˩! trees, putting pieces of timber together). 集中在一起（如：砍木材后，把木材堆在一起）。 (S)he is my treasure! (About a child) 他是我宝贝！（母亲说孩子是她的宝贝）

‑kv˧˥ SUFFIX Tone: MH. CL: ɭɯ˧ ABILITIVE; also indicates future. 能。

kwɤ˧pɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. kv˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. Teaching, explanation. 解释，教导、教诲。 To be able to. 会、有能力做。 kwɤ˧pɤ˧ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥ lɑ˩ kv˧˥b CLASSIFIER Tone: MHb. to provide an explanation, to teach something Classifier for persons (from 2 upwards). 量词：人（两解释一个道理、教一件事个以上）。 kwɤ˧pɤ˧ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥ | tʰi˧-lɑ˩-ɻ˩ kwɑ˧fæ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. As above: to provide an explanation, to teach Name of a hotel. 官房（汉语借词），酒店名称。 something Borrowing: Chinese 官房同上：解释一个道理、教一件事

kwɑ˧fæ˩ [M23] kwɤ˧pɤ˧ lɑ˧˥ the abridged name of a five-star hotel where one to teach of the main consultant’s daughters works 教、解释丽江官房大酒店的简称。注：发音合作人的女儿在丽江官房大酒店工作。 CL: kʰwɤ˥

84 ‑kwɤ˧tɕɯ˥ kwɤ˩to˥

‑kwɤ˧tɕɯ˥ CONJUNCTION Tone: H#. kwɤ˩-tjɤ˧ljɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: L-#H. After; because, since, as. 因为，由于，既然。 Small bell. 铃铛。 CL: ɭɯ˧ -kwɤ˧tɕɯ˥-lɑ˩ same meaning kwɤ˩to˥ NOUN Tone: LH. 同上 Jawbone, mandible, lower jaw. 颌骨。 CL: ɭɯ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧ | go˩-kwɤ˩tɕɯ˥-lɑ˩, | hɑ˧ mɤ˧-dzɯ˥. Because (s)he is ill, (s)he does not eat. 他病了，吃不下饭。

[M18] ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧-ʝi˥ | pi˧-kwɤ˩tɕɯ˩-lɑ˩, | wɤ˩˥ | lɑ˧hɑ˥ | ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ ʐwɤ˧˥. After he said that, he went on to say something different / he changed his mind and said something quite different. 他这样说完以后，又讲了些其它的。

[M18] ʈʂʰɯ˧ | tʰi˧-dzi˩-kwɤ˩-tɕɯ˩, | ɖɯ˧- kʰwɤ˧ ʐwɤ˧-ɻ˥: | “sɤ˧sɤ˧˥ | ʐwæ˧˥!” After he got seated, he said the following: “How comfortable!” 他坐下后，说了这么一句：“真舒服！”

kwɤ˩a CLASSIFIER Tone: La. A string, a cluster of. 量词：串。

kv˧ | ɖɯ˧-kwɤ˩ a braid of garlic 一辫大蒜

lɑ˧tsɯ˥ | ɖɯ˧-kwɤ˩ a braid of hot peppers 一辫辣椒

ʈʂʰɯ˧-kwɤ˥ DEM _ (tone: H# / H$) 指示代词 _

kwɤ˩a 1 VERB Tone: La. To throw away (rubbish). 扔掉。

mv˩tɕo˧ kwɤ˩ to throw away (rubbish) 扔掉（垃圾）

tso˧~tso˧ kwɤ˥ to throw stuff away 扔东西

kwɤ˩a 2 VERB Tone: La. To manage, to be in charge of, to take care of. 管（汉语借词）。

ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ kwɤ˥ to supervise a bit 管一些

85 kʰɤ˧ɕjɤ˧ kʰi˧tɕʰɯ˩-mo˩

- kʰ - kʰi˥ 1 NOUN Tone: #H. Door. 门。 kʰɤ˧ɕjɤ˧ VERB Tone: . 花掉。 To spend (money). kʰi˧-zo#˥ kʰɤ˧ɕjɤ˧-ze˩! small door PFV 小门花掉了！ CL: ̩pɤ˩ le˧-kʰɤ˧ɕjɤ˧ | le˧-se˩-kʰɯ˩ to spend all the money, to spend all the money NOUN Tone: #H. up kʰi˥ 2 Edge (monosyllable). 边（单音节）。全部都花完

mɤ˧-dʑo˧, | ɖwæ˩-mɤ˧-zo˧! | tʰi˧-ʂe˧ tʰi˧- NOUN Tone: #H. kʰɤ˧ɕjɤ˧-tsæ˥-ɲi˩! kʰi˧bɤ#˥ Threshold. 门槛。 If we have nothing/if we are poor, we should not CL: ɭɯ˧ worry! Go ahead: earn some money and spend it! (This is one of the teachings of the elders: money is something that circulates, not some- kʰi˧-bv˧lv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. thing to be accumulated for its own sake.) Hinge. （门的）合页。如果没有（钱），不用担心！要赚也要花！ CL: ɭɯ˧ See: kʰi˧-qʰwɤ˩ （这是长辈的一个教诲：钱赚了又花、花了又赚，不是来积累的。） -kʰi˧~kʰi˧ POSTPOSITION Tone: #H. Around, close to, near, nearby. 周围、左右、旁边。 kʰɤ˧mi˥$ NOUN Tone: $H. Large basket carried on the back. 大背篓。 ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧-kʰi˧~kʰi˧ CL: kʰɤ˧˥ near the house, in the vicinity of the house 房子周围 kʰɤ˧ʂɯ˧ VERB Tone: M. To begin. 开始（汉语借词）。 Borrowing: Chinese 开始 [F5] njɤ˧-bv˧ | kʰi˧~kʰi˧ near me, around me kʰɤ˧zo˥$ NOUN Tone: $H. 我的周围 Small basket carried on the back. 小背篓。 CL: kʰɤ˧˥ [M21] ʐɤ˩mi˩-kʰi˩~kʰi˩ se˩˥ to walk on the roadside, to walk by the side of kʰɤ˩njɤ˩~kʰɤ˧njɤ˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: L-. the road Supple (movement). 柔软（动作）。走在马路边

VERB Tone: MH. kʰɤ˧˥ 1 NOUN Tone: M. To put out (a fire). 灭（火）。 kʰi˧mi˧ Main entrance, main door. 大门。 See: hɑ̃˧˥ 1 CL: pɤ˩

kʰɤ˧˥ 2 NOUN Tone: MH. Basket carried on the back. 背篓。 kʰi˧-qʰwɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. CL: kʰɤ˧˥ Hinge. 门的合页。 CL: ɭɯ˧ Syn: kʰi˧-bv˧lv˩. kʰɤ˧˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. A basket of. 量词：筐。 kʰi˧tɕʰɯ˩-mo˩ NOUN Tone: L#-. A poisonous mushroom. 一种有毒的菌子。 kʰi˥ VERB Tone: H. To separate, to take apart (e.g. to separate fibers of linen ʈʂæ˧mo˧-kʰi˧tɕʰɯ˩-mo˩ to make thread). 拆开、分离（几根线）。 same meaning sɑ˧ | le˧-kʰi˥ 同上 to separate linen fibres (to make thread) 拆开粗麻（为了纺出细麻线） Syn: ʈʂæ˧mo#˥.

86 kʰi˧˥ kʰɯ˩

kʰi˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. kʰɯ˧tʰo˧˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Past form of verb ’to leave’. 走（过去式）。 Chains (to tie a criminal’s feet), made of iron. 脚链。 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | zo˩qo˧ kʰi˧? Where has (s)he gone to? / Where has (s)he left kʰɯ˧tʰo˧ kʰɯ˥ for? to put chains (on someone’s feet) 他到哪里去了？戴上脚链（在一个人的脚上）

[M23] no˧ | tsʰi˧ɲi˧ | ɑ˩pʰo˩˥ | ə˩-kʰi˩˥? Did you go outside today? / Did you take a stroll kʰɯ˧tʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. today? Pedal of the loom (to invert the vertical position of the 你今天出去了吗？ threads). 织布机的脚蹬子=踏板。 CL: dze˩ kʰo˥ VERB Tone: H. To spread (e.g. to do a bed; to spread/scatter objects all 铺（床……）、铺得满地（果子、工 over the floor). kʰɯ˧tsɯ˧bæ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 具……）。 Strip of fabric used to tie the bottom part of trousers, kʰwæ˧ɻæ˧ kʰo˧ which were wide; in addition to this function, this piece of clothing was also decorative; it came from Tibetan re- to spread a mat gions. 绑腿布：用来绑裤腿的一块缠布，也有装饰功铺垫子能（从藏族地区传过来的）。

kʰo˧lo˧ NOUN Tone: M. Prayer wheel. 转经筒。Local Chinese dialect: 祈祷轱 kʰɯ˧tsʰɤ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. 辘。 Leg. 腿，脚。 CL: ɭɯ˧ CL: pʰo˧˥

kʰɯ˧di˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. 容器。 Container (general term). kʰɯ˧ʈʂæ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. CL: ɭɯ˧ Ankle. 踝关节。 CL: ʈʂæ˧˥ kʰɯ˧dv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Cripple, lame person. 跛。

kʰɯ˧dv˧-hĩ˧ kʰɯ˧ʈʂɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 鸡爪。 cripple Chicken feet. 跛 kʰɯ˧ʈʂɤ˧ tʰv˧-ɭɯ#˥ kʰɯ˧dv˧-tsʰo˧qʰwɤ˧ N+DEM+CLF lame demon 这只鸡爪跛鬼

CL: v˧ kʰɯ˧ʈʂɤ˧ tʰv˧-ʈv˥# N+DEM+CLF kʰɯ˧dʑɯ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. 这只鸡爪 Puttee. 裹腿。 CL: dzi˧ CL: ʈv˩ / ɭɯ˧ kʰɯ˧pi˧ VERB Tone: . To stumble, to trip. 绊。 kʰɯ˧ʐɯ˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. njɤ˧ kʰɯ˧pi˧-ze˧! Rice wine (low alcohol). 黄酒。 I have stumbled! CL: qʰwɤ˧˥ 我绊了一跤！

kʰɯ˧pʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Archaic [古语] Chinese, kʰɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Han. 汉族。 Thread. 线。 CL: v˧ CL: kʰɯ˩

87 kʰɯ˩b kʰv˥ 1

kʰɯ˩b CLASSIFIER Tone: Lb. tɕʰi˧ kʰɯ˧ ə˥-bi˩? Classifier for threads. 量词：线（一根、一条）。 Do you agree to sell? kʰɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-kʰɯ˩ （你）让卖吗？ a thread of string dzɯ˧ kʰɯ˩ ə˩-bi˩? 一根线 Do you agree to eat? zɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-kʰɯ˩ （你）让吃吗？ a blade of grass 一根草 tɕi˩ kʰɯ˥ ə˩-bi˩? Do you agree to write? bæ˩ ɖɯ˥-kʰɯ˩ （你）让写吗？ a thread of rope 一条绳子 ʈʰɯ˩ kʰɯ˩ ə˥-bi˩? kʰɯ˧ | ʈʂʰɯ˧-kʰɯ˧˥ Do you agree to drink? this thread (note: irregular tone pattern) （你）让喝吗？这根线 ʐv˧ kʰɯ˥ ə˩-bi˩? kʰɯ˩pv˩ NOUN Tone: L. Do you agree to sew? Shuttle. 梭，梭子。（你）让缝吗？ CL: ɭɯ˧ See: pv˧qʰwɤ˥

kʰɯ˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. kʰɯ˩ʈɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L. To throw. 甩、扔（石头）。 Root. 根。

si˧dzi˩-kʰɯ˩ʈɯ˩ le˧-kʰɯ˧-ze˥ tree root ACCOMP _ PFV 树根甩了

CL: ʈv˩ lv˧mi˧ kʰɯ˧˥ to throw a stone kʰɯ˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. To put into (e.g. to put 扔石头 into a bag); to dibble in seeds. 放，装(如：装进袋里)，点种，收下。 kʰɯ˧˥ 3 VERB Tone: MH. kʰɯ˩~kʰɯ˧˥ To wear (a bracelet). 戴（手镯）。 RED RED le˧-kʰɯ˧-ze˥

qwɤ˧-qo˧ | si˧ tʰi˧-kʰɯ˧˥ ACCOMP _ PFV 戴了 to add wood into the fire 放木头在火中 lo˩dʑo˧ kʰɯ˩ To allow; to let; to cause (causative value). 让，使动。 to wear a bracelet 戴手镯 kʰv˩mi˩-zɯ˩~zɯ˩˥, | le˧-ɖæ˥-kʰɯ˩! | hĩ˧- zɯ˧~zɯ˥, | le˧-ʂæ˧-kʰɯ˥! Dog’s lifespan was made shorter, and man’s kʰv˥ 1 VERB Tone: H. lifespan was made longer! (A summary of the To harvest grass, to cut grass. 割（草）。 legend “How dog and man exchanged their lifes- pans”.) le˧-kʰv˥-ze˩ 够的寿命，变短了/ 使得变短！（而）人的 ACCOMP _ PFV 寿命，变长了/使得变长！（《狗和人交换寿割了命》故事的一个提要）

hwæ˧ kʰɯ˧ ə˥-bi˩? | - hwæ˧ kʰɯ˧-bi˥! zɯ˧-kʰv˧ Do you agree to buy? - Yes! to cut grass （你）让买吗？ - 让买！割草

88 kʰv˥ 1 kʰv˧-pʰo˥

kʰv˥ 1 NOUN Tone: #H. kʰv˧mæ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Nest (monosyllable). （鸟）巢。 Robber, bandit. 强盗。 kʰv˧mæ˧ ʝi˧-hĩ˧-hĩ˧ kʰv˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɭɯ#˥ person who robs, robber N+DEM+CLF 当强盗的人=强盗这只鸟巢 kʰv˧mæ˧-ni˩-zo˩! | hĩ˧ lɑ˩-ho˩! CL: ɭɯ˧ He’s like a bandit! He may hit people! 他像强盗似的！会打人的！

kʰv˧mæ˧-ʑi˩ kʰv˥ 2 VERB Tone: H. To steal. 偷。 prison: literally “house for thieves” 监狱。直译：“贼家” hĩ˧-bv˧ tso˧~tso˧ kʰv˧ kʰv˧mæ˧-ʝi˧-hĩ˧, | lo˧ʑi˥bv˩-qo˩ ʈæ˩! to steal someone’s stuff, to steal someone else’s Thieves are tied up in prisons / are sent to prison! property 贼，被关在监狱！偷别人的东西 no˧ | kʰv˧mæ˧-pʰæ˧qʰwɤ˩-ne˩-ʝi˩-zo˩! You have the face of a thief! / You really look kʰv˥ 2 NOUN Tone: #H. like a thief! (An accusation about someone one 狗。 Dog (monosyllable). thinks is a thief) 你有一张贼脸！（控告一个人） kʰv˧-ʂe˧ dzɯ˧ CL: to eat dog meat (a practice which is strongly an- v˧ tagonistic to Na culture, which considers dog as man’s benefactor) kʰv˧mv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 吃狗肉 Female puppy. The term is also used as a temporary name for little girls, during the first months of their life, before they are given a real name. This ugly term is in- kʰv˧-zɯ˧~zɯ˥ tended to disgust evil spirits, which will therefore turn dog’s existence, dog’s life (which dog exchanged their attention away from the infant. (In the early 21st with man, according to the legend) century, the registry office requires a name to be given at 狗的生命（传说狗与人交换了生命） birth; but this name only begins to be used by the family after the first months of life have elapsed.). 小母狗（给 kʰv˧ tʰv˧-mi˥# 刚出生的女孩起的名字，让鬼对她不感兴趣，不会来害小孩）。 N+DEM+CLF CL: v˧ 那条狗

NOUN Tone: H#. kʰv˧-gɤ˥ljɤ˩ kʰv˧nɑ˥ Dog. 狗。 roving dog CL: mi˩ 流浪狗 kʰv˧pʰæ˧ NOUN Tone: M. CL: mi˩ v˧ jɤ˧˥ Age. 年龄。 kʰv˧pʰæ˧ tɕi˩ kʰv˧bv˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. young Kennel, doghouse. 狗窝。年轻 CL: ɭɯ˧ kʰv˧pʰæ˧ | tɕi˩-hĩ˩˥ young kʰv˧kwæ˧ NOUN Tone: M. 年轻的 Bitter melon. 苦瓜。 Borrowing: Chinese 苦瓜 kʰv˧-pʰo˥ NOUN Tone: H#. CL: ɭɯ˧ Half a year. 半年。 ɖɯ˧-kʰv˧-kʰv˥-pʰo˩ kʰv˧kʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. one year and a half Year of the dog. 狗年。一年半

89 kʰv˧pʰv#˥ kʰv˩-kʰɤ˩

kʰv˧pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. kʰv˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. He-dog. 公狗。 Male dog. The term is also used as a temporary name for little boys, during the first months of their life, before kʰv˧pʰv˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɭɯ#˥ they are given a real name. This ugly term is intended to N+DEM+CLF disgust evil spirits, which will therefore turn their atten- 这只公狗 tion away from the infant. (In the early 21st century, the registry office requires a name to be given at birth; but this name only begins to be used by the family after the kʰv˧pʰv˧ tʰv˧-mi˧˥ first months of life have elapsed.). 公狗（给刚出生的男 N+DEM+CLF 孩子的名字，让鬼对他不感兴趣，不过来害小孩）。这只公狗 kʰv˧zo˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɭɯ#˥ kʰv˧pʰv˧ tʰv˧-v#˥ N+DEM+CLF N+DEM+CLF 这只公狗这个公狗 kʰv˧zo˧ tʰv˧-mi˧˥ N+DEM+CLF CL: v˧ / mi˩ / ɭɯ˧ 这只公狗

kʰv˧zo˧ tʰv˧-v#˥ kʰv˧qʰwɤ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. Bad year, year when the crops are bad. 庄稼收成不好的 N+DEM+CLF （一）年。这只公狗

kʰv˧zo˥-kʰv˩mv˩ kʰv˧qʰwɤ˧ tʰv˧˥ puppy and she-dog the year is bad; crops are bad this year; a bad 小狗与母狗 year has come 今年，收成不好。 CL: v˧ / mi˩ / ɭɯ˧

kʰv˧sɯ˧sɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. kʰv˧zo˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. A flowering plant in the legume family: Flemingia stro- A family name from Yongning. There are two families 一个姓。这个姓，永 bilifera, also known as Moghania fruticulosa. 球穗千斤 in Yongning that carry this name. 宁有两家。拔、半灌木千斤拔、大苞千斤拔。Local Chinese di- 耗子耳朵。 alect: kʰv˧zo˧=ɻ˥$ CL: kɤ˧˥ the /kʰv˧zo˥$/ clan, the /kʰv˧zo˥$/ family /kʰv˧zo˥$/家族 kʰv˧ʂæ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To hunt (leading a dog). 打猎、赶走、驱逐。 kʰv˧zo˥-tsʰɯ˩ɻ˩ the name of a person, containing both a fam- kʰv˧ʂæ˧ hɯ˧˥ ily name: / kʰv˧zo˥ $/, and a given name: / (He/she) has gone hunting tsʰɯ˧ɻ#˥/ 狩猎去了一个人的名字：姓为/ kʰv˧zo˥ $/，名为/ tsʰɯ˧ɻ#˥/

VERB kʰv˧ʂɯ˥ Tone: . NOUN Tone: LM+#H. 过年。 To celebrate the New Year. Dog-pig, doggy-piggy. The term is used as a temporary name for little boys, during the first months of their life, kʰv˧tɕʰi˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. before they are given a real name. This ugly term is in- Solution, way out. 办法。 tended to disgust evil spirits, which will therefore turn their attention away from the infant. (In the early 21st kʰv˧tɕʰi˥ | mɤ˧-dʑo˧-ze˧! | ɻ ̃˧-ɻ˧ tʰo˩! century, the registry office requires a name to be given at There is nothing we can do anymore! It’s a catas- birth; but this name only begins to be used by the family 小畜生，直 trophe! after the first months of life have elapsed.). 译：猪崽子、狗崽子。没有办法了！糟糕了！ CL: v˧

kʰv˧tsʰi˧-bo˥tsʰi˩ NOUN Tone: #H-. kʰv˩-kʰɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Mole shrew. 鼹鼠。 Chicken nest. 鸡窝。 CL: pʰo˧˥ v˧ CL: ɭɯ˧

90 kʰv˩mi˩ kʰwɤ˧pʰv˧-mo˧˥

kʰv˩mi˩ NOUN Tone: L. kʰwæ˧ɻæ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Dog (either he-dog or she-dog). 狗。 Felt; extended use: mat (even if not made of felt), cush- ion…. 毡子。也用来指席子，垫子等。 kʰv˩mi˩ ʈʂʰɯ˩-jɤ˧ kʰwæ˧ɻæ˧ tʰi˧-kʰo˥ N+DEM+CLF 这条狗 to spread a mat 铺席子 di˧qo˧-kʰv˩mi˩ CL: tsʰi˥ the dogs of the plain (which, unlike dogs in mountain hamlets, get to see lots of passers-by, and less likely to bite strangers) kʰwɤ˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ha. A piece of, a chunk of; a mouthful of. 量词：块。一块平坝的狗肉、一口饭。

kʰv˩mi˩-gɤ˥ljɤ˩ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥~ɖɯ˩-kʰwɤ˩ roving dog chunk by chunk, one chunk after the other 流浪的狗一块一块地

CL: v˧, terme respectueux (le même que pour les hu- kʰwɤ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ʂe˧-ɻ˩! mains) on peut aussi dire: jɤ˧˥ Go ahead and decide! / Please make a decision! 你们得要做出决定！ kʰv˩tsɤ˩mi˥ NOUN Tone: L+H#. She-dog. 母狗。 ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ so˧˥, | ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥ fv˩! CL: v˧ Each new word is a new joy! (A comment by the consultant about the investigator’s enjoyment of fieldwork. She takes a look at a draft dictionary, kʰv˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH. Year; year of age. 年、岁。 and comments that it represents a great deal of kʰv˧-mæ˥ work, and that what matters is that the investigator should feel an interest in it, considering each end of the year new ’piece’ – each addition to the dictionary – as 年尾 a source of joy.) 学一点，就高兴一点！（评说语言调查工作： kʰv˧-mæ˥ ʂæ˩ 合作人看着本词典的初稿，说：这是一项很大 intercalary year: a year with 13 months; this hap- 的工程，关键的是调查者要有兴趣，欣赏每个 pens every 4 years or so 新学的语言信息。）闰年（有13个月） kʰwɤ˧pʰv˧ NOUN Tone: M. kʰv˧-mæ˥ ɖæ˩ Meadow. 草坪、草地。 normal year, usual year: a year that has 12 months kʰwɤ˧pʰv˧-mo˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. 正常的年份，普通年：一年十二个月 Prairie mushroom: a sort of edible mushroom (not yet identified). 可以吃的一种菌子。 Astrological sign. 生肖。

no˧ | ə˧tso˧ kʰv˧ ɲi˥? What is your astrological sign? 你是属什么的？

kʰv˧˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. Year; year of age. 量词：年、岁。

ɖɯ˧-kʰv˧˥ one year 一年

kʰwæ˧hwæ˩ VERB Tone: . To drape oneself in (a cape, a piece of fabric). 披上。

91 ‑lɑ 1 lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥

- l ɭ - lɑ˧bi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Steep slope. 陡坡、土坡、斜坡。 ADVERB(IAL) Tone: 0. ‑lɑ 1 lɑ˧bi˧-tsɤ˧ Only. 只，才。 steep (literally ’like a steep slope’) ʈʂʰɯ˧-lɑ˩ ɲi˩-ze˩-mæ˩! ‘像陡坡’，等于：很陡

That’s all! lɑ˧bi˧-tsɤ˧ | ʐwæ˩˥! 就这些了！ / 就这些而已！ / 就这样！ It is really steep! 陡得很！ ‑lɑ 2 CONJUNCTION Tone: 0. 和、与、跟。 Coordination conjunction: and. lɑ˧do#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Horse groom. 马夫（参加马帮）。 ɖɯ˧-kʰv˧-lɑ˥ | so˩-ɬi˩˥ one year and three months (context: indicating lɑ˧hwɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. the age of an infant) A Na village outside the Yongning plain, close to the 一岁三个月 Lake, not far from /lɑ˧tʰɑ˧-di˧˥/. 村落名。

ʈʂʰɯ˧-lɑ˧ | mɤ˧-bi˧, | njɤ˧-lɑ˧ mɤ˧-bi˧! lɑ˧kɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. (If) (s)he does not go, I’m not going either! Small jar used to preserve wine. 小坛子，用来存酒。他不去（的话），我也不去！ CL: ɭɯ˧

hĩ˧-lɑ˩ | dʑɤ˧˥, | mv˧di˧-lɑ˥ | dʑɤ˧˥! / hĩ˧-lɑ˩ | lɑ˧kʰv˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. dʑɤ˧˥, | lv˧-lɑ˧ | dʑɤ˧˥! Year of the Tiger. 虎年。 The people are good; and the land is good! / The people are good; and the fields are good! (A lɑ˧~lɑ˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: M. set phrase to recommend a family which a young Flaccid, flabby. 松弛。 woman is considering joining through marriage: the people are good, and their land is good.) lɑ˧~lɑ˧b VERB Tone: Mb. 人也好，田也好！（习语：将女孩嫁出去前， To dilute in water. 掺水。一家人打听对方家如何，推荐的人保证：“他们家，人也好，田也好！”） (dʑɯ˧-qo˧) le˧-lɑ˧~lɑ˧ to dilute in water hĩ˧ F | dʑɤ˧˥, | mv˧di˧˥ F | dʑɤ˧˥! 掺水 as above 同上 lɑ˧lo˧-ʁwɤ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. A village of Yongning; Chinese name: Laluowa. 拉洛瓦村（永宁的一个村落）。 mɤ˧-lɑ˧ dʑɤ˧˥! The grease too is good! (Elicited variant on the dʑɤ˩bv˧kɤ˧-sɑ˥ʁwɤ˩, | hi˩ʁwɤ˩-lo˥, | preceding examples) æ˩mi˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | lɑ˧lo˧-ʁwɤ˥, | lɑ˧ŋwɤ˧, 猪油也好！（按照上面例子的变体） | bɤ˧tsʰo˧gv˥, | ə˧lɑ˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | gæ˧ɻæ˩, | qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧, | tʰo˧ʈɯ#˥ qæ˩-lɑ˥ | dʑɤ˧˥! the ten villages traditionally considered as part of The oil too is good! (Elicited variant on the pre- Yongning ceding examples) 摩梭传统地理概念中，属于永宁的十个村落油也好！ lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥ CONJUNCTION Tone: MH#. ʈʂʰɯ˧-lɑ˧ | mɤ˧-bi˧, | njɤ˧ | mɤ˧-bi˧-ze˧! / Apart from, aside of, other than. 这以外。 ʈʰɯ˧ mɤ˧-bi˧-ze˧-dʑo˧, | njɤ˧-lɑ˧ | mɤ˧-bi˧- ze˧! tsɑ˧bɤ˧ mɤ˧-pʰv˧ɖɯ˧! | lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥, | ə˧tso˧-mɤ˧- ɲi˩ | pʰv˩ɖɯ˩˥! If he doesn’t go, I’m not going either! Flour is not expensive; apart from it, everything 他如果不去，我也不去！ is expensive! / Flour is cheap; but everything else is expensive! (An observation about the cost of lɑ˧ NOUN Tone: M. living in early 21st-century Yongning) Tiger. 老虎。面粉不贵。其它的呢，什么都贵！（题目：讲 CL: pʰo˧˥ 今日永宁食品物价）

92 lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥ 1

lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥ 1 PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: MH#. lɑ˧ŋwɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Other. 别的。 The name of a mountain on the way from Yongning to Wujiao; this name is also used to refer to the hamlets on 一座山的名字。 lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥ | ɖɯ˧-tɕi˥ the slope of this mountain. some others, a few others dʑɤ˩bv˧kɤ˧-sɑ˥ʁwɤ˩, | hi˩ʁwɤ˩-lo˥, | 其它一些 æ˩mi˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | lɑ˧lo˧-ʁwɤ˥, | lɑ˧ŋwɤ˧, | bɤ˧tsʰo˧gv˥, | ə˧lɑ˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | gæ˧ɻæ˩, | lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥ | ʈʂʰɯ˧-tɕi˩ qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧, | tʰo˧ʈɯ#˥ those other, those few others, the few that re- the ten villages traditionally considered as part of mained Yongning 其它的那些摩梭传统地理概念中，属于永宁的十个村落

lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥ | ɖɯ˧-ʁo˩ ɲi˩! NOUN Tone: #H. It’s something different! / That’s a different mat- lɑ˧pʰv#˥ Male tiger. 公老虎。 ter! 是另一回事！ / 是另一码事！ lɑ˧pʰv˧ tʰv˧-ɭɯ#˥ N+DEM+CLF See: lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥ 2 那只老虎

lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥ 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: MH#. CL: pʰo˧˥ / ɭɯ˧ Other. 别的。 lɑ˧tʰɑ˧-di˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. lɑ˧ɬɑ˧ hĩ˥ The entire Na area around Lugu lake, including Zuosuo other people (currently Luguhu Zhen) and the village of Luoshui. 泸其它人沽湖周边的摩梭地区，包括左所（今为泸沽湖镇）、洛水村等。 ɖɯ˧-bæ˧ | le˧-se˩, | ɖɯ˧-bæ˧ ʝi˧! / ɖɯ˧-bæ˧ | le˧-se˩, | wɤ˩˥ | lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥ | ɖɯ˧-bæ˧ ʝi˧! | ɬi˧ki˧, | ɲi˧se˩, | tɑ˧dzi˩, | mv˧qʰwæ˩, | lɑ˧tʰɑ˧-di˧˥ When one has finished one task, one moves on to another! Villages that one passes when moving away from 做完一件事情，就轮到另一个！ the Yongning plain, towards Lugu lake. These villages do not count as part of Yongning proper. The last, /lɑ˧tʰɑ˧-di˧˥/, is not a village name like See: lɑ˧ɬɑ˧˥ 1 the preceding four: it refers to the entire Na area beyond the fourth village. lɑ˧mɑ˧ NOUN Tone: M. 从永宁往泸沽湖所经过的村落，依次是：里 Lama. 喇嘛。格、尼赛、大祖、木垮，然后到拉塔地（拉塔地指的是泸沽湖周边的摩梭地区，包括左所、 Borrowing: Tibetan bla-ma 洛水村等）

hæ˧-lɑ˩mɑ˩ Chinese lama lɑ˧tʰɑ˧mi˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. 汉族喇嘛 A family name from Yongning. There are five families in Yongning that carry this name. 一个姓。这个姓，永宁有五个家。音译：拉他咪。 CL: v˧ lɑ˧tʰɑ˧mi˧=ɻ˥$ lɑ˧mi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. the /lɑ˧tʰɑ˧mi˥$/ clan, the /lɑ˧tʰɑ˧mi˥$/ fam- Female tiger. 母老虎。 ily /lɑ˧tʰɑ˧mi˥$/家族 lɑ˧mi˧ tʰv˧-mi˧˥ / lɑ˧mi˧ tʰv˧-mi˥# N+DEM+CLF NOUN Tone: H#-M-L. 那只老虎 Proper name of the main consultant (reference speaker) for this volume (speaker code: F4). 拉他咪•达石拉么： CL: pʰo˧˥ / mi˩ 本著作的标准发音合作人。

93 lɑ˧zi˥ lɑ˧˥ 1

lɑ˧zi˥ NOUN Tone: H#. -lɑ˩tɑ˩ POSTPOSITION Tone: L. Painter. 画家。 Close to.

ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧, | lɑ˧zi˥ ɲi˩! ɑ˩ʁo˧ | -lɑ˩tɑ˩˥ (S)he is a painter! / (S)he can paint! the perimeter of the house: the surface on which 他是画家！ the house (farm) extends 家的面积 lɑ˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Baby tiger, child of tiger. 小老虎。 lɑ˩ʈʂv˩ NOUN Tone: L. lɑ˧zo˧ tʰv˧-ɭɯ#˥ Candle. 蜡烛。蜡烛 N+DEM+CLF Borrowing: Chinese 那只小老虎 CL: kɤ˧˥

CL: ɭɯ˧ lɑ˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. To strike someone, to beat someone. 打（打人，钉钉 lɑ˩gv˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: LM. 子……）。 Curved, crooked, bent (e.g. tree). 弯（树...）。 hĩ˧ lɑ˩ si˧dzi˩ | lɑ˩-gv˧-ze˩ to strike someone The tree got crooked. 打人树弯了。

hɑ˧ lɑ˩ lɑ˩gv˧-lɑ˩ɲi˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: LM-L. From: to beat the grain lɑ˩gv˧ Crooked, curved, bent (e.g. road, person’s limbs). 弯（路，植物，人的四肢）。打粮食

nv˩ɭɯ˧ lɑ˧ lɑ˩jɤ˧-ɬi˧ NOUN Tone: LM-. 12th month. 十二月。 to beat soy 打大豆 lɑ˩~lɑ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To fight, to scuffle, to come to blows. 打架、吵架。 sɯ˩tʰi˩-po˥-ɳɯ˩ | lɑ˧˥ to break with a knife (brick tea: compressed tea lɑ˩lɑ˧-hĩ˥ | ʈʂʰɯ˧-tɕi˩ leaves) those people who are fighting 用刀子来砍（沱茶、茶饼）打架的这些(人) ə˧ʝi˧-ʂɯ˥ʝi˩, | ɬi˧di˩-dʑo˩, | æ˧ lɑ˩-hĩ˩ F | dʑo˩˥! See: lɑ˧˥ | ʂe˧ lɑ˧-hĩ˥ F | dʑo˩˥! | hæ̃˩ lɑ˩-hĩ˥ F | dʑo˩˥! | ŋv˩ lɑ˩-hĩ˥ F | dʑo˩˥! lɑ˩mɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L. In the past, in Yongning, there were craftsmen A family name from Yongning. There are four families who forged copper! craftsmen who forged iron! in Yongning that carry this name. 一个姓。这个姓，永 craftsmen who forged gold! and craftsmen who 宁有四个家。 forged silver! 过去，在永宁，有铜匠、铁匠、金匠、银匠。 lɑ˩mɑ˩=ɻ˥$

the /lɑ˩mɑ˩/ clan, the /lɑ˩mɑ˩/ family ə˧ʝi˧-ʂɯ˥ʝi˩, | ɬi˧di˩-dʑo˩, | æ˧ lɑ˩-hĩ˩ dʑo˩, | /lɑ˩mɑ˩/家族 ʂe˧ lɑ˧-hĩ˥ dʑo˩, | hæ̃˩ lɑ˩-hĩ˥ dʑo˩, | ŋv˩ lɑ˩- hĩ˥ dʑo˩. lɑ˩mɑ˩-gv˥mɑ˩ In the past, in Yongning, there were craftsmen the name of a person, containing both a family who forged copper; craftsmen who forged iron; name: /lɑ˩mɑ˩/, and a given name: /gv˧mɑ˧/ craftsmen who forged gold; and craftsmen who 一个人的名字：姓为/lɑ˩mɑ˩/，名为/gv˧mɑ˧/ forged silver. 过去，在永宁，有铜匠、铁匠、金匠、银匠。 lɑ˩tɑ˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: LM. Askew, slanting (e.g. hat). 歪，偏 (帽子戴得歪)。 See: lɑ˩ lɑ˧˥

94 lɑ˧˥ 2 li˧a

lɑ˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. PREFIX Tone: M/0. To form, to be there, to have appeared (dew). 有，结 ACCOMPLISHED aspect. 实施。（露水）。

ɖʐv˧ lɑ˧˥ le˧-tɑ˧˥ CONJUNCTION Tone: MH. Up to, all the way to; even. 到……为止、一直到……、 Some dew has appeared; there is some dew 连……。结露水了。

ɖʐv˧qʰɑ˧ lɑ˧˥ le˧-wo˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: H#. Some dew has appeared; there is some dew Over again, once over again; back. 再、又、重新。结露水了。 le˧-wo˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: M. 又，……回去。 ‑læ˧ SUFFIX Tone: M. Again; back. This TOP marker introduces a new element, without nec- le˧-wo˧ jo˧ essarily contrasting it with others. Possible gloss: concerning… . 主题：……的话、关于……。 to come back 回 ɖɯ˩mɑ˧ | -læ˧… Concerning (my granddaughter) ɖɯ˩mɑ˧,… le˧-wo˧ le˧-gv˩ 关于独妈呢，…… to do over again 从头开始 lɑ˩mv˩˥ | -læ˧...

Concerning lɑ˩mv˩˥ [a given name], ... le˧-wo˧ le˧-gv˧~gv˥ 关于拉姆呢，…… to build anew, to make anew, to rebuild ti˧ɖo˥ | -læ˧… 重新做、重新建 Concerning ti˧ɖo˥ [a given name], … le˧-wo˧ le˥-tɕo˩ ʐwɤ˩ 关于ti˧ɖo˥[人的名字]呢，…… to speak over and over again, to rant, to repeat ceaselessly læ˧dæ˧qæ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Armpit. 腋下。Local Chinese dialect: 膈肢窝。重复讲说过的话 CL: ɭɯ˧ le˧-wo˧-tʰo˥-tɕo˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: . læ˧ʁæ˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. Then, afterwards. 后来（原意：翻篇）。 Raven. 乌鸦。 CL: mi˩ ‑le˩ DISCOURSE PARTICLE Tone: L?. Exclamative final particle. 句尾助词：感叹。 læ˧ʁæ˧mi˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. Female raven. 母乌鸦。 dʑɤ˩-le˥! CL: mi˩ Well done! / Great! 好了！/ 太好了！ læ˧ʁæ˧-pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 公乌鸦。 Male raven. 看。 li˧a VERB Tone: Ma. To look at. læ˧ʁæ˧-pʰv˧ tʰv˧-mi˥$ tʰi˧-li˧-dʑo˧ N+DEM+CLF 那只公乌鸦 DUR _ PROG 正在看 CL: mi˩ tso˧~tso˧ li˩ læ˧tsɯ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. to look at things 辣椒（汉语借词：辣子）。 Chilly peppers. Local Chi- 看东西 nese dialect: 辣子。辣子 Borrowing: Chinese To manage, to be in charge of. 管理。 læ˧tsɯ˥ hṽ˩~hṽ˩ ɑ˩ʁo˧ li˧ to fry chilly peppers to manage the household, to look after the house; 炒辣椒 to keep watch over the house CL: ɭɯ˧ 管家、管家里的事情，看守家

95 li˧ʐv˩ lo˧ɖʐɤ˩

To visit, to go and see (someone). 访问。 ljɤ˩˥ 2 NOUN Tone: LM?LH?. Life, existence, destiny, fate. 命、生命、命运。 pʰæ˧tɕi˥-zo˩-ɳɯ˩ | mv˩zo˩ li˥ no˧ | ljɤ˩ ʈʂʰɯ˧-ljɤ˩-dʑo˩, | qʰæ˩˥ | ʐwæ˩˥! The young man sees the young woman. (Eu- You really have a happy lot! phemistic phrasing, meaning “the young man has 你命好！ sexual intercourse with the young woman”.) 小伙子去拜访年轻女人（委婉语，指性交） hĩ˧-ljɤ˥ human existence, the human lot 人命、人类的命运 li˧ʐv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 里脊肉。 Tenderloins. CL: ljɤ˩

li˩pi˥ NOUN Tone: LH. lje˩fe˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Tea that has infused for too long, tea dregs. 已经泡了太 Mungo bean jelly. 凉粉。久的茶叶。 Borrowing: Chinese 凉粉 CL: kʰwɤ˥ lo˧ NOUN Tone: M. Work, occupation, task. 事情。 li˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. lo˧ dʑo˧ Tea. 茶。 to be busy, to have work to do 忙，有活要干 li˩qʰɑ˩ njɤ˧ | lo˧ mɤ˧-dʑo˧. ’bitter tea’: herbal tea prepared with leaves of Chinese peony, when there was no tea available; I am not busy. / I have some free time. it had medicinal properties 我不忙。 ‘苦茶’：用白芍药来泡的饮料，没有茶的时 Usefulness. 用处。候就喝这种‘苦茶’。它有医疗作用，帮助消化。 lo˧ mɤ˧-dʑo˧ It’s no use / it does not have any usefulness. CL: qʰwɤ˧˥ (Context: talking about ivy, which cannot be fed to cattle and is not used for medical purposes, or for firewood, or for making ropes, tools...) ljɤ˩a CLASSIFIER Tone: La. 没有用！（情景：谈到常春藤，说它是没有用量词：命、命运。 Self-classifier for lives/destinies. 处的植物）

ʈʂʰɯ˧-ljɤ˥ CL: lo˧ DEM _ (tone: H# / H$) 指示代词 _ lo˧b CLASSIFIER Tone: Mb. Self-classifier for tasks/occupations. 量词：事情（一件）、活（一个）。 ljɤ˩mi˥ NOUN Tone: LH. 大梁。 Major (supporting) beam. lo˧bæ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. CL: pʰæ˧˥ Suspended bridge; zip line, flying fox. 索桥，溜索。

ljɤ˩mi˥-ʈæ˩qo˩ NOUN Tone: LH-. lo˧bv˩-ʈʂʰɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L#-. 象、大象。 Decoration of major (supporting) beam: symbolically, Elephant. this is the beam’s ’ear’. 大梁的装饰：大梁的‘耳 Borrowing: Tibetan 朵’。 CL: pʰo˧˥ v˧ CL: pʰæ˧˥ lo˧ɖʐɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Weeding hoe: hand instrument with three spikes perpen- ljɤ˩ʂɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L. dicular to the handle, to loosen the soil. At the time of 粮食（汉语借词）。 Cereals. fieldwork, this tool had a metal head. 三齿耙。 Borrowing: Chinese 粮食 lo˧ɖʐɤ˩ ʈʂʰɯ˩-nɑ˩ N+DEM+CLF ljɤ˩˥ 1 NOUN Tone: LH. 这把三齿耙 Beam. 梁。 CL: pʰæ˧˥ CL: nɑ˧

96 lo˧fv˧ lo˩bv˧-ɭɯ˩

lo˧fv˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: . lo˧ɲi˥ | so˧-ɭɯ˧ NOUN Tone: . Easy. 容易，容易做。 Ring finger, fourth finger. 第四根手指。

lo˧fv˧ | ʐwæ˩˥ lo˧ʂv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. very easy The village of Luoshui. 洛水村。很容易 NOUN Tone: L# | L-. 泸沽湖。 lo˧gv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Lugu lake. Ninglang. 宁蒗。 lo˧tɑ˧-lo˧tɕi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. lo˧gv˩-di˩mi˩ Streamer of scriptures. 经幡、风马旗（挂在山上）。 the Ninglang plain Borrowing: Tibetan rlungrta 宁蒗坝子 lo˧tɑ˧-lo˧tɕi˧ | le˧-lɑ˧˥ to print a streamer of scriptures; more generally: lo˧hɑ˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: . to string together a streamer of scriptures Difficult, hard to do. 难做。直译：印出一个经幡。也来指准备经幡的工作（到山上去挂之前） ʝi˧ lo˧hɑ˧ difficult to do CL: pɤ˥ pʰæ˧˥ 难做 lo˩ 1 VERB Tone: L. 过（垭口）。 ʝi˧ lo˧hɑ˧ | ʐwæ˩˥ To cross (a mountain pass). extremely difficult to do mv˩tɕo˧-lo˩ 非常难做 to go down (after crossing a mountain pass) 往下过去（过了垭口以后） lo˧ʝi˧ VERB Tone: . 劳动。 To work. lo˩ 2 NOUN Tone: L. See: lo˧; ʝi˥1 Mountain valley. 山谷。

lo˧-qo˧ lo˧ʝi˧-hĩ˧-hĩ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. in the valley Worker (in the fields or elsewhere). 劳动人民，农民。山谷里 CL: v˧ CL: lo˩ lo˧lo˧ NOUN Tone: M. Yi (ethnic group). 彝族。 lo˩b CLASSIFIER Tone: Lb. CL: v˧ Self-classifier for valleys. 量词：谷。

hĩ˧-ɻ̃˧ | ɖɯ˧-lo˩ lo˧nɑ˥-bv˩ NOUN Tone: . Prison. 监狱。 literally ’a valley of people’, to mean: all the pop- ulation of that valley lo˧nɑ˥-bv˩-qo˩ ʈæ˩ 住在一座山谷里的所有人（直译：‘一山谷的 to jail, to put into prison 人’）放在监狱、关在监狱里 si˧dzi˩ | ɖɯ˧-lo˩ ’a valley [of/covered with] trees’, i.e. a large See: tɕɤ˧jo˩ tract of woodland 一山谷的树，一片森林（直译：‘一山谷的 lo˧ɲi˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 树’） Finger. 手指。 CL: ɭɯ˧ lo˩bɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Palm of the hand. 手掌。 lo˧ɲi˥ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ NOUN Tone: H# | M. CL: ɭɯ˧ Index. 食指。 lo˩bv˧-ɭɯ˩ NOUN Tone: LM-L. lo˧ɲi˥ | ɲi˧-ɭɯ˧ NOUN Tone: H# | M. Elbow. 肘。 Middle finger. 中指。 CL: ɭɯ˧

97 lo˩dv#˥ lo˩tsʰɯ˥-sɑ˩

lo˩dv#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. lo˩mi˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Person with a single arm or hand, one-armed (or one- Thumb. 大拇指。 handed) person. 独臂人：缺一只胳膊（手）的人。 CL: ɭɯ˧ CL: v˧ lo˩mi˧-qɑ˩ NOUN Tone: LM-L. lo˩dzi˩ CLASSIFIER Tone: L. Space between thumb and index finger. 虎口。量词：捧（用两只手）。 A handful (using both hands). CL: ɭɯ˧

NOUN Tone: LH. lo˩dʑo˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. Bracelet. 手镯。 lo˩pv˧˥ Ring. 戒指。 ŋv˩-lo˩dʑo˧ (+ɲi˩) silver bracelet ŋv˩-lo˩pv˩ 银手镯 silver ring 银戒指 hæ̃˩-lo˩dʑo˥ (+ɲi˩) gold bracelet hæ̃˩-lo˩pv˩ 金手镯 gold ring 金戒指 jo˧-lo˥dʑo˩

jade bracelet CL: ɭɯ˧ 玉手镯

lo˩dʑo˥ kʰɯ˩ lo˩qʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L. to put on a bracelet Gully; ravine; valley. 山沟。戴上手镯 CL: lo˩

CL: pʰo˧˥ lo˩qʰwɤ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Arm. 胳膊。

lo˩ɖɯ˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: LM. lo˩qʰwɤ˧ li˧ 大方。 Generous. to look at (the) arm 看胳膊 lo˩-gv˧dv˧ NOUN Tone: L-. 手背。 Back of the hand. Hand. 手。 CL: kʰwɤ˥ lo˩qʰwɤ˧ ʈʂʰæ˧ lo˩jɤ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. to wash one’s hands 银元。 Silver coin, silver yuan. 洗手 lo˩jɤ˧ | ɖɯ˧-pʰæ˧˥ one silver coin CL: pʰo˧˥ 一块银元 lo˩qʰwɤ˧-kʰɯ˧ʑi˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. 手套。 lo˩ko˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Glove. Pot for cooking rice, soup...; used to be made of copper. 煮饭或煮汤的锣锅。在过去，锣锅一般是铜做的。 lo˩ʁwæ#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. Borrowing: Chinese 锣锅 Left-handed person. 左撇子。 lo˩ko˧: | hɑ˧ tɕɤ˩-di˩! | æ˧-v˧, | dʑɯ˩-kʰɯ˩- di˩˥! | ʈʂʰɤ˧ho˥, | dʑɯ˩ tɕɯ˩-di˩˥! | lo˩tʰo˧ NOUN Tone: LM. The cooking pot is for cooking cereals! The cop- Handcuffs, chains to tie a criminal’s hands. 手铐。 per pot is for putting water! The boiler is for boiling water! (A summary of the respective uses of lo˩tʰo˧ kʰɯ˧˥ the three types of pots in use in Yongning about to put handcuffs, to put on chains (on someone’s the middle of the 20th century.) hands) 锣锅，是用来煮饭的！铜锅，是放水用的！水戴上手铐壶，是来煮水的！（描写永宁二十世纪中使用的三种锅） lo˩tsʰɯ˥-sɑ˩ NOUN Tone: LH-. CL: ɭɯ˧ Meat of the anterior limbs of cattle. 牲畜前腿的肉。

98 lo˩ʈv˧ lv˧qæ#˥

lo˩ʈv˧ NOUN Tone: LM. lv˧ 2 NOUN Tone: M. Fist. 拳。 Cereals for horses or cattle. 喂给马或牛的粮食。 CL: ʈv˩ ʐwæ˧-lv˧ cereals fed to horses; same meaning as /ʐwæ˧- lo˩ʈʰɯ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. ɭɯ#˥/ 肘。 Elbow. 喂给马的粮食 CL: ʈv˩ See: ʐwæ˧-ɭɯ#˥ lo˩ʈʂæ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. Joints of the arm: wrist, elbow. 手臂的关节（手腕、肘 lv˧dʑɯ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 弯）。 Stone chips, little slabs of stone. 零碎的石头块。 CL: ʈʂæ˧˥ CL: ʈʂwɤ˧

lo˧˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: MH. lv˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. 1 石头。 Thick. 厚。 Stone. kʰv˧pʰæ˧tɕi˩, | lv˧mi˧ dzɯ˧-bi˧-ʁo˧-ho˩! ʈʂʰɯ˧ | lo˧-pæ˧-ɻæ˥-gv˩! ’When one is young, one could eat stones!’ It’s really thick! (Meaning: when one is young, one can eat any- 很厚啊！ thing, one has an excellent digestion; as one gets old, one is less tolerant of food that is not easy to lo˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. digest.) To join hands in an indication of submission. 拱手作 ‘年轻人，石头都能吃！’（意思：年轻人消揖。化好，吃什么都行，而人变老就不那么容易消化了，要注意吃什么。） tsʰɤ˧tsʰɤ˧ lo˧˥ to join hands in an indication of submission CL: ɭɯ˧ 拱手作揖 lv˧mi˧-bo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 石墙。 tsʰɤ˧tsʰɤ˧ | le˧-lo˧-ze˥ Stone wall. CL: ɭɯ˧ ACCOMP _ PFV ACCOMP _ PFV lv˧mi˧-dʑɯ˧dʑɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Little slabs of stone, stone chips. 零碎的石块。 *lo˩˧ NOUN Tone: LM. CL: kʰwɤ˥ Thumb. 大拇指（单音节，按照双音节词构拟出来的）。 lv˧pʰv˩ 1 VERB Tone: . To open new land for cultivation, to cultivate virgin land. lv˥ VERB Tone: H. 开荒。 To wind, to coil, to wrap. 缠（线……）、裹（毡子……）。 lv˧pʰv˩-hɯ˩ [(S)he] has gone to open new land. le˧-qo˥-lv˩ 他开荒去了。 to wrap, to coil lv˧pʰv˩-bi˩-tso˩-ɲi˩ 裹起来 It’s necessary to go and open new land for culti- kʰɯ˧ qo˧-lv˥ vation. / We’re going to have to open new land for cultivation. to wind a thread 应该去开荒了。缠线

qo˧-lv˩ lv˧pʰv˩ 2 NOUN Tone: L#. Paddy field. 水田。 to wrap, to coil CL: pʰv˩ 裹 lv˧qæ#˥ NOUN Tone: #˥. lv˧ 1 NOUN Tone: M. Limit, boundary between fields belonging to different Field. 田地。 families. It is typically materialized by a small dike. 地 CL: kɤ˧˥ 界：不同家庭田地之间的界限。

99 lv˧sɯ˥ lv˧˥

lv˧sɯ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. lv˩a 4 VERB Tone: La. Lisu (ethnic group). 傈僳族。 To suffice, to be enough. 足够。 CL: v˧ ə˩-lv˩˥? / ə˩-lv˩-ze˥? lv˧tsɯ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Oven. 炉子（汉语借词）。 Is it enough? Is it sufficient? Borrowing: Chinese 炉子够了吗？ CL: nɑ˧

VERB Tone: LM. lv˩a 1 VERB Tone: La. lv˩ʝi˧ To bark (a dog barks). 狗吠。 To record sound. 录音（汉语借词）。 Borrowing: Chinese 录音 kʰv˩mi˩ lv˥ | the dog barks 狗吠 hɑ˧ le˧-dzɯ˧-se˥, | lv˩ ʝi˧-bi˧ ! After the meal, we’ll do a recording! kʰv˩ lv˥-dʑo˩ | 吃完饭，就录音吧！ / 吃完饭就可以录音了！ the dog is barking 狗在叫 lv˩~lv˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. ɖɯ˧-lv˧~lv˥-ɻ˩ To move. 动（虫、桌子、小孩子动）。 DELIMITATIVE _ RED INCEPTIVE 叫一叫 lv˩~lv˧-ze˥ PFV lv˩a 2 VERB Tone: La. To roll, to coil (fabric). 把布卷起来。动了

le˧-qæ˥-lv˩ tʰi˧-lv˩~lv˩(-ze˩) to coil DUR RED 卷起来 DUR RED le˧-lv˧~lv˧ tʰi˧-lv˩~lv˩ | se˧ tso˧~tso˧ lv˧~lv˧ to coil things to walk askance, to walk askew: e.g. a lame per- 卷东西 son walks with difficulty 歪着走、扭着走、例如：残疾人走路有困难 ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ lv˥ to coil something kʰɯ˧tsʰɤ˧ lv˥~lv˩ 卷一块（东西） to move one’s leg around 活动一下（自己的）腿 lv˩a 3 VERB Tone: La. To plough, to till. 耕种。

le˧-lv˩-ze˩ lv˩tɕʰɯ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. ACCOMP _ PFV The village of Fengke (close to the Yangtze river): this 六区，今奉耕种了 is the former name of the area in Chinese. 科乡（汉语借词）。 ʝi˧-lv˧˥ Borrowing: Chinese 六区 to plough 耕种 lv˩tɕʰɯ˧-hĩ#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. dʑi˧mi˧ lv˧˥ / dʑi˧mi˧ lv˧-ze˥ The inhabitants of the village of Fengke (Fv-kho). 奉科 to plough with a water buffalo 的人。用水牛耕田 Borrowing: Chinese 六区

ʝi˧ ɖɯ˧-lv˧~lv˥-ɻ˩ to plough a little lv˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH. 耕一耕 Maggot. 蛆。

100 lv˧˥ 1 ɭɯ˧˥a

lv˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. hõ˧-ɭɯ˥ 放牧。 To herd. eight grains 八粒 go˩bo˥ lv˩ to graze cattle, to herd cattle ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ hwæ˧-mɤ˧-ɖo˧! | le˧-qʰwæ˧-kv˥! 放牧牲畜 Don’t buy just one / Don’t buy a single one: it would break! (Explanation: objects must be ʐwæ˧ lv˩ bought by pairs: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10..., not by sets of to graze horses, to herd horses odd numbers (1, 3, 5, 7, 9...), otherwise it bears 放马 ill luck and the objects get broken or lost) 不要（只）买一个！会碎的！（东西要一对一 ʝi˧ lv˩ 对买：2、4、6、8、10……，单数不吉利，东 to graze cows, to herd cows 西会碎的。）放牛 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | zo˧hṽ˥ | dʑɤ˩-ɭɯ˥ dʑo˩! bo˩ lv˩˥ She has a really pretty child! (Context: the main to herd pigs consultant had a polite conversation with a neigh- 放猪 bour who had a lovely grandson; later on, she told me: “She has a really pretty child!”) tsʰɯ˧ lv˥ 她有个很漂亮的孩子！ to graze goats, to herd goats 放山羊 ɭɯ˧˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. 量词：衣服（一件）。 ɖɯ˧-hɤ˧ mɤ˧-lv˩~lv˩ lazy, who does not take care of anything ʈʰæ˧qʰwɤ˧ ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧˥ 懒，什么也不管 a skirt 一件裙子 VERB Tone: MH. lv˧˥ 2 bɑ˩lɑ˩˥ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧˥ | To escape, to flee. 逃跑，逃掉。 a piece of clothing; a shirt 一件衣服 lwæ˩pʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L. Ashes. 灰。 *dʑi˧hṽ˥$+ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧˥ [F5] lwæ˩pʰv˩-ni˥gv˩ This classifier cannot combine with /dʑi˧hṽ˥$/, which takes /ɖɯ˧-dzi˩/ as its classifier. grey; literally: “like ashes” 灰色的（直译：“像白灰”）（这个量词不能与/dihv$/结合。）

lwɤ˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Ashes (of plants, charcoal...), cinders. 灰，灰烬（包括草木灰等等）。

lwɤ˩-pʰæ˧di˩ like ashes; gray-coloured 像灰烬，灰色

CL: ʈʂwɤ˧

ɭɯ˧b CLASSIFIER Tone: Mb. Originally a classifier for round objects: grains, bowls… Now a generic classifier, used e.g. for pieces of clothing. 最常用的量词，相当于汉语中‘个’的用法。本意是圆形颗粒。一粒（米……），一个（碗……），件（衣服……）。

ɕi˧ ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ | a grain of rice 一粒米

101 ɬɑ˧mv˥$ ɬi˧hĩ#˥ 2

- ɬ - ɬi˧bv˧ NOUN Tone: M. Bai (ethnic group). 白族。 NOUN Tone: H$. ɬɑ˧mv˥$ CL: v˧ Feminine given name. 女性名字。

ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L#. ɬɑ˧pɤ˩ ɬi˧bv˧-mi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. A lot, hard. 多、使劲。 Bai woman. 白族女人。 ɬɑ˧pɤ˩ ʝi˩ CL: v˧ to work hard, to work in a concentrated manner 使劲工作、使劲干 ɬi˧bv˧-zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. ɬɑ˧pɤ˩ | ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ ʝi˧ Bai man. Local Chinese dialect: 白族男人。 to work hard for a while, to get some solid work CL: v˧ done 使劲工作一下 NOUN Tone: L# | LM+#H. ɬɑ˧pɤ˩ | ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ so˥ Chinese toon, fragrant cedar, Ailanthus chinensis. 香 to study hard, to make headway in one’s studies 椿、香椿树。努力学习一下

ɬɑ˧sɑ˧ NOUN Tone: M. ɬi˧di˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 拉萨。 Lhasa. Yongning (place name). 永宁（地名）。

ɬɑ˧tɑ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Archaic [古语] Jerkin, 皮革背心。 leather vest. ɬi˧di˩-hĩ˩ NOUN Tone: L#-. CL: ɭɯ˧ People of Yongning. Unless otherwise specified, this is mainly understood as referring to the Na (Mosuo). 永宁 ɬɑ˧tsʰo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 人（纳人）。女性名字。 Feminine given name. CL: v˧

ɬɑ˧˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: MH. Numerous, abundant, plentiful. 多、丰富、充分。 ɬi˧dʑɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 永 dʑɤ˩-hĩ˩˥, | le˧-ɳɯ˥! | mɤ˧-dʑɤ˩-hĩ˩, | le˧-ɬɑ˧˥! The river that flows through the plain of Yongning. 宁坝子的河流。 Good ones are few! Not-so-good ones are numerous! (Context: discussing universities, CL: kʰɯ˩ among which high-school graduates choose.) 好的，不多！不好的，就很多了！（情景：谈高中学生想入大学） ɬi˧gv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Middle part; (in) the centre. 中部，中间。 ɬi˥ VERB Tone: H. To rest, to relax. 休息，松懈。 ɬi˧gv˧ dzi˥ to sit in the centre le˧-ɬi˥ 坐在中间 ACCOMP _ ACCOMP _

ɬi˧hĩ#˥ 1 NOUN Tone: #H. CLASSIFIER Tone: M . ɬi˧b b Man in middle position among siblings: neither eldest Month. 量词：月。 brother nor youngest brother; literal translation: “person in the middle”. 兄弟里面夹中的男孩（上有哥哥下有 ɬi˧bo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 弟弟的孩子）。 Deaf person. 聋子。

ɬi˧bo˧-hĩ˧ deaf person ɬi˧hĩ#˥ 2 NOUN Tone: #H. 耳朵聋的人 Inhabitant of Yongning; as used by the main consultant, the term includes Pumi (Prinmi) people along with Na CL: v˧ people. 永宁的人。

102 ɬi˧ki#˥ ɬi˧qʰv#˥

ɬi˧ki#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. ɬi˧ɳæ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. The name of a Na village, outside the plain of Yongning, Menses; period. 月经。 close to the Lake. 泸沽湖附近的一个村落。 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɬi˧ɳæ˩-ze˩ ɬi˧ki˧, | ɲi˧se˩, | tɑ˧dzi˩, | mv˧qʰwæ˩, | She is having her menses. lɑ˧tʰɑ˧-di˧˥ 她来了月经。 Villages that one passes when moving away from the Yongning plain, towards Lugu lake. These ɬi˧ɳæ˩ go˩ villages do not count as part of Yongning proper. to have painful menses The last, /lɑ˧tʰɑ˧-di˧˥/, is not a village name like 来了月经，疼 the preceding four: it refers to the entire Na area beyond the fourth village. CL: ɬi˧ 永宁到泸沽湖所经过的村落，依次是：里格、尼赛、大祖、木垮，然后到拉塔地（拉塔地指 ɬi˧pæ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 的是泸沽湖周边的摩梭地区，包括左所、洛水 Earring. 耳环。村等） ŋv˩-ɬi˩pæ˥ (+ɲi˩) silver earring ɬi˧ki˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 银耳环 Ritual for boys coming of age, i.e. reaching the age of 13 years: “wearing trousers”; at that age adolescents begin hæ̃˩-ɬi˩pæ˥ (+ɲi˩) to wear trousers instead of children’s robes. 男性成年礼：直译“穿裤”。 gold earring 金耳环 ɬi˧mi˧ 1 NOUN Tone: M. Moon (disyllable). 月亮 CL: dze˩ （双音节）。月（双音节）。 Month (disyllable). ɬi˧pi˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Ear. 耳朵。 ɬi˧mi˧ ɖɯ˧-gi˥ CL: pʰo˧˥ half a month 半个月 ɬi˧pv˧lv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Pathological excrescence of the ear. 耳朵瘤。 ɬi˧mi˧ le˧-gv˩ CL: ɭɯ˧ the latter half of the month; literally ’the declin- ing half of the month’ ɬi˧pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 下半月份 Male roebuck, male hornless river deer. 公獐子。

CL: ɭɯ˧ ɬi˧pʰv˧ tʰv˧-mi˥# / ɬi˧pʰv˧ tʰv˧-mi˧˥ N+DEM+CLF 那只公獐子 ɬi˧mi˧ 2 NOUN Tone: M. Female roebuck. 母獐子。 CL: v˧ ɭɯ˧ mi˩ CL: v˧

NOUN Tone: #H. ɬi˧mi˧dɑ˧dzɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. ɬi˧qʰæ#˥ Earwax. 耳垢。 Lunar eclipse. 月蚀。 CL: kʰwɤ˥ ɬi˧mi˧dɑ˧dzɯ˧ tʰv˧ there is a lunar eclipse ɬi˧qʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 耳孔。有月蚀 Auditory canal. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɬi˧qʰv˧ | ɖɯ˧-pi˧˥ | tʰɑ˩˥! ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɬi˧mi˧dɑ˧dzɯ˧ ɲi˥! She has a sensitive ear! (Context: about a 2-year This is a lunar eclipse! (Answer to the question old girl who wakes up from her siesta as soon as ’What is happening? / What is that supposed to guests come in.) mean?’) 她耳朵很好使！ / 她耳朵很尖！（情景：一这是月蚀！（一个人问：‘这是怎么回有客人到家的声音，睡午觉的两岁女孩子立即事？’，另一个回答：‘这是月蚀！’）醒来。）

CL: ʂɯ˩ CL: ɭɯ˧

103 ɬi˧ʈv˥ ɬo˧tɑ˧

ɬi˧ʈv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. ɬi˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. Asiatic plantain. 车前草。 To dry in the sun. 晒干。 CL: po˧ le˧-pv˧ tʰi˧-ɬi˧˥ to put in the sun to dry ɬi˩ 1 VERB Tone: La. 晒干 To measure (e.g. a piece of fabric) to find its length, in armspans. 量（一块布料……）有多长：有多少庹。 ɬo˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Rib. 肋骨。 ɬi˩-se˥ (-ze˩) _ ACHEV (PFV) bo˩ɬo˧ 量完（了） pork rib 猪肋骨

ɬi˩ 2 NOUN Tone: L. CL: ɭɯ˧ Roebuck, hornless river deer. 獐子。 CL: pʰo˧˥ mi˩ ɬo˧kʰv˧ NOUN Tone: M. Hip. 胯。 ɬi˩b CLASSIFIER Tone: Lb. CL: ɭɯ˧ Syn: ɬo˩tsʰe˩mæ˥. A span, an armspread. 量词：庹。 ɬo˧pɤ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. tsʰe˧-ɬi˧ Blister (on the hands or feet). 水泡。 10 spans, 10 armspreads ɬo˧pɤ˥ qʰwæ˩-ze˩! 十庹 (I/you/(s)he) got a blister! 起了水泡！ ɬi˩bi˩ NOUN Tone: L. ɬo˧pɤ˥ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ | qʰwæ˧-ze˥! Turnip; radish. 萝卜。 CL: ɭɯ˧ (I/you/(s)he) got a blister! 起了一个水泡！

ɬi˩qʰwɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L. ɬo˧pɤ˥ | ʁo˩-po˥-ɳɯ˩ | ʈʂe˩˥ Trousers. 裤子。 to pierce a blister with a needle CL: ɭɯ˧ 用针来扎水泡

CL: ɭɯ˧ ɬi˩ʁɑ˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L. Infuriated, in a rage (connotation: attitude of a violent NOUN Tone: H#. 大发雷霆。 ɬo˧pv˥ and overbearing person). Kow-tow. 跪下磕头 (叩头)。

ɬi˩ʁɑ˩ ʝi˧ ɬo˧pv˥ ti˩ to abandon oneself to one’s rage to kow-tow 大发雷霆跪下磕头

ɬo˧pv˥ | le˧-ti˩ ɬi˩ʈɯ˩mæ˥ NOUN Tone: L+H#. to kow-tow Lower part of the main room. 主屋里面没有火铺的地跪下磕头方：没有木地板、小狗可以偶尔进来的地方（家人就给它扔骨头）。 See: ɬo˧˥

wo˧=ɻ˩, | kʰv˩mi˩ ʈʂʰɯ˩-jɤ˥ | ɖɯ˧-njɤ˧-zo˥ | ɬo˧tɑ˧ PREPOSITION Tone: M. ɬi˩ʈɯ˩mæ˥ hĩ˩ dʑo˩. On the side of, beside. 旁边。 Us (=in our family), this dog is often seated in ɬo˧tɑ˧ ɻ˩ the lower part of the room. to turn to the side 我们家这只狗经常呆在主屋火塘下面的地方。向侧面转

CL: kʰwɤ˥ ʁo˧qʰwɤ˩ | ɬo˧tɑ˧ | go˩˥ to have a headache; one’s temples are throbbing ɬi˩zo˩ NOUN Tone: L. (literally: ’to hurt on the sides of the head’) Baby roebuck. 小獐子。头疼，太阳穴阵痛

104 ɬo˧tɑ˧-ɬo˩ɲi˩ ɬv˧˥

ɬo˧tɑ˧-ɬo˩ɲi˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L. ɬv˩a 3 VERB Tone: La. From: ɬv˩a 2 To warm up In the vicinity, in the surroundings. 周围，附近。 (food). 热饭。

hɑ˧ ɬv˧˥ ɬo˩kɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Rib. 肋骨。 to warm up rice / food CL: kɤ˧˥ 热饭

hɑ˧ | le˧-ɬv˩ ɬo˩tsʰe˩mæ˥ NOUN Tone: L+H#. Archaic [古语] Hip. 胯。 to warm up rice / food CL: ɭɯ˧ Syn: ɬo˧kʰv˧. 热饭

hɑ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ɬv˧~ɬv˥-ɻ˩ ɬo˧˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: MH. Deep (water). 深（水深）。 to warm up food a little 饭热一热 ɬv˧gv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Ritual offering of food to the deceased, seven days after ɬv˩pʰæ˩˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: . cremation. 火葬后第七天的送食物仪式。 Nice and warm. 温暖，暖和。

ɬv˧mi˧mæ˧dv˧mi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. ɬv˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH. Brains. 脑子、脑髓。 Praying mantis. 螳螂。 Marrow. 骨髓。 CL: ʈv˩ ɬv˧mi˧mæ˧dv˧mi˧ tʰv˧-mi˧˥ / ɬv˧mi˧mæ˧dv˧mi˧ tʰv˧-mi˥# N+DEM+CLF 那只螳螂

CL: mi˩

ɬv˧ʁwɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Village name. 村落名。

ɬv˩a 1 VERB Tone: La. To hold in the mouth; to let melt in the mouth. 含在嘴里、在嘴巴里溶化。

tso˧~tso˧ ɬv˥ to hold something in the mouth, to have something in the mouth (context: a small child who does not yet know to distinguish between food and non-edible stuff puts things in its mouth) 含在嘴里（情景：一个小孩把不能吃的东西含在嘴巴里）

ɬv˩a 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: La. Warm. 温暖，暖和。

dʑɤ˩˥ | ɬv˩˥ nice and warm 温暖

ɖwæ˧˥ | ɬv˩˥ INTENSIVE.very 很暖和

ɬv˩-hĩ˩˥ REL/NMLZ 温暖的

105 mɑ˧pʰv˧ mæ˧qo˩

- m - mæ˧ VERB Tone: M. To achieve, to succeed in, to complete (a task). ……成、 mɑ˧pʰv˧ NOUN Tone: M. ……成功。 Butter. 酥油。 njɤ˧ ɖʐɤ˧˥ | tʰi˧-mɤ˧-mæ˧! I can’t fetch it! mɑ˧tsɑ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 我够不着！（例如：够不着树枝上的果子） Origin, distant cause, remote cause. 来历、发源地、深层原因/来源、来龙去脉、脉络。 mæ˧ 1 VERB Tone: M. To be free to, to have the time to. （有）空。 mɑ˧tsɑ˥ | ʈʂʰɯ˧-qo˧ le˧-tsʰɯ˩-ɲi˩! | (Of an event:) It comes from afar! / It does not njɤ˧ | mɤ˧-mæ˧. take place simply by chance: there is a long story I do not have the time; I am busy behind it! 我忙、我没有空这（件事情）出处很远！ / 有它的来龙去脉（=不是突然一下子出现的）！ njɤ˧ | mæ˧-mɤ˧-ho˩. I won’t have the time. mɑ˧tsɑ˥ ʈʂʰɯ˩-kʰwɤ˩ | 我不会有时间。 N+DEM+CLF: this cause, this origin 这个来历 mæ˧ 2 VERB Tone: M. To manage (to do something). 能够（做）。 CL: kʰwɤ˥ ɖɯ˩-hĩ˩ qʰɑ˥ mæ˩~mæ˩! | tɕi˩-hĩ˩ lə˥-mɤ˩- mæ˩! / ɖɯ˩-hĩ˩˥, | qʰɑ˧ mæ˥~mæ˩! | tɕi˩-hĩ˩˥, mɑ˩dzɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L. | le˧-mɤ˧-mæ˧! Ink (solid). 墨。 “Adults can manage all sorts of things, (whereas) CL: qʰwɤ˧˥ children can’t manage (that much) yet!” This saying is used when someone puts high demands on children or adolescents: Let the children play! NOUN Tone: LM+#H-. mɑ˩ɳɯ˧-do˥bv˩ To each age its occupations: children should 佛塔。 Chorten (reliquary). play, not work. Adults’ tasks are not their business! mæ DISCOURSE PARTICLE Tone: ?. “大人管干活，小孩管玩耍！”这个谚语的意 Final particle conveying obviousness. 句尾助词，表示思是：不要让孩子干活，每个年龄有自己的显然、理所当然：“……呗！”。事，孩子的事就是玩。成年人的活儿，不是他们的事！ ho˧mi˧-ʈʂʰæ˧ɣɯ˧ | le˧-ʈʰɯ˩, | le˧-qʰwɤ˧-ze˧- mæ˧! | mæ˧a VERB Tone: Ma. To clutch, to catch hold of. 钩住（东西）。 [Nowadays] one simply takes medicines for the stomach, and one is healed! [unlike in the old tʰi˧-mæ˧-ze˧ times, when there were no hospitals] (from the narrative “Healing”) DUR _ PFV 吃了胃药，就好了呗！钩住了 To catch up with (someone). 跟上。 ‑mæ.mæ POSTPOSITION Tone: . At the end of, towards the end of, in the latter part of. mæ˧pæ˧ NOUN Tone: M. ……末/底。 Large sifter. 大筛子。 CL: nɑ˧ ɲi˧ɬi˧mi˧-mæ˧mæ˥, | qʰɑ˧dze˧ tv˧! Towards the end of the second month, one plants -mæ˧qo˩ POSTPOSITION Tone: L#. 下面，后面。 sweet corn! Below, behind. 二月底，就种玉米！ / 玉米是在二月底种的！ See: mæ˧qo˩

ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L#. gv˩ɬi˩mi˩-mæ˩-mæ˥ mæ˧qo˩ At the extremity, at the end; at the bottom, in the lower towards the end of the ninth month part. 在尽头、在极点，在下面、在后面。九月底 See: -mæ˧qo˩

106 mæ˧qv˩ mɤ˧-dɑ˩qʰwɤ˩

mæ˧qv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. tsʰe˩-tv˩ mæ˥ 尾巴。 Tail. ten thousand times 10,000, i.e. one hundred million ʝi˧-mæ˧qv˥ 十千万，等于一亿 cow’s tail 牛尾巴 ɖɯ˧-ɕi˧ mæ˩ one hundred times 10,000, i.e. one million CL: ɭɯ˧ 一百万 mæ˧ɻæ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Vegetable oil. 植物油。 mæ˩ɖʐo˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Whip. 鞭子。 mæ˧ɻ ̃#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Coccyx. 尾椎骨。Local Chinese dialect: 尾结骨。 ʐwæ˧-mæ˥ɖʐo˩ CL: ɭɯ˧ horse whip 马鞭 mæ˩ VERB Tone: L. To water, to irrigate (making small trenches and pouring CL: kʰɯ˩ water into them). 灌溉。 NOUN Tone: LH. dʑɯ˩ mæ˩˥ mæ˩ko˥ Harness. 挽具，后鞧。 to irrigate, to water 浇灌 ʐwæ˧-mæ˥ko˩ horse harness dʑɯ˧ | le˧-mæ˩ 马后鞧 ACCOMP: to water, to irrigate 浇灌 CL: ɭɯ˧

mæ˩a VERB Tone: La. mæ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To close (the mouth). 闭 To aim at; to point at. 瞄准，指。（嘴）。

tʰi˧-mæ˩-ze˩, | qʰæ˧-bi˥-ze˩. ɲi˧to˧ | tʰi˧-mæ˧˥ [(S)he] has aimed; [(s)he] will now shoot. to close the mouth 瞄准了，要开枪了。闭嘴

lo˧ɲi˥ mæ˩ mæ˩~mæ˧˥ to point at with the finger RED 用手指出重叠

tso˧~tso˧ mæ˥ ɲi˧to˧ | tʰi˧-mæ˩~mæ˩ to point at things to close the mouth 指东西闭嘴

mæ˩a 1 CLASSIFIER Tone: La. To purse (one’s lips). 抿（嘴巴）。 Monetary unit: yuan. 量词：钱（一元）。

ʈʂʰɯ˧-mæ˥ PREFIX Tone: M. Negation. 否定：不，没。 DEM _ (tone: H# / H$) 指示代词 _ mɤ˧-dɑ˩ INTERJECTION Tone: L. Alas! 感叹词：唉呀！（自怨自艾的语气）。 mæ˩a 2 CLASSIFIER Tone: La. 10,000. 万（数词充当量词）。 Borrowing: Chinese 元,MC*mjonH(Baxter2000) mɤ˧-dɑ˩mi˩ INTERJECTION Tone: L. Alas! 感叹词：唉呀啊！（自怨自艾的语气）。 ɖɯ˧-mæ˩ 10,000 mɤ˧-dɑ˩qʰwɤ˩ INTERJECTION Tone: L. 一万 Alas! 感叹词：唉呀啊！（自怨自艾的语气）。

107 mɤ˧-ni˩~ni˩ mi˧tʰv#˥

mɤ˧-ni˩~ni˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: . Different tsɑ˧bɤ˧ mɤ˩ 不一样、有区别。 from, not identical with. to eat dry tsamba: one takes a spoonful, pours it into the mouth, and lets it get impregnated with mɤ˧-ni˩~ni˩-hĩ˩-lɑ˩ ɲi˩-ze˩! saliva It’s not the same! 吃干糌粑不是一样的！不是一回事！ tsɑ˧bɤ˧ | ɖɯ˧-mɤ˧~mɤ˩-ɻ˩ Incredible, extraordinary, astounding. 难以相信、了不起、很特别。 to eat a little dry tsamba, to take the time to appreciate some dry tsamba 品干糌粑、慢慢享受一点干糌粑 mɤ˧-ni˩~ni˩-hĩ˩-lɑ˩ ɲi˩-ze˩! It’s not just the same old thing! / It’s really extraordinary! mɤ˩ɬi˩ NOUN Tone: L. 这非常特别！ Butter tea. 酥油茶。 CL: qʰwɤ˧˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧ | mɤ˧-ni˩~ni˩-hĩ˩ | ɖɯ˧-v˧ ɲi˩! (S)he is someone really exceptional! mɤ˩mv˩ NOUN Tone: L. 这是很利害的一个人！ Candle holder. 烛台。 CL: qʰwɤ˧˥ mɤ˧ʈʂʰɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Cart. 马车（汉语借词）。 NOUN Tone: LM. Borrowing: Chinese 马车 mɤ˩tʰɑ˧ Sesame candy. 麻糖（汉语借词）。 Borrowing: Chinese 麻糖 mɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Animal fat. 动物油。 mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. njɤ˧ | mɤ˩ mɤ˩ dzɯ˩˥! Wound. 伤口。 I don’t eat animal fat! (One of the investigator’s CL: kʰwɤ˥ peculiarities) 我不吃猪油！（这是调查者的特点之一） mi˧kʰwɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Wound. 伤口。 Ulcer. 疮。 CL: kʰwɤ˥ mɤ˩a CLASSIFIER Tone: La. A few, a little. 量词：一些、一点。 mi˧ɬo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. ɕi˧ɭɯ˧-ɻæ˩ | ɖɯ˧-mɤ˩ Prayer. 祈祷。 a few seeds of rice 一些稻谷种子 mi˧ɬo˧ lɑ˩ to pray ɻæ˩˥ | ɖɯ˧-mɤ˩ 祈祷 a few seeds 一些种子 CL: kʰwɤ˥ See: ɬo˧˥

tsɑ˧bɤ˧ | ɖɯ˧-mɤ˩, | tsɑ˧bɤ˧ | ɲi˧-mɤ˩ NOUN Tone: M. a small quantity of flour; two small quantities of mi˧mi˧ 核，仁。 flour; etc Kernel (of a seed). 米米一小捧面粉、两小捧面粉…… Borrowing: Chinese (dialectal)

ʈʂʰɯ˧-mɤ˥ mi˧pɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. DEM _ (tone: H# / H$) Scar. 疤。指示代词 _ CL: kʰwɤ˥

mɤ˩b VERB Tone: Lb. mi˧tʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. To eat food in powder form, typically tsamba. 将粉状的 Walking-stick. 拐棍。食品放在嘴里（如：干糌粑）。 CL: kɤ˧˥

108 mi˩a mo˥a

mi˩a VERB Tone: La. mi˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To ask for. 请求、要，讨饭。 To push. 推、拥挤。

hɑ˧ mi˥ le˧-mi˧-ze˥ to beg (literally: ’to ask for food’) ACCOMP _ PFV 讨饭推开了

hɑ˧ | ɖɯ˧-mi˧~mi˥-ɻ˩ le˧-mi˧˥ to beg a little, to ask around for some food ACCOMP 讨点饭推

tʰi˧-mi˧˥ mi˩b CLASSIFIER Tone: Lb. DUR 量词：小动物（一只）。 Classifier for small animals. 推 ʈʂʰɯ˧-mi˧˥ tso˧~tso˧ mi˩ this animal to push something 这只推开一个东西

mi˩hwɑ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. mi˩~mi˧˥ Cotton. 棉花（汉语借词）。 RED: to push and squeeze Borrowing: 棉花重叠：推、拥挤

mi˩hwɑ˧-bɑ˩lɑ˩ mi˩~mi˧-ɻ˥ cotton clothes RED INCEPTIVE 棉布衣服重叠：推、拥挤

mi˩ɬi˩ NOUN Tone: L. mi˩˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Large bamboo. 大竹子。 Female. 母的（动物）。

mi˩ɬi˩-bæ˩ʈʂo˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧, | mi˩˥! / ʈʂʰɯ˧, | mi˩ ɲi˥! bamboo broom It’s a female! 竹扫帚是母的！

mi˩ɬi˩-ʈʂæ˥do˩ CL: v˧ bamboo bucket to carry water (on one’s back) NOUN Tone: . 竹桶，用来背水 mje˧˥ Noodles. 面条。 Borrowing: Chinese 面 CL: dzi˩ mjæ˧˥ | dzɯ˧-bi˧! ~ mjæ˧ dzɯ˧-bi˧! ~ mjæ˧ mi˩ɬi˩-ʁo˩bv˥ NOUN Tone: L+H#. dzɯ˥-bi˩! Bamboo shoot. 竹笋。 Let’s eat noodles! CL: kɤ˧˥ 吃面吧！

mi˩mo˩ NOUN Tone: L. mjæ˧˥ | ɖɯ˧-qʰwɤ˧ tɕɤ˥ Small sifter. 小筛子。 to boil a bowl of noodles, to cook a bowl of noo- CL: nɑ˧ dles 煮一碗面 mi˩pʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L. Nettle. 荨麻。 mjæ˧ hwæ˥-bi˩ CL: dzi˩ (we) will buy noodles 要买面 mi˩zɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Woman; also the name of the second pillar in the main mo˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ha. room (the feminine pillar). 女人。主屋的第二个柱子 One Chinese acre, amounting to one-sixth of an acre. 量（代表女性的那个柱子）也是用这个名字。词：地（一亩地）（汉语借词）。 CL: v˧ Borrowing: Chinese 亩

109 mo˧ mo˩

mo˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: . mo˧kɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Greedy, covetous. 贪心不足，贪吃、贪喝酒、贪抽 Azalea. 杜鹃花、踯躅、山石榴、照山红、唐杜烟。鹃。Local Chinese dialect: 杨花木。

mo˧kɤ˩-bæ˩bæ˩ hɑ˧ mo˧ azalea flowers as above: greedy; refers specifically to food 杜鹃花贪吃

NOUN Tone: H#. hɑ˧ mo˧ | ʐwæ˩˥ mo˧ɬɑ˥ Slander. 诬蔑、坏话。 extremely greedy for food 很贪吃 mo˧ɬɑ˥ ʐwɤ˩ to slander, to speak ill of others mɤ˧-hɑ˧mo˧! 说人的坏话 NEG: not greedy 不贪吃 mo˧mo˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Steamed bun. 馒头、包子。 CL: ɭɯ˧ hɑ˧ | mɤ˧-mo˧! NEG: not greedy mo˧nɑ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 不贪吃 Gossip. 闲话。

mo˧nɑ˥ ʐwɤ˩ mo˧a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ma. to indulge in gossip, to speak badly of others 量词：尸体。 Classifier for corpses. 八卦、讲别人的坏话

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ɲi˥ | mo˧nɑ˥ ʐwɤ˩-dʑo˩! mo˧ɖʐv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. (S)he gossips all day! Morel, hickory chick: an edible mushroom. 羊肚他一天到晚都在八卦！菌。Local Chinese dialect: 羊菌。 mo˧nɑ˥-ɕi˩mi˩ ʂɯ˧-ɬi˧mi˧, | mo˧ɖʐv˥! same meaning: gossip The seventh month is the season of morels! 同上：八卦、坏话七月份，是羊肚菌的季节！ mo˧nɑ˥-ɕi˩mi˩ ʐwɤ˩ ʂɯ˧-ɬi˧mi˧ | mo˧ɖʐv˥-ne˩-ʝi˩-zo˩! to indulge in gossip, to speak badly of others ’[They have kids] like (=as numerous as) morels 八卦、讲别人的坏话 in the seventh month!’, i.e. they have children in hĩ˧ | ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧, | mo˧nɑ˥-ɕi˩mi˩ | ɖɯ˧-v˧ ɲi˩! great abundance. This is a humorous comment made about people who had one child after the He’s a gossiper, he talks badly of other people other. The abundance of morels in the seventh 他爱八卦、爱说别人坏话 month is spectacular and proverbial. （你们家孩子）生得像七月份的羊肚菌一样！ mo˧qʰwɤ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. （来形容一家有很多孩子出生，一个又一个。 Wooden shuttle of zip line (flying fox): it glides along 在永宁地区，七月份羊肚菌很多。） the rope; the passenger, horse, or load of goods is tied to the shuttle. 溜索上往返移动的木头梭。 CL: ɭɯ˧ mo˧jo˩-mi˩ NOUN Tone: L#-. Owl. 猫头鹰。 mo˧qʰwɤ˧˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: MH. CL: mi˩ Fond of food; voracious (can range from neutral uses to clearly negative uses). 胃口好，或：贪吃。 mo˧jo˩mi˩-pʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L#-. Male owl. 公猫头鹰。 mo˩ DISCOURSE PARTICLE Tone: L. CL: mi˩ Final particle indicating invitation/ suggestion to do something. 句尾助词：请……。

mo˧jo˩mi˩-zo˩ NOUN Tone: L#-. no˧ | ɖɯ˧-ʈʰɯ˩-ɻ˩ mo˩! Baby owl. 小的猫头鹰。 Please drink a little! / Do have a sip! CL: ɭɯ˧ 请你喝一点！

110 mo˩a 1 mv˥ 1

mo˩a 1 ADJECTIVE Tone: La. mo˩kv˥, | si˧dzi˩-mo˩! 年老。 Old. /mo˩kv#˥/ refers to mushrooms that grow on trees! mo˩ hĩ˩˥ /mo˩kv#˥/，指的是长在（倒在地上的）树上 old person 的菌子！老人

si˧ mo˥ mo˩ɻ#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. Black mushroom, ’wood ear’ (an edible fungus). 木耳 old wood; dead wood （汉语借词）。老干柴、老木头 Borrowing: Chinese 木耳

le˧-mo˩-ze˩ mo˩zo#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. ACCOMP _ PFV: (he/she) has become old / has Soldier. 士兵。 aged. ACCOMP _ PFV mo˩zo˧ ʝi˧-hɯ˧ ɲi˥! He went to the army! / He joined the army! / He le˧-mo˩-hĩ˩ became a soldier! Old person, person who has become old 当兵去了！老了的人 CL: v˧ hĩ˧ mo˥, | õ˧-di˧ fv˥! | ʐwæ˧ mo˥, | to˩do˩ ɖwæ˥! mo˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH. Old folk like their own place (=their own home); Mushroom. 菌子、蘑菇。 old horses are afraid to climb slopes! (Proverb.) CL: ɭɯ˧ mo˧˥ See: mo˧˥a 老人爱自家，老马怕山坡！（谚语，描写不爱到处跑的老年人） mo˧˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. Self-classifier for mushrooms. 量词：蘑菇（一只）。 lv˧ mo˥ F | dʑɯ˧ | le˧-qv˩; | si˧ mo˥ F | le˧- See: mo˧˥ dze˩-kv˩! | no˧ F | ə˧tse˧ | le˧-ʂɯ˧-mɤ˧-tʰɑ˧˥ | -di˩! mv˥ VERB Tone: H. To hear. 懂，听见。 Old stones are carried away by the stream; and old wood gets chopped down! And you, why njɤ˧ | le˧-mv˥-ze˩ can’t you die? (Mocking an elderly person. Na I have heard tradition assigns man a lifespan of sixty years; 我听见了 people getting past seventy are considered to have reached the end of their lifespan.) To understand. 懂。老石头要被河流冲走，老木头要被砍掉。你呢，怎么还不死？（嘲笑一个年龄很高的 njɤ˧ | le˧-mv˥-ze˩ 人。摩梭传统中，人的寿命是六十岁：过了七 I have understood 十岁的人，被认为是已经到达了命的尽头。）我懂了

VERB Tone: La. mo˩a 2 NOUN Tone: #H. To die. 死、去世。 mv˥ 1 Sky. 天。 mɤ˧-mo˩-sɯ˩! mv˧tʰv˧(-ze˩) (She/he/it) is not dead yet! the day is bright, the sky is clear 还没死！天晴，天色亮 si˧ mo˩ hĩ˧-ɳɯ˩ mɤ˩-do˩, | mv˧-ɳɯ˩ | do˩˥! dead wood “What humans do not see, the Heavens see it!” 老干柴（直译：死了的木头） (Meaning: a good deed earns one happiness in future; and a count of bad deeds, even those that mo˩kv#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. go unseen by humans, is also kept in the Heav- Mushrooms that grows on fallen trunks, e.g. oaks. 蘑 ens.) 菇：长在倒在地上的树（如青冈等树木）上的菌子 “人看不见的，老天能看见！” （汉语借词）。 Borrowing: Chinese 蘑菇 CL: ɭɯ˧

111 mv˥ 2 mv˧dze˧-tɕʰi#˥

mv˥ 2 NOUN Tone: #H. mv˧ NOUN Tone: M. Fire. 火。 Name (given name or family name). 姓名。

mv˧ kʰɯ˩ ɑ˩ʁo˧-bv˧ | mv˧ (+ɲi˩) to light a fire, to do a fire This is the family name! / This is my family name! 点火这是家里的姓！ / 这是我家的姓！

CL: æ˩ njɤ˧ | mv˧ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥ | ʂe˧-zo˧-ho˩! I have to go and get a name (from the monks at ‑mv˧ DISCOURSE PARTICLE Tone: M. the monastery) (for a newborn child) Affirmative final particle. 句尾助词，表示肯我得去（向大寺里的和尚）求一个名字（给刚定：“嘛”。出生的孩子起名）

PREFIX Tone: M. mv˧a VERB Tone: Ma. Aspect/mood: the event is about to take place: the event To put on (a shirt, a jacket). 穿(衣服、上衣)。 is imminent. 即将、快要、马上会、立即。 bɑ˩lɑ˩ mv˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧ | mv˧-dzɯ˧-kwɤ˩-tɕɯ˩! to put on a shirt/jacket 穿衣服 Come on, eat it up! / Come on, finish your bowl! 你吃完吧！ bɑ˩lɑ˩˥ | tʰi˧-mv˧ to put on a shirt/jacket tʰi˧-mv˧-dzɯ˧-kwɤ˩-tɕɯ˩! 穿衣服 Same as previous example, with the DURATIVE 同上 dʑi˧hṽ˧ mv˩ to put on clothes [M18] ʈʂʰɯ˧ mv˧-ʂɯ˧ bi˩-ni˩gv˩! njɤ˧ | 穿衣服 gv˩dʑɯ˩˥ | ʐwæ˩˥! | (S)he is going to die! I am devastated! See: ki˩a 他要死了！我很伤心！ mv˧bɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 脚底。 hĩ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧ tʰv˧ mv˧-ʂɯ˧-kwɤ˧tɕɯ˥-lɑ˩... Sole of the foot. CL: kʰwɤ˥ as this person is going to die soon... 因为这个人快要去世…… mv˧bv˧ʐv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Dragon. 龙。 mv˧-dzɯ˧-bi˩-ze˩! CL: mi˩ [We are] about to eat! / We are going to eat right now! mv˧ɕi˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 马上要吃了！ Spark. 火花。 CL: æ˩ mv˧-hwæ˧ about to buy mv˧ɕi˥dʑɯ˩ʈʰɯ˩ NOUN Tone: H#-L. 即将买 Rainbow. 彩虹。 CL: kʰɯ˩ mv˧-tɕʰi˧ about to sell mv˧di˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. Field. 田地。即将卖 The Earth, the place where mankind lives (as opposed to the Heavens). 天下。 mv˧-dzɯ˧-kwɤ˧tɕɯ˥-lɑ˩... CL: kɤ˧˥ since (she/he) is about to eat... NOUN Tone: M. 因为马上要吃…… mv˧dze˧ Barley, Hordeum vulgare L. 大麦。 CL: kɤ˧˥ mv˧-lɑ˩-kwɤ˩tɕɯ˩-lɑ˩... since (she/he) is about to strike... mv˧dze˧-tɕʰi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 因为要打…… Highland barley beard. 青稞芒。

112 mv˧gɤ˥gɤ˩ mv˧tʰv˧˥

mv˧gɤ˥gɤ˩ NOUN Tone: . 还认为自己有伟大的威力。女人可以用这个谚 Descendants. 下一代、后裔、后人。语隐蔽地嘲弄一个老男人。 CL: v˧ . mv˧-gɤ˧lɑ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Sky spirit. 天宫菩萨。 mv˧~mv#˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: . From: mv˥ Clear CL: v˧ (speech). 清楚（话、事情）。 ʐwɤ˧ mv˧~mv˧ mv˧gv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Clap of thunder. 雷、雷声。 to speak clearly; clear speech 讲清楚 mv˧gv˧ | gv˧-ze˩ there is a clap of thunder le˧-mv˧~mv˧-kʰɯ˩ 打雷了 to clarify, to explain 弄明白、讲清楚 mv˧gv˧ lɑ˩ there is a clap of thunder mv˧~mv˥-di˩ NOUN Tone: H#-. 打雷了 Bellows. 风箱。 CL: ɭɯ˧ CL: ɭɯ˧ mv˧ɲi˧ NOUN Tone: M. mv˧-gv˧dv˧ NOUN Tone: M. Toe. 脚趾。 Instep, top part of the foot. 脚背。 CL: ɭɯ˧ CL: ɭɯ˧ mv˧qo˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 木瓜。 mv˧gv˧-kʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Papaya. 龙年。 Year of the dragon. mv˧qo˩-dʑɯ˩ a liquid prepared from the papaya, which served mv˧kʰv˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. as an equivalent of vinegar (vinegar was intro- Smoke. 烟。 duced late: it was bought in Chinese areas) 用木瓜做的一种汁，用法类似于醋。过去，永 mv˧kʰv˧ lv˥ 宁没有醋，醋是从内地（汉族地区）买来的。 there is a lot of smoke 烟很多 CL: ɭɯ˧

CL: æ˩ mv˧qʰwæ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. The name of a village outside the plain of Yongning, mv˧ɭɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. close to the Lake. 木垮：村落名。 Muli county. 木里。 ɬi˧ki˧, | ɲi˧se˩, | tɑ˧dzi˩, | mv˧qʰwæ˩, | lɑ˧tʰɑ˧-di˧˥ NOUN Tone: M. mv˧mi˧ Villages that one passes when moving away from Woman. 女人。 the Yongning plain, towards Lugu lake. These mv˧mi˧ so˩tsʰi˩-kʰv˩, | qʰo˧mo˥ gi˩ le˩-ʈɤ˩! | villages do not count as part of Yongning proper. ʝi˧=ɻæ˧ qʰv˧tsʰi˧-kʰv˩, | bɤ˧di˩ lɑ˩ hṽ˩ ɖʐæ˩! The last, /lɑ˧tʰɑ˧-di˧˥/, is not a village name like the preceding four: it refers to the entire Na area “A woman of thirty must be pulled along like an beyond the fourth village. old cow; a man of sixty stills rides tigers bare- 永宁到泸沽湖所经过的村落，依次是：里格、 back in the land of the Pumi!” This proverb is 尼赛、大祖、木垮，然后到拉塔地（拉塔地指 about ageing in both sexes, with special empha- 的是泸沽湖周边的摩梭地区，包括左所、洛水 sis on the appeal that they exert on the oppo- 村等） site sex: at thirty, a woman is old; at sixty, a man is still ready for the greatest exploits. The

. proverb is reported to be used by women, as an mv˧ʁo˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. ironic (covertly mocking) comment about an age- Heavens, sky. 天空。 ing man. CL: ɭɯ˧ “女人，到三十岁就算是得拉着的老牛。男人，到六十岁还能在普米山上骑老虎！”这个 mv˧tʰv˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. 谚语讲男人与女人老化过程，特别描写相互吸 Torch. 火把。引的程度：三十岁女人算是老了，六十岁男人 CL: qɑ˩

113 mv˧tsɯ˧˥ mv˧ʐe˧˥ 1

mv˧tsɯ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. mv˧ʈʂv˥ 1 ADJECTIVE Tone: H#. Creased. 皱 Beard. 胡子。（衣服）。 Wrinkled. （脸）有皱纹。 mv˧tsɯ˧ ʑi˥ to˧kɤ˧ | mv˧ʈʂv˥ ze˩. to have a beard (His/her) forehead became wrinkled. 有胡子他的前额有了皱纹。

CL: kʰwɤ˥ to˧kɤ˧ | le˧-mv˧ʈʂv˥ (His/her) forehead is wrinkled. mv˧tsʰi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 他的前额有皱纹。 Dry season (winter and spring: from the 9th lunar month to the 2nd lunar month). 旱季（冬天与春天：农历九月 [F5] æ˩ʂe˩˥ | le˧-mv˧ʈʂv˥ 到二月）。 The skin is wrinkled (literally “the flesh is wrinkled”) mv˧tsʰi˧-qo˩ 皮肤有皱纹（直译：“肉有皱纹”） during the dry season Withered. 谢（花谢了）。旱季的时候 bæ˩bæ˩˥ | le˧-mv˧ʈʂv˥-ze˩ The flower has withered. mv˧ʈʰæ#˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: #H. 花谢了。 Under. 下面。

See: mv˧ʈʂv˥ 2 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | mv˧ʈʰæ˧-lɑ˩ li˩! | gɤ˧bi˧ mɤ˧-li˩! He only looks down, he never glances up! mv˧ʈʂv˥ 2 NOUN Tone: H#. (About someone who constantly sits at his desk, Wrinkle. 皱纹。 and complains about headaches and a sore neck: CL: kʰɯ˩ See: mv˧ʈʂv˥ 1 the speaker points out that it may be due to a bad posture while at work.) NOUN Tone: L#. 他老低头是往下看，不往上看！（情景：有人 mv˧ʈʂv˩ Mortar. 臼。经常脖子疼、头疼，阿妈提出，这应该跟工作 CL: nɑ˧ 姿势不对有关：那个人一直坐在办公桌前，低着头） mv˧ʈʂv˩-nv˩mi˩ NOUN Tone: L#-. From: mv˧ʈʂv˩ and nv˩mi˩ Small pestle. 杵。 mv˧ʈʰɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. CL: nɑ˧ Heel. 脚跟。 CL: kʰwɤ˥ mv˧ʈʂʰɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Chin. 下巴。 CL: kʰwɤ˥ mv˧ʈʂæ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH#. 叫做、 To call, to give the name... to, to refer to... as... NOUN Tone: #H. 称作、名叫。 mv˧ʐe#˥ 2 Gun; firelock. 枪，明火枪。 CL: kʰɯ˩ (ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ) ə˧tso˧ mv˧ʈʂæ˧˥? What’s her/ his name? / What is (it/ he/ she) mv˧ʐe˧-ʈʂʰæ˧ɣɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. called? Gunpowder. 火药。他叫什么名字？ CL: po˩

njɤ˧ | ... mv˧ʈʂæ˧˥ mv˧ʐe˧˥ 1 NOUN Tone: MH#. My name is... Rainy season (summer and autumn: from the 3rd to the 雨季（夏天与秋天：我名字叫…… 8th month of the lunar calendar). 三月份至八月份）。

mv˧ʐe˧-qo˥ mv˧ʈʂo˩-ti˩-bv˩ NOUN Tone: . Water striders, water bugs, magic bugs, pond skaters, during the rainy season Gerridae. 水黽。雨季的时候

114 mv˧ʑi˩ mv˩ʁwɤ˧ 1

mv˧ʑi˩ NOUN Tone: L. mv˩dzɤ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. News, gossip. 消息、闲话、八卦。 Bottom part (symbolically: “the tail”). 下面部分。

mv˧ʑi˩ | ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥ mv˩dzɤ˧ dzi˧˥ a piece of gossip to be seated in the bottom part (of the room) 一个八卦坐在（房间的）下面部分

CL: kʰwɤ˥ no˧ | mv˩dzɤ˧ dzi˧˥! Go and get seated in the bottom part (of the mv˩a 1 VERB Tone: La. room)! To blow (e.g. to blow the fire, to blow a horn). 吹（灰，你到下面去坐！乐器）。

mv˧~mv˥(-ze˩) mv˩ɖæ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Bottom part of body. 下半身。 RED 重叠：吹吹 mv˩ɖɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L. 大女儿。 ʝi˧qʰv˧ mv˥ Eldest daughter.

to blow a horn zo˧ɖɯ˧-mv˥ɖɯ˩ 吹号角 eldest son and eldest daughter (i.e. eldest male and female siblings) mv˩a 2 VERB Tone: La. 大儿子与大女儿 To flush away, to carry away: a strong current carries a swimmer away. 冲（走）。 mv˩kʰv˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. Evening (starting when it begins to get dark). 晚上。熟、成熟（植 mv˩a 3 ADJECTIVE Tone: La. Ripe. 物、水果）。 mv˩ɬi˥ NOUN Tone: LH. 二女儿。 mv˩-hĩ˩˥ Second daughter. REL 熟的 mv˩pʰæ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Kitchen: the room where pig swill is cooked, where wine Cooked, well-cooked, done. 熟（食物）。 is distilled, and where some of the dishes of people are prepared too. 备料房：煮猪食、煮酒的地方，有时候也在那边准备人的饭。 mv˩a 4 VERB Tone: La. To burn, to become consumed (e.g. a body on the funeral CL: ɭɯ˧ pyre becomes consumed). 燃烧。 mv˩pʰæ˧˥ VERB Tone: . mv˩-bæ˧mi˩ NOUN Tone: L-L#. To forget. 忘记、落下。 Fool, idiot (female). 傻女人、笨女人。 CL: v˧ mv˩pʰæ˧-ze˥ (I) forgot! mv˩do˩ VERB Tone: L. 忘记了 To ask. 问。 le˧-mv˩pʰæ˩(-ze˩) le˧-mv˩do˩ ACCOMP _ PFV ACCOMP 忘记了 ACCOMP ə˧tso˧-lɑ˧ ʂv˧ɖv˧, | mɤ˧-do˩! | tso˧~tso˧ mv˩do˩-ze˥ mv˥pʰæ˩! PFV I have no idea what (s)he has in mind; (s)he keeps 问了 forgetting things! 不知道（他）在想什么呢！他（一直在）落东 ə˧tso˧ mv˩do˩-bi˩? | 西！/ 他一直在丢三落四 What would [you] like to ask? / What is your question? mv˩ʁwɤ˧ 1 NOUN Tone: LM. 要问什么呢？ Lower reaches of a river; downstream. 下游。

115 mv˩ʁwɤ˧ 2 mv˩˥

mv˩ʁwɤ˧ 2 NOUN Tone: LM. mv˩ʈʂæ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. The name of a village. 下村，比如者波下村（永宁的 Lower part (of the body=below the waist). 下半一个村落）。（身）。

mv˩si˧-njɤ˧˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: LM+MH#. mv˩zo˩ NOUN Tone: L. Early in the morning. 一大早。 Young lady. 姑娘。

mv˩zo˩=ɻæ˧ mv˩si˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. Morning. 早晨。 young ladies 姑娘们 mv˩tɑ#˥ VERB Tone: LM+#H. To praise, to commend. 表扬。 CL: ɭɯ˧ v˧

mv˩tɑ˧ ʝi˧ mv˩zo˩-ə˩mi˥ NOUN Tone: L+H#. to praise A young lady and her mother. 姑娘与母亲。表扬 mv˩zɯ˩ 1 NOUN Tone: L. hĩ˧-ɳɯ˩ | mv˩tɑ˥ F | ʝi˧ le˧-hɯ˩-ze˩. Brothers. 兄弟（哥哥们与弟弟们）。 (She/ he did some good things, and) people praised him. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | nɑ˧dʑi˧-bv˧ | mv˩zɯ˩-ʝi˥-hĩ˩ ɲi˩! （他做了好事情，于是）人家大大地表扬他 He is nɑ˧dʑi˧/’s brother! 了。他是nɑ˧dʑi˧/的兄弟！

mv˩tv˩ NOUN Tone: L. CL: v˧ Only daughter. 独生女。 mv˩zɯ˩ 2 NOUN Tone: L. mv˩tv˩˥ | ɖɯ˧-v˧-lɑ˧ dʑo˧˥! Oats. 燕麦。 (She) just has an only daughter! CL: kɤ˧˥ 她只有一个独生女！ mv˩zɯ˩-ni˥mi˩ NOUN Tone: L+#H-. 兄弟姐妹，堂兄弟姐妹。 mv˩tʰi˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L. From: mv˩˥ and tʰi˧ In- Brothers and sisters, siblings. telligent. 聪明。 mv˩ʐɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | mv˩tʰi˩˥ | ʐwæ˩˥! Adopted daughter. 义女。 She is very intelligent! 她很聪明！ mv˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Daughter. 女儿。 mv˩tɕi˥ NOUN Tone: LH. CL: v˧ Youngest daughter. 最小的女儿。

mv˩tɕo˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: LM. Downward. 往下。

mv˩tɕo˧ kwɤ˩ to throw down 往下扔

mv˩tɕo˧ se˧! Get down! Go down! (Command to the dog if it climbs onto the floorboard of the house, contrary to the rule) 下去！（命令狗从主屋的地板下去：狗不准来上面）

mv˩tsʰo˩ NOUN Tone: L. Firewood full of resin, used to start a fire. 含很多树脂的木头，用来引火。 CL: kɤ˧˥

116 nɑ˥ nɑ˩pv˧-qʰwɤ˧

- n - nɑ˩dzi˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: LM. Dark (at twilight, dusk). 暗（黄昏/暮的时候，天变 nɑ˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: H. 暗）。 Important, serious (e.g. a wound). 严重，重要。 nɑ˩dzi˧-ze˩! mɤ˧-nɑ˥ It has got dark! Twilight has come! not serious 天变暗了！ / 黄昏到了！不严重 nɑ˩dzi˧-ho˩-ze˩! nɑ˧a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ma. It’s going to get dark! Classifier for tools. 量词：工具（一把）。（天）要变暗了！

NOUN Tone: #H. nɑ˧dʑi#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. 女性名字。 nɑ˩hĩ#˥ Feminine given name. Naxi (ethnic group). 纳西族。

nɑ˧mi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. nɑ˩hĩ˧-mi˧ ɲi˥! Difficulties, complications, hardship, overwork, great fa- She is a Naxi women! / It’s a Naxi woman! 受累、劳累、辛苦、困难、艰难、艰苦。 tigue. 她是纳西族女人！

nɑ˧mi˧ tʰv˧! nɑ˩hĩ˧-bɑ˧lɑ˥ Hardship has come! the Naxi costume, Naxi garments 现在是艰苦的时候！ / 现在很贫困！纳西族服装

CL: kʰwɤ˥ nɑ˩hĩ˧-ʐwɤ˧ so˥ to study the Naxi language nɑ˧~nɑ˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: . From: nɑ˩ Secretly. 偷偷、暗暗、私自、暗地、暗里。学纳西语

nɑ˧nɑ˥ | le˧-li˧ le˧-do˧ | nɑ˩hĩ˧-tʰæ˧ɻæ˥ to see (someone) for whom one was secretly on Naxi books the lookout 纳西族的书偷偷地看见 CL: v˧ nɑ˧~nɑ˥ se˩ | to walk furtively nɑ˩kwɤ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. 贼头贼脑地走 Pumpkin; cushaw. 南瓜。 CL: ɭɯ˧ nɑ˧ʈʂʰõ˧-õ˩di˩-pɤ˩ NOUN Tone: . Streamer of scriptures, attached to pillars within the nɑ˩mi#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. house. 经幡、风马旗（挂在家里的柱子上）。 Na woman. 摩梭女人。 CL: pʰæ˧˥ nɑ˩mv˥-nɑ˩dzi˩dzi˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: . nɑ˩b ADJECTIVE Tone: Lb. All dark, quite dark (at twilight, dusk). 很暗（天变得很 Black. 黑，暗（颜色，天色）。暗）。

nɑ˩-hĩ˥ NOUN Tone: LM-. REL nɑ˩pv˧-qʰwɤ˧ Emperor (borrowed from the Mongolian?). 皇帝。黑的 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | nɑ˩pʰv˧-qʰwɤ˧-ni˩gv˩! mɤ˧-nɑ˩ He’s got an empereror’s looks! / He thinks he’s NEG the emperor! (Mocking someone who thinks he 不黑 or she can impose his/her decisions to everyone, who thinks (s)he is a great leader.) nɑ˩bɑ˧-ʁɑ˧ɭɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. 他摆出做皇帝的样子！ / 他以为他是皇帝吧！ Name of a mountain. 一座山的名字。（嘲笑一个自以为是的人）

117 nɑ˩tsʰi˩ ‑ni˧gv˧˥

nɑ˩tsʰi˩ NOUN Tone: L. -ne SUFFIX Tone: . Name of a mountain. 一座山的名字。 Like, as if. 像。 [M18] no˧-ɳɯ˧ hwæ˧-ne˧-ʝi˥ | zo˧! kɤ˧mv˧˥, | æ˧ʂæ˧, | ŋwɤ˧hɑ̃˩, | ʂwæ˧gv#˥, | nɑ˩tsʰi˩˥ | -tɕʰɤ˧pɤ˧mi#˥, | qv˧ɻ˧-ʈʂʰɑ˧nɑ˥ | as if you were buying 就像你来买一样！ The six mountains of Yongning that carry a name and have a definite symbolic value. The [M18] no˧-ɳɯ˧ lɑ˧˥ | -ne˧-ʝi˥ | zo˧! other mountains do not have comparable sym- as if you were striking bolic value, and fewer people use specific names 就像你来打一样！ for them. 永宁地区有固定名字的六座山。其它的山，因 [M18] no˧-ɳɯ˧ pi˧-ne˧-ʝi˥ | zo˧! 为没有重要的象征意义，因此没有取名。 as if you decided 就像你来说一样！

nɑ˩zo#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧-ʝi˥ 摩梭男人。 Na man. thus, in this way 这样 nɑ˩-ʐwɤ˥ NOUN Tone: LH. 本语言：摩 Autonym of the language: the Na language. NOUN Tone: #H. 梭话（纳语）。 ni˥ Amaranth. 苋米。 CL: po˧ nɑ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To tremble. 发抖，颤抖。 ni˧fv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. A very large bag, either made of leather (to carry prod- nɑ˩~nɑ˧-ze˥ ucts over long distances by caravan) or of linen (to wrap 大包：用来包 RED PFV up a corpse for temporary inhumation). 装物品的皮包（马帮用的），或者来装尸体的麻布包发抖了（为了在火葬前暂时存放尸体）。

le˧-nɑ˩~nɑ˩ jɤ˧ŋɤ˧-ni˧fv˥ ACCOMP RED Chengdu bag (note: this kind of large, solid bag ACCOMP RED was often purchased in the area of Chengdu, hence their association with this place name.) lo˩qʰwɤ˥ | nɑ˩~nɑ˧˥ 成都大包。（据说这类的包一般是成都地区生 the hand trembles 产的。）手抖 CL: ɭɯ˧

NOUN Tone: LM. ‑ni˧gv˧˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: MH#. nɑ˩˧ 如、像。 Endonym: Na. 自称：摩梭族。 Like. zɯ˧hṽ˩-ni˩gv˩ nɑ˩-mv˧ nɑ˥-di˩ | like grass Na territory 像草摩梭人地区 æ̃˧qæ˩-ni˩gv˩ ə˧ʝi˧-ʂɯ˥ʝi˩, | nɑ˩zo˧-tɑ˥mv˩-ɳɯ˩ | dʑo˧-ɲi˥- like a parrot (i.e. blue/green-coloured) tsɯ˩! 像鹦鹉=青色 Na traditions used to mention this! / There used sɯ˧pv˩-ni˩gv˩ to be Na traditions about this! (Context: when reference is made to local customs, to explain like a urinary bladder what is allowed and what is not.) 像膀胱过去，摩梭人的传统（里）有（关于这些问题 (nv˩mi˩˥ | ) ɖɯ˧-v˧-ni˩gv˩ 的说法）嘛！ (their heart is) like one, as one 一条心，想得一致 CL: v˧ dzi˩bi˩-ni˩gv˩˥ næ˩-qʰæ˥ʈʂʰe˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: . to be accustomed to, to get accustomed to Dark all over, completely dark. 黑乎乎、很黑。习惯（一个环境）

118 ni˧mi#˥ njɤ˧kv˩

lwæ˩pʰv˩-ni˥gv˩ Eyelashes. 睫毛、眼睫毛、眼毛。 like ashes, i.e. grey-coloured 灰色 njæ˧tsɯ˩-ʂæ˩

CL: kʰwɤ˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ʂɯ˧-bi˧-ni˩gv˩! It looks like it’s going to die! / It looks as if it were going to die! njæ˧-zɯ˩ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: L#. 我们两个。他好像要死了！ First person pronoun, dual.

ɑ˩ʁo˧(-hĩ˧) | njæ˧zɯ˩ ho˩-dʑo˩! NOUN Tone: #H. ni˧mi#˥ (We cannot stay any longer because) our family Sisters. 姐妹。 is waiting for us! ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ʈæ˧ʂɯ˧-bv˧ | ni˧mi˧ ɲi˥. （我们两个不能再呆在这里了，）家里在等我们！ She is /ʈæ˧ʂɯ˧/’s sister. 她是达石的姐姐（或妹妹） njæ˩pʰv˧ NOUN Tone: LM. CL: v˧ White of the eye. 白眼球。 CL: ɭɯ˧ njæ˥-qv˩ VERB Tone: H#-. To look away from. 看别的方向（蔑视态度）。 njæ˩qwæ˧˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: LM+MH#. 眼睛瞎了。 hĩ˧ njæ˧qv˥ Blind. to turn away the head from, to look away from ʈʂʰɯ˧ | njæ˩qwæ˧-ze˥ (someone that one despises, hates...) 看别的方向，不直接看（蔑视态度） (S)he went blind. 他眼睛瞎了。 mɤ˧-njæ˥qv˩ NEG ʈʂʰɯ˧ | njæ˩qwæ˧ ɲi˥. NEG (S)he is blind. 他是瞎子。 njæ˧bæ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Tear. 眼泪。 njæ˩qwæ˧-mi#˥ CL: ʈʰɤ˥ blind woman 眼睛瞎了的女人 njæ˧-sɯ˩kv˩ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: L. First person plural pronoun, exclusive. 我们。 njæ˩qwæ˧-zo#˥ blind man njæ˧-sɯ˩-kv˩ | mɤ˧-sɯ˥! 眼睛瞎了的男人 We (exclusive) don’t know! 我们不知道！ njæ˩qwæ˧-hĩ#˥ blind person ʈʂʰɯ˧-sɯ˩-kv˩, | njæ˧-sɯ˩-kv˩-bv˩ | mɤ˧-sɯ˥! 瞎子 They do not understand us! (Context: about people coming from other areas, who do not under- CL: v˧ stand local custom and habits) 他们不了解我们！ njæ˩qʰæ#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. Gum in the eyes. 眼屎。 NOUN Tone: L#. Eyebrow. 眉毛。 njæ˧tsɯ˩ CL: kʰwɤ˥ njæ˧tsɯ˩-ɖæ˩ eyebrow (this formulation avoids ambiguity be- njɤ˧di˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. tween ’eyebrow’ and ’eyelashes’) Glue. 胶。眉毛 CL: kʰwɤ˥

njæ˧tsɯ˩ | mv˩tɕo˧ kʰɯ˧˥ njɤ˧kv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. to knit the brows (literally “to lower the brows”) Cheekbone. 颧骨。皱眉毛 CL: ɭɯ˧ See: kv˩kv˩

119 njɤ˧kv˩-njɤ˩tsʰɤ˩ njɤ˩-tse˧~tse˩

njɤ˧kv˩-njɤ˩tsʰɤ˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L#-. njɤ˩ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: L. Beautiful; with a pretty face (of a woman). 美丽、面貌 1st singular pronoun, 1SG. 我。美。 njɤ˩ ɲi˩˥! ə˧mi˧! | mv˩zo˩ ʈʂʰɯ˩-ɭɯ˥ | njɤ˧kv˩-njɤ˩tsʰɤ˩! It’s me! (Typical answer at the door) | ɖwæ˧˥ | ə˧v˧˥! 是我！（情景：一个人敲门，里面的人问是 Wow! This young lady is really beautiful! Very 谁，人家回答：“是我！”） pretty! 啊呀，这个少女真美丽！很漂亮！ njɤ˧ no˧ lɑ˧˥ I strike you njɤ˧kv˩njɤ˩tsʰɤ˩ | ʐwæ˩˥ 我打你 extremely beautiful 非常美 njɤ˩b VERB Tone: Lb. To husk. 舂米。 See: njɤ˧kv˩, tsʰɤ˧˥a le˧-njɤ˩-ze˩ njɤ˧lɑ˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: . ACCOMP _ PFV Early. 早、黎明的时候。舂了

njɤ˧lɑ˥ | gɤ˩-ʈi˧ hɑ˧ njɤ˧˥ to rise early to husk rice 起得早舂米

hɑ˧ | le˧-njɤ˩ NOUN Tone: #H. njɤ˧le˧gv#˥ to husk rice Daytime. 白天、大白天。舂米 ɲi˧mi˧-njɤ˩le˩gv˩ hɑ˧ | ɖɯ˧-njɤ˧~njɤ˩-ɻ˩ daytime rice - DELIMITATIVE RED INCEPTIVE 白天把米舂一舂

njɤ˧mv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. NOUN Tone: LH. A plant used as fodder for the pigs, Chenopodium album. njɤ˩bi˥ Eyelid (top eyelid). 上眼皮。灰条菜、灰灰菜：喂猪的牧草。Local Chinese dialect: 灰凋。 CL: ɭɯ˧ CL: qɑ˩ njɤ˩-gɤ˧lɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L-L#. Eyeball. 眼珠。 njɤ˧mv˥-mi˩ NOUN Tone: H#-L. CL: ɭɯ˧ Camel. 骆驼。

njɤ˧mv˥mi˩-zo˩ njɤ˩kʰi#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. baby camel Bottom eyelid. 下眼皮。小骆驼 CL: kʰwɤ˥

njɤ˧mv˥mi˩-pʰv˩ njɤ˩ɭɯ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. male camel Eye. 眼睛。公骆驼 CL: ɭɯ˧

CL: mi˩ njɤ˩qʰwɤ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. Orbit; eye socket. 眼眶。 njɤ˧nɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. CL: ɭɯ˧ Eyeball. 眼珠。 CL: ɭɯ˧ njɤ˩-tse˧~tse˩ NOUN Tone: L-L#. Branched horsetail, Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. This njɤ˧ʈʂɤ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. is a wild herb used in traditional medicine; its stem con- Black-jack, beggar-ticks, cobbler’s pegs, Spanish needle, sists of small segments; when pulled/plucked, the stem Bidens pilosa L., a species of flowering plant in the aster breaks at one of these articulations. 节节草。Local Chi- family. The barbed awns of the seeds catch onto fur or nese dialect: 节节高。 clothing, and can injure flesh. 鬼针草。 CL: po˧

120 njɤ˩ʈʂv˧˥ no˧-sɯ˩kv˩

njɤ˩ʈʂv˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. njo˩bi˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Loach (a kind of fish). 泥鳅。 Breast. 乳房。 CL: mi˩ ʝi˧-njo˥bi˩ cow’s breast VERB Tone: MH. njɤ˧˥ 1 牛的奶头 To glue (two objects together). 贴。 [F5] njo˩bi˧-ʁo˧qʰwɤ˩ le˧-njɤ˧-ze˥! nipple, teat ACCOMP _ PFV: It’s glued! 乳头粘在一起了！ CL: ɭɯ˧ tso˧~tso˧ le˧-ɖʐɤ˧, | le˧-njɤ˧˥! When something (e.g. a book) is torn, (we) glue njo˩kæ˧tɕi˩˥ NOUN Tone: LM+LH. it together! Cep, Boletus edulis. 牛肝菌（汉语借词）。东西撕破了，粘在一起（就好了） Borrowing: Chinese 牛肝菌 See: jɤ˧qʰɑ˧-pɤ˥jɤ˩-mo˩

See: njɤ˧˥ 2 njo˩pɤ˩lv˥ NOUN Tone: L+H#. Udder. 牛的奶头。 njɤ˧˥ 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: MH. CL: ɭɯ˧ Sticky. 黏（胶，树脂）。 See: njɤ˧˥ 1 njo˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Milk. 奶汁。 njɤ˧˥ 3 ADJECTIVE Tone: MH. Early (to rise early). 早。 njo˩ ki˧ to breast-feed (literally ’to give milk’) njɤ˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. 给（喂）奶 Eye (monosyllable). 眼睛（单音节）。 njo˩ ʈʰɯ˩˥ CL: ɭɯ˧ to drink milk 喝奶 njo˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Cucurbit flute, hulusi: a free reed wind instrument. 葫芦丝、葫芦箫。 no˧no˧ NOUN Tone: M. Feminine given name. 女性名字。 njo˧ mv˥ to play the cucurbit flute no˧no˧-ɖɯ˩mɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L. 女性名字。吹响葫芦丝 Feminine given name.

no˧=ɻ˩ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: L#. njo˧ NOUN Tone: M. 2nd person plural. 你们。谷穗。 Ear (of wheat, barley). See: no˧-sɯ˩kv˩

hɑ˧-njo˩ no˧-sɯ˩kv˩ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: L. ear of cereals Second-person plural pronoun. 你们。谷穗 no˧-sɯ˩-kv˩ | mɤ˧-sɯ˥! mv˧dze˧-njo˧ (+ɲi˩) You (plural) don’t know (about this)! ear of barley 你们不知道！大麦穗 njɤ˧ | no˧-sɯ˩-kv˩ | mɤ˧-sɯ˥!

tsʰi˧zi˧-hɑ˧njo˥ (+ɲi˩) I don’t know you! / I am not familiar with your situation/business! ear of highland barley 我不认识你们！ / 我不熟悉你们！青稞穗 njɤ˧ | no˧-sɯ˩-kv˩ lɑ˩ / njɤ˧ | no˧-sɯ˩-kv˩ lɑ˩- bi˩ njo˧bi˧li˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Lips. 嘴唇。 I strike you (PL) / I am going to strike you CL: ɭɯ˧ 我打你们 / 我要打你们

121 no˧zɯ˩ nv˩ɭɯ˧

no˧-sɯ˩-kv˩ lɑ˩-bi˩ ʈʂɤ˩nv˩ you are going to strike to chase after, to pursue 你们要打了追赶

no˧-sɯ˩-kv˩ | sɯ˧! le˧-ʈʂɤ˩nv˩ you know, you are aware (of this) 你们知道 to chase after, to pursue 追赶 no˧-sɯ˩-kv˩ | le˧-li˧ you are looking le˧-ʈʂɤ˩nv˩ | le˧-hɯ˩ 你们在看 He went to chase after no˧-sɯ˩-kv˩ | li˧-bi˧! 追赶去了 you are going to look 你们去看吧！ nv˥ 2 VERB Tone: H. To bury. 埋。 no˧zɯ˩ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: L#. Dual second person singular pronoun: you two. 你们俩。 See: no˩zɯ˧˥ nv˧hṽ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Bean; string bean, kidney bean. 豆子，四季豆，花腰豆。 no˩ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: L. 2nd person singular pronoun. 你。 CL: v˥

no˩ ɲi˩˥ It’s you! nv˧hṽ˩-bi˩bi˩ NOUN Tone: L#-. 是你！ Green bean, snap bean, string bean; one consumes the pod with the seed inside. 四季豆、玉豆、帶莢豌豆、菜豆、刀豆、豆角、敏豆仔、敏豆。 no˩bv˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Masculine given name. 男性名字。 CL: kʰɤ˧˥

no˩qo˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: LH. Close to, next to. ……附近。 nv˧pɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Broad beans; lima beans. 蚕豆。 no˩zɯ˧˥ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: LM+MH#. Dual second person singular pronoun: you two. 你们俩。 nv˧tv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. See: no˧zɯ˩ Nosebag. （挂在马脖子下面的）饲料袋子、马粮袋子。 ‑no˧˥ DISCOURSE PARTICLE Tone: MH. CL: ɭɯ˧ Contrastive topic. 主题：对于、关于。

qæ˧do˧ | -no˧˥ NOUN Tone: LH. As for lumber, ... nv˩dʑɯ˥ 豆腐。关于木材，…… Tofu, bean curd. CL: v˥ ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧ | -no˧˥ As for the main room, ... 关于主屋…… nv˩ho#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. Long-boiled soft beancurd. 豆花。 CL: v˥ nv˥ 1 VERB Tone: H. To chase after, to pursue. 追赶。

le˧-nv˥ nv˩ɭɯ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. ACCOMP Soy beans. 黄豆。 ACCOMP CL: wɤ˩

122 nv˩mi˩ nv˩ze˧

nv˩mi˩ NOUN Tone: L. Heart. 心脏。 nv˩mi˩-ki˧ki˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: . From: nv˩mi˩ and ki˧a With similar mood/frame of mind. 心意相通。 hĩ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧, | nv˩mi˩ tɕi˥! | This person lacks courage! (literally “...(his/her) nv˩mi˩-ʈʰi˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L. From: nv˩mi˩ and heart is small”) ʈʰi˩a Weak, worn out. 累得没精神了。这个人，胆小！（直译：“心小”） nv˩pi˧ NOUN Tone: LM. nv˩mi˩˥ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ tsɤ˧ | Soybean dregs. 豆粕。 in sympathy, in unison 情投意合 nv˩tɕʰi#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. Fine chaff of beans (used to feed cows). 豆类的细糠 nv˩mi˩˥ | tʰi˧-tɕɯ˥ | so˩˥ 秕，来喂牛。 to study patiently / to teach patiently CL: kʰɤ˧˥ 耐心地学习 / 耐心地教 nv˩tsɑ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. nv˩mi˩-qo˥ | tʰi˧-ʑi˥ Coarse chaff of beans. 粗的豆糠。 to remember, to keep in mind CL: mɤ˩, etc 记住、记得（直译：‘心里存着’、‘心里有’） nv˩ze˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Chickpea, Cicer arietinum, black-coloured; the dish 黑 nv˩mi˩-qo˥ | tʰi˧-kʰɯ˧˥ 色凉粉 is made out of this pea. 鹰嘴豆、桃尔豆、鸡豆、鸡心豆。鸡豆。 to make an effort to remember, to carry in mind Local Chinese dialect: 记住（直译：‘放在心里’）

State of mind. 心情。

nv˩mi˩ dzɯ˩~dzɯ˩-ɻ˥ not to get along well; to quarrel all the time; to poison each other’s life 经常吵架、过不到一起去

CL: ɭɯ˧

nv˩mi˩-ɖɯ˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L. From: nv˩mi˩ and ɖɯ˩a Courageous, brave. 勇敢、有勇气的。

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | nv˩mi˩˥ | ɖwæ˧˥ | ɖɯ˩˥! | hĩ˧ | mɤ˧- ɖwæ˥! (S)he is very brave! (S)he is not afraid of others / (s)he fears no one! 他很勇敢！谁也不怕！

pɤ˩mi˩˥ | nv˩mi˩ ɖɯ˩˥, | ʝi˧-ɳɯ˧ tʰv˧˥; | mi˩zɯ˩ nv˥mi˩ ɖɯ˩ (-dʑo˩), | hĩ˧-ɳɯ˧ lɑ˧˥! “If the frog is brave, it gets stamped on by the ox; if the woman is brave, she gets beaten!” (Explanation: weaker creatures must not be too brave: if a frog fears nothing and ventures onto the roads, it can easily get crushed to death; if a woman behaves with masculine self-assurance and courage, she gets into situations where people come to hands, and she eventually has the lower hand.) “勇敢的青蛙，被牛压死。勇敢的女人，被人家打！”（说明：青蛙太勇敢，上马路，就容易被压死，而女人太勇敢，容易跟别人发生矛盾，最后就打不过男人。）

123 ɳæ˥ ɳv˩˧

- ɳ - dʑɤ˩-hĩ˩˥, | le˧-ɳɯ˥! | mɤ˧-dʑɤ˩-hĩ˩, | le˧- dʑɯ˧˥! ɳæ˥ VERB Tone: H. Good one are few; bad ones are many! / There To hide, to conceal oneself. 躲藏。 are few good ones, but many bad ones! (A comment about higher education institutions, among tʰi˧-ɳæ˥ which laureates of the national University en- DUR _ trance examination are given a choice.) DUR _ 好的少，不好的多！（关于大学：高考后，学生要报志愿）

ɳæ˧=ɻ˩ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: L#. 2nd person plural. This is a variant of /no˧=ɻ˩/; the ɳɯ˧ɕi˩ VERB Tone: . 可爱。 form /no˧=ɻ˩/ is considered more correct. 你们。这 Lovely. 是/no˧=ɻ˩/的一个变体。/no˧=ɻ˩/被认为是更标准的。 ɳɯ˧go˧˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: . 可怜。 See: ɳæ˩=ɻæ˧, no˧=ɻ˩ Pitiable, wretched, pitiful.

no˧ | ʈʰɯ˧-ki˧ | ɖwæ˧˥ | ɳɯ˧go˧˥! / ...ɖwæ˧˥ | ɳæ˩=ɻæ˧ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: LM. ɳɯ˧go˧ ʝi˥! 你们家、你们家族。 2nd person associative plural. You pity her/him a lot! / You feel a lot of pity See: ɳæ˧=ɻ˩, no˧=ɻ˩ for her/him! 你真的很可怜他。 ɳæ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To press, to push down (with the hand); to press flat, to flatten; to squeeze. 按（用 VERB Tone: MH. 手）、压扁、挤压。 ɳɯ˧˥ To wring, to tighten, to clamp. 拧。

mv˩tɕo˧ ɳæ˧˥ le˧-ɳɯ˧-ze˥ to push down, to press down ACCOMP _ PFV 往下按拧了

le˧-ɳæ˩~ɳæ˩ ʁo˧qɑ˥ | ʈʰɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ | le˧-ɳɯ˧-qɑ˥-jo˩! Tighten the lid! (of a glass jar, used as drinking 压迫。 To oppress. glass) （你）拧一下盖子吧！ hĩ˧ kʰv˧, | hĩ˧ ɳæ˩ to steal and oppress (description of a despot’s be- 闻嗅。 haviour) ɳv˥ VERB Tone: H. To sniff. To hear, to get to know (good news…). 听到（消偷和迫（描述专制统治者的行为）息）、风闻。

mɤ˧-ɳv˥ ‑ɳɯ 1 POSTPOSITION Tone: . Ablative, agent, and topic marker. 离格，施动者，主 I am not aware of this piece of news! / I didn’t 题。接近汉语的‘由’。 know about that! （我）不知道这个消息！

CONJUNCTION Tone: . ‑ɳɯ 2 no˧ ə˧tso˧ ɳv˥? Or. 或者、还是。 Which piece of news did you get? / What did you get to know? ɳɯ˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: H. 你听到了什么消息呢？ Few. 少。

hĩ˧ ɳɯ˧ ɳv˩˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Moth; insect that eats into wood, books, clothes etc. 蛀 people are few / there are few people 虫。好的，不多！不好的，就很多了！ CL: mi˩

tso˧~tso˧ | ɳɯ˧-ze˩ there are fewer things, the amount of things has decreased 东西（变）少了

124 ɲi˥ 1 ɲi˧mi˧-kʰɯ˧ʂɯ˧

- ɲ - ɲi˧dʑɯ˧ NOUN Tone: H#. Penis. 男生殖器。 ɲi˥ 1 VERB Tone: H. CL: ɭɯ˧ To listen. 听。

tʰi˧-ɲi˥ ɲi˧gɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 鼻子。 DUR Nose. DUR CL: ɭɯ˧

tso˧~tso˧ ɲi˧ ɲi˧gɤ˧-bæ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. to listen to things Rope attached to a cow’s nasal ring. 牛鼻绳。也可以来听东西指牛鼻圈。 CL: kʰɯ˩ le˧-ɲi˥-ze˩ ACCOMP _ PFV NOUN Tone: MH. 听了 ɲi˧gɤ˧-dʑɯ˧˥ Nasal mucus, snivel. 鼻涕。

ɲi˥ 2 VERB Tone: H. To borrow from someone. 向别人借。 ɲi˧ɬi˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. 2nd month. 二月。 hĩ˧-ki˧ | tso˧~tso˧ ɲi˧ | to borrow things from someone ɲi˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. Sun. 太阳。向别人借东西 ɲi˧mi˧ tʰv˧ ɲi˥ 3 VERB Tone: H. the sun rises To lose, to be defeated. 败、输。太阳出来、日出

ɲi˥b CLASSIFIER Tone: Hb. Day; daytime; time. 日、时间。日、天。 Day. CL: ɭɯ˧

ɖɯ˧-ɲi˥ one day ɲi˧mi˧dɑ˧dzɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 日蚀。一天 Solar eclipse.

ɲi˧mi˧dɑ˧dzɯ˧ tʰv˧ ɲi˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: M. Full, satiated. 饱。 there is a solar eclipse 有日蚀 le˧-ɲi˧-ze˧ ACCOMP _ PFV ɲi˧mi˧dɑ˧dzɯ˧ ɲi˥! 饱了 Yes, it’s a solar eclipse! 是的，是日蚀！ hɑ˧-ɲi˧(-ze˩) I am full. / I am satiated. CL: ʂɯ˩ 吃饱了。 / 吃饱饭了。

njɤ˧ | le˧-ɲi˧-ze˧! ɲi˧mi˧-gv˩ NOUN Tone: L. West: “[the direction where] the sun sets”. 西方。 I am full. / I am satiated. 我饱了。 ɲi˧mi˧gv˩-gi˩-dzɤ˩ se˩ to walk towards the west ɲi˧a VERB Tone: Ma. 往西边走 To need. 需要。

no˧ | ə˩-ɲi˧? | mɤ˧-ɲi˧! ɲi˧mi˧-kʰɯ˧ʂɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Do you want (some)? - No! Rays (of sunshine). 太阳的光线。你要吗？- 不要！ CL: kʰɯ˩

125 ɲi˧mi˧tʰv#˥ ɲi˧ze˧-hæ̃˩ze˩

ɲi˧mi˧tʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. ɲi˧to˧ NOUN Tone: M. East, orient. 东方。 The mouth, seen as including the part of the face sur- rounding the mouth, in particular the jaw. 嘴巴，包括 ɲi˧mi˧tʰv˧-gi˧ 嘴周围的部位：颚等。 the direction of the east ɲi˧to˧ ʈʂʰwæ˩ 东方方向 talkative ɲi˧mi˧tʰv˧-gi˧ | se˧ 多嘴、拉不断扯不断（直译：“嘴快”） to walk towards the east CL: kʰwɤ˥ 向东面走

ɲi˧mi˧tʰv˧-gi˧ | dʑo˩˥ ɲi˧tsi˧ NUMBER Tone: . 20. 20。 to live in the East, to live in the Orient. (Con- text: the consultant imagines that I am in Europe, thinking of her, saying: ’She lives in the Orient’.) ɲi˧tsi˧-ɖɯ˧˥ NUMBER Tone: MH#. 21。住在东方（合作人想象我在欧洲，想着她 21. 说：‘她住在东方’。） ɲi˧tsi˧-gv˧ NUMBER Tone: . 29. 29。 ɲi˧mi˧-ʈæ˧ʂɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Sunflower. 葵花。 NUMBER Tone: MH#. CL: dzi˩ ɲi˧tsi˧-hõ˧˥ 28. 28。

NOUN Tone: L#. ɲi˧nɑ˩ NUMBER Tone: MH#. Cane; rattan. 藤子。 ɲi˧tsi˧-ɲi˧˥ 22. 22。

ɲi˧pʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. ɲi˧tsi˧-ŋwɤ˧ NUMBER Tone: . 霜。 Frost. 25. 25。

ɲi˧pʰv˩ lɑ˩-ze˩ ɲi˧tsi˧-qʰv˧˥ NUMBER Tone: MH#. there is some frost 26. 26。有霜 ɲi˧tsi˧-so˩ NUMBER Tone: L. ɲi˧qʰv˧ NOUN Tone: M. Nostril. 鼻孔。 23. 23。 Snivel, nasal mucus. 鼻涕。 CL: ɭɯ˧ ɲi˧tsi˧-ʂɯ˧ NUMBER Tone: . 27. 27。 ɲi˧se˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 小落水（村落名）。 The name of a village. ɲi˧tsi˧-ʐv˧ NUMBER Tone: . 24. 24。 ɲi˧se˩, | nɑ˩-lɑ˧ ɲi˥! Nhissei is a thoroughly Na village! / Na is pop- ɲi˧-ʈʂæ˧-ʑi˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. ulated entirely by Na people! The building inside the farm where the bedrooms are lo- 小落水，是纯摩梭的一个村落！ cated, and a living-room (downstairs in the centre). Lit- erally ’the two-floor building’, as this is the only building ɬi˧ki˧, | ɲi˧se˩, | tɑ˧dzi˩, | mv˧qʰwæ˩, | that has rooms on two floors. 二层房：农场里面的一栋 lɑ˧tʰɑ˧-di˧˥ 楼，正对着农场大门。 Villages that one passes when moving away from the Yongning plain, towards Lugu lake. These ɲi˧-ʈʂæ˧-ʑi˧-di˥ villages do not count as part of Yongning proper. same meaning The last, /lɑ˧tʰɑ˧-di˧˥/, is not a village name like 同上 the preceding four: it refers to the entire Na area beyond the fourth village. CL: ɭɯ˧ 永宁到泸沽湖所经过的村落，依次是：里格、尼赛、大祖、木垮，然后到拉塔地（拉塔地指 ɲi˧ze˧-hæ̃˩ze˩ NOUN Tone: L. 的是泸沽湖周边的摩梭地区，包括左所、洛水 Swift. 雨燕。村等） CL: mi˩

126 ɲi˧zo#˥ ɲi˩ʈʂe˩

ɲi˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. sɑ˧ ɲi˥ 鱼。 Fish. to twine hemp (to make thread) 捻麻 ɲi˧zo˧ tʰv˧-mi˥# / ɲi˧zo˧ tʰv˧-mi˧˥ N+DEM+CLF ɖɯ˧-ɲi˧~ɲi˥-ɻ˩ 那条鱼 DELIMITATIVE RED INCEPTIVE 捻一捻 ɲi˧zo˧-tɑ˧pv˥ dried fish VERB Tone: L . 干鱼 ɲi˩a 2 a To break (tool), to be broken. 设备坏了。

CL: mi˩ le˧-ɲi˩-ze˩ ACCOMP _ PFV: it’s broken! ‑ɲi˩ DISCOURSE PARTICLE Tone: L. 坏了！/破了！ A particle derived from the copula, described by L. Lidz (2010:497) as conveying “an epistemic strategy that tso˧~tso˧ ɲi˥ marks a high degree of certitude”. 肯定（°系词）。 to break things 东西坏了 ɲi˩ 1 VERB Tone: La. To press, to hold (clamped under the arm, between the VERB Tone: La. legs...). 夹、夹持。 ɲi˩a 3 Copula. 是系词。 ɖɯ˧-ɲi˧~ɲi˥-ɻ˩ to press a little ɲi˩bv˩ NOUN Tone: L. 蟋蟀。夹一点 Grasshopper, cricket. CL: mi˩

ɲi˩ 2 PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: L. 谁。 ɲi˩bv˩-ʂe˩sɑ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Who. Dragonfly. 蜻蜓。 ɲi˩ ɲi˧? CL: mi˩ Who is that? NOUN Tone: LM+#H. 是谁？ ɲi˩mɑ#˥ Masculine given name used for the elder of two twins 男性名字，起给双胞胎中 no˧ | ɲi˩ ɲi˧? (the child who is born first). 的老大。 Who are you? 你是谁？ ɲi˩pʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L. 水 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɲi˩ ɲi˧? Water mint, Mentha aquatica, Mentha hirsuta Huds.. 薄荷。 Who is this person? 他是谁？ ɲi˩pʰv˩-bæ˥bæ˩ flower of water mint, water mint flower no˧ | ɲi˩˥ | -ki˩ bi˩-pi˩, | ɖɯ˧-bæ˧ lɑ˧ ɲi˥! 水薄荷花 No matter where you go, it’s the same every- where! ɲi˩=ɻ˥ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: LM+H#. 无论你去谁（家），都一样！ Second person associative pronoun: you (exclusive) and your clan/family/friends. 第二人称，联想复数：你与 no˧ | ɲi˩-ki˥ bi˩-pi˩, | ɖɯ˧-bæ˧ lɑ˧ ɲi˥! 周边的人（家人、家族、亲戚、朋友们……）。 As previous example, with a different division into tone groups ɲi˩tsɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. 同上，声调段界不同 Hmong (ethnic group). 苗族。 CL: v˧ ɲi˩a 1 VERB Tone: La. To twine, to wind; twist with the fingers (e.g. linen, to ɲi˩ʈʂe˩ NOUN Tone: L. make thread). 捻，缠线。 Door bar. 门闩。

le˧-ɲi˩ ɲi˩ʈʂe˩ tʰi˥-kʰɯ˩, | tʰi˧-ʈæ˩! ACCOMP Put on the door bar, to lock (the main door)! ACCOMP 放门闩，（好好）锁（门）！

127 ɲi˧˥ ɲi˧˥

ɲi˧˥ NUMBER Tone: MH. 2. 2。

128 ŋæ˧ʝi˩ ŋwɤ˧˥

- ŋ - ŋwɤ˧pʰæ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. Tile. 瓦（汉语借词）。 ŋæ˧ʝi˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L#. Borrowing: Chinese 瓦 Easy and comfortable, at ease. 安逸（汉语借词）。 CL: pʰæ˧˥ Borrowing: Chinese 安逸 ŋwɤ˧qo˥ NOUN Tone: H#. ŋɤ˩ŋɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Knee. 膝盖。 Palate. 上腭。 CL: ɭɯ˧ See: ŋwɤ˩ɬv˧˥ CL: kʰwɤ˥

NUMBER Tone: L#. 银子。 ŋwɤ˧tsʰi˩ ŋv˩ NOUN Tone: L. Silver; money. 50. 50。 Money. 钱。 ŋwɤ˩ɭɯ˧-tse˥pʰæ˩ NOUN Tone: LM+#H-. ŋv˩a VERB Tone: La. Kneebone. 膝盖骨。哭。 To cry, to weep. CL: ɭɯ˧ (tʰi˧-)ŋv˧~ŋv˥ DUR RED ŋwɤ˩ɬi˩mi˩ NOUN Tone: L. 五月。哭一场 5th month.

NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. NOUN Tone: M. ŋwɤ˩ɬv˧˥ ŋwæ˧qʰv˧ Cartilages of the knee; literally “marrow of the knee”. Oven to make bricks. 烧瓦的烤炉。 This expression emphasizes the fragility of this articula- ŋwæ˧qʰv˧ ʂɯ˧-ʑi˩ tion. 膝盖（直译：“膝盖髓”）。这个说法强调膝盖的脆弱。 ’the seven families of the Brick Oven’: an expression formerly used to designate the people [M23] ŋwɤ˩ɬv˧-ko˧lo˥ go˩. from Alawa village, at a time when there were only seven families living there. to feel pain inside the knee ‘瓦炉七家’：过去来指阿拉瓦村的人，当时膝盖疼。那里只有七家住 CL: ɭɯ˧ See: ŋwɤ˧qo˥ ə˧lɑ˧-ʁwɤ˧ | ŋwæ˧qʰv˧ | tsʰe˧ɲi˧ ʑi˩ ’the twelve families of Alawa and the Brick ŋwɤ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. 刺痛。 Oven’: an expression formerly used to designate To sting, to pierce. the people from Alawa village, at a time when tɕʰi˧ ŋwɤ˩-ze˩ the number of families had increased from seven to twelve through migration. (He/she) was stung by a thorn ‘阿拉瓦瓦炉十二家’：过去来指阿拉瓦村的（他）被刺扎疼了。人，当时那里住的人家，从七家已经增加到十二家

CL: ɭɯ˧

ŋwɤ˧ NUMBER Tone: M? H#? (pas L). 5. 5。

ŋwɤ˧hɑ̃˩ NOUN Tone: L#. A mountain to the South-West of Yongning. 位于永宁西南的一座山。

129 õ˧dɤ˧ɻ˧ õ˧˥

- õ - õ˧˥ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: MH. (one)self. 自己。 õ˧dɤ˧ɻ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Foundation, fundamentals. 根本。 õ˧-ɑ˥ʁo˩ one’s house õ˧dɤ˧ɻ˧-ɳɯ˧, | hĩ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧ | ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧ gv˧˥ | - 自己家 ɲi˩! So that is how he really behaves / does! (Com- õ˧-dʑɯ˥, õ˩ ʈʰɯ˩! | ment on someone whose behaviour is not respect- Each drinks from her own bottle! (Context: a ful of good manners) toddler has grabbed another’s milk bottle; par- 他原来是这样做事情的！ / 他原来这么不懂 ents prevent her from drinking from it.) 事！自己喝自己的！（情景：一个婴儿抓另一个婴儿的奶瓶。） õ˧tʰv˧ɲi˧ NOUN Tone: . That day (long ago). （早以前的）那天。 õ˧-ʂe˥, õ˩ ʈʰæ˩! | Each person eats their own slab of meat! (De- scribing table manners: each person used to re- õ˧ʈʂwɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Mosquito. 蚊子。 ceive one slice of meat and eat it up, unlike Chinese custom, in which each guest picks food õ˧ʈʂwɤ˧ le˧-tʰv˧-ze˧! mouthful by mouthful, with chopsticks, from the Here comes a mosquito! / A mosquito has come dishes placed on the table.) in! (=into the room, into the mosquito net...) 自己吃自己的（那块）肉！（关于饮食习惯：有一只蚊子！吃饭的时候，每人分得一块肉，自己吃完。当地人认为，汉族没有这种分吃的习惯。） ʂɯ˧-ɬi˧mi˧, | õ˧ʈʂwɤ˧! | õ˧-bv˥-õ˩ ʝi˩-ɳɯ˩ | sɯ˧-kv˩! In the seventh month, there are lots of One learns by practising oneself! / It’s by prac- mosquitoes! tising oneself that one really masters a skill! 七月份，蚊子多！ / 七月份，是蚊子多的一自己做，就能学会！/ 要学会，就得自己熟个月！练！ CL: mi˩ õ˧-bv˥-õ˩ +N | one’s own N NOUN Tone: MH#. õ˧ʈʂwɤ˧-kv˧dʑɯ˧˥ 自己的（+名词） Mosquito net. 蚊帐。 CL: ɭɯ˧ õ˧-bv˥-õ˩ ʐwæ˩ one’s own horse õ˧ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧-ʝi˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: MH#. 自己的马 In that way. 那样。 õ˧-bv˥-õ˩ ʝi˩ õ˩dv˧-kʰv˥mi˩ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#-. one’s own cow Wolfhound. 狼狗。自己的牛 CL: mi˩ õ˧-bv˥-õ˩ lv˩ õ˩dv˧-mi˥ NOUN Tone: LM+H#. one’s own field Female wolf. 母狼。自己的田地 CL: mi˩ õ˧-bv˥-õ˩ ɖʐe˩ õ˩dv˧-pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. one’s own money Male wolf. 公狼。自己的钱 CL: mi˩ õ˧mv˥-õ˩di˩ õ˩dv˧-zo#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H-. birth place Little wolf. 小狼。出生的地方、老家、故乡

õ˧-ə˧mv˥ / õ˧-ə˥mv˩ / õ˧-ə˧mv˧˥ õ˩dv˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. Wolf. 狼。 one’s own elder (brother or sister) CL: mi˩ 自家姐姐（或哥哥）

130 õ˧˥ õ˧˥

õ˧-ə˧v˥ / õ˧-ə˥v˩ one’s own maternal uncle 自家舅舅（母亲的兄弟）

131 pɑ˧tɕɤ˧ pæ˧˥ 1

- p - pæ˧ɻæ˩-ʈʂʰo˩ NOUN Tone: L#-. Hongqiao, a (mostly Han Chinese) village on the road pɑ˧tɕɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. from Ninglang to Yongning. 红桥。 Plantain. 芭蕉（汉语借词）。 Borrowing: Chinese 芭蕉 no˧ | pæ˧ɻæ˩ʈʂʰo˩-hĩ˩-ni˩-zo˩! pæ˥ VERB Tone: H. “You look like someone from Hongqiao!” This To move house. 搬（家）。 is an insult, meaning “You are ugly”. Pop- Borrowing: Chinese 搬? ular Na geography had it that the people of Hongqiao (a village which the caravans crossed) pæ˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ha. had coarse, unlovely physical features, such as Classifier for packs/herds (of horses...), troops (of sol- big snub noses. diers)... 量词：马、军人……（一队）。解放前用的侮辱语句：“你像红桥人！”=“你很丑！”摩梭民间文化中，红桥 pæ˧kʰwɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. （马帮路过的一个乡）的人被认为难看，面貌 Silver coin of the imperial times. 民国之前的银币。不“眉清目秀”，比如有扁鼻子。 ə˧mi˧! | pæ˧kʰwɤ˧ so˧-ɭɯ˥ ki˩-mæ˩! Wow! [(S)he] is giving you three silver coins!! NOUN Tone: M. (According to the main consultant’s memories, pæ˧sɯ˧ 把 this is the type of comment that uncles and aunts The lowest rank in the hierarchy of feudal officials. 事（封建官员系统中的最低等级）（汉语借词）。 would make when a child who turned 13 received significant amounts of money on the occasion of Borrowing: Chinese 把事 their coming of age. The equivalent today would be about half a month’s salary. To give only one coin would not be right, because gifts have to pæ˧te˩ NOUN Tone: L#. come in pairs. To give two coins is appropriate Bench, stool. 板凳。 and sufficient. To give three coins is an impres- 板凳 sive gift, beyond expectations.) Borrowing: Chinese 哇！（他）给三块银币！（在一个孩子成年 CL: ɭɯ˧ 时，亲戚会给银币。给一块，不合适，因为礼物不能只给一个，要给两个。给两块银币，是合适的，也是够的。给三块银币，超出期望， pæ˩a VERB Tone: Ma. 是大礼物了。按现在的标准/说法，三个银币 To lay (the table). 摆桌子、供应饭菜。等于半个月的工资左右。） Borrowing: Chinese 摆? pæ˧kʰwɤ˧ ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˥# ; pæ˧kʰwɤ˧ ɲi˧-ɭɯ˥# ; pæ˧kʰwɤ˧ so˧-ɭɯ˥# hɑ˧ tʰi˧-pæ˩ tsæ˩-ɲi˩-ze˩! | hɑ˧ dzɯ˧-bi˧-ze˩! one silver coin, two silver coins, three silver The table is set / everything is ready! Let’s eat! coins 一块银币，两块银币，三块银币饭摆好了！吃饭了！

pæ˧kʰwɤ˧ ɖɯ˧-ki˩tɑ˩ a bag of silver coins (to be interred in a secret pæ˩pʰæ˧˥ 1 NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. Thick place) wood plank. A well-prepared plank, used in construc- 一包银币（埋在地里，为了藏） tion, could last a hundred years. 厚的木板、木板子。 CL: ɭɯ˧ Harrow; the term is the same as that for ’plank’, as the harrow essentially consisted in a large, squared piece of lumber, without teeth. 耙。 pæ˧li˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Chinese chestnut. 板栗。 CL: pʰæ˧˥ Borrowing: Chinese 板栗 pæ˧li˩-si˩dzi˩ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. chestnut tree pæ˩pʰæ˧˥ 2 男性名字。板栗树 Masculine given name.

pæ˧li˩-dzi˩ chestnut tree pæ˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. 板栗树 To cultivate land. 种（地）。

132 pæ˧˥ 2 pɤ˧dʑɤ˩-di˩

pæ˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. pɤ˧a VERB Tone: Ma. To exceed; to let slip. 超过，错过。 To carry on one’s back. 背（水、柴、孩子……）。

pɤ˧~pɤ˧ pæ˧˥ | -kʰɯ˩-pi˩, | mɤ˧-tsɤ˧! | RED It’s not good to let (an auspicious day) slip by! / It’s not good to miss the opportunity (of an aus- 重叠：背一背 picious days; for the building of a house, for in- tʰi˧-pɤ˥~pɤ˩ stance) DUR RED 错过（一个吉日），不好！背一背

pæ˧˥ | -tʰɑ˧-kʰɯ˩ qʰæ˧ pɤ˧~pɤ˥ Don’t let (this opportunity) slip by! / (You/we) to carry manure mustn’t miss this opportunity! 背肥料不要错过（机会）！ kʰɤ˧ pɤ˧~pɤ˥ le˧-pæ˧-ze˥! to carry a dorsal basket It’s too late! / We have let the opportunity slip 背背篓 by! 错过了！ zɯ˧ pɤ˧~pɤ˥ to carry grass 背草 pæ˧˥hwɤ˧ NOUN Tone: MH.M. Solution, method (early borrowing from Chinese). 办法 tso˧~tso˧ pɤ˧~pɤ˥ （早期汉语借词）。 to carry things Borrowing: Chinese 办法背东西

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | pæ˧˥hwɤ˧ | ɕjɤ˩ ɣɯ˧ (+ | ʐwæ˩˥)! *tso˧~tso˧ pɤ˩ He/she is great at finding solutions / at handling to carry things (this expression is well-formed all sorts of difficult situations! syntactically, but apparently not in use) 他很会想办法的！背东西（语法上，这个短语没有问题，但发音合作人不那么说。） CL: kʰwɤ˥ njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ pɤ˧~pɤ˩ (+bi˩)! I’ll do the carrying! / Let me carry (it)! pe˧ʂe˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: M. 我来背！ Itself, per se. 本身（汉语借词）。 Borrowing: Chinese 本身 dʑɯ˩ pɤ˩~pɤ˥ to carry water pɤ˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 背水 Drawing, painting. 画。 zo˧mv˥ pɤ˩~pɤ˩ CL: pɤ˥ pʰæ˧˥ to carry a child on the back 背孩子 pɤ˥ VERB Tone: H. To curl up; to hunch, to huddle up. 蜷曲、蜷缩。 pɤ˧dʑɤ˩-di˩ NOUN Tone: L#-. A village close to the Hot Springs. 温泉乡的一个村落。 æ˩ ʈʂʰɯ˧-mi˥ | si˧dzi˩-ʈʰæ˩qo˩ | tʰi˧-pɤ˥-dʑo˩! The hen has huddled up under a tree! ə˧go˧-ʁwɤ˧, | ʁwɤ˧lɑ˩-bi˩, | bæ˧ʁwɤ˧, | 那只鸡，在树下蜷缩着！ tʰo˧tsʰe#˥, | pi˧tsʰe˩-di˩, | pɤ˧dʑɤ˩-di˩, | ʁwɤ˧tv˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-qo˧ ɖɯ˧-pɤ˥ ɕjɤ˩-ɻ˩! Villages that one encounters as one leaves the Come and lay here (for a rest)! plain of Yongning (away from the Lake); the first two are perceived as villages with a high propor- 过来这边躺一下！ tion of Na members, and the third as a mostly Na village, whereas the next ones are Pumi (Prinmi). pɤ˥b CLASSIFIER Tone: Hb. 永宁背向泸沽湖方向经过的村落。前两个村落 Classifier for statues, paintings... 量词：雕像，如：佛拥有相当大的摩梭人口比例，第三个村落是摩像（一尊）。梭村，最后一个是普米村。

133 pɤ˧lɑ˩ pɤ˩dʑɯ˩

pɤ˧lɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. pɤ˧tʰi˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Photo, photography (newly coined word). 相片，照片。 A family name from Yongning. There are two families CL: pʰæ˧˥ in Yongning that carry this name. 一个姓。这个姓，永宁有两家。

pɤ˧ʁɑ˧ CLASSIFIER Tone: M. pɤ˧tʰi˩=ɻ˩ A big step. 量词：一大步。 the /pɤ˧tʰi˩/ clan, the /pɤ˧tʰi˩/ family /pɤ˧tʰi˩/家族 ɖɯ˧-pɤ˧ʁɑ˧~ɖɯ˧-pɤ˧ʁɑ˧ with great strides pɤ˧ʈʂʰwæ˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: . 大步流星地 Flat, flat-shaped, flattened. （鼻子）扁、被压扁、凹下去。 ɲi˧-pɤ˧ʁɑ˧ ɲi˧gɤ˧ pɤ˧ʈʂʰwæ˥ two great strides flat nose 两大步扁鼻子

le˧-pɤ˥ʈʂʰwæ˩-ze˩ ‑pɤ˧to˩ CONJUNCTION Tone: L#. ACCOMP _ PFV Even. 连。被压扁

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | li˩-pɤ˥to˩ | ʈʰɯ˩-ɲi˥! ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧ le˧-ʈʰi˩-zo˩, | dɤ˧-qo˧ | tʰi˧- She even drinks tea! (About the eating and drink- pɤ˥ʈʂʰwæ˩-ze˩! ing habits of a one-year-old child) That one (=that man/woman) was exhausted, 她连茶都喝！（关于一个一岁孩子的饮食习 (s)he collapsed over there! 惯）那个（人）筋疲力尽，躺倒在那边了！

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | pɤ˩jɤ˧-pɤ˥to˩ | dzɯ˩-ɲi˥! hæ˧mi˧-pɤ˧ʈʂʰwæ˧ She even eats bread! (About the eating and drink- flat(-faced) Chinese woman (derogatory coming habits of a one-year-old child) ment on noses that are not high enough by local standards) 她连面包都吃！（脸、鼻子）扁的汉族女人（带偏见的称呼）

hæ˧, | kʰv˩mi˩-ʂe˩-pɤ˥to˩ dzɯ˩-kv˩! VERB Tone: L . The (Han) Chinese even eat dog meat! (Note: pɤ˩a a To come out, to emerge, to appear. 出现、出来、浮 consumption of dog meat is forbidden in Na cul- 现。 ture) 汉族连狗肉都吃！（注：摩梭人不吃狗肉） dʑɯ˩ pɤ˩˥ some water comes out hæ˧, | kʰv˩mi˩-ʂe˩˥ F dzɯ˩-kv˩! 涌出水来

as above dʑɯ˧qʰv˧-qo˧ | dʑɯ˩ pɤ˩-ze˥ 同上 Water emerges at the source. 水泉里面，涌出水来。 bo˩-pɤ˥to˩; lɑ˧-pɤ˧to˩; mv˩-pɤ˥to˩; ʐwæ˧- pɤ˧to˩; ɬi˧mi˧-pɤ˧to˩; ɲi˧mi˧-pɤ˧to˩; hwɤ˧li˧- tʰi˧-pɤ˩-dʑo˩ pɤ˥-to˩; hwɤ˧mi˧-pɤ˥to˩; kʰv˩mi˩-pɤ˥-to˩; DUR _ PROG: it is emerging ʁo˧dzi˩-pɤ˩to˩; ʝi˩ʈʂæ˧-pɤ˥to˩; nɑ˩hĩ˧-pɤ˧to˩; 正在涌出水来 bo˩mi˧-pɤ˧to˩; bo˩ɬɑ˧-pɤ˩to˩; ʁæ˧ʈv˥-pɤ˩to˩ combinations with nouns of the various tone cat- gɤ˩-pɤ˥ egories to emerge, to come up, to appear (e.g. the sun 与不同声调类的名词结合 comes out) 出现、上来：太阳出来

pɤ˧tv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 篮子、竹篮。 pɤ˩b CLASSIFIER Tone: Lb. Wickerwork basket. Classifier for ladders, doors…. 量词：木工件，如梯子、门等等（一扇门，一把梯子）。 ɖʐɯ˧ʂɯ˥-pɤ˩tv˩ small basket where chopsticks are kept pɤ˩dʑɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L. 筷子篮 Spring water. 泉水。

134 pɤ˩-ho˩~ho˥ pɤ˧˥

pɤ˩-ho˩~ho˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: L+H#. hæ̃˧ʂɯ˩-pɤ˩mi˩ Soft. 柔软。 A beautiful species of frog, with a long body. It is only found in the forest, on the mountain. This pɤ˩-ho˩~ho˥-gv˩ is the second of three species distinguished by the soft consultant. 柔软一种很美的青蛙，身体很长。只出现在山上森林里。这是发音合作人认识的第二种青蛙。 ʁo˧qʰwɤ˩ pɤ˩-ho˩~ho˥-gv˩-hĩ˩ | tʰv˧-kʰwɤ˥ dʑɯ˩-pɤ˩mi˩˥ the place where the head is soft =the fontanel A species of frog with a small head and large 头上软软的那块 =囟门 eyes, considered by the consultant as spending most of the time in the water. This is the third of three species of frogs distinguished by the con- NOUN Tone: LM+#H-. pɤ˩jɤ˧bv˥-di˩ sultant. The Naxi hunt it, especially in the fifth Steamer used for bread (buns). 用来蒸面团（馒头等等）的蒸笼。 month. 一种青蛙，头小、眼睛大。这是发音合作人认 CL: ɭɯ˧ 识的第三种青蛙。纳西族吃这种青蛙。

nɑ˩hĩ˥ | pɤ˧-ʂe˧ dzɯ˧; | pɤ˧-ɣɯ˧ | ɬɑ˧tɑ˥ mv˩! pɤ˩jɤ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. Dough for making steamed bread. 做面包的面团（可以蒸成馒头）。 | pɤ˧-mæ˧, | bæ˧ʈʂo˥ ʝi˩! Round flat cake. 饼。 Proverb: “The Naxi eat frog meat; they wear vests made of frog skin; and they make brooms li˩-pɤ˥jɤ˩ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ with frog tails!” 谚语：“纳西人吃青蛙，披青蛙皮衣，蛙尾巴 a piece of brick tea, a brick of tea (tea leaves 当扫帚！” pressed into the shape of a round flat cake) 一块茶饼 CL: mi˩

CL: jɤ˧˥ jɤ˧˥ pɤ˩pʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L. Male frog. 公青蛙。 CL: mi˩ pɤ˩lv˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Warehouse, storehouse: a one-floor building, opposite the main building (/ʑi˧mi˧/); it is used for storing ob- pɤ˩ti#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. 凳子。 jects, such as the ard, and preserved meat. 仓库：主屋 Stool, small bench. 对面的房子，只有一层。用来收藏大工具，例如犁， CL: ɭɯ˧ 或者腊肉。 pɤ˩tɕɯ˧-pɤ˥mi˩ NOUN Tone: LM+#H-. Tadpole. 蝌蚪。 pɤ˩lv˩ NOUN Tone: L. CL: mi˩ See: pɤ˩tɕɯ˧˥, pɤ˩tɕɯ˧-ʁo˧ɖɯ˧˥ Nape. 项背、项、脖颈儿。 CL: ɭɯ˧ pɤ˩tɕɯ˧-ʁo˧ɖɯ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. Tadpole. 蝌蚪。 pɤ˩mi˩ NOUN Tone: L. CL: mi˩ See: pɤ˩tɕɯ˧˥, pɤ˩tɕɯ˧-pɤ˥mi˩ Frog. 青蛙。 pɤ˩tɕɯ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. pɤ˩mi˩-pɤ˥pʰv˩ Tadpole. 蝌蚪。 female frog and male frog CL: mi˩ See: pɤ˩tɕɯ˧-ʁo˧ɖɯ˧˥, pɤ˩tɕɯ˧-pɤ˥mi˩ 母青蛙与公青蛙 pɤ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To harrow. 耙地。 pɤ˩mi˩-ʝi˥pʰv˩ A species of large frog or toad, which is abun- ʝi˧ pɤ˥ dant in the Yongning plain. This is one of three to harrow species distinguished by the consultant. It is not 耙地 eaten by the Naxi (nor by the Na, who do not eat any sort of frog). ɕi˧ tv˧-dʑo˧, | ʝi˧ le˧-pɤ˩! 一种大青蛙，在永宁坝子很常见。这是发音合 When one plants rice, one must harrow the field 作人认识的三种蛙之一。纳西族人不吃这种动 (first)! 物（摩梭人不吃任何蛙类动物）。种稻谷，要（先）耙地！

135 pɤ˩˧ʐv˩ pi˩˥

pɤ˩˧ʐv˩ NOUN Tone: LM-L. ə˧go˧-ʁwɤ˧, | ʁwɤ˧lɑ˩-bi˩, | bæ˧ʁwɤ˧, | Mattress. 褥子（汉语借词：被褥）。Local Chinese di- tʰo˧tsʰe#˥, | pi˧tsʰe˩-di˩, | pɤ˧dʑɤ˩-di˩, | alect: 被褥。 ʁwɤ˧tv˧ Borrowing: Chinese 被褥 Villages that one encounters as one leaves the CL: tsʰi˥ plain of Yongning (away from the Lake); the first two are perceived as villages with a high propor- tion of Na members, and the third as a mostly Na VERB Tone: H. pi˥ village, whereas the next ones are Pumi (Prinmi). To say. 说。永宁背向泸沽湖方向经过的村落。前两个村落拥有相当大的摩梭人口比例，第三个村落是摩 tʰɑ˧-pi˥! 梭村，最后一个是普米村。 Don’t say it! / Don’t speak about it! 别说！ pi˧tsʰe˩: bɤ˩! | /pi˧tsʰe˧/ is a Pumi village! ə˧tso˧ pi˧? fv：/pitshe/是一个普米族村落！ What did you say? (Call for repetition) （你刚才）说什么？（请人家重新说一遍） pi˩ɻ˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Double cheek; flesh under the chin. 双下巴。 ə˧tso˧ pi˧-ɲi˥? CL: ɭɯ˧ What did you say? (Call for repetition) NOUN Tone: LM+#H. （你刚才）说什么？（请人家重新说一遍） pi˩ti#˥ Silver nugget, piece of raw silver. 银块。 CL: ɭɯ˧ pi˧kʰv˧ NOUN Tone: M. Dustpan, wicker scoop, dirt-scooping implement. 畚 pi˧˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. 箕。 A little (noncount); mostly appears in combination with 量词：少。 CL: nɑ˧ the numeral ’one’. ɖɯ˧-pi˧˥ pi˧lv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. a little Residue left by the production of alcohol, distiller’s 一点 grains: grains that are fed to the pigs. 酒糟：煮酒剩下的渣滓（一般给猪吃）。Local Chinese dialect: 酒 qʰæ˧-pi˩ 糟。 a little manure 一点粪肥 pi˧lv˧, | hĩ˧ | dzɯ˧-mɤ˧-kv˩! ŋv˧-pi˧ Distiller’s grains are not suitable for human con- a little money sumption! / People don’t eat distiller’s grains! 一点钱酒糟，人不能吃！ ŋv˧ | ɖɯ˧-pi˧˥ a little money pi˧mɑ˧ NOUN Tone: M. A unixex given name: a given name used for both men 一点钱男女通用名。 and women. lwɤ˧˥ | ɖɯ˧ pi˧˥ a little ashes pi˧mɑ˧-ɬɑ˩mv˩ NOUN Tone: L. 一点灰 Feminine given name. 女性名字。 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɖʐe˧ ɖɯ˧-pi˧ dʑo˧! He has a little money! / He is rather affluent! pi˧mɑ˧-ɬɑ˩tsʰo˩ NOUN Tone: L. 他有一些钱！ Feminine given name. 女性名字。 pi˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. 笔。 pi˧mv˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. Brush (Chinese borrowing). Set phrase, idiom, adage. 成语、俗语。 Borrowing: Chinese 笔 tʰæ˧ɻæ˩ tɕɯ˩-di˩, | pi˩˥! pi˧tsʰe˩-di˩ NOUN Tone: L#-. The thing used to write is called “pen”! A village close to the Hot Springs. 温泉乡的一个村落。用来写字的那个东西，（叫做）“笔”！

136 pjɤ˥ pv˧lv˧

pjɤ˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: H. po˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. Square. 方形的。 To bring; to send (a letter), to deliver (a message). 寄信、服送、带过来、拿、送。 tɑ˧-pjɤ˧~pjɤ˥ (-zo˩) qʰwæ˧ po˧˥ (of a face or object) unpleasantly squarish, lacking smoothness to bring a letter/a message （脸、物品）太方，不圆滑带来一封信/一个消息 tso˧~tso˧ tʰi˧-po˧˥ po˥ VERB Tone: . to bring something To pack. 包（量词）（汉语借词）。带来一个东西 Borrowing: Chinese 包 hĩ˧ ɖɯ˧-v˧ | tso˧~tso˧ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥ | tʰi˧-po˧˥ le˧-po˥ someone brings something ACCOMP 有人带东西过来 ACCOMP ʈʂʰwæ˧˥ | po˧-jo˥! Bring it over, quick! CLASSIFIER Tone: M . po˧a a 快拿过来吧！/ 快带过来吧！ Classifier for plants with a stalk; also used for piecesof clothing. 量词：有根的植物，衣服（一棵，一件）。 po˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. To be pregnant. 怀孕。 po˧ɖʐɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Craftsman. 工匠。 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | zo˧mv˥ po˩. She is pregnant. po˧ɖʐɯ˧ ʝi˧-hĩ˧-hĩ˧ 她怀孕了。 person who works as a craftsman 当工匠的人 pv˧ 1 VERB Tone: M’ intrans. To perform (a sacrifice, a ritual), to celebrate (a festival), CL: v˧ to chant (a ritual). 祭。

po˧lo˧ NOUN Tone: M. kʰv˧ pv˥ Ram. 公绵羊。 to do the New Year ceremony, to celebrate the New Year po˧lo˧ lɑ˧˥ 做过年的祭礼 to strike a ram 打公绵羊 tsʰi˧ɲi˧, | kʰv˧ pv˥-tso˩-ɲi˩! Tonight, we are going to celebrate the New Year! CL: pʰo˧˥ 今天就要过年了！

po˧po˧ NOUN Tone: M. pv˧ 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: M. Ball. 球。 Dry. 干燥。 le˧-pv˧-ze˧ [F5] po˧po˧ lɑ˧˥ ACCOMP _ PFV to play (foot)ball 干了打球 le˧-pv˧ le˧-ʐwæ˩-ze˩ CL: ɭɯ˧ It has dried up / it has completely dried / it is now completely dry po˧po˧tsʰɤ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. 干透了 Cabbage. 圆白菜。Local Chinese dialect: 包包菜。 Borrowing: Chinese 包包菜 pv˧-kæ˧-ɻæ˩-gv˩ CL: ɭɯ˧ all dry, completely dry 全干、完全干

po˩b CLASSIFIER Tone: Lb. Classifier for packs (e.g. a pack of cigarettes). 量词：包 pv˧lv˧ NOUN Tone: M. （汉语借词）。 Nonirrigated farmland; dry land. 旱地。 Borrowing: Chinese 包 CL: pʰv˩

137 pv˧ɭɯ˧ pv˩ɭɯ˥

pv˧ɭɯ˧ VERB Tone: . trick of chipping a long (and tedious) day away/ To roll (a stone rolls down a slope). 滚动（石头滚动)。 of filling a day pleasantly! (A laid-back proverb in praise of small talk and gossip.) pv˧ɭɯ˧-ze˩ “吃好吃坏，（都）能填满肚子/（都）能吃 PFV 饱！说好说坏，（都）能让一天（轻松）过滚动了去！”（这个谚语，说闲聊的好。）

le˧-pv˧-ɭɯ˧ dʑɤ˩-dzɯ˧ qʰwɤ˧-dzɯ˥, | bi˧mi˧ ʂv˧˥; | dʑɤ˩- ACCOMP ʐwɤ˥ qʰwɤ˩-ʐwɤ˩, | ɲi˧mi˧ ʂæ˧-pv˩-di˩! ACCOMP Variant of the above proverb. 上述谚语的变体 pv˧qʰwɤ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 梭，梭子 Shuttle (traditional shuttle made of wood). pv˩a 1 VERB Tone: La. （传统的，木头做的）。 To see off. 送行。

ɣɯ˧dzo˩-bv˩ | pv˧qʰwɤ˥ hĩ˧bæ˧ pv˥ the shuttle of the loom to see a guest off 织布机的梭子送客

CL: ɭɯ˧ See: kʰɯ˩pv˩ pv˩a 2 VERB Tone: La. To allow, to authorize (someone to do something, e.g. to NOUN Tone: #H. pv˧ɻ#˥ marry); to finance (i.e. to invest money in a caravan); to Tibetan wool fabric. 氆氇。 require (someone to do something). 让，安排，投资， CL: tsʰi˥ 要求。

pv˧ʂɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. sɯ˧pʰi˧-ɳɯ˧ | pv˩-kʰɯ˥-ɲi˩! 琥珀。 Amber. It was the feudal lord who financed (the caravan)! CL: ɭɯ˧ （马帮）是土司来投资的！

pv˧ʈʂɯ˩ VERB Tone: L#. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɖʐe˧ ʂe˧ pv˩-kʰɯ˩-tso˩-ɲi˩! To press, to squeeze. 挤、挤压。 (S)he is bringing the capital! / (S)he is financing njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ | pv˧ʈʂɯ˩-bi˩! the whole thing! (e.g. a caravan) 是他来投资的！（如：马帮） I’m going to press (it)! / Let me press it! 我来压吧！ hĩ˧-ɳɯ˩ | pv˩-mɤ˩-kʰɯ˥! le˧-pv˥ʈʂɯ˩ People do not allow access! / Access is not allowed! (Context: a discussion about difficulties ACCOMP for the investigator to be allowed to stay in an ACCOMP area of Sichuan where Naish languages are spoken. The consultant summarizes as: “Access is pv˩ VERB Tone: L. not allowed!”) To go by, to flow (of time). 过、过去（时间过去、日人家不让去！子过去）。

ɲi˧mi˧ pv˩ pv˩a 3 VERB Tone: La. 梳。 time goes by; literally: the day goes by To comb. 时间过去。直译：（一）天（慢慢）过（去） ʁo˧qʰwɤ˩ pv˩

ɲi˧mi˧ | le˧-pv˩-ze˩ to comb one’s head 梳头 time has gone by, the day has gone by 时间过去了，（一）天过去了 ʁo˧ pv˥ dʑɤ˩-dzɯ˧ qʰwɤ˧-dzɯ˥, | bi˧mi˧ ʂv˧-qʰwɤ˧-ɻ˥; to comb one’s head | dʑɤ˩-ʐwɤ˥ qʰwɤ˩-ʐwɤ˩, | ɲi˧mi˧ ʂæ˧ pv˩-di˩! 梳头 Whether one eats good stuff or bad stuff, that fills the stomach / that does the trick of filling your pv˩ɭɯ˥ NOUN Tone: LH. belly! Whether one tells good stories or bad ones, Button. 扣子。 that helps make the long day go by / that does the CL: ɭɯ˧

138 pv˩mi˩ pv˧˥ 3

pv˩mi˩ NOUN Tone: L. pv˧˥ 3 CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. Comb (coarse). 粗齿梳子。 Classifier for steps / strides. 量词：步。 CL: nɑ˧ Borrowing: Chinese 步

pv˩pv˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Pocket. 衣兜。

bɑ˩lɑ˩-pv˥pv˩ pocket of the shirt; it can contain small objects such as tobacco and coins. 上衣兜子

Syn: tɑ˩dv˧˥.

pv˩tɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Bucket, pail. 桶。 CL: ɭɯ˧

pv˩tsɯ˧-pv˥mi˩ NOUN Tone: LM+#H-. Combs. 梳子（总称）。

pv˩tsɯ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. Fine comb (used to comb out lice). 篦子（用来梳虱子）。 Iron threads in a wooden frame (like a comb in which the weft is caught), used to tamp down the threads while weaving. 用来夯实布料的木头架子，里面有铁丝。 CL: nɑ˧

pv˩ʈʰɯ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Feminine given name. 女性名字。

pv˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. To pull out (weeds), to weed. 拔、扯(草)。

zɯ˧ pv˩ to pull out (weeds), to weed; to cut grass for cattle 拔草

zɯ˧ | le˧-pv˧˥ to pull out (weeds), to weed; to cut grass for cattle 拔草

pv˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. To draw (a weapon), to take out of its sheath. 拉出（剑……）。

ʁæ˧mi˧ | tʰi˧-pv˧˥ to draw a sword 拉出剑

gæ˩-pv˧˥ to draw (a weapon), to take out of its sheath 拉出（剑……）

ʁæ˧mi˧ | gæ˩-pv˧˥ to draw a sword 拉出剑

139 ‑pʰæ˥di˩ pʰɤ˩-so˩~so˥

- pʰ - pʰæ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To shove, to push away. 推搡。 ‑pʰæ˥di˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: . Like; as if. 像、好像。 ɖɯ˩-tɕo˧ pʰæ˧˥, | ʈʂʰɯ˧-tɕo˧ pʰæ˧˥ to shove on this side, to shove on that side (e.g. mɤ˧-pʰæ˥di˩ at a station, when lots of people are shoving their unlike; for example: seeing a child after several way towards the ticket counter) years have elapsed, one finds that (s)he does not 东推西挤 look the same as before / is greatly changed 不像（比如：几年没见一个孩子，见的时候， pʰæ˧˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. 觉得不像以前的样子了） Classifier for flat objects, e.g. a sheet (of paper). 量词：平面的东西，如：纸（一张、一片）。 pʰæ˧b VERB Tone: Mb. To tie, to fasten (an animal). 拴（牛……）。 pʰe˧ INTERJECTION Tone: M. Interjection: No way! The speaker signals that the inter- tʰi˧-pʰæ˧+ze˧ locutor is making wrong statements, and that (s)he (the DUR _ PFV speaker) will now put forward different views. 呸！（表 DUR _ PFV 示唾弃的感叹词）。

pʰæ˧~pʰæ˧ pʰɤ˧bɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. RED Gift, present (typical gifts are tobacco, tea leaf, candies, 重叠 and wine; one does not usually offer clothes, apart from specific ritual occasions). 礼物。 To be linked, to have ties: e.g. the members of a 有联系，有缘分，有深的关系。 family have ties. pʰɤ˧bɤ˧ po˧-tsʰɯ˧˥ pʰæ˧~pʰæ˧=ɻæ˩ ɲi˩! to bring gifts They are united / they make up a couple / they are 带礼物 united into a couple (about two young people) ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ʈæ˧ʂɯ˧ ki˧-hĩ˧ pʰɤ˧bɤ˧ ŋi˩. 他们有联系了/他们成了一俩了！（关于两个年轻人） This is a gift from Dashi! 这是达石给的礼物！

pʰæ˧qʰwɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ʈæ˧ʂɯ˧ tʰi˧-ki˧-hĩ˧ pʰɤ˧bɤ˧ ŋi˩. Face. 脸。 This is a gift from Dashi! / Here is a gift for you CL: ɭɯ˧ from Dashi! 这是达石送你的礼物！ pʰæ˧ʂv˧-di˧˥ NOUN Tone: . Scarf. 围巾。 CL: kʰwɤ˥

pʰæ˧tɕi˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Young man, young pʰɤ˧fv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. chap, young lad. 小伙子、青年男子。 Teapot. 茶壶。 Borrowing: Chinese 壶? pʰæ˧tɕi˥-zo˩ young man NOUN Tone: #H. 小伙子 pʰɤ˧pʰv#˥ Male jackal. 公豺。 pʰæ˧tɕi˥=ɻæ˩ CL: mi˩ young men 小伙子们 pʰɤ˩mi˩ NOUN Tone: L. Female jackal. 母豺。 Name of the first pillar in the main room, the one clos- CL: mi˩ est to the door (masculine pillar, the other one being feminine). 第一根柱子的名称（代表男人、男性的那根柱 pʰɤ˩-so˩~so˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: . 子）。 Loose (the soil is loose after being forked over). 松 CL: v˧ v˧ （土）。

ʈʂe˧ | pʰɤ˩-so˩~so˥-gv˩ pʰæ˧ʈʂʰæ˧lo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Washbasin, basin to wash one’s face. 脸盆，木盆。 the soil is loose, the soil has been loosened CL: ɭɯ˧ 土是松的

140 pʰɤ˩zo˩ pʰo˥

pʰɤ˩zo˩ NOUN Tone: L. pʰi˧tsʰo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Baby jackal. 豺崽子。 Masculine given name. 男性名字。 CL: ɭɯ˧

pʰɤ˩˧ NOUN Tone: LM. pʰi˧tsʰo˧-ɖɯ˩ɖʐɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Jackal, hyena. 豺。 Masculine given name. 男性名字。 pʰɤ˩ hwæ˧-ze˧ ...bought (a/the) jackal 买了豺 pʰi˧ʈʂæ˧ VERB Tone: M. To drape oneself in a felt cape, to drape a piece of felt pʰɤ˩ dzɯ˧-ze˩ over one’s shoulders. 披毡（汉语借词）。 ...ate jackal Borrowing: Chinese 披毡吃了豺

CL: mi˩ pʰi˩hæ˩ NOUN Tone: L. pʰi˧ NOUN Tone: M. Sandal. 凉鞋。汉语借词：第一个音节：皮，第二个音麻布，亚麻布。 Linen cloth. 节：不明确，同/tɕæ˧hæ˩/。 pʰi˩ dɑ˩˥ Borrowing: Chinese 皮(2ndsyllable:notidentified) to weave linen CL: dzi˧ 织麻布

CL: kʰwɤ˥ pʰi˩ko˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Apple. 苹果。 VERB Tone: M . pʰi˧b b 苹果 To winnow with a fan. 簸。 Borrowing: Chinese CL: ɭɯ˧ hɑ˧ pʰi˧ to winnow cereals 簸粮食 pʰi˩tʰɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L. pʰi˧~pʰi˧ Tinder, touchwood. 火草。 RED CL: po˧ 重叠：簸一簸

le˧-pʰi˧(-ze˧) pʰi˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. ACCOMP _(PFV) To vomit. 呕吐。簸了

pʰi˧kʰv˧ NOUN Tone: M. le˧-pʰi˧-ze˥ Clamshell. 贝壳。 ACCOMP _ PFV 呕吐了 pʰi˧li˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Butterfly. 蝴蝶。 CL: mi˩ pʰo˥ VERB Tone: H. To drape oneself in (a cape, a piece of fabric), without pʰi˧mo˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 1 buttoning up. 披上（不系扣子）。 Winnowing fan. 簸箕(用来簸粮食等)。 CL: nɑ˧ See: pʰi˧mo˩ 2 mɤ˧-pʰo˥ pʰi˧mo˩ 2 NOUN Tone: L#. NEG 抓鸟的圈套。 Snare to catch birds. 不披 v˩dze˩ qo˥-di˩, | pʰi˧mo˩! The thing to catch birds is called “snare”! bɑ˩lɑ˩ qɑ˩-pʰo˩˥ 抓鸟的东西，（叫做）圈套！ to put on a shirt without buttoning up

See: pʰi˧mo˩ 1 披上衣服（不系扣子）

141 pʰo˧b pʰv˧ɭɯ#˥

pʰo˧b VERB Tone: Mb. pʰv˥ʈʂʰe˩ VERB Tone: HL. To open (e.g. a door). 打开(例如：开门)。 To distinguish. 分开、区分、区别开来。

le˧-pʰv˥ʈʂʰe˩ gɤ˩-pʰo˧ (-ze˧) to distinguish, to tell apart (e.g. species of mush- to open up rooms) 打开分开、区分、区别开来

kʰi˧ pʰo˧ ɖɯ˧-pʰv˥ʈʂʰe˩=ɻ˩ to open the door DELIMITATIVE _ INCEPTIVE 开门试着区分

kʰi˧mi˧ le˧-pʰo˧ mɤ˧-pʰv˥ʈʂʰe˩ to open the door not to distinguish, not to make any difference 开门 (e.g. between different species of mushrooms) 不分开，不分，不区分 tso˧~tso˧ pʰo˧ to open something pʰv˧ 1 NOUN Tone: M. 公的。打开东西 Male. ʈʂʰɯ˧, | pʰv˧ ɲi˩!

pʰo˩a VERB Tone: La. It’s a male! To flee, to rush away, to escape. 逃，逃跑，逃掉。这（只动物）是公的！

le˧-pʰo˩-ze˩ ʈʂʰɯ˧, | pʰv˧! ACCOMP _ PFV It’s a male! 逃跑了这（只动物）是公的！

CL: v˧ le˧-pʰo˩-hɯ˩-ze˩! (She/he) has escaped! pʰv˧ 2 NOUN Tone: M. （他）逃跑了！ Price. 价格。

NOUN Tone: #H. pʰo˩lɑ˧˥ VERB Tone: LM+MH#. pʰv˧dʑo#˥ The village of Labai. 拉伯。 To wage war. 战争、打仗。 pʰv˧dʑo˧ dzi˧˥ mɤ˧-pʰo˩lɑ˩ to live in Labai, to dwell in Labai NEG 在拉柏住不打仗 pʰv˧dʑo˧-hĩ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. pʰo˩lɑ˧˥ | ɖɯ˧-kʰv˧˥ Inhabitant of Labai, person from Labai. 拉伯的人。 a year of war, a year during which there was war 打仗的一年 pʰv˧ɖɯ˧˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: MH#. From: pʰv˧ 2 and ɖɯ˩a Expensive. 贵。

pʰo˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. pʰv˧ɖɯ˧ ʝi˥ To sow. 撒 (撒种子)、播（种子）。 to care for, to give great attention to 关心 ɻæ˩ pʰo˧˥ to sow seeds NOUN Tone: M. 撒种子 pʰv˧kɤ˧ Blanket. 被子。 CL: ɭɯ˧ pʰo˧˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. A member of a pair; also used for some large domestic pʰv˧ɭɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. animals, e.g. oxen. 量词：一对中的一只（例如一只 Tibetan wool fabric. 氆氇。鞋），一头大牲畜（牛……）。 CL: ɭɯ˧

142 pʰv˧ɭɯ˧-ʈʰæ˧qʰwɤ˥ pʰv˧˥ 2

pʰv˧ɭɯ˧-ʈʰæ˧qʰwɤ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. pʰv˩-tɕæ˩ɻæ˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: L+H#. From: Woolen skirt. (Not in common use in Yongning.). 羊毛 pʰv˩a Very white. 很白（脸、衣服、头发）。裙子。 pʰv˩tɕæ˩ɻæ˥-gv˩ CL: ɭɯ˧ very white 很白 pʰv˧tv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Male water buffalo. 公水牛。 pʰv˩↑tɕæ˥ɻæ˩-gv˩ very white dʑi˧mi˧-pʰv˩tv˩ 很白 same meaning: male water buffalo 同上：公水牛 pʰæ˧qʰwɤ˩ | pʰv˩tɕæ˩ɻæ˥-gv˩ the face is very white dʑi˧mi˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-pʰo˩ dʑo˩, | pʰv˧tv˥ ɲi˩! 脸很白 This buffalo is a male! 这头水牛是公的/是公水牛！ pʰv˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To take off (clothes). 脱（衣服）。 CL: pʰo˧˥ pʰv˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. pʰv˧ʐo˧˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: MH#. From: pʰv˧ 2 and To boil, to cook in water. 煮（鸡蛋、洋芋……）。 ʐo˩a Cheap. 便宜。 jɤ˩jo˥ F | pʰv˧˥! | æ˩ʁv˩˥ F | pʰv˧˥! See: pʰv˧2; ʐo˩a2 Potatoes can be boiled! Eggs can be boiled! 洋芋，是（可以）煮的！鸡蛋，是（可以）煮 pʰv˩a CLASSIFIER Tone: Lb. 的！ Classifier for fields. 量词：田地（一块）。 æ˩ʁv˩ pʰv˥ lv˧ | ɖɯ˧-pʰv˩ to cook eggs in water a field 煮鸡蛋一块田 jɤ˩jo˥ pʰv˩ to boil potatoes pʰv˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: La. a 煮洋芋 White. 白色（脸、衣服）。 le˧-pʰv˧ | le˧-mv˩-ze˩! pʰv˩-hĩ˩˥ It is cooked (from boiling)! / It has been boiled REL to the point when it is now well-done/cooked 白的煮熟了！

pʰv˩b 1 VERB Tone: Lb. VERB Tone: MH. 摇动、翻滚。 pʰv˧˥ 2 To move around. To pour, to spill. 倒（酒……），倒出来。

bo˩˥ | tʰi˧-pʰv˩-dʑo˩ ʐɯ˧ pʰv˧˥ The pig is moving around (restlessly). to pour wine, to serve wine 猪在翻滚倒酒

bo˩-ɳɯ˧ | pʰv˧~pʰv˩ dʑɯ˩ pʰv˩˥ same meaning as above to pour water, to serve water (as a beverage) 猪在翻滚倒水 mv˩tɕo˧ pʰv˧˥ pʰv˩b 2 VERB Tone: Lb. to pour out, to spill on the floor To expand, to spread, to extend. 扩散、发展。往外倒

zo˧mv˥ | tʰi˧-pʰv˩ [F5] ɖæ˩˥ | mv˩tɕo˧ pʰv˥ the children spread into new territory; the family to throw out garbage, to pour garbage (out of a spreads, expands into new areas bucket onto a dirt heap) 孩子们扩散（到新的地方）倒垃圾

143 pʰv˧˥ 3 pʰv˧˥ 3

pʰv˧˥ 3 VERB Tone: MH. To turn over (when lying down). 翻身、翻来翻去。

le˧-wo˧ tsɤ˥-pʰv˩ | to turn over (when lying down) 翻身

ɖɯ˧-tɕo˥ tsɤ˩-pʰv˩, | ʈʂʰɯ˧-tɕo˥ tsɤ˩-pʰv˩ to turn over this way and that (when lying down: turning over restlessly) 翻来翻去

144 qɑ˩c qæ˥ 2

- q - hĩ˧ qɑ˩~qɑ˩ to help people; to go and work at someone else’s qɑ˩c CLASSIFIER Tone: Lc. Classifier for armfuls: place (e.g. during the harvest) of firewood, objects... 量词：抱。帮人，到别人家去工作（例如收庄稼的时候） ʈʂʰɯ˧-qɑ˥ this armful njɤ˧ no˧ qɑ˧~qɑ˥ 这一抱 I help you 我帮你 A large bundle of cut cereals, made of about 10 sheaves. Each sheaf is tied using one stalk, then sheaves are tied together using string. A mule can carry 4 large VERB Tone: H. 量词：粮食垛、干草垛。 qæ˥ 1 bundles. Also for: an armful. To displace, to move (e.g. earth from one spot to an- 搬。盘。 dze˧ɭɯ˧ ɖɯ˧-qɑ˩ other). Local Chinese dialect: a bundle of corn (cut cereals) le˧-qæ˥ 一垛小麦（收割时，将十束绑在一起成一垛） ACCOMP ACCOMP qɑ˩a VERB Tone: La. To cover (e.g. cover a pot with a lid). 盖、覆盖。

le˧-qɑ˩-ze˩ qæ˥ 2 VERB Tone: H. 换。 ACCOMP _ PFV To exchange (an object for another). 盖了 le˧-qæ˥-ze˩ tʰi˧-qɑ˩-ze˩ ACCOMP _ PFV DUR _ PFV 换了 DUR _ PFV dʑi˧hṽ˧ qæ˧ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥ | tʰi˧-qɑ˥ to change clothes to cover (a television set) with a piece of fabric (to protect it from dust) 换衣服用一块（布料）来盖（电视机，为了防灰） bɑ˩lɑ˩˥ | tʰi˧-qæ˥ hæ̃˧qʰv˥ | tʰi˧-qɑ˩! to change clothes At night, we cover (the television set with a piece 换衣服 of fabric)! 晚上，（要）盖上！ / 我们晚上盖电视机（为 qæ˧~qæ˧ 了防灰）！ RED tso˧~tso˧ qɑ˥ 重叠：交换 to cover things 覆盖东西 qæ˧~qæ˧-ɻ˥ RED INCEPTIVE To hide from view. 遮（云遮月）、遮挡。 RED INCEPTIVE

‑qɑ˧˥ POSTPOSITION Tone: MH. qæ˧~qæ˧-ɻ˧-ze˥ Dative (to); comitative (with). 给、对。 RED INCEPTIVE PFV qɑ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. RED INCEPTIVE PFV To help. 帮助。 tso˧~tso˧ qæ˧~qæ˧ tʰi˧-qɑ˧˥ to exchange things DUR 交换东西 DUR

qɑ˩~qɑ˧˥ le˧-qæ˧~qæ˧(-ze˩) RED ACCOMP RED (PFV) 重叠：帮帮忙 ACCOMP RED (PFV)

145 qæ˥ 3 qæ˧˥ 1

qæ˥ 3 VERB Tone: H. qæ˩b VERB Tone: Lb. To sculpt. 雕。 To cheat, to deceive. 欺骗。

le˧-qæ˥-ze˩ hĩ˧ qæ˥-kv˩ ACCOMP _ PFV sly, who is good at deceiving people 雕了狡猾、很能骗人的

bæ˩bæ˩ qæ˥ hĩ˧ qæ˥ | ʐwæ˩˥ to sculpt a flower sly, who is good at deceiving people 雕花狡猾、很能骗人的

hĩ˧ qæ˥ mɤ˩-ɖo˩! qæ˧do˧ NOUN Tone: M. Timber, lumber. 木材、木料。 One must not cheat others! / One must not deceive people! (A precept taught by the main con- ʑi˧mi˧-qæ˩do˩ sultant’s grandmother) lumber for the construction of the main building 不要骗人！（这个信条，是发音合作人的祖母 of a Na farm 教的）建主房的木材 qæ˩-mɤ˩-ɖo˩˥! ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧-qæ˧do#˥ One must not cheat (others)! / One must not de- lumber for the construction of a building ceive people! (A precept taught by the main con- 建房子的木材 sultant’s grandmother) 不要骗人！（这个信条，是发音合作人的祖母教的） CL: kɤ˧˥ Syn: qæ˧ɻ˧.

mɤ˧-qæ˩ qæ˧dzɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. NEG A family name from Yongning. There are two families in Yongning that carry this name. 一个姓。这个姓，永不骗宁有两家。 hĩ˧ qæ˥-tso˩~tso˩! qæ˧dzɯ˩-ɻ˩ Shoddy stuff! (Literally: ’deceitful stuff!’) the /qæ˧dzɯ˩/ clan, the /qæ˧dzɯ˩/ family (Context: a comment about thread of poor quality, bought at the market) /qæ˧dzɯ˩/家族骗人的东西！（关于买来的一团线，质量不 qæ˧dzɯ˩ | -tsʰɯ˧ɻ˧ 好） the name of a person, containing both a family name: /lqæ˧dzɯ˩/, and a given name: / qæ˩di˩ VERB Tone: L. tsʰɯ˧ɻ#˥/ To flick, to flip. 弹（弹脸）。一个人的名字：姓为/ qæ˧dzɯ˩/，名为/ tsʰɯ˧ɻ#˥/ qæ˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. To burn something, e.g. to cremate a corpse. 燃烧， qæ˧ɻ˧ NOUN Tone: M. 如：烧尸体（进行火葬时）。 Timber, lumber. 木材、木料。 CL: kɤ˧˥ Syn: qæ˧do˧. mv˧ qæ˩-ze˩ the fire has started, the fire is blazing; a firehas caught qæ˩a VERB Tone: La. To coax (a child). 哄（孩子）。火烧着了 / 着火了

zo˧ qæ˥ mv˧ le˧-qæ˧˥ / mv˧ le˧-qæ˧-ze˥ to coax a child the fire is burning; a fire has caught 哄孩子火在烧 / 着火了

le˧-qæ˧~qæ˥ | le˧-ʑi˧-kʰɯ˥ mv˧ qæ˥-ɻ˩ to put asleep by coaxing, to coax asleep the fire is burning 哄睡着火在烧 / 火烧着了

146 qæ˧˥ 2 qo˩ho˧˥

mv˧ qæ˥-ɻ˩ kʰɯ˩ -qo˧ POSTPOSITION Tone: M. 里。 to start a fire (as an act of destruction/war), to In, inside. commit arson See: -qo˧lo˩ （有人）放火 qo˧lo˧ʂv˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: . 乖、听话。 mv˧qæ˥-ɻ˩-hɯ˩ Well-behaved. a fire has started POSTPOSITION Tone: L#. （有人）放火了！ -qo˧lo˩ In. 里面。 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɑ˩ʁo˧-qo˧lo˩ dʑo˩ qæ˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. To suffer, to have pain. 疼。 (S)he is in the house. / (S)he is inside. 他在家里。 bi˧mi˧ qæ˧˥ See: qo˧lo˩ to have a stomach-ache 肚子疼 qo˧lo˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L#. Inside, within. 里面。 ɬo˧kʰv˧ qæ˧˥ See: -qo˧lo˩ the waist hurts, the lower back hurts 腰疼 qo˧pv˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: . Thirsty. 渴。 ʁo˧qʰwɤ˩ qæ˩ qo˧pv˧-ze˧ to have a headache PFV 头疼渴了

qo˧pv˧ mɤ˧-tʰɑ˧-ze˥ qæ˩˥ 1 NOUN Tone: LH. terribly thirsty Oil; cooking oil. 油，食用油。渴得不行

qæ˩˥ 2 NOUN Tone: LH. NOUN Tone: L#. Glue. 胶。 qo˧pv˩ Cuckoo. 布谷鸟。 CL: kʰwɤ˥ qo˧pv˩-ɻwæ˩ | ɖɯ˧-ɲi˥ qi˧qi˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: M. Ancestors’ Day, Tomb-Sweeping Day, on the Originally, to begin with. 原来、一开始。 first day of the fifth month; literally: ’theday when the cuckoo sings’ 清明节。直译：“布谷鸟叫的那天” ‑qo POSTPOSITION Tone: 0. In. 里、里面。 CL: mi˩

qo˥ 1 VERB Tone: H. qo˧pv˩-ʐwæ˩ɖʐæ˩ NOUN Tone: LM-. To kneel down. 跪下。 Jay, Garrulus glandarius sinensis. 松鸦。

NOUN Tone: L#/LM. qo˥ VERB Tone: H. qo˧tv˩ 2 Kernel, fruit stone, pit. 果核。 To love. 爱，关心。 dʑi˧ʁo˩-qo˩tv˩ mɤ˧-qo˧ peach kernel NEG 桃子果核不爱 CL: ɭɯ˧ zo˧mv˥zo˩ qo˩ VERB Tone: L . to love (one’s) children qo˩a a To put away, to preserve (e.g. to put leftovers in a box 爱孩子 so flies won’t land on it). 放、储存。

õ˧-hĩ˥ qo˩ qo˩ho˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. to love one’s family Round wicker/bamboo box used to carry gifts. 礼盒。爱自己家人 CL: ɭɯ˧

147 qo˩qɑ˩ qwæ˧

qo˩qɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L. qv˩a VERB Tone: La. Mountain pass. 垭口。 To wash along, to carry (heavy objects, e.g. a stream CL: ɭɯ˧ carries rocks; the verb cannot be used for light objects, such as leaves). 冲走。

qo˩tv˩-lv˥ NOUN Tone: L+H#. le˧-qv˩ | le˧-po˧-tsʰɯ˧˥ Ball, lump. 团。 to carry to a certain place, to wash along all the way to a certain place li˩-qo˩tv˥-lv˩ 冲到某个地方 tea leaves compressed in bowl shape lv˧mi˧ | ɬi˧dʑɯ˩-ɳɯ˩ | qv˩˥. 沱茶 The stones are carried (down into the plain) by (the strong current of) the river of Yongning. li˩-qo˩tv˥-lv˩ | ɖɯ˧-qʰwɤ˧ tɕɤ˥ 石头被永宁河水冲（到坝子） to make a bowl of tea, using tea leaves compressed in bowl shape dʑɯ˧-ɳɯ˧ | le˧-qv˩ | le˧-po˧-tsʰɯ˧-hĩ˥ | lv˧mi˧ 煮一碗沱茶 stones carried over (to this place) by the stream 水流冲下来的石头 CL: ɭɯ˧ qv˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. 吓（吓唬）。 qv˧dzi˩ NOUN Tone: L#. To frighten. Pinus massoniana D.Don in Lamb., Masson’s pine, Chi- hĩ˧ qv˩ nese red pine, horsetail pine. Its seeds are not edible (the fish eat them, but they are poisonous for humans). 马尾 to frighten people 松。Local Chinese dialect: 马松树。吓人 no˧ | hĩ˧ qv˩-zo˩! / ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɳɯ˧ | hĩ˧ qv˩-zo˩! qv˧dzi˩-lv˩~lv˩, | dzɯ˧ mɤ˧-ɖo˧! You frighten people! / He frightens people! One must not eat the seeds of Masson’s pine! (It 你吓人！ / 他吓人！ is poisonous) 马松树的果子，不要吃！（有毒） ʈʂʰɯ˧ | njæ˩ qv˩-tsʰɯ˩˥! He frightens people! CL: dzi˩, ʝi˧ 他吓人！

njɤ˧ɳɯ˧ | ʈʂʰɯ˧ qv˩-bi˩! qv˧ɻ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. I am going to frighten her/him! Name of a mountain in Yongning. 永宁的一座山。我要吓唬他一下！ qv˧ɻ˧-ʁo˧-qʰwɤ˥ tʰɑ˧-qv˧˥! the top of the /qv˧ɻ˧/ mountain PROHIB /qv˧ɻ˧/山的山顶别吓唬（人家）！

qv˧tɕi˥ NOUN Tone: H#. qv˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Spittle, phlegm, sputum. 痰。 Handle. 把手。 CL: kʰwɤ˥

NOUN Tone: MH#. Throat. 喉咙。 qv˧ʈʂæ˧˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 声音。 qwɑ˧mæ#˥ Voice. Middle part of the main room. 主屋的中庭：在主屋上半部分与门之间的空间。 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | qv˧ʈʂæ˧ dʑɤ˥! CL: kʰwɤ˥ (S)he has a beautiful voice. 他嗓子好。 qwæ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Mat, bed mat. 床垫子。 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | qv˧ʈʂæ˧˥ | ɖwæ˧˥ | dʑɤ˩˥! qwæ˧mi#˥ (S)he has a really beautiful voice. large mat 他嗓子很好。大床垫子

CL: ɭɯ˧ CL: nɑ˧

148 qwæ˧lo˧˥ qwɤ˧

qwæ˧lo˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. qwæ˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. To dig. 挖（土）。 Passageway, small lane, small path. 过道、小道。 tv˧qʰv˧ qwæ˧˥ qwæ˧lo˧-qo˥ | gɤ˩tɕo˧ le˧-jo˩ to dig a hole to come by the small lane 挖洞抄小道 ʈʂe˧ qwæ˩ CL: kʰɯ˩ to dig out the soil 挖土 qwæ˧ʁo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. The bench of the main room, close to the hearth, where qʰæ˧lo˧ qwæ˥ 主屋里面的长凳：客人和老人坐的 guests are seated. to dig a ditch 地方。挖水沟 CL: ɭɯ˧ jɤ˩jo˥ qwæ˩ qwæ˧ʂe#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. to dig out potatoes, to harvest potatoes 臭虫。 Bedbug. 挖洋芋 CL: mi˩ To scoop (water). 舀（水）。 qwæ˧ʂe˧lɑ˧bv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. A species of worm. 一种蠕虫。 dʑɯ˩ qwæ˩˥ CL: mi˩ to scoop water 舀水 qwæ˧zo˧zo˩ NOUN Tone: L#. The bench of the main room, close to the hearth, where 主屋的长凳，离火塘近。这是客人 qwæ˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. guests are seated. 雕刻。的尊座。 To engrave. CL: pɤ˩ bæ˩bæ˩ qwæ˥ to engrave a flower qwæ˩ɖʐæ˩ NOUN Tone: L. 刻花 Jaw; mouth. 颚、嘴、嘴巴、口。

qwæ˩~qwæ˧˥ qwæ˩ɖʐæ˩-qo˥-ɳɯ˩ | ʈʰæ˧˥ RED to masticate, to gnaw 咬在嘴里重叠

bæ˩bæ˩ qwæ˥~qwæ˩ CL: ɭɯ˧ to engrave flowers 刻一朵花 qwæ˩~qwæ˧˥ VERB Tone: . To scratch. 抠痒。 qwæ˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. le˧-qwæ˧~qwæ˩-ze˩ Jaw (monosyllable). 嘴巴（单音节）。 ACCOMP _ RED PFV CL: ɭɯ˧ ACCOMP _ RED PFV qwɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. qwæ˩ʂv˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. Fire pit. 火塘。 Bit (of a bridle). 马嚼子。 qwɤ˧, | mv˧ kʰɯ˩-di˩! ʐwæ˧-kwæ˥ʂv˩ The fire pit is the place where one puts fire/ bit of a horse’s bridle where one does a fire! 马嚼子火塘，就是升火的地方！

CL: nɑ˧ CL: ɭɯ˧

149 qwɤ˧a qwɤ˩pi˩

qwɤ˧a VERB Tone: Ma. To accuse, to denounce. 告状。

mɤ˧-qwɤ˧ NEG 不告状

hĩ˧ qwɤ˩ to accuse someone, to denounce someone 告一个人

njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ | qwɤ˧-bi˧! I am going to denounce/accuse 我要告状！

no˧ | le˧-qwɤ˧-hõ˧! Go and denounce (him/her)! 你去告状吧！

qwɤ˧~qwɤ˩ RED 重叠

qwɤ˧ɭɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Campfire. 营火、篝火。

qwɤ˧ɭɯ˧-pʰɤ˧bɤ˥ the gifts offered to the ancestors, at the fireplace: even when building a campfire for one day only on the mountain, one offers a little food to the ancestors before beginning the meal (in the same way as is done at home) 敬给祖先的礼物：即使在山上升起篝火野餐，还是要像在家里一样，用餐前先敬给祖先一些饭。

qwɤ˩a VERB Tone: La. To grow. 生长、长。

gɤ˩-qwɤ˥ to grow 长大，生长

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | gɤ˩-qwɤ˥-ze˩! (S)he has grown up! / (S)he has grown a lot! (About a child) 他长大了！（关于一个小孩）

qwɤ˩pi˩ NOUN Tone: L. Mouth. 嘴巴。

qwɤ˩pi˩-qo˩lo˥ inside the mouth 嘴巴里

[F5] ko˩pi˩-ko˩lo˧ inside the mouth 嘴巴里

CL: ɭɯ˧

150 qʰɑ˥ qʰɑ˧ 2

- qʰ - qʰɑ˧-kʰv˧˥? how many years? qʰɑ˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: H. 几年？ Bitter. 苦。 qʰɑ˧-kʰwɤ˧˥? ADVERB(IAL) Tone: . how many pieces? 多么、非常。 Very, extremely. 几块？ qʰɑ˧-ɖɯ˧-hĩ˧ qʰɑ˧-nɑ˧? extremely big 非常大 how many (tools...)? 几把？ qʰɑ˧-ɖɯ˧-gv˧ sɯ˩tʰi˩˥ | qʰɑ˧-nɑ˧ dʑo˧? extremely large; how large! 非常大 How many knives are there? 有几把刀？ qʰɑ˧-ʂwæ˧-gv˧ extremely tall; how tall! qʰɑ˧-kʰɯ˩ 很高、非常高 how many (long objects) 几条 qʰɑ˧-ʂwæ˧-mi˧zo˥ extremely tall qʰɑ˧-kʰɯ˩ dʑo˩? 很高 How many (long objects) are there? 有几条？ qʰɑ˧-ɖɯ˧-mi˧zo˥ extremely big qʰɑ˧-mæ˩ dʑo˩? 很大 How much money do (you) have? 有几块（钱）？ See: qʰɑ˧ 1 si˧dzi˩ | qʰɑ˧-dzi˩? qʰɑ˧ 1 PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: M. how many trees? 几、多少。 How many (small number). 几棵树？

hĩ˧ | qʰɑ˧-kv˧˥? si˧kɤ˧˥ | qʰɑ˧-kɤ˧˥? how many people? how many branches? 几个人？几枝树枝？ bæ˩bæ˩˥ | qʰɑ˧-bæ˩? qʰɑ˧-kʰɤ˧˥? how many flowers? 几朵花？ how many baskets? 几筐？ qʰɑ˧-ʑi˩? how many families? See: qʰɑ˧ 2 几家？ qʰɑ˧ 2 ADVERB(IAL) Tone: M. hɑ˧ | qʰɑ˧-tɕʰi˩? A few; several; some. 几（如：十几个）。 how many meals? 几顿饭？ tsʰe˩-qʰɑ˩˥ ten and a few more (i.e. between ten and twenty) qʰɑ˧-ɲi˧? 十几个、十来个 how many days? 几天？ tsʰe˩-qʰɑ˩-kv˩˥ ten and a few more (i.e. between ten and twenty) qʰɑ˧-kʰv˧ gv˧-ze˩? 十几个、十来个 How old are you / is (s)he?

几岁了？ See: qʰɑ˧ 1

151 qʰɑ˧dze˧ qʰæ˥

qʰɑ˧dze˧ NOUN Tone: M. qʰɑ˩jɤ˩ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: L. Sweet corn; maize; Indian corn. 玉米、包谷。 How many. 多少。

qʰɑ˧dze˧-kʰɯ˩ʈɯ˩ qʰɑ˩jɤ˩ tʰi˥-ki˩? the roots of the sweetcorn plant How much does it cost? 玉米的根要给多少？ = 多少钱？

qʰɑ˧dze˧ qʰæ˩ qʰɑ˩jɤ˩ ɲi˧? to cut ears of sweetcorn, to snap off ears of sweet- How much do (you) need? corn 要多少？采玉米：折断玉米棒子 ɖʐe˧ | qʰɑ˩jɤ˩ ɲi˧? qʰɑ˧dze˧ ɖʐɤ˧˥ How much money does it cost? to harvest sweetcorn, to pick sweetcorn 要多少钱？采玉米 qʰɑ˩ne˩ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: L. qʰɑ˧dze˧-tsɑ˩bɤ˩ | ɖɯ˧-mɤ˩ How. 怎么样。 a little sweetcorn flour 一点玉米粉 qʰɑ˩ne˩ ʝi˥? how to do / how is it done? qʰɑ˧dze˧-hɑ˧bɤ˥, | qʰɑ˧dze˧-hɑ˧ɭɯ#˥, | 怎么做？ qʰɑ˧dze˧-tsɑ˩bɤ˩ three forms of sweetcorn: sweetcorn ear; sweet- qʰɑ˩ne˩ ʝi˥-tso˩-ɲi˩? corn grains; sweetcorn flour how must one do / how is it done? 玉米的三种形态：玉米棒子，玉米粒，玉米粉要怎么做？

CL: kɤ˧˥ qʰɑ˩ne˩ gv˩˥? how to do / how is it done? qʰɑ˧dze˧-hwæ˩-di˩ NOUN Tone: L. 怎么做？ Horizontal beams of the rack for drying grain: ’the place to hang sweetcorn’. 粮架的横梁。 qʰɑ˩ne˩ gv˩-ho˥-ze˩? CL: kɤ˧˥ What happened? 怎么样了？发展到什么程度？ qʰɑ˧dze˧-lv˧ NOUN Tone: M. 包谷田、玉米田。 Maize field. qʰæ˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Excrements, dung, dropping. CL: pʰv˩ 屎、垃圾、肥料。

qʰæ˧ ɖɯ˧-pɤ˧ ʂe˧˥ qʰɑ˧tɑ˧ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: M. When. 什么时候。 to defecate 拉一泡屎 qʰɑ˧tɑ˧ bi˧? When will you go? qʰæ˧ kv˥ 你什么时候去？ to pick up dung 捡（马……）屎

qʰɑ˧-ʈʂʰɤ˧~ʈʂʰɤ˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: . qʰæ˧-pi˩ kv˩ 充分干燥。 Completely dry. to pick up a little dung (to fertilize the fields) 捡一点（马……）屎 qʰɑ˧-ʈʂʰɤ˧~ʈʂʰɤ˥-gv˩

completely dry qʰæ˧ ɖɯ˧-pi˧ kv˥ 充分干燥 as above: to pick up a little dung (to fertilize the fields) le˧-pv˧-zo˩, | qʰɑ˧ʈʂʰɤ˧ʈʂʰɤ˥-gv˩-ze˩! 同上：捡一点（马……）屎 Now it is dry: completely dry! 现在，干了：全干了！ Flatulence, fart. 屁。

152 qʰæ˥ 1 qʰæ˩

qʰæ˧ kʰɯ˩ qʰæ˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. to fart Large trench, canal. 大水渠。放屁 CL: kʰɯ˩

qʰæ˧ | ɖɯ˧-pɤ˥ kʰɯ˩ qʰæ˧mo˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 有毒的一种菌子。 to fart, to make a fart A poisonous mushroom. 放一个屁 qʰæ˧tv˧ NOUN Tone: M. Refuse, garbage. 垃圾。 Anus. 肛门。 CL: pɤ˥ pɤ˥ CL: ɭɯ˧

qʰæ˥ 1 VERB Tone: H. qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧ NOUN Tone: M. To gnaw, to nibble. 啃（啃骨头）。 A village of Yongning; Chinese name: Kaiji. 开基（永宁的一个村落）。

qʰæ˥ 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: H. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧-hĩ˧ ɲi˥! Cold (water). 冷（水）。 (S)he is from the village of Kaiji! dʑɯ˩ qʰæ˩˥ 他是开基村人！ cold water dʑɤ˩bv˧kɤ˧-sɑ˥ʁwɤ˩, | hi˩ʁwɤ˩-lo˥, | 凉水 æ˩mi˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | lɑ˧lo˧-ʁwɤ˥, | lɑ˧ŋwɤ˧, | bɤ˧tsʰo˧gv˥, | ə˧lɑ˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | gæ˧ɻæ˩, | qʰæ˧-ɕjæ˧-gv˧ qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧, | tʰo˧ʈɯ#˥ very cold the ten villages traditionally considered as part of 冷得很 Yongning 摩梭传统地理概念中，属于永宁的十个村落之 qʰæ˥ 3 NOUN Tone: #H. 一 Trench (monosyllable). 水沟（单音节）。 CL: kʰɯ˩ qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧-ɬi˧dʑɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. The river which runs through the plain of Yongning. 永 qʰæ˧ VERB Tone: . 宁坝的河流。 To fart. 放屁。 qʰæ˧ʈæ˧˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: MH#. From: qʰæ˩a 1 qʰæ˧b VERB Tone: Mb. Quiet, at peace. 安静。 To break (a stick breaks). 断，破（棍子，竹竿）。 qʰæ˧ʈæ˧˥ | tʰi˧-dzi˩ le˧-qʰæ˧-ze˧ to sit quietly, free from toil and care ACCOMP _ PFV 安静地坐着断了 qʰæ˧ʈæ˧˥ | tʰi˧-ʝi˧ si˧ qʰæ˩ to work quietly to break wood 安静地工作砸木头 qʰæ˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 小水渠。 qʰæ˧kʰwɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Small trench/canal. Small dam (in canal; made of stones and earth). 小水 CL: kʰɯ˩ See: qʰæ˧lo˧˥ 坝，来堵塞田地里的小水渠。

qʰæ˩ VERB Tone: La. qʰæ˧kʰwɤ˧ ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ To harvest (sweet corn). 采（玉米）。 a small dam 一个小水坝 qʰɑ˧dze˧ qʰæ˩ to harvest sweet corn CL: ɭɯ˧ 采玉米

qʰɑ˧dze˧ | le˧-qʰæ˩-ze˩ qʰæ˧lo˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. Small gulley, small trench. 小水渠。 The sweetcorn has been harvested. CL: kʰɯ˩ See: qʰæ˧zo#˥ 玉米收好了。

153 qʰæ˩a 1 qʰæ˧˥ 6

qʰɑ˧dze˧ | ɖɯ˧-qʰæ˧~qʰæ˥-ɻ˩ qʰæ˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. to harvest some sweet corn To pull down, to dismantle. 拆。去采些玉米 ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧ qʰæ˧˥ to demolish a house qʰæ˩a 1 ADJECTIVE Tone: La. 拆房子 False, fake. 假。

qʰæ˩-hĩ˩˥, | tʰɑ˧-ʐwɤ˩! qʰæ˧˥ 3 VERB Tone: MH. To share: several people share something among them- Do not tell lies! / Do not tell things that are false! selves; someone shares out something. 分东西、（大假话，不要说！ =不要撒谎！家）平分东西。

qʰæ˧ ʐwɤ˧ qʰæ˧˥ 4 VERB Tone: MH. to tell lies To shoot (with a gun). 开枪。撒谎、说谎 le˧-qʰæ˧-ze˥ ACCOMP _ PFV ADJECTIVE Tone: L . Well (to feel well); qʰæ˩a 2 a 开枪了 quiet. 平静、安静，安乐、（身体）健康。 mv˧ʐe˧ qʰæ˩(-ze˩) hĩ˧ | ə˩-qʰæ˩˥? to shoot with a gun How are you? 开枪你好吗？ / 一切好吗？

njɤ˧ | mɤ˧-qʰæ˩. qʰæ˧˥ 5 ADJECTIVE Tone: MH. Happy, content, peaceful, at peace. 幸福，安逸，平 I don’t feel well. 安。我不舒服。 le˧-qʰæ˧-ze˥ Light, easy (work). 轻松。 ACCOMP _ PFV ACCOMP _ PFV qʰæ˩-hĩ˩˥ REL lo˧ qʰæ˩ 轻松的 to work in a quiet, relaxed manner 轻松工作 qʰæ˩bæ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Spoon, used for salt, tsamba... It corresponds to Euro- VERB Tone: MH. 调羹。 qʰæ˧˥ 6 pean teaspoons and tablespoons. To burn, to go brown: food or oil gets close to burning CL: nɑ˧ point (but remains edible). 糊、变黑（高温让油、食物变黑，变糊了）。 qʰæ˩ʈv˩ɻæ˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: L+H#. le˧-qʰæ˧-ze˥ Quiet, peaceful. 安宁。 ACCOMP _ PFV qʰæ˩ʈv˩ɻæ˥ | ɖɯ˧-dzi˩-ɻ˩ ACCOMP _ PFV to sit quietly for a while mɤ˧ | le˧-qʰæ˧-ze˥ 安静地坐一会 The oil has burned / has reached boiling point / qʰæ˩ʈv˩ɻæ˥-gv˩ has gone black! 油焦了！ peacefully 安宁地 hɑ˧ | le˧-qʰæ˧-ze˥ The rice has burned / is overcooked. qʰæ˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. 饭糊了。 To come out (moon, sun). 出来（月亮，太阳）。 v˩tsʰɤ˩˥ | hṽ˧~hṽ˧ F | le˧-qʰæ˧-ze˥! tʰi˧-qʰæ˧-ze˥ The vegetables are going brown / are overcooked DUR _ PFV / are getting burnt from frying! DUR _ PFV 菜都炒糊了！

154 qʰo˧a qʰv˥

ʂe˧ | hṽ˧~hṽ˧ F | le˧-qʰæ˧-ze˥! qʰo˩dv˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. The meat is going brown / is overcooked / is get- Hammer; typically a large wood hammer. 大锤子。 ting burnt from frying! ʂe˩-qʰo˩dv˧˥ 肉都炒焦了！ iron hammer 铁锤子 qʰo˧a VERB Tone: Ma. To pile up (e.g. stones). 堆起来。 CL: ɭɯ˧

lv˧mi˧ tʰi˧-qʰo˧ qʰo˩mv˩ NOUN Tone: L. to pile up stones Straw hat. 斗笠。石头堆起来 CL: ɭɯ˧

qʰo˩tv˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. qʰo˧lo˧ NOUN Tone: M. Tree stump. 树墩、树桩。 Wheel. 轮子。 CL: ɭɯ˧ CL: ɭɯ˧

qʰo˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. qʰo˧mo˥ NOUN Tone: H#. To peck. 啄。 Old cow (which does not give milk anymore). 老牛（不产奶了）。 hɑ˧ qʰo˩(-ze˩) CL: pʰo˧˥ to peck cereals 啄粮食

qʰo˩b VERB Tone: Lb. hɑ˧ qʰo˥~qʰo˩ (-dʑo˩) 邀请、请。 To invite, to treat. to peck cereals 啄粮食 hĩ˧ qʰo˧˥ to invite someone æ˩-ɳɯ˥ | hɑ˧ qʰo˩ 邀请人 the chicken is pecking cereals 鸡在啄粮食 hĩ˧bæ˧ qʰo˧˥ to invite a guest qʰo˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. 邀请客人 To kill; to slaughter (an animal). 杀，宰牲畜。

hĩ˧bæ˧ | qʰo˧-zo˧-ho˥ bo˩ qʰo˧˥ / bo˩ qʰo˧-ze˥ We should invite guests! to slaughter a pig 需要请一下客人！杀猪 bo˩˥ | le˧-qʰo˧-ze˥ hĩ˧bæ˧ qʰo˧-di˧˥ the pig has been slaughtered Euphemism for ’rat poison’. This phrase is in- 杀了猪 tended not to attract the mice’s attention to these preparations. æ˩ qʰo˧˥ ‘待客的东西’（老鼠药的委婉语。如果说出 to kill a chicken 来要买老鼠药，老鼠会知道，就不会吃的。）杀鸡

ɖɯ˧-qʰo˥~qʰo˩-ɻ˩ ʝi˧ qʰo˩ DELIMITATIVE RED INCEPTIVE to kill a cow DELIMITATIVE RED INCEPTIVE：请一下杀牛

qʰo˩-mɤ˥-qʰo˩ qʰv˥ NOUN Tone: #H. to invite or not Noise, sound. 声音。请不请 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ə˧tso˧ qʰv˧ ɲi˥? qʰo˩-mɤ˩-ho˥ What is this sound? 这是什么声音？ ...will not invite 不请了 / 不要请了 CL: kʰwɤ˥

155 qʰv˥a qʰv˧˥ 2

qʰv˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ha. qʰv˧tʰv#˥ CLASSIFIER Tone: #H. Classifier for hamlets / small villages. 量词：村落。 Classifier: a hornful. The quantity of liquid (or powder) that can be contained in an ox’s horn. 量词：一个牛角 ŋwɤ˧-qʰv˧, | tsʰe˧ɲi˧-ʑi˩ 的容量。 Five hamlets, twelve families! (This formula ɖɯ˧-qʰv˧tʰv#˥, | ɲi˧-qʰv˧tʰv#˥, | so˩-qʰv˩tʰv˩˥, summarizes the statistics of the village of /ə˧lɑ˧- | ʐv˧-qʰv˧tʰv#˥, | ŋwɤ˧-qʰv˧tʰv#˥, | qʰv˧- ʁwɤ#˥/) qʰv˧tʰv#˥, | ʂɯ˧-qʰv˧tʰv#˥, | hõ˧-qʰv˧tʰv#˥, | 五个村落，十二个家庭！（描写阿拉瓦村的情 gv˧-qʰv˧tʰv#˥, | tsʰe˩-qʰv˩tʰv˩˥ 况） association with numerals from 1 to 10 与数词结合，一至十 qʰv˧ 1 NOUN Tone: M. Hole. 洞。 Burrow. 野兽的洞穴、野兽的窝。 qʰv˩ɖɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Attachment: found in the phrase ’to be attached to some- ɖɤ˧-qʰv˧ (ton M) one, to care for someone’. 关心。 fox burrow qʰv˩ɖɯ˩ pʰv˥ 狐狸的窝 to care for someone, to respect, to feel attachment to someone ʂwæ˧ qʰv˧ (ton M) 关心（一个人），重视（如：孩子重视父母） otter’s burrow 水獭的窝 qʰv˩ɖʐæ˩ NOUN Tone: L. String; small rope. 小绳子，细的绳子。 CL: ɭɯ˧ qʰv˩ɖʐæ˩ ʈʂʰɯ˩-kʰɯ˥ N+DEM+CLF qʰv˧ 2 NOUN Tone: M. 一条细的绳子 Horn. 犄角（锯下来的）。 CL: kʰɯ˩ ʝi˧-qʰv#˥ Ox horn. Ox horns are used as containers for qʰv˩~qʰv˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. 折叠、裹起来。 drinking. To fold (clothes). 牛角（过去，用牛角来当饮料容器） qʰv˩~qʰv˧-ze˥ PFV ʈʂʰæ˧-qʰv˥ 折起来了 stag horn 鹿角 le˧-qʰv˩~qʰv˩ ACCOMP CL: ɭɯ˧ dze˩ ACCOMP

qʰv˩tsʰi˧˥ NUMBER Tone: LM+MH#. NOUN Tone: H$. qʰv˧dʑɯ˥$ 60. 60。 Hole, cavity (e.g. mouse hole, or trap to catch large animals). 窟窿。 qʰv˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. To huddle up, to curl up. 蜷缩。 hwæ˧tsɯ˥-qʰv˩dʑi˩ mousehole ɲi˧-qʰv˧˥ | tʰi˧-dzi˩ 耗子洞 to be seated, leaning forward, torso bent towards the thighs qʰv˧dʑɯ˧ tsʰi˧ (-ze˩) 坐着身体缩成一团

to bore a hole [M23] ɲi˧-qʰv˧-ʝi˥ | tʰi˧-dzi˩ 挖一个洞 to be seated, leaning forward, torso bent towards the thighs CL: ɭɯ˧ 坐着身体缩成一团

qʰv˧ɬi˧mi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. qʰv˧˥ 2 NUMBER Tone: MH. 6th month. 六月。 6. 6。

156 qʰwæ˧ qʰwɤ˧pɤ˥$

qʰwæ˧ NOUN Tone: M. qʰwæ˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. Message (monosyllable). 信息，信。 To slap. 掴、打。

qʰwæ˧ po˧˥ le˧-qʰwæ˧-ze˥ to carry a letter; to convey a message ACCOMP _ PFV 带信息、传信息，传一封信掴了

qʰwæ˧ kʰwɤ˧˥ zɯ˧ɻ˧ qʰwæ˩ to be in touch (with someone) to slap/smack someone’s cheek 互相通信息、有联系（两个人互相通信息）打嘴巴 dɑ˧pɤ˧-qʰwæ#˥ zɯ˧ɻ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ | tʰi˧-qʰwæ˧-bi˥! the tales of the /dɑ˧pɤ˧/ priests 达巴的故事 I’m going to slap your cheek! (Said by an adult to a child) CL: kʰwɤ˥ 我要打嘴巴了！（对孩子说）

qʰwæ˧kʰwɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 闲话、流言、蜚语、闲言碎语、 qʰwæ˧˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. Gossip, idle chatter. 量词：八卦。 Classifier for filaments of hemp before spinning. 丝，如纺之前的麻丝（一根）。 ɖɯ˧-zɯ˧ qʰwæ˧kʰwɤ˧ to tell a piece of gossip qʰwɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. 讲一点八卦 Traces, track (left by an animal). 痕迹。 CL: pʰo˧˥ CL: kʰwɤ˥

qʰwɤ˧a VERB Tone: Ma. qʰwæ˧ɭɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. 治好（骨折、菜园。 To heal (wound, disease, broken bone...). Vegetable garden. 病）。 CL: kɤ˧˥ le˧-qʰwɤ˧-ɲi˥! qʰwæ˧mi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. It is healed! / It has healed! Message, information (extended meaning: letter). 口信，信息。治好了！

qʰwæ˧mi˧ ʝi˧ qʰwɤ˧bi˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Hoof (of horse); foot to carry a message (of dog). 马蹄、马的脚。带一个口信 ʐwæ˧-qʰwɤ˧bi˥# CL: kʰwɤ˥ horse hoof 马蹄、（马、狗……的）脚 qʰwæ˧ʈɯ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 头帕。 Scarf, kerchief. kʰv˩-qʰwɤ˩bi˥# CL: bɤ˧˥ dog’s foot 狗脚 qʰwæ˩ NOUN Tone: L. 篱 Fence, made of bamboo or of thorny shrub branches. 动物脚笆。 Track, trail, spoor, footprints (of an animal). 的痕迹、行径。 CL: kɤ˧˥ CL: bi˩ tʰv˧˥

qʰwæ˩a VERB Tone: La. To block. 挡住。 qʰwɤ˧mi˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. Large bowl; it used to be made of wood. 大碗（以前碗是用木头做的）。 VERB Tone: MH. qʰwæ˧˥ 1 See: To break (bowl, jar), to crack (nuts). 弄碎。 qʰwɤ˧pɤ˥$

ʁo˧do˧ qʰwæ˧˥ qʰwɤ˧pɤ˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. to crack walnuts Large bowl. 大碗。敲开坚果（在永宁，不用夹子：用锤子敲开） See: qʰwɤ˧mi˥$

157 qʰwɤ˧ʂe˩ qʰwɤ˧˥ 1

qʰwɤ˧ʂe˩ NOUN Tone: L#. qʰwɤ˩a 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: La. Horseshoe. 马蹄铁。 Bad. 坏。 kʰv˧ | qʰwɤ˩-hĩ˩˥ ʐwæ˧-qʰwɤ˧ʂe˥ (+ɲi˩) a bad year (a year when crops are not good) horseshoe （收成）不好的一年马蹄铁 kʰv˧ qʰwɤ˧˥ CL: nɑ˧ pʰo˧˥ a bad year (a year when crops are not good) （收成）不好的一年

qʰwɤ˧to˩ NOUN Tone: L#. tsʰi˧-ʝi˧, | kʰv˧qʰwɤ˧ tʰv˧˥! Tip of the shoulder. 肩膀的末端。 This year is a bad year! (=a year when crops are not good) hĩ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧, | qʰwɤ˧to˩ | ɖɯ˧-pi˧˥ | ʂwæ˧-hṽ˩- 今年，年景不好！（收成不好） di˩! ʈʂʰɯ˧ | nv˩mi˩˥ | ɖwæ˧˥ | qʰwɤ˩˥! This person’s shoulders are not quite straight! / He has a really bad heart! / He is a really bad His/her shoulders don’t align! man! 这个人的肩膀不正，一高一低！他心很坏！

CL: ɭɯ˧ qʰwɤ˩-ʝi˩˥ to do bad things: to damage stuff; to annoy people... qʰwɤ˧tʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 干坏事：损坏东西，干扰人家…… Bamboo basket to carry water (on back). 竹篓。 CL: ɭɯ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɳɯ˧ | njɤ˧-bv˧ tso˧~tso˧ | le˧-qʰwɤ˩-ʝi˩- ze˩! (S)he has damaged my stuff! qʰwɤ˧tsʰi˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 他弄坏了我的东西！ Shoulder. 肩膀。 hĩ˧ qʰwɤ˧-ʝi˥ qʰwɤ˧tsʰi˩-ʁo˩ | hwæ˧pʰæ˩ | ɖɯ˧-nɑ˧-ʈʂʰɯ˧ to annoy people gɤ˧˥ 干扰人家、麻烦人 to carry a hoe on the shoulder ʈʂʰɯ˧ | to˩to˧mi˥ hĩ˩ qʰwɤ˩-ʝi˩! 肩上扛一把锄头 (S)he purposedly annoys people! / (S)he annoys people on purpose! CL: ɭɯ˧ 他故意麻烦人！

qʰwɤ˧zo˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. qʰwɤ˩ɖɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Small bowl. 小碗。 Relatives, members of the family. 亲戚。 ə˧zɯ˩ | qʰwɤ˩ɖɯ˩ ɲi˥ qʰwɤ˩a 1 ADJECTIVE Tone: La. We two belong to the same family. Intelligent. 聪明。咱们两个是一家人。

qʰwɤ˩-hĩ˩˥ qʰwɤ˩ɖɯ˩˥, | v˩dze˩˥ family and friends, extended family circle REL/NMLZ 亲人：泛指亲戚与亲密朋友们聪明的 qʰwɤ˩ɖɯ˩ to˥ qʰwɤ˩-le˥! to establish family ties between two families (You are/(s)he is) clever! (A comment when (through marriage) someone says/does something clever) 建立起两个家庭之间的联系（通过婚姻）很聪明！ / 太聪明了！ CL: v˧

ɖwæ˧˥ | qʰwɤ˩˥! qʰwɤ˧˥ 1 NOUN Tone: MH. INTENSIVE.very _ Bowl. 碗。很聪明！ CL: ɭɯ˧

158 qʰwɤ˧˥ 2 qʰwɤ˧˥a

qʰwɤ˧˥ 2 NOUN Tone: MH. Tale, story, yarn. 故事。

æ˧ʂæ˧-qʰwɤ˧˥ tale, folk tale 老故事

CL: kʰwɤ˥

qʰwɤ˧˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. A bowl(ful) of. 量词：碗。

159 ɻwæ˥ ɻ˩

- ɻ - ɻwæ˥b CLASSIFIER Tone: Hb. Classifier for places. 量词：地方（一处）。 ɻwæ˥ VERB Tone: H. To cry (man, and animals: cat, cow, horse, donkey, chicken, lion, wolf…); to call tʰv˧-ɻwæ˧-qo˥ | mɤ˧-tʰv˧-sɯ˩! out. 喊、吼、叫（人、猫、牛、猪、羊、狼、驴、狮 ...has never been to those places 子、老虎、豺狼……）。还没到这些地方

mɤ˧-ɻwæ˥ NEG ɻ˧bɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. 实情，真理。不叫 The truth; the facts.

ɻwæ˧~ɻwæ˧ njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ | ɻ˧bɤ˧ | ʐwɤ˩-bi˩˥! RED I am going to tell the truth! 重叠我要把实情说出来！

hĩ˧ ɻwæ˧-dʑo˩ CL: kʰwɤ˥ Someone is shouting 有人在叫。 ɻ˧qʰv˧ NOUN Tone: M. Warm springs. 温泉。 ɖɯ˧-ɻwæ˧-ɻ˥ to call out ɻ˧qʰv˧-dʑɯ˩ 叫一声 warm spring water (not drinkable) 温泉水（不可饮用） hwɤ˧li˧ ɻwæ˥-dʑo˩ the cat is calling/crying CL: ɭɯ˧ 猫在叫 ɻ˧tɑ˧ NOUN Tone: M. æ˩ ɻwæ˥ Lymph nodes, glands. 淋巴结。 the chicken is cackling CL: ɭɯ˧ 鸡在叫 =ɻæ˩ CLITIC Tone: L. ʐwæ˧pʰæ˧di˧˥ | tʰi˧-ɻwæ˥-dʑo˩ Plural. 多数。 the donkey is braying 驴在叫 ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɻæ˥$ these things, this sort of things [F5] ʐwæ˧ | tʰi˧-ɻwæ˥-dʑo˩ 这类的东西，……之类 the horse is whinnying 马在嘶 =ɻ˩ CLITIC Tone: L. Associative plural. 联想复数：一家人、一族人、一辈 ʐwæ˧ ɻwæ˧-dʑo˩! 人……。 the horse is whinnying 马在嘶 ʈʂʰɯ˧-ʑi˧=ɻ˥ this household; the people of this family To invite, to call over. 请、叫（来）。这家的人 ɖɯ˧-ɻwæ˧-ɻ˥ DELIMITATIVE _ INCEPTIVE ‑ɻ˩ SUFFIX Tone: L. 请来一下 INCEPTIVE (INCHOATIVE). 发端。

tʰɑ˧-ɻwæ˥! ɻ˩ NOUN Tone: L. PROHIB Side, direction. 面（一个四方形物品的四面）。不要请！ [“Housebuilding”] ʐv˧-ɻ˥ ɻwæ˧-mɤ˧-bi˧! the four directions, the four sides (e.g. of a (We)’re not inviting (him/her)! house) 不请他！四面

160 ɻæ˩a ɻæ˩˥ 2

ɻæ˩a ADJECTIVE Tone: La. ɻæ˩˥ 2 NOUN Tone: LH. Shrivelled, flat, shrunken. 瘪。 Yoke (for one or two animals). 牛轭（单行或双行）。

ʝi˧-ɻæ˥ ɻæ˩-hĩ˩˥ same meaning as the monosyllabic form: yoke REL/NMLZ (literally ’ox yoke’) 瘪的牛轭

ɻæ˩ti˩ɻæ˥ (-gv˩) ɻæ˩ ʈʂʰɯ˩-ɭɯ˥ / ɻæ˩ ʈʂʰɯ˩-ɭɯ˩˥ shrivelled, flat, shrunken N+DEM+CLF; allows two variants 瘪瘪的这个牛轭

CL: ɭɯ˧ ɻ˩b VERB Tone: Lb. To face, to turn toward. 对着。

mɤ˧-ɻ˩ NEG NEG

ɖɯ˧-ɻ˧~ɻ˩ DELIMITATIVE _ RED DELIMITATIVE _ RED

ze˩gi˧ ɻ˥? In which direction should (I) look? / Which direction should I turn to? （我要）往哪边转？

no˧ | ʈʂʰɯ˧tɕo˧ ɻ˩! Turn this way! / Turn towards this direction! 你往这里转/往这里看！

gɤ˩-ɻ˥ mv˩-ɻ˩, | ə˧tso˧ li˧? You turn in all directions; what are you looking for/at? / What are you looking for in all directions? 你左转右转，（到底）在看什么？

ɻ˩ɻ˧-lo˩ NOUN Tone: LM-L. The horse walking in second position in a caravan. 马帮中的第二匹马。

ɻ˩ʈʂʰe#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. Masculine given name. 男性名字。

ɻ˩ʈʂʰe˧-tsʰɯ˩ɻ˩ NOUN Tone: LM-L. Masculine given name. 男性名字。

ɻæ˩˥ 1 NOUN Tone: LH. Seed. 种子。 CL: ɭɯ˧

161 ɻ ̃˥ ɻ ̃˧ʈʂæ˩

- ɻ ̃ - ɻ ̃˧b CLASSIFIER Tone: Mb. Classifier for clans / extended families; literally ’one ɻ ̃˥ NOUN Tone: #H. bone’. This unit is located one level higher up than the Bone. 骨头。 ’family community’ in Fu Maoji’s (1983) terminology. CL: kɤ˧˥ 量词：家族。

ADJECTIVE Tone: H. ɻ ̃˧hæ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. ɻ ̃˥ 软骨。 Destitute, impoverished, poor; troubled, helpless. 困 Cartilage. 难、贫穷。 CL: ɭɯ˧ kɤ˧˥

le˧-ɻ ̃˥-ze˩! ɻ ̃˧kɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 脊椎骨。 [(S)he] is really poor/helpless! Backbone. （他）真的很穷苦！ CL: kɤ˧˥

le˧-ɻ ̃˧-bi˧ ɻ ̃˧ko˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Shinbone, tibia. 胫骨。 ACCOMP _ FUT_imm ACCOMP _ FUT_imm hĩ˧-dzɑ˧ | ɖʐe˧ tʰɑ˧-ʝi˥, | ɻ ̃˧ko˩ mi˩ tʰɑ˩-tʰv˩. | The poor must not borrow money; the shinbone mɤ˧-ɻ ̃˥ must not receive wounds! (Proverb, to explain NEG that one must avoid hitting weak/sensitive spots.) NEG “穷人莫借钱，胫骨莫受伤！”

le˧-ɻ ̃˧-zo˥, | ɻ ̃˧-lɑ˩ bi˩-mɤ˩-dʑɯ˩! CL: kɤ˧˥ “Sure, we’re in poverty/we’re hungry, but not to the point where bones are bare!” Play on words ɻ ̃˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. on ’poor, destitute’ and ’bone’, which are ho- Tree trunk. 树干。 mophonous. The proverb is used to relativize people’s perceived degree of misfortune. si˧dzi˩-ɻ ̃˩mi˩ 很困难，也还没有到饿死的程度啊！ / 再困 tree trunk 难，也还没饿死！（直译：“再困难，也没有树干露出骨头！”这个成语，来安慰认为自己太可怜的人。） CL: kɤ˧˥

ɻ ̃˧-ʐwɤ˧˥ ɻ ̃˧ʈʂæ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. to complain Ankle, joint (between the foot and the leg, the arm and 关节部位，关节。诉苦、抱怨 the hand…). CL: ʈʂæ˧˥ ɻ ̃˧-ʐwɤ˧ | dɑ˧-ʐwɤ˧-ɻ˥ to tell one’s miseries, to complain about one’s fate 诉苦、讲自己的不幸

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | mɑ˧dɑ˩-qʰwɤ˩, | ɻ ̃˧-ʐwɤ˧ | dɑ˧-ʐwɤ˧- ɻ˥! He is unhappy; he spends his time complaining / he is always complaining! 他不幸福，一直在讲自己怎么可怜！

ɻ ̃˧ NOUN Tone: M. Clan. 家族。

ɻ ̃˧ ɖɯ˧-ɻ ̃˧ one clan 一个家族

CL: ɻ ̃˧

162 ʁɑ˥ ʁɑ˧-ʐwɤ˧˥

- ʁ - mɤ˧-ʁɑ˧-hĩ˧ ʂe˧-kʰwɤ˧ ki˩ to give a piece of bad meat NOUN Tone: #H. ʁɑ˥ 给一块不好的肉 Strength. 力气。 pʰi˩ko˧ | mɤ˧-ʁɑ˧-ze˧! ʁɑ˧ ʑi˧ The apples are not good anymore! (Context: in to have strength March, apples from the previous harvest are not 有力量 good anymore: they are either rotten or sour.) 苹果不好了！ / 苹果不新鲜了！（三月份，上 no˧ɻ˩ | hĩ˧tɕʰi˧ ʁɑ˧ ʑi˧! 一季收获的苹果已经不好吃的了，或者烂了， Your family/clan is powerful! 或者变酸）你们家族很强大！ hĩ˧ ɖɯ˧-v˧ | ʁɑ˧-mɤ˧-ʑi˧-hĩ˧ ʐwɤ˧˥! ʁɑ˧ tʰv˧ (+ze˩) Someone is talking nonsense! to exert oneself, to make efforts 有人在乱说话！尽力

ʁɑ˧ 2 VERB Tone: M. Archaic [古语] To ask for for- ʁɑ˥ 1 VERB Tone: H. giveness, to apologize. 道歉、请人家原谅。 To invite, to call over. 请。 ʁɑ˧-ze˧! ʁɑ˥ 2 VERB Tone: H. Please accept my apologies! (To a person of high To win, to succeed. 赢。 rank) 抱歉！ / 请原谅！（对地位比自己高的人说） le˧-ʁɑ˥-ze˩ ACCOMP _ PFV ʁɑ˧b VERB Tone: Mb. 赢了 To stride over (an obstacle), to straddle, to go beyond. 跨（跨过小沟）。

VERB Tone: . ʁɑ˥ʂe˩ le˧-ʁɑ˧-ze˧ To invite to come over, to call upon the services of. 请来（和尚、医生……）。 ACCOMP _ PFV 跨过了 ʈæ˧bɤ˧ ʁɑ˧-ʂe˩ to ask a monk to come over ʁɑ˧dzi˧ NOUN Tone: M. 请和尚到家来 Poplar. 杨树。 CL: dzi˩ ʈʂʰæ˧ɣɯ˧ ki˩-hĩ˩ | le˧-ʁɑ˥-ʂe˩ | le˧-po˧-jo˥ / ʈʂʰæ˧ɣɯ˧ ki˩-hĩ˩ | ɖɯ˧-ʁɑ˥-ʂe˩-ɻ˩ hõ˩ ʁɑ˧pv˧ NOUN Tone: M. to call the doctor Chest. 胸脯、胸膛。请医生来 CL: ʈv˩

njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ | no˩ ʁɑ˩-ʂe˥ ʁɑ˧pv˧-ɻ ̃#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. I invite you to come over Clavicle; collarbone. 锁骨。我请你来 CL: pʰæ˧˥

mɤ˧-ʁɑ˥-ʂe˩ ʁɑ˧pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. NEG Salary, price paid for the work done by a worker. 工资， NEG 工钱。 CL: kʰwɤ˥ ʁɑ˧ 1 ADJECTIVE Tone: M. Good (of good quality). 好（质量好，品质好，脾气 ʁɑ˧-ʐwɤ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH#. 好）。 To browbeat; to take advantage of; to pick on. 欺负。

mɤ˧-ʁɑ˧-hĩ˧ ʂe˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧ | hĩ˧-ki˧ ʁɑ˧-ʐwɤ˧-ʝi˥! bad meat, meat of poor quality (s)he is picking on someone 不好的肉（质量不好）他欺负人、他对人发脾气

163 ʁɑ˩mi˥ ʁæ˩a 1

ʁɑ˧ ʐwɤ˧-ɻ˥ ʁæ˧tɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. as above Withers: part of the ox’s body on which the yoke rests. 肩隆。同上 ʝi˧-ʁæ˧tɑ˥ no˧ | ʁɑ˧ ʐwɤ˧-tʰɑ˧-ɻ˥! ox’s withers Don’t browbeat people! 牛肩隆你不要欺负人！ ʁæ˧tɑ˩ tʰv˩-ɭɯ˩ N+DEM+CLF VERB Tone: LH. ʁɑ˩mi˥ 这只肩隆 To apologize. 道歉。 CL: ɭɯ˧ ʁɑ˩mi˥-ze˩! Thank you! ʁæ˧ʈv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 谢谢！ Neck. 脖子。 CL: ɭɯ˧ See: ʁæ˧ɻ˥

ADVERB(IAL) Tone: LM. ʁɑ˩ʂɯ˧ NOUN Tone: #H. In fact. 其实、事实上。 ʁæ˧zo#˥ Short sword. 短剑。

ʁæ˥ NOUN Tone: #H. ʁæ˧ʑi˧ VERB Tone: M. Neck (monosyllable). 脖子（单音节）。 To mind something; to take into account; to take into CL: ɭɯ˧ See: ʁæ˧ŋv˥ consideration; to care about. 考虑。

hĩ˧ | qʰɑ˧-kv˧ dʑo˧˥ | mɤ˧-ʁæ˧ʑi˧, | njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ ʁæ˧ 1 ADJECTIVE Tone: M. qʰæ˧˥! | 富。 Rich. No matter how many people (guests) there are, I (go to participate and) help! (Context: the con- ʁæ˧bæ˧ NOUN Tone: M. sultant explains how, following Na traditions, she Dish, plate. 盘子。 volunteers her time to help on important occa- CL: ɭɯ˧ sions, such as funerals, to help other families.) 无论有多少个人，我都会去帮助！（情景：合作人描写她在永宁有大事时怎么去帮其它家庭 ʁæ˧ɭɯ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 的忙，不考虑活多么累，只考虑怎么能给予帮 Fetters; yoke. 枷锁。助）

ʁæ˧ɭɯ˥ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ kʰɯ˧˥ no˧ | mɤ˧-ʁæ˧ʑi˧! to put fetters (on someone’s neck) Leave me alone! / Leave me in peace! / Mind 套上一个枷锁（在一个人的脖子上） your own business! 别管我了！ / 请让我安静！ / 请不要打扰我 ʁæ˧ɭɯ˥ kʰɯ˩ 了！ to put fetters (on someone’s neck) 套上枷锁（在一个人的脖子上） ʁæ˩a 1 VERB Tone: La. To fall apart, to scatter, to melt (e.g. clods of dry earth melting in water when a field is irrigated after plough- ʁæ˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. ing). 散、散开，化，溶化（一块土在水里面散开）。 Sword. 剑。 le˧-ʁæ˩-ze˩ CL: nɑ˧ ACCOMP _ PFV ACCOMP _ PFV ʁæ˧ŋv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Collar (a precious part of the dress, with silver thread). le˧-ʁæ˧~ʁæ˥ (-ze˩ / -bi˩) 衣领。 RED CL : ɭɯ˧ 重叠

ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ ʁæ˥ ʁæ˧ɻ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Neck. 脖子。 a lump (of earth) melts CL: ɭɯ˧ See: ʁæ˧ʈv˥ 一块（土）散开

164 ʁæ˩a 2 ʁo˥pv˩

ʈʂe˧ʈv˥ | le˧-ʁæ˩-ze˩ ʁæ˩a 4 ADJECTIVE Tone: La. 丑陋。 Clods of earth fall apart (after ploughing, the Ugly. fields are irrigated; clods of earth melt into the See: ɖʐv˩a 1 water) 土块散开在了（耕田后灌溉，土块散在水里） ʁæ˩bæ˩ CLASSIFIER Tone: . Classifier: a plateful, the contents of a plate. 量词：盘。 ɖɯ˧-ʁæ˩bæ˩, | ɲi˧-ʁæ˩bæ˩, | so˩-ʁæ˩bæ˩˥, | ʁæ˩a 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: La. Drunk. 醉。 ʐv˧-ʁæ˥bæ˩, | ŋwɤ˧-ʁæ˥bæ˩, | qʰv˧-ʁæ˥bæ˩, | ʂɯ˧-ʁæ˩bæ˩, | hõ˧-ʁæ˥bæ˩, | gv˧-ʁæ˥bæ˩, | ʐɯ˧ ʁæ˩(-ze˩) tsʰe˩-ʁæ˩bæ˩˥ drunk association with numerals from 1 to 10 醉酒与数词结合，一至十

ʁæ˩ɖʐv˧ VERB Tone: . ADJECTIVE Tone: L . ʁæ˩a 3 a Ugly. 丑陋。 Appropriate; auspitious. 合适，吉利。

ADJECTIVE ʁæ˧ mɤ˧-ʑi˧ ʁæ˧˥ Tone: MH. Nauseous, disgusting. 不好吃，恶心。 not propicious / not favourable 不吉利、不合适 ʁæ˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Sap. 树液。 ʁæ˧ mɤ˧-ʑi˧, | ʝi˧ mɤ˧-tʰɑ˩! / ʝi˧-mɤ˧-ɖo˧! It is not appropriate / the situation is not propi- tʰo˩ʁæ˩˥ tious; it must not / should not be done! (A phrase same meaning to caution others against doing something) 同上不吉利 / 不合适（的事情），不能做！/ 不要做！（警告） ‑ʁo POSTPOSITION Tone: . On, on top of. 上面。 ʁæ˧ mɤ˧-ʑi˧, | ʐwɤ˩ mɤ˩-tʰɑ˥! / ʁæ˧ mɤ˧-ʑi˧, | ʐwɤ˩ mɤ˩-ɖo˩˥! ʁo˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Head (monosyllable). 头（单 It’s not appropriate; one must not talk about it! / 音节）。 One should not talk nonsense! (A phrase to cau- Beginning. 开头。 tion others against being carelessly talkative) ɬi˧-ʁo#˥ 不合适（的话），不能说！ / 不合适（的话），不要说！（警告） the beginning of the month, the first days of the month 月初 ʁæ˧-mɤ˧-ʑi˧, | tɕi˩-mɤ˩-ɖo˩˥! (You) must not transcribe the bad ones! / You kʰv˧-ʁo˥$ must not transcribe the messy ones! (Con- the beginning of the year text: the investigator was explaining his wish to 年初 choose, among the wealth of recorded narratives, those that are the most interesting and successful, *ɲi˧-ʁo˩ to do a transcription and complete translation and *the beginning of the day annotation. By her answer, the consultant indi- *天初 cates her approval, at the same time as she shows her understanding of the idea: any materials that CL: ɭɯ˧ may be inappropriate in any way should be left out, and not put to writing.) ʁo˥pv˩ VERB Tone: . To come across (someone), 乱七八糟的，不要记录！ / 不好的，不要记 to meet someone (typically: on a path, meeting someone 录！（情景：选择一个故事来做记音翻译等。 walking in the other direction). 遇见（如：在路上遇见合作人提出，要考虑好记录哪些、选择好的资一个人）。料，不能什么都记录。） tʰi˧-ʁo˥pv˩ ʈʂʰɯ˧ | lo˧ | ʁæ˧-mɤ˧-ʑi˧ ʝi˧! DUR He does a bad job of it! / He makes a mess of DUR his work! To intercept (bandits intercept a caravan), to attack on 他工作做得乱七八糟！ the road. 阻截、在路上攻击。

165 ʁo˥-ʐv˩ ʁo˧ɖɯ˧˥

ʁo˥-ʐv˩ VERB Tone: . ʁo˧do˧ 1 NOUN Tone: M. Bless and protect. 保佑。 Walnut. 核桃。

mɤ˧-ʁo˥ʐv˩ ʁo˧do˧ qʰwæ˧˥ NEG to crack walnuts NEG 开核桃

gɤ˧lɑ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ʁo˥ʐv˩-ɻ˩! ʁo˧do˧ ʐwæ˧ May the gods bless (you/us)! to weigh walnuts 菩萨保佑！称核桃

CL: ɭɯ˧ ʁo˧ 1 VERB Tone: M intrans. To lay eggs. 下蛋。 ʁo˧do˧ 2 NOUN Tone: M. Interests. 利息。 æ˩ ʁo˥ CL: kʰwɤ˥ to lay eggs 下蛋 ʁo˧dzi˥ VERB Tone: H#. To collide, to run into. 碰撞。 æ˩mi˧ tʰi˧-ʁo˧-dʑo˧! The hen is laying eggs! le˧-ʁo˧dzi˥ 母鸡在下蛋！ ACCOMP ACCOMP æ˩mi˧ | æ˩ ʁo˧-ze˩! The hen has laid eggs! hĩ˧ | tʰi˧-ʁo˧dzi˥ tsʰɯ˩(-ze˩) 母鸡下蛋了！ People have ran into one another 人们（互相）碰撞

ʁo˧ 2 VERB Tone: M intrans. To be able to, to manage to. 能……、有能力做。 ʁo˧dzi˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Tibetan. 藏族。 njɤ˧ | tɕi˩-mɤ˩-ʁo˩˥! CL: v˧ I can’t write! / I am not able to write! (Said by someone who has not learnt to write) ʁo˧dzi˩-di˩ NOUN Tone: . 我写不出来！ / 我不会写！ North; literally ’Tibetan land’. 北方（直译：‘藏族地区’）。 njɤ˧ | tɕi˩-ʁo˩˥! I can write! / I am able to write! / I know how ʁo˧dzi˩-di˩ NOUN Tone: L#-. to write! Tibet (literally: ’the Tibetan land’). 西藏。我会写！ / 我写得出来！ ʁo˧dzi˩-tʰæ˩ɻæ˩ NOUN Tone: L#-. 旗 NOUN Tone: M. Flag, banner, pennant (literally: Tibetan writings). ʁo˧bv˧ 子。 Sprout, bud. 树的萌芽、新发出来的叶子。 CL: pʰæ˧˥ CL: kʰwɤ˥

ʁo˧dʑɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. ADVERB(IAL) Tone: M. ʁo˧dɑ˧ Bridle; halter. 马笼头。 In front of. 前面，之前。 ʐwæ˧-ʁo˧dʑɯ˥ (ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ʐwæ˧-ʁo˧dʑɯ˥ ɲi˩) ʂɯ˧-kʰv˧-ʁo˧dɑ˧ horse’s halter seven years ago 马笼头七年前 CL: nɑ˧ pɤ˩ ʁo˧dɑ˧ ɖɯ˧-so˩ ɲi˩ the past few days ʁo˧ɖɯ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. 前几天 Tadpole. 蝌蚪。

166 ʁo˧gv#˥ ʁo˧qʰwɤ˩

ʁo˧gv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɖwæ˧˥ | hĩ˧ ʁo˧mæ˧-kv˩! 枕头。 Pillow. She is great at taking care of people! (A com- CL: ɭɯ˧ ment about the lady of the house) 她很会管家！（对女主人的表扬） ʁo˧hṽ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. Hair (of the head). 头发。 NOUN Tone: H$. CL: kʰɯ˩ ʁo˧mi˥$ Large needle. 大针。 CL: ɭɯ˧ ʁo˧ʝi˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: M. The year after next. 后年。 ʁo˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. ʁo˧ʝi˧ ɖɯ˧-kʰv˧˥ King; high official; chief. 国王、大臣、头领。 the year after next ʁo˧mi˧ ʝi˧-hĩ˧ hĩ˧ 后年 person who has a role as king/high official/chief 当国王、土司、大臣、头领……的人 ʁo˧kɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Woven headdress for women who already have children; kʰv˧mæ˧-ʁo˧mi˧ for young women who do not yet have children, this same piece of dressing is called /ʁo˧ni˥/. 用来将长辫缠 head of (a band of) robbers 成盘头的黑色丝头饰（已经有孩子的女人戴的）。土匪的头领还没有孩子的青年女人，也戴这种头饰，但称作/ ʁo˧ni˥/）。 CL: v˧ CL: kɤ˧˥ ʁo˧ni˥ NOUN Tone: H#. ʁo˧lv˧ VERB Tone: M. Woven headdress for young women who do not yet have To lose one’s way, to become lost. 迷路。 children; for women who already have children, this same piece of dressing is called /ʁo˧kɤ˩/. 用来将长 le˧-ʁo˧lv˧ 辫缠成盘头的黑色丝头饰（还没有孩子的青年女人戴 ACCOMP 的）。已经有孩子的女人，也戴这种头饰，但称作/ ACCOMP ʁo˧kɤ˩/）。 CL: bo˩ ʁo˧ɬi˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Large needle with which animal hide can be sewn. 大粗 ʁo˧pʰɤ˩-ʁo˩dv˩lv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 针，用来缝琵琶肉。 Eugeron breviscapus. 短葶飞蓬。

ʁo˧ɬi˥, | bo˩ʈʂʰæ˧ ʐv˩-di˩ ɲi˩. ʁo˧qɑ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. The large needle is used to sew pipa meat. Lid. 锅盖、盖子。大针，是用来缝琵琶肉的。 CL: ɭɯ˧

CL: ɭɯ˧ ʁo˧qʰwɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Head. 头，上面部分。 ʁo˧mæ˧ VERB Tone: . To care for, to take care of (the aged, children, people in ʁo˧qʰwɤ˩ dzi˩ need...). 照顾好、管好、关心（老人、孩子、需要帮助的人）。 to sit in a place of honour 坐在贵宾的位置上 ʁo˧mæ˧-ze˩ PFV õ˧-ʁo˥qʰwɤ˩ 管好了 one’s own head 自己的头 hĩ˧ ʁo˧mæ˧ to take care of people õ˧-ʁo˥qʰwɤ˩ lɑ˩ 照顾人 to hit one’s own head (context: a child hits its own head rhythmically with a stick) [F5] no˧ | njɤ˧ ʁo˧mæ˧˥! 打自己的头（情景：一个小孩用小棍子敲打自 You take good care of me! (A satisfied comment 己的头） by an elderly person to someone who takes care of them) Top part, upper part. 上面部分。你很关心我啊！（老人满意地说） CL: ɭɯ˧

167 ʁo˧so˩ ʁo˧zo#˥

ʁo˧so˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L#. -ʁo˧tʰo˩ POSTPOSITION Tone: L#. The day after tomorrow. 后天。 Behind; since. 后面，自从。 ʁo˧so˩ | -ɖɯ˧ɲi˥ ʑi˧-tʰo˩ the day after tomorrow 后天 behind the house (=the place where there is a vegetable garden) 家后院（=菜园的地方） ʁo˧ʂv˧ VERB Tone: M. To guide, to show the way. 带头、带路。 ʑi˧-ʁo˥tʰo˩ ʐɤ˩mi˩ ʁo˩ʂv˩˥ as above: behind the house to show the way 同上：家后院带路

ɖɯ˧-ʑi˩-ɳɯ˩ | ʁo˧ʂv˧ ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧-ʁo˧tʰo˩ a family shows the way/ sets an example (which as above: behind the house other families follow): for instance, one family 同上：家后院 begins to harvest rice, and others follow their example 有一家带头：例如收庄稼时，一个家先开始收 ʁo˧tɕʰɤ#˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: #H. 尖。割，于是其它家庭也跟着开始收割。 Sharp, pointed.

ʁo˧ʂv˧-ze˧ [F5] ʁo˧tɕʰɤ˧~tɕʰɤ˧-gv˧ PFV sharp 带了路尖 njɤ˧=ɻ˩-ɳɯ˩ | ʁo˧ʂv˧! We are showing the way! / We are setting an ex- ʁo˧tsʰe˧ʁo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. ample for others! (Context: for agricultural ac- Top (e.g. mountain top). 顶上，如：山顶。 tivities, one household started first, and the others followed suit.) ʁwɤ˧-bv˧ | ʁo˧tsʰe˧ʁo˧ 是我们带头的！（其他家庭是跟着我们来 the top of the mountain, the mountain top 的！）（情景：农业活动，如：收庄稼，是一山的顶，山顶个家庭先开始的，然后其他家庭也跟着来。）

ʁo˧qʰwɤ˩-ʁo˩tsʰe˩ -ʁo˧to˩ POSTPOSITION Tone: L#. On top of. …… 之上。 the top of the head 头顶 qo˩qɑ˩-ʁo˩to˥ at the top of the mountain pass, at the mountain pass ʁo˧ʈv˧ʈv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 垭口上 Yi (derogatory term: “ungroomed heads”, “messy heads”). 彝族（带偏见的说法：“乱糟糟的头 ʁo˧qʰwɤ˩-ʁo˩to˩ 发”）。 on the head, on top of the head CL: v˧ 头上

ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧-ʁo˧to˩ ʁo˧ʈʂe˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 癣。 on the house; e.g. there is a bird’s nest on the top Tinea, ringworm. of the house 房子上面：例如：有鸟窝在房顶上 [M23] ʁu˧ʈʂɯ˩ ɖwæ˧˥ tʰi˧ di˩! (She/he) has a big patch of tinea! While, at the time that, during the time that. ……的时候。他长了很多癣！

hɑ˧dzɯ˧-ʁo˧to˩, | ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɳɯ˧ | mɤ˧-fv˧-ʝi˧. CL: pʰæ˧˥ During the meal, he felt displeased/he got angry. 吃饭的时候，他不高兴了/生气了。 ʁo˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. To, at, towards. 向、往。 Small needle. 小针。 Compared to. 跟……相比。 CL: ɭɯ˧

168 ʁo˧ʑi˧˥ ʁv˧zo#˥

ʁo˧ʑi˧˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: MH#. ʁo˩di˥ NOUN Tone: LH. As from…, starting…. 从……开始。 Mad person. 疯子。 CL: v˧ ɖɯ˧ɬi˧mi˧-ʁo˧ʑi˧˥ from the first month ADVERB(IAL) Tone: . 一月份开始 ʁo˩ɖɯ˩so˧ In three days. 大后天。 tsʰi˧ɲi˧-ʁo˧ʑi˧˥ as from today ʁo˩hi˩ NOUN Tone: L. 今天开始 Molars and premolars. 臼齿+后臼齿。 CL: ɭɯ˧ tsʰi˧ʝi˧ ɖɯ˧-kʰv˧˥-ʁo˧ʑi˧˥ from this year on, as from this year NOUN Tone: L. 今年开始 ʁo˩kʰv˩ Sandalwood, sandlewood. 香木。Local Chinese dialect: 柏香。 gv˩ɬi˩mi˩-ʁo˩ʑi˩˥

as from the 9th month, starting from the 9th ʁo˩kʰv˩-si˩ month same meaning 九月份开始同上 ʐe˧ʈæ˥ɬi˩-ʁo˩ʑi˩ as from the 11th month, starting from the 11th ʁo˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH. month Needle. 针。十一月份开始 CL: ɭɯ˧ See: ʈʂe˥

ʁo˩ VERB Tone: L. VERB Tone: H. 掉 ʁv˥ To sink (e.g. a boat slowly sinking down into a lake). To swallow. 吞，咽。入、沉下去。

le˧-ʁv˥ mv˩tɕo˥ ʁo˩ ACCOMP to sink 掉入 ACCOMP

NOUN ʁo˩b CLASSIFIER Tone: Lb. ʁv˧-bv˥ Tone: . A sort of. 量词：种。 Field penny-cress, Thlaspi arvense: a foetid plant with round flat pods. 菥蓂。 ɖɯ˧-ʁo˩ CL: po˧ one type (of clothing, food...) 一种（衣服、食物……） ʁv˧mi˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. Female crane. 母鹤。 ʈʂʰɯ˧-ʁo˥ CL: mi˩ this type (of clothing, food...) 这种（衣服、食物……） ʁv˧pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Male crane. 公鹤。 ʁo˩b VERB Tone: Lb. 出现、形 To form, to appear: e.g. a callus has formed. ʁv˧pʰv˧-ʁv˧mi#˥ 成（如：出了茧子）。 male crane and female crane sɯ˧ʈv˥ ʁo˩-ze˩! | 公鹤与母鹤 A callus has formed! 磨出了茧子！ CL: mi˩

ʁo˩-mɤ˩-ho˥ ʁv˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. _ NEG DESIDERATIVE Baby crane. 小鹤。不会出（茧子） CL: ɭɯ˧

169 ʁv˧˥ ʁwɤ˧a

ʁv˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH. ʁwɤ˧ 2 NOUN Tone: M. Crane (a migratory bird). 黑颈鹤（候鸟）。 Village, hamlet. 村寨，村落。

ʁv˧nɑ˥mi˩ ʁwɤ˧-qo˧ same meaning: crane in the village 同上：黑颈鹤村子里

ʁv˧ dzɯ˥-ze˩ [M23] ɖɯ˧-ʁwɤ˧ mɤ˧-ɲi˩: | ʈʂʰɯ˧-ʁwɤ˧... | ʈʂʰɯ˧-ʁwɤ˧… ...ate the crane 吃了黑颈鹤 These do not belong to the same village: here, it is the village named...; over there, it is the village named... ʁv˧ hwæ˥-ze˩ 它们不属于一个村落：这边，是……村，而那 ...bought (a/the) crane 边，是……村。买了黑颈鹤 CL: ʁwɤ˧ CL: mi˩ ʁwɤ˧ 3 NOUN Tone: M. 钱。 ʁwæ˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Money. Left (monosyllable). 左边（单音节）。 ɖʐe˧-ʁwɤ˧ money ʁwæ˧gi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 钱 Left side, left. 左边。

ʁwɤ˧a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ma. ʁwæ˧gi˧dzɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. A heap (e.g. of grains, of cut wood); literally: ’a moun- Left, left side, left direction. 左、左边。 tain of’. 量词：堆（一堆粮食、一堆柴……）。

ʁwæ˧lo˥ NOUN Tone: H#. ʁwɤ˧a VERB Tone: Ma. Left side, left direction. 左边，左手。 To make a heap of (e.g. cereals), to pile up. 堆 (例如：堆积泥土)。

ʁwæ˧tsɯ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. ɖɯ˧-ʁwɤ˧ tʰi˧-ʁwɤ˧ Socks. 袜子。 to make a heap, to heap together Borrowing: Chinese 袜子堆在一起

ɖɯ˧-ʁwɤ˧ tʰi˧-tɕɯ˥ ʁwæ˧ʈʂʰe˩ VERB Tone: L#. To accomplish, to complete. 完成（汉语借词）。 to arrange into a heap Borrowing: Chinese 完成收拾成一堆

le˧-ʁwæ˧ʈʂʰe˩-ze˩! tso˧~tso˧ | gɤ˩-ʁwɤ˥ lv˩ It’s complete! / It’s finished! to pile up objects 完成了！东西堆起来

ɖɯ˧-ʁwɤ˥-lv˩ ʁwɤ˧ 1 NOUN Tone: M. to make into a heap (e.g. nuts, fruit... scattered Mountain. 山。 around) 收拾成一堆（如：有果子散在地上，把它们堆 ʁo˧-ʂwæ˧ 在一起） high mountain 高山 tso˧~tso˧ ʁwɤ˩ to pile up things CL: ɭɯ˧ 东西堆在一起

170 ʁwɤ˧lɑ˩-bi˩ ʁwɤ˩ʁo˩

ʁwɤ˧lɑ˩-bi˩ NOUN Tone: L#-. ʁwɤ˧ʐv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Walabie, a village of the Yongning plain. It is inhabited The village of Qiansuo. 前所。 by both Na and Pumi. 瓦拉别（永宁的一个村落）。 ʁwɤ˧ʐv˧-lo˩mæ˩ ə˧go˧-ʁwɤ˧, | ʁwɤ˧lɑ˩-bi˩, | bæ˧ʁwɤ˧, | same meaning tʰo˧tsʰe#˥, | pi˧tsʰe˩-di˩, | pɤ˧dʑɤ˩-di˩, | 同上 ʁwɤ˧tv˧ ʁwɤ˧ʐv˧, | jɤ˧qʰɑ˧ dʑɤ˥; | hwɤ˧li˧-hɑ˧ mɤ˧- Villages that one encounters as one leaves the dʑo˧˥! plain of Yongning (away from the Lake); the first two are perceived as villages with a high propor- Adage: “In Qiansuo, bitter buckwheat grows tion of Na members, and the third as a mostly Na beautifully; there’s nothing for cats to eat!” Ex- village, whereas the next ones are Pumi (Prinmi). planation: cats do not eat bitter buckwheat. 永宁背向泸沽湖方向经过的村落。前两个村落俗语：“前所，苦荞（庄稼）很好。猫，没得拥有相当大的摩梭人口比例，第三个村落是摩吃！”（说明：猫不吃苦荞。）梭村，最后一个是普米村。 *ʁwɤ˩a VERB Tone: La. To negociate (monosyllabic root extracted from the redu- ʁwɤ˧qʰv˧ NOUN Tone: M. plicated form). 商量（单音节）。 Cave, cavern. 山洞。 CL: ɭɯ˧ See: ʁwɤ˧qʰv˧dʑɯ#˥ ʁwɤ˩ʁo˩ NOUN Tone: L. Hillside. 山坡。

ʁwɤ˧qʰv˧dʑɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. ʁwɤ˩ʁo˩ dʑɤ˥bv˩ ə˩bi˩? 山洞。 Cave, cavern. You want to come and have fun on the moun- CL: ɭɯ˧ See: ʁwɤ˧qʰv˧ tain? Would you like to go and take a stroll on the mountain? 去山上玩，好吗？ ʁwɤ˧~ʁwɤ˥a VERB Tone: La. 商量。 To discuss, to negociate. CL: ʁwɤ˧

ɖɯ˧-ʁwɤ˧~ʁwɤ˥-ɻ˩ DELIMITATIVE _ RED INCEPTIVE 商量商量

ʁwɤ˧tv˧ NOUN Tone: M. A village near the Hot Springs. 温泉乡的一个村落。

ʁwɤ˧tv˧-ʁwɤ˧ same meaning 同上

ə˧go˧-ʁwɤ˧, | ʁwɤ˧lɑ˩-bi˩, | bæ˧ʁwɤ˧, | tʰo˧tsʰe#˥, | pi˧tsʰe˩-di˩, | pɤ˧dʑɤ˩-di˩, | ʁwɤ˧tv˧ Villages that one encounters as one leaves the plain of Yongning (away from the Lake); the first two are perceived as villages with a high propor- tion of Na members, and the third as a mostly Na village, whereas the next ones are Pumi (Prinmi). 永宁背向泸沽湖方向经过的村落。前两个村落拥有相当大的摩梭人口比例，第三个村落是摩梭村，最后一个是普米村。

ʁwɤ˧tv˧: | bɤ˧! /ʁwɤ˧tv˧/ is a Pumi village! fv：/wtv/是一个普米族村落！

171 sɑ˥ se˧gi#˥

- s - sɑ˩tsʰi˩ 1 NOUN Tone: L. Oar. 桨。 NOUN 亚 sɑ˥ Tone: #H. Flax, Linum usitatissimum. CL: nɑ˧ See: sɑ˩tsʰi˩ 2 麻。 Hemp, Cannabis sativa. 火麻、胡麻。 NOUN Tone: L. CL: qʰwæ˧˥ qʰwæ˧˥ sɑ˩tsʰi˩ 2 Wooden instrument resembling an oar, used to stir pigswill. 像桨的木头工具，来搅拌猪食。 CLASSIFIER Tone: H*. sɑ˥ See: sɑ˩tsʰi˩ 1 A thing (no plural; only used in the negative construction “there is not a thing”). 量词：样，如：‘一样都没有’。 sɑ˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. To deliver. 运送（货到目的地）。 ɖɯ˧-sɑ˥ | mɤ˧-dʑo˧! le˧-sɑ˧-tʰi˥-ki˩ There is simply nothing at all! (A polite statement made by the host when welcoming a guest to deliver (to someone’s place) for a meal, apologizing, in self-deprecation, 送（东西到人家里） for not offering a meal commensurate to one’s wishes.) sɑ˧˥a 2 CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. 一样也没有！ / 没什么东西！（请客时的礼 Classifier for salted, smoked hog legs. 量词:腊猪脚（烟貌、自我贬低说法：请客人原谅菜不够丰盛）熏腊猪蹄子）（一只）。

See: so˥ 2 ʂe˧sɑ˩ | ɖɯ˧-sɑ˧˥ a salted, smoked hog leg sɑ˧bo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 一只腊猪脚 Distaff. 卷线杆、拉线棒。 sɑ˧bo˧-di˧˥ ‑se DISCOURSE PARTICLE Tone: . same meaning Topic marker, which singles out a precise element or set 同上 of elements and delineates it as a unit, against the back- ground of elements that neighbour on it in the conceptual CL: nɑ˧ space. 主题。

sɑ˧pʰv˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. se˥ VERB Tone: H. Thread of linen, Cannabis sativa. 麻线。 To walk. 走、走路。

sɑ˧pʰv˧-sɑ˧jɤ˥ le˧-se˥-ze˩ linen thread ACCOMP _ PFV 麻线走了

CL: ɭɯ˧ se˧-ho˥-ze˩! [The baby] will soon walk / will soon be able to sɑ˧tɕɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. walk! 女生殖器。 Vagina. （婴儿）很快就学会走路了！ CL: ɭɯ˧ ʐɤ˩mi˩-qo˥ | so˩-hɑ̃˩ se˩˥ sɑ˧tsʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. to spend three days on the road, to make a trip Vinegar. 酸醋（汉语借词）。 that lasts three days Borrowing: Chinese 酸醋走在路上三天时间、走三天 See: tsʰv˩˥ se˧ NOUN Tone: M. NOUN Tone: M-LH-. Himalayan goral (naemorhedus goral). 岩羊。宇宙。 Universe. CL: pʰo˧˥

NOUN Tone: L. sɑ˩mi˩ se˧gi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Marijuana, cannabis, Cannabis indica. 大麻。 The Tibetan name of the mountain /kɤ˧mv˧˥/ (Chinese sɑ˩mi˩-mæ˩ɻæ˥, | dzɯ˧-kv˩! name: Gemu). 格姆山的藏语名字。 Cannabis oil is edible! se˧gi˧-kɤ˩mv˩ 大麻油，是可以吃的！ same meaning CL: kɤ˧˥ 同上

172 se˧kʰɯ˩ sɤ˧ɭɯ˩

se˧kʰɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. se˩a VERB Tone: La. Satin. 缎子。 To finish, to complete. 完成。 CL: kʰɯ˩ le˧-ʝi˥ | le˧-se˩-ze˩! It’s done and finished! / (I) have finished (the se˧mi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. job)! 母岩羊。 Female goral. 做完了！ / 完成了！ CL: mi˩ le˧-se˧~se˥-ze˩! se˧nɑ#˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: #H. It’s finished, it’s completed! / It’s now over and Stingy, miserly. 吝啬。 done with! 完成了！ ʈʂʰɯ˧ | se˧nɑ˧-hĩ˧ ɖɯ˧-v˧ ɲi˩! It’s a stingy person! mɤ˧-se˩ 他是一个吝啬的人！ It’s not finished! 没有完！ ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ə˧-se˧nɑ˧? - se˧nɑ˧ | ʐwæ˩˥! se˩˥ | -dʑo˩, | se˩-mɤ˩-tʰɑ˩˥! | dʑɤ˩˥ | -dʑo˩, | Is he stingy? - Oh yes, very much so! dʑɤ˩-kʰɯ˧ tʰɑ˥! 他吝啬吗？ - 非常吝啬！ A comment about linguistic documentation, sum- marizing an explanation provided by a student: se˧pʰɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. “One cannot complete the task (=one cannot Fuss. 大惊小怪，麻烦。 collect everything: every single word, every single turn of phrase, every single story...); but one se˧pʰɤ˧ ʝi˧ can do nice things (=collect stories which con- to make a big fuss about something stitute complete, interesting documents)”. 小事大作（想做）完，但是没办法做完！不过最后还是可以做得很好！（情景：谈及收集语言的工 CL: kʰwɤ˥ 作）

se˧pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. se˩di˩ NOUN Tone: L. Male goral. 公岩羊。 Saw. 锯。 CL: mi˩ CL: nɑ˧

se˧ʂɯ˩ VERB Tone: L#. se˩gwɤ˩mi˥ NOUN Tone: L+H#. To waste. 浪费。 Vulture. This term is not restricted to female vultures, and hence does not provide an indication on sex. 雕（不 ɖwæ˧˥ | se˧ʂɯ˩! 仅来指母雕）。 It’s a waste! se˩gwɤ˩mi˥-pʰv˩ 很浪费！ / 太浪费了！ male vulture 公雕 se˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Baby goral. 小岩羊。 se˩gwɤ˩mi˥-zo˩ CL: ɭɯ˧ baby vulture 小雕 SUFFIX ‑se˩ Tone: L. se˩gwɤ˩mi˥-ʈʂʰɯ˩, | mi˩ ɲi˥! Suffix indicating the completion of an action: the action has reached its end. 完成。 This vulture is a female! 这只雕是母的！ se˩-ze˥! CL: mi˩ It’s finished! / It’s completed! 完了！ sɤ˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Blood. 血。 no˧ | tʰi˧-dzi˩-kʰɯ˩-se˩-dʑo˩, | dʑɯ˩-tsʰi˧ ɖɯ˧- CL: ʈʰɤ˥ qʰwɤ˧ pʰv˥ | tʰi˧-ki˧! After you have been seated, (I) pour out a bowl sɤ˧ɭɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. of hot water (for you). Pear. 梨子。让（你）坐下以后，（我）给你倒一杯开水。 CL: kʰɤ˧˥ ɭɯ˧

173 sɤ˧sɤ˧˥ si˧gɯ˧-pʰv#˥

sɤ˧sɤ˧˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: MH#. tso˧~tso˧ si˩ 舒畅。 Pleasant (circumstances). to choose things 选东西 si˧dzi˩-ʈʰæ˩qo˩dzi˩, | sɤ˧sɤ˧˥ | ʐwæ˩˥!

Being seated under this tree is especially pleas- tso˧~tso˧ si˧~si˥ ant! to choose things 在树下坐着，感到很舒畅！选选东西 ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɳɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ɖʐɯ˩ gwɤ˩-dʑo˩, | sɤ˧sɤ˧˥ | ʐwæ˩˥! dʑɤ˩-hĩ˥ | si˧ He has sung for a while; it was really pleasant! to choose good ones 他唱了一会，真舒畅！挑好的

NOUN Tone: MH#. si˧bv˧ NOUN Tone: M. sɤ˧tʰo˧˥ 鬼。 A type of pine. 一种松树。Local Chinese dialect: 阔 Evil spirit. 松。 CL: v˧

sɤ˧tʰo˧-dzi˧˥ si˧bv˧-mi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. same meaning Evil spirit (female). 妖精。同上 CL: v˧

CL: dzi˩ si˧bv˧-zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Evil spirit (masculine). 鬼。 sɤ˧tsi˥ NOUN Tone: H#. CL: v˧ Vein. 血管。 CL: kʰɯ˩ si˧ɕi˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. Forest. 森林。 sɤ˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Mole; pigmented naevus. 黑痣。 [F5] tʰo˧ɕi˧˥ CL: ɭɯ˧ pine forest 松树森林 si˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Wood. 木头。 CL: pʰæ˧˥

si˧-mo˩ NOUN Tone: L#. dead wood si˧dzi˩ Tree. 树。枯木 CL: dzi˩, ʝi˧

CL: kɤ˧˥ si˧dzi˩-mv˩tsɯ˩ NOUN Tone: #L-L. Radicel, rootlet, small root. 胚根。 si˧a VERB Tone: Ma. To choose, to select. 挑选。 si˧dʑɯ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. le˧-si˧-ze˧ Kindling. 火煤、火捻、火种、劈柴、引柴。 ACCOMP _ PFV CL: kʰwɤ˥ 选了 si˧gɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. no˧ si˧-bi˧! Lion. 狮子。 You choose! / Go ahead and choose! Borrowing: Tibetan sengge 你要选！ CL: mi˩

njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ si˧-bi˧! si˧gɯ˧-mi˩ NOUN Tone: L. I choose! / Let me choose! Lioness. 母狮。是我来选！ CL: mi˩

le˧-si˥~si˩ si˧gɯ˧-pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. ACCOMP _ RED Male lion. 公狮子。 ACCOMP _ RED CL: mi˩

174 si˧gɯ˧-tsʰo#˥ si˧˥ 1

si˧gɯ˧-tsʰo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. si˧-sæ˥qʰv˩ NOUN Tone: #H. Lion Dance: a show organized for the feudal lord. 狮子 Birch, Betula szechuanica (Betula Pendula var. 舞：土司准备的礼仪性表演。土司也亲自参与舞蹈。 szechuanica). 四川桦树，白桦树。

si˧gɯ˧-zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. si˧tʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 小狮子。 Cub. A piece of furniture of the main room, which constitutes CL: ɭɯ˧ mi˩ the symbolic dwelling of ancestors, and serves as an altar; on the New Year, some candles are lighted on it. 供桌：主屋里面的一个家具，是祖先的象征性住所。 si˧kɤ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. Branch; rod, stick. 树枝、小树枝，棍子。 CL: kɤ˧˥ ʑi˧dv˧-nv˩mi˩, | si˧tʰv˧! The heart of the house is the altar to the ancestors! si˧kwɤ˩ NOUN Tone: #L. Wooden structure (of a house), carpentry. 木头框架，屋子的中心，就是祖先的供桌！如：房子的木头框架。

NOUN Tone: L. ʑi˧mi˧-si˧kwɤ˩ si˩qʰɑ˩ Plum tree, prune tree. 梅子。 a house’s carpentry, a house’s wooden structure 房子的木头框架 si˩qʰɑ˩-dʑɯ˩ a liquid prepared from plums, which served as CL: kwɤ˩ an equivalent of vinegar (vinegar was introduced late: it was bought in Chinese areas) si˧kʰɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 用梅子做的一种汁，用法类似于醋。过去，永 White Chinese herbaceous peony, Paeonia lactiflora. 白宁没有醋，醋是从内地买来的。芍药。 See: si˧kʰɯ˧ɭɯ˧bv˥ si˩tsʰɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Leaf. 叶子。

si˧kʰɯ˧-ɭɯ˧bv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. si˧dzi˩-si˩tsʰɤ˩ 白 White Chinese herbaceous peony, Paeonia lactiflora. tree leaf 芍药。树叶 CL: kɤ˧˥ See: si˧kʰɯ#˥ Cock’s comb. 鸡冠。 si˧nɑ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Deep forest. 森林深处（难走路）。 æ˧ʂwæ˥-si˩tsʰɤ˩ CL: pʰæ˧˥ comb of (a) cock 公鸡冠 si˧qʰwæ˩ VERB Tone: . To chop wood, to split wood. 劈、剖。 CL: tsʰɤ˧˥

si˧-ʁæ˧bæ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. si˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. Wooden plate. 木盘子。 To shave (the beard or the head); to scrub (e.g. to scrub 剔，刮。 CL: ɭɯ˧ earth off vegetables).

mo˧ si˥ si˧ʁo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Fruit tree. 果树。 to scrub mushrooms (to take off the earth, moss...) CL: dzi˩ 刮菌子（刮掉污垢）

si˧ʁo˧si˧ɭɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. mv˧tsɯ˧ si˥ Fruit. 水果。 to shave (one’s) beard si˧ʁo˧si˧ɭɯ˧ ɲi˥ 刮胡子 COP ʁo˧qʰwɤ˩ si˩ 是水果。 to shave one’s head CL: ɭɯ˧ 剃头

175 si˧˥ 2 so˧ɲi˥

ʁo˧qʰwɤ˩ si˩-di˩ days: a day can be referred to as “one morning”, Razor: object used to shave the head or the beard. “one day”, or “one night”.) (In the main consultant’s youth, not every family 一个早晨，一个白天，（或者说）一个晚 had a razor. One would call someone to the house 上！（这句话，总结数日子的三个方式：‘一 to shave the head or the beard. It was mostly 天’，可以说成‘一个早晨’、‘一个白 monks and elderly people who had their heads 天’、或‘一个晚上’。） and beards shaved.) 理发刮刀 tʰv˧-so˩ that morning 那天早上 si˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. To assassinate, to kill a human being). 杀（人）。 so˧dʑɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. hĩ˧ si˩ Pitfall, pit, trap. 陷阱。 to kill someone 杀人 so˧dʑɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ | qwæ˧˥ to dig a pitfall, to dig a trap 挖一个陷阱 si˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Liver. 肝。 CL: ɭɯ˧ so˧hɑ̃˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L#. Tomorrow evening. 明晚。

so˥ 1 NOUN Tone: #H. so˧hɑ̃˩ | -ɖɯ˩hɑ̃˩˥ Offering to the gods, given to them in the morning; it tomorrow evening comprises tea, butter, flour, and honey; it is burnt overa 明天晚上 fire of pine needles. 早上献给神的食物（含茶、酥油、面、蜂蜜），扔进松针火里烧。 so˧hwɤ˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L#. so˧ dze˧ tʰi˧-qæ˩ Afterwards; later; from now on. 后来、以后，从此以 to burn honey as an offering 后。烧蜂蜜献给神 so˧ʝi˥$ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: H$. [M23] so˧ qæ˩ Next year. 明年。 to burn an offering 烧献给神（食物，……） so˧lo˧ NOUN Tone: M. Influence, example (in education). 影响，榜样。

so˥ 2 CLASSIFIER Tone: H*. so˧lo˧ dzɑ˧! | mɤ˧-dʑɤ˩-hĩ˩ | ɖɯ˧-ʑi˩ ɲi˩! A thing (no plural; only used in the negative construction He/she has a bad influence / he/she gives a bad “there is not a thing”). 量词：样东西，如：‘一样东西都没有’。 example! (His/her family) is a bad family! 他（对周围的人）有一个不好的影响！（他的 ɖɯ˧-so˥ | mɤ˧-dʑo˧! 家庭）是个不好的家庭！ There is simply nothing at all! (A polite state- so˧lo˧ mɤ˧-dʑɤ˩! ment made by the host when welcoming a guest for a meal, apologizing, in self-deprecation, Same meaning as previous example: His/her ex- for not offering a meal commensurate to one’s ample/influence is not good. wishes.) 同上：（他对别人的）影响不好。一样也没有！ / 没什么东西！（请客时的礼貌、自我贬低说法：请客人原谅菜不够丰盛） so˧lo˧ dʑɤ˩ good influence; good example; good education See: sɑ˥ 好榜样、好例子、好教育

CL: kʰwɤ˥ so˧a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ma. Classifier for mornings. 量词：早晨（一个）。 so˧ɬi˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. mv˩si˧-njɤ˧˥ | ɖɯ˧-so˧, | njɤ˧le˧gv˧ | ɖɯ˧-ɲi˥, 3rd month. 三月。 | mv˧kʰv˥ | ɖɯ˧-hɑ̃˧˥! One morning; one day; [or] one night! (A sen- so˧ɲi˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: . tence that summarizes the three ways to count Tomorrow. 明天、第二天。

176 so˧tsʰi˥ ‑sɯ˧

so˧tsʰi˥ VERB Tone: . so˩~so˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To breathe. 呼吸。 To rub in one’s hands. 揉在手里。

so˧tsʰi˥ | ʐwæ˩˥ le˧-so˩~so˩ to breathe heavily, to pant ACCOMP _ RED 喘气揉来揉去

mɤ˧-so˧tsʰi˥ so˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH. Breath. (一口)气。 NEG Vapour. 蒸汽。不喘气 so˧ tʰv˥-ze˩ Vapour is coming out. so˧tsʰi˧ NUMBER Tone: . 热气冒出来了。 30. 30。 CL: kʰɯ˩ so˧tsʰɯ˧ɲi˧ NOUN Tone: . 三十号。 The 30th day of the month. sɯ˥ 1 VERB Tone: H. To whet. 磨（刀）。 so˩ NUMBER Tone: L. 3. 3。 ɖɯ˧-sɯ˧~sɯ˧-ɻ˥ to whet a little 磨一磨 so˩a 1 ADJECTIVE Tone: La. Good, pleasant to the taste or smell. 香（吃得香，气味香）。 sɯ˩tʰi˩ sɯ˩˥ to whet a knife 学习。磨刀 so˩a 2 VERB Tone: La. To study.

tʰæ˧ɻæ˩ so˩ sɯ˥ 2 VERB Tone: H. to study (books) To know. 知道。读书、学习 mɤ˧-sɯ˥ so˩ mɤ˩-se˥! NEG 不知道 There’s no end of it! / One is never done with studying! (A comment about the linguist’s en- deavour to study a language: unlike manual ‑sɯ˧ SUFFIX Tone: M. work, it is never really finished.) First, at first, in the first place; anymore (in “not any- 学不完！（关于语言学家的工作：做不完，不 more”). 首先、先。像做手工可以有一个明确的终点。） njɤ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-sɯ˩ | dzɯ˧-bi˧! ɖɯ˧-so˧~so˥-ɻ˩ Let me eat this one first! / I’ll eat this one first! to study a little 我要先吃这个！学一学 njɤ˧ | ʈʂʰɯ˧-sɯ˩ | li˧-bi˧! To follow the example of someone, to imitate some- I’ll read this one first! (Context: examining two one. 学一个人、模仿一个人。 books, and deciding which one to read first) 我要先读这本！ tʰv˧ tʰɑ˧-so˧˥! Don’t follow his example! / Don’t do like him! ʈʂʰɯ˧ sɯ˩ | hwæ˧-bi˧! 别学他！ / 别做得像他一样！ Let’s buy this one first! 先买这个吧！ To teach. 教。 ʈʂʰɯ˧ sɯ˩ | tɕʰi˧-bi˧! tʰæ˧ɻæ˩ so˩ Let’s sell this one first! to teach 先卖这个吧！教书 ʈʂʰɯ˧ sɯ˩ | dzɯ˧-bi˧! njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ | no˧ so˧-bi˧! Let’s eat this one first! I’m going to teach you! / Let me teach you! 先吃这个吧！

177 sɯ˧a sɯ˧ɻ˧

ʈʂʰɯ˧ sɯ˩ | ʑi˩-bi˩˥ sɯ˧kʰɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Let’s pick up this one first! Ritual performed for the death of a female relative who 斯克：嫁到外边的女先拿这个吧！ left her maternal home to marry. 人去世时进行的仪式。 ʈʂʰɯ˧ sɯ˩ | ʈʰɯ˩-bi˩˥ Let’s drink this one first! sɯ˧mɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Purple perilla, Perilla frutescens, akajiso. 紫苏。先喝这个吧！ sɯ˧mɤ˩, | ɬi˧di˩ | tv˧-kv˧˥! ʈʂʰɯ˧ sɯ˩ | lɑ˧-bi˥ Purple perilla is cultivated in Yongning! / Pur- Let’s beat this one first! ple perilla is among the crops that are grown in 先打这个吧！ Yongning! 在永宁，有紫苏！/ 有人种紫苏！ tv˧tv˥ sɯ˩ | tʰi˧-tsʰi˥! Put on your hat first! (Injunction to a little child sɯ˧mɤ˩-dze˩ before an outing) candy containing purple perilla seeds 你先戴上帽子！（情景：出门前，让孩子戴上含紫苏的糖果帽子） sɯ˧mɤ˩-mæ˩ɻæ˩ no˧ | le˧-sɯ˧ gv˧~gv˥! purple perilla oil Do your own work first! / Please work on your 紫苏油 own for a start! (Context: when I arrive for a morning class, the consultant is busy; she knows sɯ˧pv˧-sɯ˥nɑ˩ NOUN Tone: #H-. that I have various tasks to do, some of which Caterpillar. 毛虫。 I can do on my own, such as verifying texts CL: mi˩ that have already been transcribed; she tells me: “Please work on your own for a start!”) sɯ˧pv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 你先自己工作（一会）吧！（情景：调查者早 Urinary bladder. 膀胱。上到合作人的家，但她忙着，而她知道调查 CL: kɤ˧˥ 者有不同类型的工作要做，其中有一些可以自己做，比如重新核对记录过的长篇语料。她 ADJECTIVE Tone: L#-. 说：“你先忙自己的一会吧！”） sɯ˧pv˩-ni˩gv˩ Swollen: literally: ’like a bladder’. 膀肿。

串 sɯ˧a VERB Tone: Ma. To string (beads). NOUN Tone: M. （珠）。 sɯ˧pʰi˧ Nobleman: the highest of the three ranks in feudal society. 贵族，奴隶主，官。音译：“司沛”。 sɯ˧ɻ˧ sɯ˧ to string beads ɖæ˩mi˧-sɯ˩pʰi˩ 串珠 the noblemen at the monastery 大寺贵族 le˧-sɯ˧-se˩-ze˩ (I) have finished to string (beads) sɯ˧pʰi˧ hĩ˩ 串完了！ the nobleman’s subjects, the nobleman’s people 贵族的臣子、贵族手下的人 tso˧~tso˧ sɯ˩ CL: v˧ to string things 串东西 sɯ˧pʰi˧-zo˧ NOUN Tone: H#. Young man of the nobility. 少爷。 To put on (a skirt). 穿（裙子）。 CL: v˧ ʈʰæ˧qʰwɤ˧ sɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. to put on a skirt sɯ˧ɻæ˧ Table. 桌子。穿裙子 CL: pɤ˩ See: ʈʂo˧tsɯ˥

sɯ˧gv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. sɯ˧ɻ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Box, case. 箱子，柜子。 Bead, pearl. 珠，珠子，珍珠。 CL: ɭɯ˧ CL: ɭɯ˧

178 sɯ˧ɻ ̃#˥ sɯ˩tʰi˩-kʰɯ˥ʑi˩

sɯ˧ɻ ̃#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. sɯ˧zɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Tree trunk. 树干。 Family community. 家族、支系。

si˧dzi˩ tʰv˩-dzi˩, | sɯ˧ɻ ̃˧ dʑɤ˥! sɯ˧zɯ˧ ɖɯ˧-lo˩ This tree has a good trunk! (i.e. it is suitable for one family community use in carpentry, making furniture...) 一个支系，一条线这是棵好树！（可以用做木料） sɯ˧zɯ˧ ɖɯ˧-ʁwɤ˧ CL: lo˩ one family community 一个支系，一条线 sɯ˧ɻ ̃˧mi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Backbone. 脊椎骨。 sɯ˧zɯ˧ ə˩-dʑo˩? CL: dzi˩ Is there a (complete) family community? / Is the family large? (Question asked as part of dis- sɯ˧sɯ˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L#. cussions preliminary to marriage: Will the bride Raw. 生（不熟）。 have a large family around her, be surrounded by a large family? A small family is considered ʂe˧ sɯ˧~sɯ˥ much less attractive than a large one.) raw meat 家族齐全吗？/ 家族，人多吗？（谈婚姻前生肉的题目之一：男方家族人多不多。以人多为好。） ʈʂe˧ sɯ˧~sɯ˥ CL: ’raw earth’: immature soil, earth that has not lo˩, ʁwɤ˧ been prepared for agriculture by adding manure, etc sɯ˩a VERB Tone: La. 活。 ‘生土’：没有经过加工（加肥料等等）的 To live, to be alive. 土，还不适合种农作物 ʈʂʰɯ˧ tʰi˧-sɯ˩-dʑo˩! (S)he is alive! sɯ˧tsɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. 他活着！ Lion. 狮子（汉语借词）。狮子 Borrowing: Chinese ʈʂʰɯ˧ | mɤ˧-ʂɯ˧! | tʰi˧-sɯ˩-dʑo˩! CL: mi˩ It’s not dead! It’s alive! (About a plant or animal that looked dead) sɯ˧tsɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 它没死，还活着！（一个植物、动物） Camphor. 樟。

sɯ˧tsɯ˩-dzi˩ sɯ˩pv˩ NOUN Tone: . 水泡（例如：开水烫了手，会形成 camphor tree Raised spot, blister. 水泡）。樟树 sɯ˩pv˩ qʰwæ˥-ze˩! sɯ˧ʈv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. a raised spot has formed! Callus. 茧子。起了水泡！

hĩ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧-bv˧ | mv˧ɲi˧, | sɯ˧ʈv˥ ʁo˩! CL: ɭɯ˧ This person’s thumb has a callus / developed a callus! sɯ˩ɻ˩ NOUN Tone: L. 这个人的拇指有茧子！ Whetting-stone. 磨刀石。 CL: ɭɯ˧ sɯ˧ʈv˥ | mɤ˧-ʁo˩-ze˩! The callus is gone! / There is no callus anymore! sɯ˩tʰi˩ NOUN Tone: L. 没有茧子了！ Knife. 刀。 CL: nɑ˧ sɯ˧ʈv˥ ʁo˩-ze˩! A callus has formed! sɯ˩tʰi˩-kʰɯ˥ʑi˩ NOUN Tone: L+#H-. 磨出了茧子！ Knife sheath. 刀鞘。 CL: ɭɯ˧ CL: ɭɯ˧

179 ʂæ˧ ʂe˥ 2

- ʂ - ʂæ˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. To lead along (by hand, halter…). 牵（牵着牛）。 ʂæ˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: M. Long. 长。 kʰv˧ ʂæ˧˥ qʰɑ˧-ʂæ˧-gv˧ to lead a dog; to hunt 遛狗，狩猎 extremely long 非常长 kʰv˧ʂæ˧ hɯ˧˥ gone hunting, out hunting le˧-ʈɤ˧-le˧-ʂæ˧ (+kʰɯ˧˥) 狩猎去了 to lengthen 拉长 ʂæ˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. To tie into bundles. 捆成一包。 Distant, far. 远。 le˧-ʂæ˧˥ ACCOMP ʂæ˧ɖæ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. ACCOMP Difference in length. 长度区别。 hɑ˧ ʂæ˩ ʂæ˧ɖæ˧ di˥, | mɤ˧-dʑɤ˩! to tie freshly cut rice into bundles If there are differences in length, it’s not good 刚收割的稻子，捆成捆 / it won’t do! (Context: explaining which trees to fell when in need of timber for housebuilding; To wrap, to pack. 包。 the trees need to be about the same size.) 如果长短不一，不好！/不行！（情景：解释 ʂæ˩~ʂæ˧˥ 砍树时如何选择合适的树） RED: to wrap, to pack 重叠：包一包 ʂæ˧ɖæ˧ | mɤ˧-di˩! ʂæ˩~ʂæ˧-ze˥ There are no differences in length! (i.e. the timber is suitable for use in construction; same con- RED ACCOMP text as previous example) RED ACCOMP 没有长度区别，都一样齐！（等于是好的建房木料）（情景：同上） tso˧~tso˧ ʂæ˥~ʂæ˩ to wrap things 包一包东西 CL: kʰwɤ˥

ʂæ˧˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. ʂæ˧pʰi˧ NOUN Tone: M. 商品。 A sheaf of cut rice or other crop (the amount cut at one Commodity, goods, merchandise. go with a sickle and immediately tied together with one 商品 Borrowing: Chinese sprig). 量词：捆。

zɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ʂæ˧˥ ʂæ˧ʁwɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. a sheaf of grass Shuhe: the name of a village in the Lijiang plain. 束河（旧称：龙泉）：丽江坝子里的一个村落。由于束河一捆草商人多，经常有束河人到永宁等地，使得相当多的永宁人熟悉那个村落名。 ɕi˧ɭɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ʂæ˧˥ Borrowing: Naxi /sɑ˥wɤ˧/ a sheaf of rice 一捆稻谷

NOUN Tone: M. ʂæ˧tsɯ˧ NOUN Tone: #H. Clothing that children used to wear before they came of ʂe˥ 1 Meat, flesh. 肉，肌肉。 age: a loose robe (the same for girls and boys). 孩子的衣服：成年前男女小孩均穿的长袍。 NOUN Tone: #H. CL: ɭɯ˧˥ ʂe˥ 2 Unripe cereals. 未熟粮食。

ʂæ˩ɻ ̃˩ NOUN Tone: L. ʂe˧do˧˥ Bone. 骨头。 unripe cereals CL: kɤ˧˥ 未熟粮食

180 ʂe˧a ʂe˧ʂe˧

ʂe˧a VERB Tone: Ma. ʂe˧di˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L#. To look for, to search for; to procure, to get. 寻找。 Fat (person). 胖。

le˧-ʂe˧ le˧-ɖɯ˧-ze˧! ʂe˧ di˩-ze˩! (I) looked for something, and I found it! (He/she) has put on weight! （我）找了……就找到了！ / 找到了！胖了！

hĩ˧ ɖɯ˧-v˧ ʂe˧ ʂe˧dzo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. literally ’to look for someone’; meaning: to visit Cooking table: a wooden piece of furniture on which one someone of the opposite sex, to frequent some- places the chopping board. 放案板的家具。 one of the opposite sex (this is typically a mas- CL: pɤ˩ culine activity) 直译：‘找一个人’。实际含义：去访问异性 NOUN Tone: M. 的人（一般是男人去访问女人） ʂe˧kʰɯ˧ Tripod. 三脚架。 hĩ˧ ʂe˩ CL: nɑ˧ to take a wife, to marry a wife 娶媳妇 ʂe˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. Louse. 虱子。 tso˧~tso˧ ʂe˩ CL: mi˩ to look for things 找东西 ʂe˧mo˧ NOUN Tone: M. Iron (disyllable). 铁（双音节）。 lo˧ mɤ˧-dʑo˧, | lo˧ ʂe˧! See: ʂe˩ [(S)he] looks for complications / creates unnecessary complications! (Literally: ’to look for work ʂe˧nɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. when there isn’t any’.) Lean meat. 瘦肉。没事找事！ ʂe˧ɲi˩ NOUN Tone: L#. le˧-ʂe˧ tʰi˧-tɕɯ˥ Fire tongs. 火钳。 to prepare (e.g. ingredients for a recipe, luggage CL: nɑ˧ for travel), to get (something) ready 准备（做饭的材料、旅途用品……） ʂe˧pv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Cured meat; bacon. 腊肉。 ʂe˧bæ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Necklace; chain. 项圈、项链，锁链。 ʂe˧qʰv˧ NOUN Tone: M. Iron nail; nail. 铁钉，钉子。 ŋv˩-ʂe˩bæ˥ silver necklace ʂe˧qʰv˧ lɑ˧˥ 银项链 to hammer in a nail, to hit a nail 钉钉子 hæ̃˩-ʂe˩bæ˥ gold necklace CL: ɭɯ˧ 金项链 ʂe˧sɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. ʂe˧mo˧ʂe˧bæ˧, | kʰv˩mi˩ pʰæ˩˥! Meat of the limbs of pig. This includes the four limbs; it The iron necklace is used to tie the dog! usually refers to preserved meat, but can also be used to 猪腿肉。铁链，是来用拴狗的！ refer to the limbs of the living animal. CL: sɑ˧˥ kʰi˧-ʂe˧bæ˥, | ʂe˧mo˧ po˧-ɳɯ˧ | gv˩˥! The door’s chain (the chain used to lock the door) ʂe˧-sɯ˧sɯ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. is made of iron! Raw meat. 生肉。铁链，是来用拴狗的！ ʂe˧ʂe˧ VERB Tone: M. CL: kʰɯ˩ To catch a cold. 着凉。

ʂe˧ʂe˧-ze˩ ʂe˧bv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Sausage, dried meat preserved in intestines. 香肠，把瘦 PFV 肉装在肠子里。着凉了

181 ʂe˧ʈʂe˩ ʂɤ˩ŋɤ#˥

ʂe˧ʈʂe˩ NOUN Tone: L#. ʂɤ˧do˧˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: MH#. Cotton fabric, cloth. 棉布，布料。 Ashamed. 害羞。 CL: pʰæ˧˥ kʰɤ˥ ʂɤ˧do˧ mɤ˧-sɯ˥! [(S)he] is sullen / impudent / has no sense of NOUN Tone: #H. ʂe˧ʐe#˥ shame Preserved pork meat. 腊肉，包括不同几类的腊肉，如火腿等。不知羞耻！ CL: ʐe˥ Modest, demure, discreet, polite. 娴静、礼貌。

ʂe˩ NOUN Tone: L. ʈʂʰɯ˧ ʂɤ˧do˧-zo˥! / ʂɤ˧do˧ ʝi˥! Iron (monosyllable). 铁（单音节）。 (S)he is very modest/discreet/polite! 他/她很娴静 / 很持重！

ʂe˩b VERB Tone: Lb. 小便，尿; 屙尿; 解溲; 拉(屎)。 To urinate. ʂɤ˧ɲi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Advice, suggestion, recommendation. 建议、意见。 dʑi˧ ʂe˧˥ to urinate ʂɤ˧ɲi˧ ʑi˧˥ 屙尿 to ask for advice / to ask for counsel 请求意见，求教 qʰæ˧ ʂe˧˥ to defecate no˧ | hĩ˧-ki˧ | ʂɤ˧ɲi˧ mɤ˧-ʑi˧-zo˥! 拉屎 You shouldn’t ask around for advice! / There is no need for you to ask for anyone’s advice! le˧-ʂe˩-ze˩ (=You can make a decision by yourself.) 你不要问人家的意见！ ACCOMP _ PFV 尿了 ə˧tse˧ʝi˧-zo˥ | ʂɤ˧ɲi˧ ʑi˧-tso˧-ɲi˥?

ɖɯ˧-ʈʰɤ˧ ʂe˧˥ Why would you want to ask for (his/her) advice? 你为什么要问（他的）意见！ to urinate a drop 尿一滴尿 CL: kʰwɤ˥

ʂe˩lɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L. ʂɤ˩a VERB Tone: La. To forge. 打铁。 To tear, to rip. 撕（纸……）。

tso˧~tso˧ ʂɤ˥ ʂe˩-lɑ˩-hĩ˥ NOUN Tone: L+H#. Blacksmith. 铁匠。 to tear things 撕东西 ʂe˩lɑ˩-hĩ˥ hĩ˩ tso˧~tso˧ ʂɤ˧~ʂɤ˥ (+ze˩) blacksmith 铁匠 to tear things 撕东西

CL: v˧ le˧-ʂɤ˧~ʂɤ˥+ze˩ ACCOMP _ RED PFV ʂe˩mɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L. 撕了 Fat meat. 肥肉。

ʂɤ˩ŋɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. ʂe˩-mo˧˥ Gong. 锣。 Pine mushroom, matsutake, Tricholoma matsutake. 松茸。 ʂɤ˩ŋɤ˧ lɑ˩ to play the gong ʂe˩ʂv˩ NOUN Tone: L. 打锣 Nit, egg of louse. 虮子。 CL: ɭɯ˧ CL: ɭɯ˧

182 ʂo˥ ʂo˩qæ˩

ʂo˥ VERB Tone: H. ʂe˧-ʂo˧~ʂo˥ 收割。 To reap, to gather in. full of meat, replete with meat, with lots of meat (e.g. a dish contains lots of meat, not just a few le˧-ʂo˥-ze˩ small chippings drowned in vegetables) ACCOMP _ PFV 肉乎乎：比如一个菜含有很多肉，而不是一点收割了点肉淹在一大堆蔬菜里面。

ɖɯ˧-kʰv˥ ɖɯ˧-ʂɯ˩ | gɤ˩-ʂo˥-ze˩! tɕi˧-ʂo˧~ʂo˥; ʁwɤ˧-ʂo˧~ʂo˥; qʰv˧-ʂo˧~ʂo˥ We have one harvest (of rice) every year! full of clouds 每年收一次稻谷！云乎乎

ʁwɤ˧-ʂo˧~ʂo˥ ʂo˧ VERB Tone: M. To gather. 收集。 full of mountains, covered with mountains, with mountains on all sides le˧-ʂo˧~ʂo˧ “山乎乎”：到处都是山 ACCOMP _ RED ACCOMP _ RED qʰv˧-ʂo˧~ʂo˥ full of holes ʂo˧~ʂo˧-zo˧-ho˩-ze˩ “洞乎乎”，有很多洞的 We are going to have to gather (things) 该收集一些了。 ɬv˧-ʂo˧~ʂo˥ full of brains, with lots of brains 脑髓乎乎、有很多脑髓（如：一道菜，里面都 INTERJECTION Tone: M. ʂo˧ 是脑髓） Interjection to get pigs to move forward. 赶猪用的叹词：走！走！。 ʂo˩a ADJECTIVE Tone: La. ʂo˧! / ʂo˧bɤ˩! Clean; clear (water). 干净、整洁，本质干净，清 interjection to get pigs to move forward （水）。赶猪用的叹词 ʂo˩-hĩ˩˥ NMLZ VERB Tone: . ʂo˧ʂo˧ 干净的 To prepare. 准备。

le˧-ʂo˧~ʂo˧ mɤ˧-ʂo˩ ACCOMP not clean 不干净、脏 ACCOMP

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ʂo˩-hĩ˩ ɲi˥. | ‑ʂo˧~ʂo˩ SUFFIX Tone: . This is clean. In association with a N, indicates “plenty of, abundance 这是干净的。 of”. 形容词化：……乎乎。 dʑɯ˧ ʂo˧ mɤ˩-ʂo˩~ʂo˥ full of grease, greasy clean water, clear water 油乎乎清水、干净的水

dze˧-ʂo˧~ʂo˥ ʂo˩qæ˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L. full of sugar, sugary all over Very clean. 很干净。甜乎乎 ʂo˩qæ˩˥ | -gv˩ si˧-ʂo˧~ʂo˥ very clean full of wood, replete with wood, entirely made of 很干净 wood 有很多木头，如：来形容一个新建的木头房 ɑ˩ʁo˧ | le˧-gv˧~gv˥ | ʂo˩qæ˩˥ | -gv˩ 子：面面都是新鲜木头，给人的感觉是“木头 to put the house in order, that it be very clean 呼呼” 家收拾得干干净净

183 ʂo˧˥ 1 ʂɯ˩ʝi#˥

ʂo˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. ʂɯ˧a 2 VERB Tone: Ma. To slip, to slide. 滑，光滑（路……）。 To die. 死。

mv˩tɕo˧ ʂo˧˥ le˧-ʂɯ˧-ho˩-ze˩ to slide down, to slip to the floor It’s going to die! (About a sick plant or animal) 滑下、滑倒快要死了！（病了的植物、动物） ʈʂʰɯ˧ | le˧-ʂo˧˥, | tʰi˧-ʈwæ˧-ze˥ mɤ˧-ʂɯ˧-sɯ˩! (S)he slipped and fell down (He/she/it) is not dead yet! 他滑了一跤还没死！ ʂo˩~ʂo˧˥ no˧ | le˧-ʂɯ˧-bi˧-tsæ˧-ɲi˧-ze˩! RED 重叠 Go and die! / May you die! (Imprecation) 你去死吧！ ɖæ˩ʂo˩˥ / ɖæ˩ʂo˩-ze˥ to slide down ʂɯ˧dʑi˧ NOUN Tone: M. 往下滑 Shroud, burial suit. 寿衣。

no˧ | ɖæ˩ʂo˩~ɖæ˥ʂo˩! | ʂɯ˧dʑi˧ ʐv˥ You are really cunning! (A criticism of someone to sew the burial suit, to sew the shroud who is not direct, not honest, who does not have 缝寿衣 a proper attitude: giving a slimy impression.) 你真滑头！ ʂɯ˧-ɬi˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. See: ʂo˧˥ 2 7th month. 七月。

ʂo˧˥ 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: MH. ʂɯ˧ɲi˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: H#. Slippery. 光滑（路……）。 The day before yesterday. 前天。

mɤ˩ ʂo˩-ʂo˥ | ʂɯ˧ɲi˥ | -ɖɯ˧ɲi˥ slippery with grease the day before yesterday 油腻腻、滑腻前天 ɲi˧to˧ ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ | dze˧-ʂo˧~ʂo˥ (her/his) whole mouth was slippery with sugar ʂɯ˧tɤ˧ɻ#˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: #H. 平滑。他嘴巴被糖粘得黏黏的 Smooth (e.g. carefully planed wood).

See: ʂo˧˥ 1 ʂɯ˧tɤ˧ɻ˧-zo˥ very smooth ʂɻ˧˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: MH. 很平滑 Full. 满。 ʂɯ˧tɤ˧ɻ˧ gv˧-ze˩ le˧-ʂɻ˧-ze˥ (it) was made nice and smooth ACCOMP _ PFV 弄得平滑了满了

ʂɯ˧tsʰi˩ NUMBER Tone: L#. NUMBER Tone: M? H#? (pas L). ʂɯ˧ 70. 70。 7. 7。

ʂɯ˩b CLASSIFIER Tone: Lb. ʂɯ˧a 1 VERB Tone: Ma. 漏。 Times (repeating an action: doing something n times). To leak. 量词：次数。 tʰi˧-ʂɯ˥~ʂɯ˩(-ze˩) it is leaking ʂɯ˩ʝi#˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: LM+#H. 漏了！ Two years ago. 前年。

mɤ˧-ʂɯ˥~ʂɯ˩! | mɤ˧-ʑi˧! ʂɯ˩ʝi˥ | ɖɯ˧-kʰv˧˥ It does not leak; it does not flow out! two years ago 没漏，没流出去！前年

184 ʂɯ˩kwæ˩ɻæ˥ ʂv˧ɖv˧

ʂɯ˩kwæ˩ɻæ˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: L+H#. ʂv˥ NOUN Tone: H. Yellow. 黄。 Dice. 骰子。

ʂɯ˩kwæ˩ɻæ˥-hĩ˩ gv˩-ze˩ ʂv˧ | ʐv˩-ɭɯ˩˥ [the book] has turned yellow! four dice (dice came in pairs) [书]变黄了！四个骰子

[F5] ʂɯ˩kwæ˩˥ | ʂɯ˩kwæ˩˥ | gv˩ CL: ɭɯ˧ very yellow VERB Tone: M . 深黄 ʂv˧b b To look after, to take care of (children). 带（孩子……）。 ʂɯ˩tsɯ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Persimmon. 柿子（汉语借词）。 zo˧mv˥ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ ʂv˧ Borrowing: Chinese 柿子 to take care of a child, to look after a child 带个孩子 ʂɯ˩tsɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-so˩-ɭɯ˩ hwæ˩-bi˩! Let’s buy a few persimmons! zo˧mv˥ ʂv˩ 买一些柿子吧！ to take care of a child, to look after a child 带孩子

ʂɯ˩tsɯ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. ʈæ˧ʂɯ˧ | ɖʐv˧ ʂv˧-po˧-bi˧-ho˥! Pistol. 手枪。 Dashi is going to take care of his friends [taking ʂɯ˩tsɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-nɑ˧ | tʰi˧-pɤ˥~pɤ˩ them on a tourist trip to Yongning] 达石要管朋友（带他们去永宁旅游） to carry a pistol 带手枪 ʈæ˧ʂɯ˧ | ɖʐv˧ ʂv˧-bi˧-ho˩! Dashi is going to take care of his friends [taking ʂɯ˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. them on a tourist trip to Yongning] To peel (with a knife). 削（用刀）。达石要管朋友（带他们去永宁旅游）

ɣɯ˩ ʂɯ˧˥ / ɣɯ˩ʂɯ˧ ze˥ le˧-ʂv˧ tʰi˧-kʰɯ˧˥ | tʰæ˧ɻ˩ so˩ to peel, to peel off the skin to oblige to study (a mother obliges a child to 削皮 study) 让他学习、要求他学习（家长管孩子，让他学 ɣɯ˩kɯ˧ ʂɯ˥ 习） to peel, to peel off the skin 削皮 ‑ʂv˧ɖv˧ SUFFIX Tone: . Volitive: to want, to wish. 想、意志。 jɤ˩jo˧ ɣɯ˥ʂɯ˩ to peel potatoes ʂv˧ɖv˧ VERB Tone: M. To think. 想。削洋芋皮 ə˧tso˧ ʂv˧ɖv˧? [F5] tso˧tso˧ ɣɯ˥ʂɯ˩ What are you thinking about? / Where’s your mind? to peel things 在想什么？削东西 njɤ˧ | ɖɯ˧ bæ˧ ʂv˧dv˧ ʂɯ˧˥ 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: MH. I’m thinking about something. New, fresh. 新。我在想一件事情。

ʂɯ˧-hĩ˧ ɲi˥! ʂv˧ɖv˧ tʰv˧ It’s new! to understand 是新的！明白，想起

ʂe˧ ʂɯ˩ njɤ˧ | ʂv˧ɖv˧ tʰv˧ fresh meat I understand. 新鲜的肉我明白。

185 ʂv˧kʰɯ˩ ʂwæ˧a

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | le˧-ʂv˧ɖv˧-le˧-tʰv˧-ze˧ ʂv˩gv˩ NOUN Tone: L. 镰刀。 He has understood. Sickle. 他明白了。 CL: nɑ˧

To remember, to recollect, to recall. 想起、回忆。 ʂv˩njɤ˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Tree bur; burl. 树瘤。 ʂv˧ɖv˧ tʰv˧ ʂv˩njɤ˥ ɲi˩ to remember COP 想起是树瘤。

njɤ˧ | ʂv˧ɖv˧ tʰv˧ CL: ɭɯ˧ I remember 我想起 ʂv˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To twist, to wring. 拧（拧毛巾）。 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | le˧-ʂv˧ɖv˧-le˧-tʰv˧-ze˧ le˧-ʂv˧-ze˥ He remembers, he recollects ACCOMP _ PFV 他想起来了拧了 To miss, to long for; to feel sorrowful, sad, grieved. dʑi˧hṽ˧ ʂv˩ 想念、感到悲哀。 to wring out clothes 拧衣服 ʂv˧ɖv˧ tʰv˧ | ʐwæ˩˥ to be full of nostalgia NOUN Tone: #H. 特别想念 ʂwæ˧ Otter. 水獭。Local Chinese dialect: 水潭猫。 njɤ˧ | no˩ ʂv˩ɖv˩˥ ʂwæ˧-ɣɯ˩ I miss you! otter skin 我想你！水獭皮

ʂv˧ɖv˧ qʰwɤ˧ tʰv˧˥ ʂwæ˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: M. to have a fit of nostalgia Tall. 高。想念 qʰɑ˧-ʂwæ˧-gv˧ [F5] ʂv˧ɖv˧ mɤ˧-zo˧ very tall 非常高 There’s no need to worry / feel unhappy 不用发愁 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ə˧pɤ˧ | -ʂwæ˩-gv˩˥! (S)he is extremely tall! ʂv˧kʰɯ˩ VERB Tone: . 他非常高！ To bet. 赌博。 gv˧mi˧ ʂwæ˧ ʂv˧kʰɯ˩ | -jɤ˩po˧ tall; literally ’with a tall body’ same meaning 高、身材高同上 ʂwæ˧a VERB Tone: Ma. To stir. 搅拌。 ʂv˧ʂv˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. Paper. 纸。 le˧-ʂwæ˧ ACCOMP ʂv˧ʂv˧˥ | ɖɯ˧-pʰæ˧˥ ACCOMP a sheet of paper 一张纸 mɤ˧-ʂwæ˧ NEG [F5] ʂv˧ʂv˧ ɖɯ˧ pʰæ˧˥ 不搅拌 a sheet of paper 一张纸 tso˧~tso˧ ʂwæ˩ to stir things CL: pʰæ˧˥ 搅拌东西

186 ʂwæ˧bæ˩ ʂwɤ˧ljɤ˧-kwɤ˩

ʂwæ˧bæ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. ʂwæ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. Camellia flower. 映山红。Local Chinese dialect: 山茶 To defecate. 拉（屎）。花。 qʰæ˧ ʂwæ˩ ʂwæ˧bæ˩ bæ˩ | to defecate The camellia flowers are in bloom. 拉屎山茶花开了。 ʂwæ˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. so˧-ɬi˧mi˧, | ʂwæ˧bæ˩ bæ˩! | Wedge. 楔子。 Camellia flowers bloom in the third month! 山茶花是在三月份开花的！ ʂwæ˩ lɑ˧˥ / ʂwæ˩ lɑ˧-ze˥ to strike a wedge ʂwæ˧bæ˩-si˩ 打一个楔子 camellia tree 山茶树 ʂwæ˩ hwæ˥-ze˩ ...bought a wedge 买了楔子 ʂwæ˧gv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. A mountain to the North-West of Yongning, called “Ji- ʂwæ˩ tʰv˩-ɭɯ˩˥ / ʂwæ˩ tʰv˩-ɭɯ˥ aze Mountain” in Chinese. 加泽大山（位于永宁西北的一座山）。 _ DEM+CLF 这个楔子 kɤ˧mv˧˥, | æ˧ʂæ˧, | ŋwɤ˧hɑ̃˩, | ʂwæ˧gv#˥, | nɑ˩tsʰi˩˥ | -tɕʰɤ˧pɤ˧mi#˥, | qv˧ɻ˧-ʈʂʰɑ˧nɑ˥ | ʂwæ˩ tʰv˩-kʰwɤ˩˥ The six mountains of Yongning that carry a _ DEM+CLF name and have a definite symbolic value. The 这个楔子 other mountains do not have comparable symbolic value, and fewer people use specific names [F5] ʂwæ˩ kʰɯ˥ for them. to place a wedge, to put a wedge 永宁地区有固定名字的六座山。其它的山，因放一个楔子为没有重要的象征意义，因此没有取名。 CL: kʰwɤ˥ / ɭɯ˧ ʂwæ˧ɻæ˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: . Lame in the legs. 瘸腿。 ʂwɤ˧ljɤ˧-kwɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Small bell that was attached to horses’ breastplate. 挂在 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ʂwæ˧ɻæ˧-hĩ˧ ɖɯ˧-v˧ ɲi˩! 马胸前的铃铛。 He is lame in the legs! CL: kwɤ˩ 他腿瘸了！

ʂwæ˧si#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Camellia tree. 山茶树。

ʂwæ˧tsɯ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Brush. 刷子。 Borrowing: Chinese 刷子 CL: nɑ˧

ʂwæ˩a VERB Tone: La. To cure (meat etc) with smoke. 熏。

ʂe˧ ʂwæ˥ to cure meat with smoke 熏肉

ʂwæ˩gv˩ NOUN Tone: L. Kitchen cabinet, kitchen dresser. 柜子。 CL: ɭɯ˧

187 ‑tɑ.kɤ tɑ˧ko˧

- t - tɑ˧a VERB Tone: Ma. To dry beside or over a fire. 烘干。 ‑tɑ.kɤ SUFFIX Tone: . Alone, only. 只、才。 kwɤ˧-kʰɯ˧ tʰi˧-tɑ˧ õ˧-tɑ˧kɤ˥, | ʐwɤ˩ mɤ˩-ʁo˩˥! to warm up (food...) beside a fire On one’s own, it’s really hard to talk! (Reflection 放在火炉旁边热一下（饭） about a recording: the speaker was struggling to put together a coherent narrative with the linguist as sole listener.) tɑ˧dzi˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 自己一个人，说不出话来！/ 一个人说话，很 A Na village down below Nhissei, upward from Lataddi. 难讲下去！（描述一个发音合作人在录音时的村落名。困难：如果只有半懂不懂的调查者在听，很难流利地讲话。） ɬi˧ki˧, | ɲi˧se˩, | tɑ˧dzi˩, | mv˧qʰwæ˩, | njɤ˩-tɑ˩kɤ˥ lɑ˧tʰɑ˧-di˧˥ me alone / me, on my own Villages that one passes when moving away from 我一个人 the Yongning plain, towards Lugu lake. These villages do not count as part of Yongning proper. no˩-tɑ˩kɤ˥ The last, /lɑ˧tʰɑ˧-di˧˥/, is not a village name like you alone / you, on your own the preceding four: it refers to the entire Na area 你一个人 beyond the fourth village. 永宁到泸沽湖所经过的村落，依次是：里格、 ʈʂʰɯ˧-tɑ˧kɤ˥ 尼赛、大祖、木垮，然后到拉塔地（拉塔地指 he alone / he, on his own 的是泸沽湖周边的摩梭地区，包括左所、洛水他一个人村等） ʈʂʰɯ˧ ə˧mi˧ | ə˧ɲi˧-tɑ˧kɤ˥ | le˧-ɬi˥! Her mother only got a day off yesterday (=today, ADJECTIVE Tone: L#. she is back to work)! (Context: talking about a tɑ˧gɤ˩ 瘦弱、枯瘦。 child whose mother is absent, as she is at work.) Gaunt, emaciated. 她母亲昨天那天才有假期！（情景：谈一个孩子的母亲，说她前一天才能休息，而当天在上 ADVERB(IAL) Tone: M. 班。） tɑ˧ho˧ Together. 一起。 ɑ˩ʁo˧, | hĩ˧ ɖɯ˧-v˧-tɑ˧kɤ˩ dʑo˩! There is only one person at home! ɖɯ˧-ʁwɤ˧ tɑ˧ho˧ kʰi˧˥ 只有一个人在家！ The whole village went together. 全村一起去了。 tɑ˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: H. Reliable, trustworthy. 可靠。 tɑ˧ho˧ ʝi˧ le˧-tɑ˥ (| ʐwæ˩˥) to work together very reliable 一起工作很靠谱

le˧ mɤ˧-tɑ˥ (| ʐwæ˩˥) tɑ˧ho˧ tsʰo˧ not reliable at all to dance together 不靠谱一起跳舞

no˧ | le˧-mɤ˧-tɑ˥-hĩ˩ ɖɯ˧-v˧ ɲi˩! You are an irresponsible person! / You are not a tɑ˧ko˧ VERB Tone: M. reliable person! To do manual work, to get a job, to do odd jobs to make 你是不靠谱的人！ some money. 打工（汉语借词）。 Borrowing: Chinese 打工 tɑ˥mo˩ VERB Tone: HL. 萎、萎蔫。 To wilt, to wither (flower...). tɑ˧ko˧ hɯ˧-ze˩! lə˧-tɑ˥mo˩-ze˩! (S)he has gone (to the city, to another place...) to It has wilted! do odd jobs to make some money! 萎蔫了！（他）打工去了！

188 tɑ˧ko˩ tɑ˩dv˧˥

tɑ˧ko˩ VERB Tone: L#. tɑ˧pv˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L#. To delay, to hold up. 耽误。 Dry (fruit, vegetables), dried in the sun. 晒干的（水果、蔬菜……）。 hĩ˧ tɑ˧ko˥ v˩tsʰɤ˧-tɑ˧pv˥ to delay people 耽误人家 dry vegetables, vegetables dried in the sun 晒干的蔬菜 ʈʂʰɯ˧ hĩ˧ tɑ˧ko˥ | ʐwæ˩˥! (S)he delays people a lot! tɑ˧pʰi˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 艾、艾蒿。他耽误大家很多！ Chinese mugwort, Artemisia argyi. CL: dzi˩

tɑ˧nɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 弩弓。 tɑ˧~tɑ˧ 1 ADJECTIVE Tone: M. Crossbow. Serious, reliable, careful; clear (to see clearly). 严肃认 CL: pɤ˩ nɑ˧ 真、细心、细致，（看得）清楚、清晰。

tɑ˧pi˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: M. mɤ˧-tɑ˧~tɑ˧ Identical to, like, to the likeness of. 如、像、像……那 sloppy, not careful 样。邋遢、草率、潦草

no˧-bi˧ tɑ˩pi˩, ... lo˧ ʝi˧ mɤ˧-tɑ˧~tɑ˧ like you; following your example to do sloppy work 像你工作草率

njɤ˧-bi˧ tɑ˩pi˩… hĩ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧, | tɑ˧~tɑ˧! like me; following my example (S)he works carefully! 像我他很认真！

See: tɑ˧ tɑ˧ no˧=ɻ˩-bv˩, | njɤ˧=ɻ˩-bv˩, | tɑ˧pi˧! 2 Yours and ours are built on the same pattern / are ADVERB(IAL) Tone: M. identical! (Context: discussing the farms of the tɑ˧~tɑ˧ 2 Exactly (right), just (right). 刚（好）、正（好）。 village: they are all built on the same model, in the same way, and thus identical.) tɑ˧~tɑ˧ | ho˩˥! | 你家的房子，我家的房子，都是一样的！ Just right, exactly right. (Example: a pair of （如：一个村子里的房子，都是按同一个模 shoes fits perfectly.) 式建设的。）刚刚好！（如：一双鞋刚好合适）

no˧-ɳɯ˧ gv˩, | njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧-gv˩, | tɑ˧pi˧! le˧-li˧ tɑ˧~tɑ˧ Whether it’s you or me who’s building [the to see clearly house], it’s the same / the result is the same! 看清楚无论是谁来盖房，盖出来的都一样！ See: tɑ˧ tɑ˧ 1 ʈʂʰɯ˧-bi˩ | tɑ˧pi˧, | njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ dɑ˧-bi˥-ze˩! I am going to build [a house] like that one! / I tɑ˩a CLASSIFIER Tone: La. am going to build [a house] that will be identical Classifier for sums of money. 量词：钱（一笔）。 to his! ɖʐe˧ | ɖɯ˧-tɑ˩ 我要盖跟这一样的房子！ a (big) sum of money 一笔钱 tɑ˧pi˧ VERB Tone: M. To take as an example, to draw an analog. 打比方（汉语借词：当地汉语方言‘打比’）。 tɑ˩dv˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. Local Chinese di- 口袋、衣袋、兜子。 alect: 打比。 Pocket. 打比 Borrowing: Chinese njɤ˧ | tɑ˩dv˧-qo˥ | tsʰe˩mæ˩-tɑ˥kɤ˩-lɑ˩ dʑo˩!

tɑ˧pi˧-ze˩ I only have ten yuan in my pocket! 我兜子里只有十元钱！ PFV 打比方 CL: ɭɯ˧

189 tɑ˩dʑɤ#˥ tæ˧ɻæ˩

tɑ˩dʑɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. tɑ˩kɤ˧ VERB Tone: . Masculine given name given to the second among twins. To tease (by gestures). 逗弄（动作）。男性名字，双胞胎中老二的名字。

tɑ˩li˥ NOUN Tone: LH. NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. tɑ˩ɖʐo˧dzi˧˥ Dali (city name). 大理（汉语借词）。 Small prayer flag. 小经幡。 Borrowing: Chinese 大理 CL: dzi˩

tɑ˩hwɤ˩ VERB Tone: L. tɑ˩mv˩ VERB Tone: L. Borrowing: Chinese 打发? Proverb. 谚语。 To offer gifts outside the family circle. 送礼（给家里以外的人）。 æ˧ʂæ˧-tɑ˩mv˩ same meaning: proverb (literally ’proverb of hĩ˧-ki˧ | ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ tɑ˥hwɤ˩-zo˩-ʝi˩! yore’) We shall have to make a present to people! / It’s 同上：谚语（直译：‘从前的老话’） going to be an occasion to make a present to people! (For instance, when a child goes through the [F5] æ˧ʂæ˧-tɑ˥mv˩ “Coming of age” rite.) 应该给人家送礼了！（例如，人家为孩子进行 proverb; traditional story 成年礼时，要送礼。）谚语、传统故事

zo˧mv˥-ki˩, | tɑ˩hwɤ˩ mɤ˥-kv˩! Presents are not for the kids! / We don’t give big tɑ˩so˩kʰo˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L+H#. 盘腿（而坐）。 presents to children! Crosslegged (bodily posture). 不会专门给孩子送（大）礼的！（说明：送礼，是送给家里的主人） tɑ˩so˩kʰo˥ | tʰi˧-dzi˩ To sit crosslegged. (This is the usual posture for ʐɯ˧ tɑ˩hwɤ˩ monks, and also a usual posture for commoners.) to offer wine as a present 打坐、盘腿而坐（和尚的坐姿）送酒（作为礼物）

li˩ tɑ˥hwɤ˩ tɑ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. 退后。 to offer tea as a present To give way, to fall backward. 送茶（作为礼物） ʁo˧tʰo˩ tɑ˩ dze˧ tɑ˥hwɤ˩ to give way, to fall backward to offer sweets as a present 往后退送糖（作为礼物）

To give a dowry: to give goods to a young woman tɑ˧˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. when she goes to her new home after her wedding. The Entirely, all; everyone. 量词：全部、一切，大家。 dowry used to be brought on horseback, in two wood boxes: gifts must come in pairs, and the dowry is no ɖɯ˧-tɑ˧˥ exception. 送陪嫁(嫁妆、陪奁）。 entirely, all; everyone ə˧tso˧ tɑ˩hwɤ˩-ʝi˩? | ə˧-sɯ˩kv˩ (-dʑo˩), | ɖɯ˧- 全部、一切，大家 li˧-ɻ˩-bi˩! ɖɯ˧-tɑ˧=ɻæ˥ What did they give as a dowry? Let’s go and have a look! (At a wedding, the gifts given as a entirely, all; everyone (same meaning as above, dowry are put on public display, for everyone to with a plural morpheme) appreciate the parents’ generosity.) 全部、一切，大家（同上，加上多数词素）给的是什么嫁妆？咱们去看一看吧！（结婚的时候，陪嫁展示在大家眼前，显示女方家的大 ADJECTIVE Tone: L#. 方程度） tæ˧pv˩ Skinny, thin (person). 瘦（人很瘦）。 ti˧tsɯ˥ | qʰɑ˧-ɭɯ˧ tɑ˩hwɤ˩? - ti˧tsɯ˥ | ɲi˧-ɭɯ˧ See: tɑ˧gɤ˩ tɑ˩hwɤ˩! How many boxes are there in the dowry? - The tæ˧ɻæ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. dowry consists of two boxes! Oesophagus; Adam’s apple. 喉管、喉结。陪嫁有几个木箱？ - 陪嫁有两个（木箱）！ CL: ɭɯ˧

190 ti˧ to˥a

ti˧ VERB Tone: M. hĩ˧ ti˥ 成熟（人成 To become mature, to become an adult. to slap someone, to hit someone mildly 熟）。拍打人 hĩ˧ tʰv˧-v˧, | gɤ˩-ti˧-ze˧! hĩ˧ | ɖɯ˧-v˧ ti˩-ze˩ This person has become an adult! / This person has grown up/has become mature! (She/he) has slapped someone. 这个人，成熟了！ / 是大人了！（他）拍打了某人。

hĩ˧ tʰv˧-v˧, | mɤ˧-ti˧-sɯ˩! ti˩pʰo˩ NOUN Tone: L. This person is not mature yet! / This person is Ceiling. 天花板。 not an adult yet! CL: nɑ˧ 这个人，还不成熟！

zo˩mv˧ | gɤ˩-ti˧, | lo˧ hɑ˧! ti˩tje˧ VERB Tone: LM. 对待（汉语借词）。 For a child to grow/to become an adult is no easy To treat, to handle (someone). 对待 business! (Refers to difficulty both for the child Borrowing: Chinese and for the family) 孩子长成熟（的过程），还是挺难的！ ti˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To settle, to decide (Chinese borrowing). 决定（汉语借词：定）。 ti˧ɖo˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Masculine given name. 男性名字。 Borrowing: Chinese 定

ti˧pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. ti˧˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. Copper cup for offerings. 铜杯盏，做仪式用的。 Classifier for layers (of dust, of boards…). 量词：层 CL: fv˩ （一层灰、一层木板……）。

ti˧tsɯ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. dʑɯ˩-nɑ˩mi˩˥ | gv˧-ti˩-qo˩ tʰv˩ Box (woven out of bamboo or wicker). 竹箱。 To arrive at the heart of the heart of the alpine CL: ɭɯ˧ forest. Literally ’in the ninth layer of alpine forest’; ’ninth’ here serves as the highest numeral, to refer to an extreme; there is no such thing as NOUN Tone: L#. ti˧ʈʂʰɯ˩ a ’first layer’, a ’second layer’ and soon. Hammer. 铁锤。到深山老林的最深处。直译：‘到深山老林的 CL: ɭɯ˧ 第九层’。这里的‘九’作为最高的数字，表示‘极深’的意思：不能说‘深山老林的第一 ti˩a VERB Tone: La. To pound, e.g. pounding 层’、‘第二层’等。 Szechuan pepper with a small metal pestle, or pounding earth to build a wall of earth. 捣（花椒、大蒜……）。 tjɤ˧hwɑ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. læ˧tsɯ˥ ti˩ Telephone. 电话（汉语借词）。 to pound hot peppers Borrowing: Chinese 电话捣辣椒 CL: ɭɯ˧

tsʰo˧ko˧ ti˩ tjɤ˧po˧ NOUN Tone: M. to pound cardamom Pillbox; blockhouse. 碉堡（汉语借词）。捣草果 Borrowing: Chinese 碉堡 CL: ɭɯ˧ dze˩ ti˥ to pound Szechuan pepper 捣花椒 to˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ha. An armful of. 量词：抱。 ʈʂo˩bo˩ ti˥ qʰv˩ɖʐæ˩˥ | ɖɯ˧-to˥ to build a wall of earth, by pounding the earth 垒土墙 an armful of string (i.e. a huge quantity of string; see the narrative TraderAndHisSon) To hit, to strike lightly. 拍打。一抱绳子

191 to˧bɤ#˥ to˩pv˧

to˧bɤ#˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: #H. to˩a 3 VERB Tone: La. Empty. 空。 To stand in a family relationship, to have family ties. 有亲属关系。 to˧bɤ˧-ze˩ PFV: it’s empty, there is nothing left (e.g. a bowl le˧-to˧~to˥ is entirely emptied) ACCOMP _ RED 空了 ACCOMP _ RED

to˧bɤ˧ ɲi˥ qʰwɤ˩ɖɯ˩˥ | le˧-to˩-ze˩ _ COP: it’s empty We have acquired a family tie! (through adop- 是空的 tion, marriage...) 我们成了亲戚！（通过领养、婚姻……） to˧kɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Forehead. 额头。 Luck, good fortune. 运气。 to˩bi#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. to˧kɤ˧ dʑɤ˥ Bottle. 瓶子。 to be lucky; to have a good karma CL: ɭɯ˧ 好运气，运气好 to˩bi˩ CLASSIFIER Tone: L. njɤ˧ | tsʰi˧ʝi˧ | to˧kɤ˧ dʑjɤ˥ (+ | ʐwæ˩˥) Self-classifier for bottles. 量词：瓶。 This year, I am lucky! / This is an auspicious year for me! ɖɯ˧-to˩bi˩, so˩-to˩bi˩˥, ʐv˧-to˥bi˩, qʰv˧-to˥bi˩, 我今年运气好！ ʂɯ˧-to˩bi˩, gv˧-to˥bi˩, tsʰe˩-to˩bi˩˥ association with numerals from 1 to 10 CL: ʈv˩ 与数词结合，一至十

NOUN Tone: . NOUN Tone: L+H#. Plant with long filaments. 永宁的一种植物。 to˩kʰv˩mi˥ Male dog. 公狗。 CL: bæ˩ CL: mi˩ pʰo˧˥

to˧qɑ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Kid. 羔羊。 to˩mi˩ 1 NOUN Tone: L. Pillar. 柱子。 CL: ɭɯ˧ hæ̃˧ʂɯ˩-to˩mi˩ VERB Tone: M . to˧~to˧b b the Precious Pillars, the Golden Pillars: a solemn To hold a child in one’s arms; to hug. 抱小孩子、搂，互相拥抱。 designation for the two pillars of the main building zo˧mv˥ to˩~to˩ ‘黄金柱’、‘宝贵柱’：对主屋两个柱子的 to hold a child in one’s arms, to hug a child 庄严称呼抱小孩子 CL: ɭɯ˧

VERB Tone: La. to˩a 1 NOUN Tone: L. To wrestle. 摔交。 to˩mi˩ 2 Large slope. 大山坡。 le˧-to˩-ze˩ ACCOMP _ PFV to˩pi˩ CLASSIFIER Tone: L. ACCOMP _ PFV Classifier for times: n times as many/much as…. 量词：倍（多几倍、少几倍等等）。 ɖʐæ˧~ɖʐæ˧ to˩ to wrestle ɖɯ˧-to˩pi˩, ɲi˧-to˩pi˩, so˩-to˩pi˩˥, ʐv˧-to˥pi˩, 摔交 qʰv˧-to˥pi˩, ʂɯ˧-to˩pi˩, gv˧-to˥pi˩, tsʰe˩- to˩pi˩˥ association with numerals from 1 to 10 to˩a 2 VERB Tone: La. To lie down. 躺下。与数词结合，一至十

tʰi˧-to˩-ɕjɤ˩ to˩pv˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: LM. to lie down and rest To begin with, at first, in the first place. 最初。躺着休息 Borrowing: Tibetan?

192 to˩qo˩lv˥ tv˧tv˥

to˩qo˩lv˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: L+H#. tv˧a VERB Tone: Ma. Round in shape. 圆形（球很圆）。 To plant, to bed out (rice). 耕种、插秧。 to˩qo˩lv˥-gv˩ round in shape ɕi˧ tv˧ 圆形 to bed out rice 插秧 to˩qo˧˥ VERB Tone: L+MH#. 倒过来、倒放倒置。 To turn upside down. le˧-tv˧-ze˧ to˩qo˧˥ | tɕɯ˧ to put upside down le˧-tv˥-tv˩-ze˩ 倒过来放

njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ | to˩qo˧-bi˧! tv˧a 1 CLASSIFIER Tone: Ma. I am going to turn (this object) upside down! 1,000. 千（数词充当量词）。我要（将这个东西）倒过来放！ ɖɯ˧-tv˧ to˩qo˧-ze˥ one thousand PFV 一千倒过来了

ɖɯ˧-tv˧ tv˧ to˩to˧mi˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: LM+H#. Care- fully. 认真地。 one thousand thousands = one million 一千千，等于一百万 njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ | to˩to˧ mi˥ | ʐwɤ˩-bi˩˥! | I will explain carefully! / I will explain very clearly, step by step! tsʰe˩-tv˩ mæ˥ 我要认真地讲！ ten thousand times 10,000, i.e. one hundred million to˩to˧-mi˥ | so˩˥ 十千万，等于一亿 to study with great care 认真地学习 CLASSIFIER Tone: M . Intentionally, purposedly, on purpose. 故意地。 tv˧a 2 a Classifier: a dime, i.e. one tenth of the monetary unit. 量词：角（钱），一元的十分之一。 to˩ʈɯ˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L. Short (of person). 矮。

to˩ʈɯ˩~ʈɯ˥ tv˧ɕi˩ NOUN Tone: L#. short Centipede. 蜈蚣。矮 CL: mi˩

to˩zo˩ NOUN Tone: L. Small slope. 小山坡。 tv˧po˩ VERB Tone: L#. To gamble, to bet, to wager. 赌博（汉语借词）。 to˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Borrowing: Chinese 赌博 Mountain slope, hillside. 山坡，岗。

to˩ do˩˥ tv˧qʰv˧ NOUN Tone: M. to climb a hillside Temporary tomb, where the body is placed prior to cre- 爬山坡 mation. 临时坟墓。 ʁwɤ˧-to˩ mountain slope NOUN Tone: H#. 山坡 tv˧tv˥ Hat. 帽子。 CL: ɭɯ˧ CL: ɭɯ˧

193 tv˧tsʰɯ˧ tv˧˥ 2

tv˧tsʰɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Time. 时间。

[F5] njɤ˧ | tv˧tsʰɯ˧ mɤ˧-dʑo˧. I don’t have the time. 我没时间。

[F5] njɤ˧ | tv˧tsʰɯ˧ dʑo˧. I have time. / I have some free time. / I have the time. 我有时间。

Spell of time; hour. 时间段、小时。

tv˧tsʰɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ one hour 一个小时

tv˧tsʰɯ˧ ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ gv˧-ze˧! One hour has gone by. 一个小时过去了。

tv˧tsʰɯ˧ ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ le˧-hɯ˩-ze˩. One hour has gone by. 一个小时过去了。

[F5] tv˧tsʰɯ˧ qʰɑ˧-ɭɯ˧? What time is it? (Literally: “How many hours?”) 几点了？

CL: ɭɯ˧

tv˧tsʰɯ˧li˧di˩ NOUN Tone: . Clock; literally: “thing for seeing the time”. 钟、手表。

tv˩ɭɯ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. Fine, high-quality basket carried on the back; it had a trough shape. Not in use anymore at the time of fieldwork. 高级的背篓，过去用它放礼物。 CL: ɭɯ˧

tv˩tv˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L. Upright. 直，笔直的（如：站直）。 Upright, righteous, honest. 耿直。

tv˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. To support, to stabilize, to consolidate. 搀扶、撑住、稳住。

tv˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. To pour (a liquid) into someone’s mouth, to pour down someone’s throat (e.g. pouring medicines into the throat of a sick person). 喂，喂到嘴里。

ʈʂʰæ˧ɣɯ˧ | tʰi˧-tv˧˥ to give medicines, to pour medicines into the throat of a sick person 喂药

194 - tʰ - tʰɑ˩zo#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. Baby water buffalo. 小水牛。 PREFIX Tone: M/0. CL: mi˩ Prohibitive. 不要、别禁止式。

tʰɑ˧-lɑ˩~lɑ˩-ze˩! tʰɑ˩-ʐwæ˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: L-. Don’t quarrel! Donkey, ass (either jack or jenny or foal). 驴子。别吵架了！ CL: pʰo˧˥ tʰɑ˧-dzo˧~dzo˥! Don’t touch! tʰɑ˧˥ 1 ADJECTIVE Tone: MH. 不要动来动去！ / 不要碰来碰去！ Sharp, keen. 锋利。 tʰɑ˧-ni˥-ni˩-gv˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: . Similar to. 类似，相近。 tʰɑ˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. See: -ni˧gv˧˥ To be possible, to be allowed: PERMISSIVE. 可以，允许。 tʰɑ˩lo˧ NOUN Tone: LM. The name given to the plain of Yongning by the Tibetans. mɤ˧-tʰɑ˧˥ | mɤ˧-ʐv˩! | njɤ˧ | dzɯ˧-bi˧ni˧-mɤ˧- 永宁的藏语名称。 gv˧˥! Borrowing: Tibetan tharlam It’s not that good! I don’t like to eat that! 不怎么好吃！我不喜欢吃！ tʰɑ˩lo˧-go˧bɤ˩ the temple of Thar Lam 永宁大寺 [“Mushrooms”] ə˩ljɤ˩hæ̃˩ʂɯ˥-mo˩-ʈʂʰɯ˩- dʑo˩, | hĩ˧ | mɤ˧-tʰɑ˧˥ | dv˩-mɤ˧-kv˧˥! tʰɑ˩lo˧ se˧gi˧ kɤ˩mv˩ The Golden Mushroom is not all that poisonous! mount Gemu, in Yongning / The Golden Mushroom is not really dangerous! 永宁格姆山黄蜡伞不怎么会让人中毒！/ 毒性不太大！ tʰɑ˩mi#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. NOUN Tone: LH. Female water buffalo. 母水牛。 tʰɑ˩˥ Water buffalo (monosyllabic form, extracted from disyl- dʑi˧mi˧-tʰɑ˩mi˩ lables such as /thɑmi#/ ’female buffalo’). 水牛。 same meaning: female water buffalo CL: pʰo˧˥ 母水牛

dʑi˧mi˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-pʰo˩ dʑo˩, | tʰɑ˩mi˧ ɲi˥! tʰæ˧ɻæ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 书。 This buffalo is a female! Book. 这头水牛是母的！ CL: pɤ˩

CL: pʰo˧˥ tʰæ˩tsɯ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Jar. 坛子（汉语借词）。 tʰɑ˩pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. 坛子 Male water buffalo. 公水牛。 Borrowing: Chinese CL: pʰo˧˥

PREFIX Tone: M/0. NOUN tʰɑ˩tʰɑ˩ Tone: L. Durative (DUR). 持续体。 A good spot, a good place to find a certain species of plant: for instance, mushrooms that will grow there ev- tʰi˧-dzɯ˥-dʑo˩! ery year. 采野生植物如菌子等的好地方。 (She) is eating! tʰɑ˩tʰɑ˩˥ | ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥ 她在吃东西！ a good spot (for hunting a certain kind of wild plant) tʰi˧-mɤ˧-ɲi˥ 一个好地方 otherwise, or else CL: kʰwɤ˥ 否则、要不然

195 tʰi˧ tʰo˧tɕo˧

tʰi˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: M. tʰo˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ha. Able; capable; competent; clever. 能干。 Classifier for sets. 量词：套（汉语借词）。 Borrowing: Chinese 套 ɖwæ˧˥ | tʰi˧ INTENSIVE.very tʰo˧ɕi˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. 很能干 Forest of conifers. 松树林。 CL: pʰæ˧˥ mv˩tʰi˩ tʰv˩-v˩˥ that clever woman NOUN Tone: L#. 那个聪明女人 tʰo˧dzi˩ Pine tree. 松树。 CL zo˧tʰi˧ : dzi˩ clever man NOUN Tone: LM-. 聪明男人 tʰo˧dzi˩-hwæ˩tsɯ˩ Hedgehog. 刺猬。

VERB Tone: La. tʰi˩a NOUN Tone: M. To plane (wood flat). 刨。 tʰo˧fv˧ Bandit, brigand. 土匪（汉语借词）。土匪 tso˧~tso˧ tʰi˥(-ze˩) Borrowing: Chinese to plane things 刨东西 tʰo˧li˧ NOUN Tone: M. Rabbit. 兔子。 le˧-tʰi˩-ze˩ CL: mi˩ ACCOMP _ PFV 刨了 tʰo˧li˧kʰv˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. Year of the rabbit. 兔年。 tso˧~tso˧ | le˧-tʰi˩(-ze˩) to plane things tʰo˧li˧-mi˩ NOUN Tone: L. 刨东西 Doe hare, jill. 母兔。 CL: mi˩ pæ˩pʰæ˧ tʰi˥ to plane a plank tʰo˧li˧-pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 刨木板 Male rabbit. 公兔。 CL: mi˩ tʰi˩mi#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. Large plane. 大刨。 tʰo˧li˧-zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 小兔。 CL: nɑ˧ Baby rabbit. CL: ɭɯ˧ tʰi˩zo#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. Small plane. 小刨。 tʰo˧-mo˩ NOUN Tone: L#. CL: nɑ˧ “Pine-tree mushroom”: an edible mushroom often found close to pine trees. “松树菌”：一种菌子。 tʰi˩˥ 1 NOUN Tone: LH. Plane. 刨。 tʰo˧ɻæ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. CL: nɑ˧ Pine-nut kernel. 松子。 CL: ʈʂwɤ˧ tʰi˩˥ 2 DISCOURSE PARTICLE Tone: LM? LH?. 然后。 Discourse particle: so, then, and then. tʰo˧tɕo˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: . Backward, to the back. 往后。

CLASSIFIER Tone: Ha. tʰo˥a tʰo˧tɕo˧ li˧ Classifier for solutions. 量词：办法，解决的方法（一个）。 to look back 往后看 ə˧tso˧ tʰo˧ dʑo˧-kv˩? What can we do about it? / What can be done tʰo˧tɕo˧ ɖɯ˧-li˧-ɻ˧ about it? to glance backward 有什么办法？往后看一眼

196 tʰo˧tsʰe˧-ʁwɤ#˥ ‑tʰv˧ 2

tʰo˧tsʰe˧-ʁwɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. tʰo˩pʰv˧tɕʰɤ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. A village close to the Hot Springs. 温泉乡的一个村落。 Gun; firelock; rifle. 枪，明火枪。 Borrowing: Chinese? tʰo˧tsʰe#˥ CL: kʰɯ˩ same meaning 同上 tʰo˩ʁæ˩ NOUN Tone: L. 松香。 ə˧go˧-ʁwɤ˧, | ʁwɤ˧lɑ˩-bi˩, | bæ˧ʁwɤ˧, | Pine resin; colophony. CL tʰo˧tsʰe#˥, | pi˧tsʰe˩-di˩, | pɤ˧dʑɤ˩-di˩, | : ʈʰɤ˥ ʁwɤ˧tv˧ Villages that one encounters as one leaves the tʰo˩ʂv˩ NOUN Tone: L. plain of Yongning (away from the Lake); the first Pine needles. 树针。 two are perceived as villages with a high propor- CL: qɑ˩ tion of Na members, and the third as a mostly Na village, whereas the next ones are Pumi (Prinmi). tʰo˩tɕi˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. 永宁背向泸沽湖方向经过的村落。前两个村落 Brick. 砖。拥有相当大的摩梭人口比例，第三个村落是摩 CL: ɭɯ˧ 梭村，最后一个是普米村。

tʰo˧tsʰe˧: | bɤ˧! tʰv˥ 1 PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: #H. 那指示.远指。 /tʰo˧tsʰe˧/ is a Pumi village! That; distal demonstrative. fv：/thotshe/是一个普米族村落！ tʰv˧ ɲi˥! It’s that one! / That’s the one! tʰo˧ʈɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 是那个！ A village in Yongning; Chinese: Tuozhikaiji. 拖支开基村（永宁的一个村落）。 tʰv˧-v#˥ dʑɤ˩bv˧kɤ˧-sɑ˥ʁwɤ˩, | hi˩ʁwɤ˩-lo˥, | that one æ˩mi˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | lɑ˧lo˧-ʁwɤ˥, | lɑ˧ŋwɤ˧, 那个 | bɤ˧tsʰo˧gv˥, | ə˧lɑ˧-ʁwɤ#˥, | gæ˧ɻæ˩, | qʰæ˧tɕʰi˧, | tʰo˧ʈɯ#˥ See: tʰv˥ 3 See: tʰv˥ 2 the ten villages traditionally considered as part of Yongning tʰv˥ 2 PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: #H. 摩梭传统地理概念中，属于永宁的十个村落之 3rd person singular. 他。一 tʰv˧=ɻ˩ tʰo˧ʐv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. his family, his household, his clan, his kin Pigeon. 鸽子。他家、他家族、他的人

tʰo˧ʐv˥-mi˩ See: tʰv˥ 3 See: tʰv˥ 1 female pigeon 母鸽子 tʰv˥ 3 SUFFIX Tone: #H. Topic marker; grammaticalized from the distal demon- tʰo˧ʐv˥-pʰv˩ strative. 主题(°指示.远指)。 male pigeon See: tʰv˥ 2 See: tʰv˥ 1 公鸽子

tʰo˧ʐv˥-zo˩ ‑tʰv˧ 1 POSTPOSITION Tone: M. 到……为止。 baby pigeon Temporal postposition: up to, up until. 小鸽子 ‑tʰv˧ 2 SUFFIX Tone: M. CL: mi˩ To achieve, to attain (a goal), to complete successfully (an action); grammaticalized from the verb ’to come out’. tʰo˩a VERB Tone: La. ……成。 To lean on. 靠。 lo˧ ʝi˧-mɤ˧-tʰv˧ tʰo˩lo˧ NOUN Tone: LM. not to be able to complete one’s task, to be un- The horse walking in front in a caravan. 头马：马帮里 able to do one’s work fully (example: someone 走在最前面的那匹马。 is constantly being disturbed, and consequently

197 tʰv˧a tʰv˧-ʂɯ˥-ne˩-ʝi˩-zo˩

can’t achieve what they wanted to/can’t work in tʰv˧b VERB Tone: Mb. a focused way) To lend. 借给人。活做不出来、活做不成（比如：一个人经常被打扰，所以不能集中工作，没有效率，要做的 tso˧~tso˧ tʰv˧ 事做不成） to lend something 借东西（给人）出来。 tʰv˧a VERB Tone: Ma. To come out. ɑ˩pʰo˩ tʰv˩˥ tʰv˧gi˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: . to come out: e.g. an animal comes out of its In that direction. 那边。 burrow 出来，如：动物从地洞里爬出来 tʰv˧-hɑ̃˩-ne˩-ʝi˩-zo˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: . ɲi˧mi˧ tʰv˧ Every evening. 每天晚上。 the sun comes out 太阳出来 tʰv˧-kʰv˩-ne˩-ʝi˩-zo˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: . To rise (wind). 刮（风）。 Every year. 每年。 To bud, to sprout (a tree sprouts). 发芽、抽芽。

si˧dzi˩ | ʁo˧bv˧ tʰv˧ tʰv˧-ɬi˧-ne˧-ʝi˥-zo˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: . the tree buds Every month. 每个月。树抽芽出现。 To appear, to happen, to get (a wound). tʰv˧ne-ʝi˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: MH#. 那样。 mi˧ tʰv˧ In that way. to get wounded 受伤 tʰv˧ɲi#˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: #H. That day. 那天。 ɖɯ˧-v˧ mi˧ tʰv˧-ze˧! someone has got wounded! 有人受伤了！ tʰv˧ɲi˧-ne˧-ʝi˥-zo˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: . Every day. 每天。 To create; to found. 建立、创造、制造出来。

ʑi˩ tʰv˩ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: M. to found a new home tʰv˧qo˧ There; that place. 那里、那个地方。分家、建立新家

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ʑi˩ tʰv˩-ze˥! tʰv˧-se˩-gɤ˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L. (S)he founded a new home! Henceforth. 今后、从此、此后。他建了新家！

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ʑi˩ tʰv˩-bi˩˥! tʰv˧-si˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: H#. (S)he is going to found a new home! Numerous. 多。他要建个新家！ mv˧ʁo˧=ɻ˥-dʑo˩, | ɻæ˩˥ | tʰv˧-si˥ | tʰv˩-jɤ˩ lo˧ mɤ˧-dʑo˧, | lo˧ tʰv˧˥! / no˧ | lo˧ mɤ˧-dʑo˧, dʑo˩˥! | lo˧ tʰv˧-ɲi˥! The People of the Sky had seeds in profusion! [(S)he] has no obligations, and yet (s)he works a (from the narrative “Seeds”) lot / (s)he finds tasks to do! (A compliment to 天上的人，有许多许多种子！（故事：“种 a civil servant who could be content to pocket a 子”） salary every month but who sets goals for her/ himself and looks for useful tasks to accomplish. The sentence can also be used negatively, to crit- tʰv˧-sɯ˩kv˩ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: L. icize someone who takes up unnecessary tasks Third-person plural pronoun. 他们。 instead of keeping quiet.) 自找麻烦！（这句，除贬义用法，还能用来表扬，如表扬一位当官的人努力去做好事，给自 tʰv˧-ʂɯ˥-ne˩-ʝi˩-zo˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: . 己找有意义的事情干。） Every time. 每次。

198 tʰv˩b tʰv˧˥a

tʰv˩b CLASSIFIER Tone: Lb. tʰv˧˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. Classifier for sets of tens. The term used to refer tosets Classifier for steps (in walking). 量词：步。 of eight. The word remains in use, but its meaning has shifted towards the meaning of ’sets of ten’, following ɖɯ˧-tʰv˧~ɖɯ˥-tʰv˩ the generalized use of decimal numeration. 量词：一套 step by step, one step after the other （有十个）。更早的意思是八个。一步一步

qʰwɤ˩˥ | ɖɯ˧-tʰv˩ ɖɯ˧-tʰv˧˥, | ɖɯ˧-tʰv˧˥ a set of ten bowls step by step, one step after the other; same as 一套十个碗 above, but detaching the two parts of the phrase; this is closer to repetition than to reduplication ɖʐɯ˧ʂɯ˥ | ɖɯ˧-tʰv˩ 一步又一步 a set of ten (pairs of) chopsticks 一套十（双）筷子

tʰv˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. To step on, to tread on, to trample. 踩。

tʰi˧-tʰo˩ DUR DUR

tʰi˧-tʰo˩-ɻ˩ DUR _ INCEPTIVE DUR _ INCEPTIVE

ɖɯ˧-tʰo˩-ɻ˩ DELIMITATIVE _ INCEPTIVE DELIMITATIVE _ INCEPTIVE

tʰv˩~tʰv˧˥ RED 重叠

ɖɯ˧-tʰv˧ tʰi˥-tʰv˩ to give a kick, to stamp the ground 踢一脚

kʰɯ˧tsʰɤ˧ tʰv˥-tsʰɯ˩ to give a kick, to stamp the ground 踢一脚

kʰɯ˧tsʰɤ˧ tʰv˥~tʰv˩ to give a kick, to stamp the ground 踢一脚

kʰɯ˧tsʰɤ˧ tʰɑ˧-tʰv˧˥! Do not stamp the ground! / Do not kick/tread on something! 别踢！

tʰv˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. To take charge of, to foot the bill (e.g. someone invites the whole village to a feast; that person provides the food, but does not necessarily do the cooking). 负担（某个活动的费用，如：请全村人吃饭）。

199 tɕæ˧hæ˩ tɕɤ˧˥

- tɕ - tɕɤ˧tɑ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Yoke. 牛轭（单行）（汉语借词）。Local Chinese di- tɕæ˧hæ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. alect: 牛夹担、牛枷档、牛拴。 Rubber. 橡胶（汉语借词。第二个音节：未确 Borrowing: Chinese 夹担定。）。 Borrowing: Chinese 胶+? tɕɤ˧tɑ˧ tʰv˧-ɭɯ˧ N+DEM+CLF tɕæ˧hæ˩-dzɑ˩qʰwɤ˩ 这个牛轭 rubber shoe, shoe with a rubber sole, sports shoe 橡胶鞋、橡胶底鞋 CL: ɭɯ˧

CL: dzi˧ tɕɤ˧tɑ˧-bæ˩ NOUN Tone: L. From: tɕɤ˧tɑ˧ and bæ˩ Tracking rope, towrope, towline. 牛皮绳，犁具连轭之 tɕæ˧pʰv˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L#. 绳。 White. 白（脸、衣服）。 tɕɤ˧tɑ˧-bæ˩ tʰv˩-kʰɯ˩ tɕæ˧pʰv˩-bɑ˩lɑ˩ N+DEM+CLF white clothes 这条牛皮绳白的衣服 CL: kʰɯ˩ tɕæ˧pʰv˩-ʈæ˩qʰwɤ˩ white skirt tɕɤ˧~tɕɤ˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: M. 白色裙子 Just; exactly. 将将（汉语借词）、刚刚。Local Chi- nese dialect: 将将。将将 tɕɤ INTERJECTION Tone: 0. Borrowing: Chinese Interjection: hey! 感叹词：嘿！。 tɕɤ˩ VERB Tone: . 打结、系上。 VERB Tone: H. To bind together. tɕɤ˥ 架? To fade (of colours). 褪色。 Borrowing: Chinese

le˧-tɕɤ˥-ze˩ ʁæ˧ɻ˥ | tʰi˧-tɕɤ˩ ACCOMP _ PFV to attach the yoke (to a buffalo) 褪色了系上牛轭

NOUN Tone: . tɕɤ˩ho˩tsɯ˥ NOUN Tone: L+H#. tɕɤ˧jo˩ 骗子。 Prison. 监狱（汉语借词）。 Swindler, cheat. Borrowing: Chinese 监狱 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | hĩ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧ | tɕɤ˩ho˩tsɯ˥ ɲi˩. tɕɤ˧jo˩-qo˩ | tʰi˧-ʈæ˩ This man is a swindler! to put into prison, to imprison 这个人是骗子！关在监狱 CL: v˧ tɕɤ˧jo˩-qo˩ ʈæ˩-hɯ˩-ze˩! (He/she) has been jailed/sent to prison! tɕɤ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. 煮。被关在监狱！ To boil, to cook thoroughly; to cook in a pot. ʂe˧ tɕɤ˩ See: lo˧nɑ˥-bv˩ to boil meat 煮肉 tɕɤ˧qʰɑ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Mugwort, wormwood, Artemisia vulgaris. 蒿。Local bo˩-hɑ˧ tɕɤ˩ Chinese dialect: 蒿草、蒿枝。 to boil pigswill, to cook pigswill tɕɤ˧qʰɑ˧-mo˩ 煮猪食 a type of edible mushroom, called ’mugwort mushroom’ because it grows close to mugwort dʑɯ˩ʁo˩˥, | mo˧-no˥, | mo˧ tɕɤ˥-hĩ˩ lɑ˩-ɲi˩- 一种可以吃的菌子，长在蒿附近 mæ˩! | Up on the mountain, to cook mushrooms, (we) See: ho˧ʈʂɯ˧ simply cook them in a pot! (This does not refer

200 tɕi˥ tɕi˧sɯ˧pɤ˧

to boiling in the sense of ’cooking in hot water’: tɕi˧do˩ NOUN Tone: L#. the mushrooms are put in a pot; one adds grease Tangerine. 橘子。Local Chinese dialect: 黄果。 and salt, and the mushrooms cook in their own CL: ɭɯ˧ juice.) 在山上，菌子，就是简单煮一下而已！（放在 tɕi˧-dʑɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 锅里，加油、加盐。用菌子自身的水分） Acid potion: a preparation from sour plums or wild berries, used to make people vomit when they had food poisoning (e.g. from eating poisonous mushrooms). 用 tɕi˥ VERB Tone: H. 梅子等野生果子做出来的一种药品（酸水），食物中 To shake (e.g. clothes after washing; to shake one’s 毒的情况下给病人和这种酸水让他呕吐。 head). 抖、抖动，摇动。

le˧-tɕi˧~tɕi˧-ze˩ tɕi˧kwɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Melon, gourd. 瓜。 ACCOMP _ PFV ACCOMP _ PFV tɕi˧kwɤ˧ bv˧-ɻ˧ (+ɲi˩) small melon tʰi˧-tɕi˧~tɕi˧+ze˩ 小瓜 DUR _ PFV DUR _ PFV tɕi˧kwɤ˧ kwɤ˧mo˩ large melon ʁo˧qʰwɤ˩ tɕi˩~tɕi˩ 大瓜 to shake one’s head CL: ɭɯ˧ 摇头

NOUN Tone: M. ɖɯ˧-tɕi˧~tɕi˧-ɻ˥ tɕi˧sɯ˧pɤ˧ Cheese made of yak milk. First, the milk is creamed, DEMILITATIVE RED INCEPTIVE then boiled again, with an additive to make it curdle; fi- 摇一摇 nally, the preparation is left to dry and harden. It is used in cooking (some of it can be added to gruel), and also ADJECTIVE Tone: M. Acid. 酸。 as a treatment for diaorrhea. It can keep for a long time. tɕi˧ 1 牦牛奶酪。

tɕʰɯ˩-hĩ˩˥ mv˧ɭɯ˩-pʰɤ˩bɤ˩, | tɕi˧sɯ˧pɤ˧! [M18] tɕi˧-hĩ˧ pʰi˩ The gift from Muli is yak cheese! / The gift that people usually bring back from their trips to Muli to have acid reflux is yak cheese! / Yak cheese is a specialty of Muli! 吐酸水 (Yak cheese used to be one of the delicacies that （通过发酵的）酸。 young men offered to young ladies when coming Sour, fermented. back from caravan journeys.) 木里的礼物：牦牛的奶酪！ / 牦牛奶酪，是 tɕi˧ 2 NOUN Tone: M. 木里的特产！ Snare, trap, trick. 圈套。 mv˧ɭɯ˩ pʰɤ˩bɤ˩, | tɕi˧sɯ˧pɤ˧! | ə˧ɖo˧ ʁo˧ tɕi˧ kʰɯ˧˥ ɖʐɯ˥~ɖʐɯ˩ ʝi˩-ze˩! to set a trap The gift from Muli is yak cheese! (My) beloved 设下圈套 will shake her head (when tasting the delightfully acid cheese)! (Words from a song that used to CL: ɭɯ˧ be sung when travelling, imagining the return to Yongning.) （从）木里（带回来）的礼物，就是牦牛奶 CLASSIFIER Tone: M . tɕi˧a a 酪！亲爱的（=收礼物的那个人），会摇头 Some, a few. 量词：一些。的！（吃、喝的时候会摇头，是因为牦牛奶 ɖɯ˧-tɕi˧ 奶酪比较酸） some, a few tɕi˧sɯ˧pɤ˧, | ɖɯ˧-tɑ˧˥ | gv˧-mɤ˧-kv˥! | ʝi˧-kʰv˥- 一些 lɑ˩ gv˩-kv˩! Not everyone knew how to make yak cheese! ʈʂʰɯ˧-tɕi˩ Only a few had this know-how! these few 不是每个人都会做牦牛奶酪！只有少数（人）这些才会做！

201 tɕi˧tɕi˧ | læ˩sæ˧-dzi˩ ‑tɕɯ

tɕi˧sɯ˧pɤ˧-dʑɯ˩ ɖɯ˧-tɕo˥ water in which one has diluted some yak cheese; one side, in one direction it has medicinal properties 一边一种饮料：将牦牛奶酪溶化在水里

gɤ˩-tɕo˧ NOUN Tone: M-LH-L. tɕi˧tɕi˧ | læ˩sæ˧-dzi˩ upward, towards the top A type of hardwood (not identified yet). 一种树，木质很硬。向上，往上

tɕi˩a ADJECTIVE Tone: La. dv˩tɕo˧ Small; short (not tall). 矮，低，小。 that way 那边 tɕi˩-hĩ˩˥ NMLZ 矮的 tɕo˩ɕjo˧ NOUN Tone: LM. 口哨。 gv˧mi˧ tɕi˩ Whistle, whistling noise. short (not tall) 矮 tɕo˩ɕjo˧ | ɖɯ˧-ɖʐo˩ kʰɯ˩ to whistle a little, to whistle a few notes tɕi˩nv˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. 吹口哨、吹一声口哨 Saddle mat. 马鞍下面的毯子。

ʐwæ˧-tɕi˥nv˩ tɕo˩mv˧ NOUN Tone: LM. horse saddle mat Wife of maternal uncle. The word consists of a Chinese 马鞍毯子 borrowing, 舅 ’maternal uncle’, to which is added the Na word for ’woman’. 舅妈（舅：汉语借词，妈：摩 CL: pɤ˩ 梭话“女人”）。 Borrowing: Chinese 舅 NOUN Tone: LH. tɕi˩qɑ˥ CL: v˧ Carpet. 毯子。 CL: ɭɯ˧ ‑tɕɯ SUFFIX Tone: . tɕi˧˥ VERB Tone: . 敬（酒）。 Grammaticalized form of the verb /tɕɯ˥/ ’to put, to To invite (guests) to drink wine. place’; expresses that the action is over and done with: that its goal has been reached, and one now moves on to ʐɯ˧ tɕi˧˥ something different; in the same way as, after an object to invite (guests) to drink wine has been put in the right place, one may turn one’s atten- 敬酒 tion to other objects. 表示：已完成，可以轮到其它的了。 tɕi˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. 马鞍。 Saddle. [“Dog”] gɤ˩-ʈʂʰwæ˧-tɕɯ˧˥ / gɤ˩-ʈʂʰwæ˧-tɕɯ˧- zo˥ ʐwæ˧-tɕi˥ to wake up, to awaken horse saddle 醒过来、醒来马鞍

CL: pɤ˩ ʈʂʰɯ˧-qo˧ dzi˩-tɕɯ˩-zo˩ to sit here tɕo˥ NOUN Tone: H. 在这里坐下来 Direction. 方向。

ʈʂʰɯ˧-tɕo˧ ʐɯ˧ ɖɯ˧-qʰwɤ˧ tʰi˧-mv˧-ʈʰɯ˧˥ | -tɕɯ˩-zo˩! this way (Go ahead and) drink this bowl of wine! 这个方向，向这里把这碗酒喝了下去！

202 tɕɯ˥ tɕɯ˩a

tɕɯ˥ VERB Tone: H. To put, to lay up. 放置。 tɕɯ˧mi˥$ 1 NOUN Tone: H$. Large scale. 大称。 tʰi˧-tɕɯ˥ DUR tɕɯ˧pv˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: . DUR At ease. 轻松快乐、舒畅。 [F5] ɖɯ˩hĩ˧ | ɖɯ˩˧ | tʰi˧-tɕɯ˥, | tɕi˩hĩ˧ | tɕi˩˧ | ʈʂʰɯ˧qo˧ | tɕɯ˧pv˧-ʂe˧~ʂe˧ | ɖɯ˧-dzi˩-zo˩- tʰi˧-tɕɯ˥ ho˩! to put big ones with big ones, small ones with Have a seat here, happy and relaxed! small ones 在这边舒畅地坐一会吧！大小归类 ʈʂʰɯ˧qo˧ | tɕɯ˧pv˧-ʂe˧~ʂe˧-zo˥ | ɖɯ˧-dzi˩- To settle, to decide. 决定、定下来。 bi˩-ɻ˩!

le˧-ʐwɤ˩ | tʰi˧-tɕɯ˥ Let’s have a seat here, happy and relaxed! 在这边舒畅地坐一会吧！ to settle 说好、决定 tɕɯ˧sɯ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. le˧-ʐwɤ˩ | tʰi˧-tɕɯ˧-ɲi˥-tsɯ˩! Mist, fog. 雾。 It’s settled! tɕɯ˧sɯ˧mv˥ 说好了！ / 决定好了！ there is some fog, there is some mist 有雾 tɕɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Cloud. 云。 CL: ti˧˥

mv˧tɕɯ˥ tɕɯ˧wɤ˧ VERB Tone: M. the weather is cloudy To reincarnate. 转生、转世。天上多云 le˧-tɕɯ˧wɤ˧-ho˥! mv˧ʁo˥, | tɕɯ˧! (She/he) is going to get reincarnated! (About a The sky is cloudy! deceased person) 天上有云！他要转生了！

mv˧ʁo˥ tɕɯ˩ pʰv˩ | tɕɯ˧zo˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. The sky is cloudy! Small scale. 小称。天上有云！ VERB Tone: L . tɕɯ˧ pʰv˩; tɕɯ˧ | pʰv˩tɕæ˩˥ | -gv˩ tɕɯ˩a a To write. 写。 white cloud 白云、白色的云 le˧-tɕɯ˩-ze˩ ACCOMP+PFV mv˧nɑ˥-tɕɯ˩nɑ˩-ɻ˩! 写了 the sky is dark / the sky is very cloudy 天很黑，有很多乌云 tʰæ˧ɻæ˩ tɕɯ˩ to write, to write a text, to write a book CL: kʰwɤ˥ 写、写书

ɖɯ˧-kʰv˥ | tsʰe˧-ɲi˧ ɬi˧, | njɤ˧ | tsʰe˧-ɲi˧ bæ˧ tɕɯ˧b VERB Tone: Mb. To shake. 摇晃。 tɕɯ˩-bi˩-ʂv˩ɖv˩! There are twelve months in one year; I would like tso˧~tso˧ tɕɯ˧ to transcribe twelve stories (in the coming year)! to shake things (Context: the consultant notices that I completed 摇东西 the transcription of two texts in two months; by providing this example sentence, she suggests to tɕɯ˧ɭɯ˧ VERB Tone: M. me the project of keeping up the same rhythm, To roll, to spool, to reel. 缠绕。 transcribing twelve stories in the coming year.) 一年有十二个月，我就想（一年之内）记十二 njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ | tɕɯ˧ɭɯ˧-bi˧! 个故事！（情景：我两个月内完成了两个故事 Let me reel! / Let me do the reeling! 的记录工作。发音合作人举这个例句，鼓励我让我来缠吧！坚持这种速度，一年内再记十二个故事。）

203 tɕɯ˩lv˩ho˥ tɕʰɤ˧ʂo#˥

ɖɯ˧-tɕɯ˧~tɕɯ˥-ɻ˩ tɕɯ˧˥ 2 NOUN Tone: MH. 水蛭、蚂蟥。蚂蟥。 DELIMITATIVE _ RED INCEPTIVE Leech. Local Chinese dialect: DELIMITATIVE _ RED INCEPTIVE CL: mi˩

tɕɯ˩-di˩˥ tɕɯ˧˥ 3 NOUN Tone: MH. brush, pen; literally ’thing to write’ Wasp. 马蜂 (黄蜂)。笔。直译：‘（用来）书写的（东西）’ tɕɯ˧mi˥$ tʰæ˧ɻæ˩-tɕɯ˩-di˩ female wasp (elicited combination) brush, pen; literally ’thing to write books’ 母蚂蜂（人工的词）笔。直译：‘（用来）写书的（东西）’ tɕɯ˧pʰv#˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧ | tʰi˧-tɕɯ˧~tɕɯ˥ dʑo˩ male wasp (elicited combination) (S)he is writing 公马蜂他正在写写东西。 tɕɯ˧zo#˥ tɕɯ˩lv˩ho˥ NOUN Tone: L+H#. baby wasp (elicited combination) Sling. 弹弓。小马蜂 CL: ɭɯ˧ CL: mi˩ tɕɯ˩ɭɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L. 伯劳鸟。 Shrike, Lanius tephronotus. tɕɯ˧˥ 4 NOUN Tone: MH. CL: mi˩ Scale. 称。 CL: nɑ˧ tɕɯ˩mi˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Chinese Hwamei or Melodious Laughingthrush (Leuco- tɕɯ˧˥ CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. 画眉鸟。画 a 1 dioptron canorum). Local Chinese dialect: Classifier for loads carried by a pack-animal. 量词：驮眉鸟。子（一匹）。

tɕɯ˩mi˥ | ə˧mi˧ ɲi˩! It’s a mummy hwamei! (=a female) tɕɯ˧˥a 2 CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. Classifier: a pound of. 量词：斤（用于固体，也用于是一个画眉鸟妈妈！（=是母的画眉鸟）液体）（汉语借词）。斤 tɕɯ˩mi˥ | zo˧ ɲi˥! Borrowing: Chinese

It’s a baby hwamei! ʐɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-tɕɯ˧˥ 是一个小画眉鸟！ a pint of wine tɕɯ˩mi˥ | pʰv˧ ɲi˩! 一斤酒 It’s a male hwamei! 是公的画眉鸟！ tɕɯ˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Saliva. 口水、唾、唾沫、唾液。 CL: mi˩ tɕʰɤ˧ɲi˧-ne˧-ʝi˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: . tɕɯ˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. Every day. 每天。 To pack-transport. 驮运。

ʐwæ˧ tɕɯ˩ tɕʰɤ˧pɤ˧-mi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. to pack-transport, to transport on horseback The name of a sacred spring located in a cave on mount 用马驮运、做马帮 /nɑ˩tsʰi˩/. 一处神泉。

ʐwæ˧ʁo˧ tʰi˧-tɕɯ˧˥ nɑ˩tsʰi˩˥ | tɕʰɤ˧pɤ˧-mi#˥ to transport on horseback full name of the mountain where the spring is 用马驮运 located 神泉所在山的全称 ʐwæ˧-tɕɯ˩-zo˩ person who takes part in a caravan, who works tɕʰɤ˧ʂo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. in a caravan Altar. 祭坛。加入马帮的男人 CL: nɑ˧

204 tɕʰɤ˧ti#˥ tɕʰi˩tsɯ˧

tɕʰɤ˧ti#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. tɕʰi˧b 1 VERB Tone: Mb. Stupa, tower. 塔。 To guard, to defend (e.g. guard a house). 守卫。 CL: ɭɯ˧ ɑ˩ʁo˧ tɕʰi˧ to watch over the house, to guard the house tɕʰɤ˧tɕʰɤ˧˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: MH#. Entirely, completely, totally. 彻底。守护家

ɑ˩ʁo˧ tʰi˧-tɕʰi˧-dʑo˧ tɕʰɤ˩lv˩ NOUN Tone: L. Lily, lily buds. 百合。 watching over the house 守着家 tɕʰɤ˩lv˩-hṽ˩hṽ˩˥ stir-fried lily buds tso˧~tso˧ tɕʰi˧ 炒百合 to watch over things 守着东西 tɕʰɤ˩lv˩˥, | kv˧-pʰæ˧di˥! Lily buds look like garlic! tɕʰi˧b 2 VERB Tone: Mb. 百合，像大蒜！ To sell. 卖。 tɕʰɤ˩lv˩˥, | dʑɯ˩-nɑ˩mi˩-ʁo˥ dʑɯ˩-nɑ˩mi˩-ʁo˥ di˩-kv˩! tɕʰi˧ɖv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Feminine given name. 女性名字。 Lilies grow high up on the mountain! 百合长在高山上！ tɕʰi˧nɑ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. tɕʰɤ˩lv˩˥, | dʑɯ˩-nɑ˩mi˩-ʁo˥ | di˩-kv˩˥! | Prinsepia, Prinsepia utilis Royle. 青刺果、阿娜斯果。 Lilies grow high up on the mountain! 百合长在高山上！ tɕʰi˧ʈʂʰɤ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Car. 汽车（汉语借词）。汽车 tɕʰɤ˩ʈʂv˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Borrowing: Chinese Glass used for wine. 酒杯。 CL: nɑ˧ CL: ɭɯ˧ tɕʰi˩b CLASSIFIER Tone: Lb. 量词：饭（一顿）。 tɕʰɤ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. Classifier for meals. To cheat on someone, to deceive. 欺骗。 ɖɯ˧-tɕʰi˩ dzɯ˩ le˧-tɕʰɤ˧-ze˥ to have a meal, to eat a meal ACCOMP _ PFV 吃一顿欺骗了 gv˧-tɕʰi˥ hĩ˧ tɕʰɤ˧(-ze˩) nine meals to cheat on people, to deceive people 就顿（饭）骗人 tɕʰi˩ tʰv˩˥ no˧ | hĩ˧ tɕʰɤ˧! to contribute food for the meals during a funeral You cheat people! / You deceive people! ceremony: when one is invited to a funeral, one 你骗人！ brings food as a contribution to the funeral 带饭，“出（一）顿（饭）”：被请参加守孝 (hĩ˧ |) no˩ tɕʰɤ˩˥! 时，要给那家主人带上饭） People cheat you! 人家骗你！ tɕʰi˩tʰv˩-hĩ˥ the person who provides the meal at a wake (fol- (no˧ |) njɤ˩ tɕʰɤ˩˥! lowing a funeral); it is generally someone who is You cheat on me! not from the household. 你骗我！给大家供饭的那个人（不一定是主人）

tɕʰi˥ NOUN Tone: #H. tɕʰi˩tsɯ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Thorn. 刺。 Eggplant. 茄子。 CL: kɤ˧˥ Borrowing: Chinese 茄子

205 tɕʰo˩ tɕʰɯ˩di˩

tɕʰo˩ CLASSIFIER Tone: L *. tɕʰɯ˧a 1 VERB Tone: Ma. Classifier: in combination with ’one’, means ’together’; To raise (one’s arm). 举、抬（胳膊）。 no plural form. 量词：一起。 lo˩qʰwɤ˥ | gɤ˩-tɕʰɯ˧ ɖɯ˧-tɕʰo˩ to raise one’s arm together 举手、抬胳膊一起 kʰɯ˧tsʰɤ˧˥ | gɤ˩-tɕʰɯ˧ le˧-tɕʰo˥~tɕʰo˩ to raise one’s leg same meaning as above: together 抬脚同上：一起 gɤ˩-mɤ˧-tɕʰɯ˧ not to raise tɕʰo˩a VERB Tone: La. 不抬起来 To accompany someone, to go along with someone. 陪伴、一起去、跟着。 tɕʰɯ˧a 2 VERB Tone: Ma. hĩ˧ tɕʰo˥ To keep a deathwatch, to sit with others at a funeral wake. 居丧、守灵。 to accompany someone 陪伴某人 hĩ˧ tɕʰɯ˧ same meaning: to keep a deathwatch for a de- tɕʰo˩mi#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. ceased person Large ladle. 大瓢。同上：守灵 CL: nɑ˧ tɕʰɯ˧bo˧˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: MH#. 凉快。 tɕʰo˩qʰwɤ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Fresh, cool. Ladle used for pigswill. 用来煮猪食的勺子。 CL: nɑ˧ tɕʰɯ˧lo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Large plate. 大盘子。 tɕʰo˩zo#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. CL: ɭɯ˧ Small ladle. 小瓢。 CL: nɑ˧ tɕʰɯ˧si˩-dʑɤ˩pv˩ NOUN Tone: L#-. Monster, demon. 妖怪。 tɕʰo˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To square (off). （将木料）砍成方形。 no˧ | tɕʰɯ˧si˩-dʑɤ˩pv˩-ki˩ | le˧-hɯ˩-ɲi˩-ze˩! You have gone away to the world of monstres bi˩mi˩-ɳɯ˥ | tɕʰo˧˥ (and should not come back to trouble the living)! (Speech addressed to a ghost that one beseeches to square off with an axe should not come back) 用斧头砍成方形你已经到妖怪的世界那边（就恳求你不要回来了）！（对鬼说的话）

tɕʰo˩˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Ladle, scoop used for water. 勺子、瓢。 tɕʰɯ˧sɯ˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: H#. CL: nɑ˧ Sad, grieved. 悲哀、伤心。

tɕʰɯ˥ VERB Tone: H. tɕʰɯ˩a ADJECTIVE Tone: La. To pierce (e.g. a cow’s nose). 穿刺、刺破。 Sweet. 甜。

ʝi˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-pʰo˩, | ɲi˧ tɕʰi˧-ze˩! tɕʰɯ˩di˩ VERB Tone: L. This ox’s nose was pierced (to put a ring) To hunt. 狩猎。这头牛的鼻子被穿刺（为了安一个牛鼻圈） See: tɕʰɯ˩˥, di˧˥1

206 tɕʰɯ˩di˩kʰv˩ tɕʰɯ˩˥

tɕʰɯ˩di˩kʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L. tɕʰɯ˧˥ 3 VERB Tone: MH. Hunting dog, hound. 猎狗。 To lose, to misplace. 丢失、弄丢。

le˧-tɕʰɯ˧-ze˥ tɕʰɯ˩di˩-kʰv˥mi˩ ACCOMP _ PFV same meaning 丢了猎狗 le˧-tɕʰɯ˧-hɯ˥-ze˩! CL: mi˩ It’s lost! 丢掉了！ tɕʰɯ˩mi#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H / L. 母麂子。 Female muntjac. tɕʰɯ˧˥ 4 ADJECTIVE Tone: MH. CL: mi˩ Anxious, worried. 担心。

nv˩mi˩ tɕʰɯ˥ tɕʰɯ˩pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H / L. anxious, worried 公麂子。 Male muntjac. 担心 CL: mi˩

tɕʰɯ˧˥ 5 ADJECTIVE Tone: MH. Archaic [古语] At ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L+H#. ease, comfortable. 舒服。 Bless you! (what one says when someone sneezes). 旁边的人打嚏喷时说的祝愿话。 mɤ˧-tɕʰɯ˧-bi˥ / mɤ˧-tɕʰɯ˧˥ |-bi˩ even if one is in need, ... 虽然很贫穷，…… tɕʰɯ˩~tɕʰɯ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To suck. 吸吮。 mɤ˧-dʑo˧ mɤ˧-tɕʰɯ˧-ɻ˧-bi˥, | ɖwæ˩ mɤ˧-zo˧! Even if one is in need, one should not worry! lo˩mi˧ tɕʰi˩~tɕʰi˩ (because the Gods will do something to save us) to suck one’s thumb 虽然穷，莫担心！（因为菩萨会救好人）吮拇指 hĩ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧-dʑo˩, | ɖwæ˧˥ | mɤ˧-tɕʰɯ˧˥! This person is really in need! tɕʰɯ˩zo#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H / L. 这个人，真的很穷！ Baby muntjac. 麂子崽子。 CL: ɭɯ˧ tɕʰɯ˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Muntjac. 麂子。 NOUN Tone: MH. tɕʰɯ˧˥ tɕʰɯ˩ hwæ˧-ze˩ Lacquer, paint. 漆。 ...has bought (a/the) muntjac Borrowing: Chinese 漆买麂子

tɕʰɯ˧ jɤ˥-zo˩-ho˩! tɕʰɯ˩ dzɯ˩-ze˥ It’s time to paint (the room, the house...)! / We’re ...has eaten muntjac going to have to paint (the room, the house...)! 吃了麂子该刷漆了！ CL: pʰo˧˥

tɕʰɯ˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. To throw away. 扔（垃圾）。

ɖæ˩˥ | tʰi˧-tɕʰɯ˧˥ to throw garbage 扔垃圾

tɕʰɯ˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. To spit. 吐（吐口水）。

207 tsɑ˧ tsɑ˩tɕi˩

- ts - jɤ˧-tsɑ˧bɤ˧ tobacco powder ADJECTIVE Tone: M. tsɑ˧ 烟草粉 Busy. 忙。

ɖwæ˧˥ | tsɑ˧ jɤ˧ɻ ̃˧-tsɑ˧bɤ˥ INTENSIVE.very: very busy tobacco powder 很忙烟草粉

tsɑ˧ | ʐwæ˩˥ dze˩-tsɑ˩bɤ˥ extremely busy Szechuan pepper powder 非常忙花椒粉

tsɑ˧bɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. dze˧-tsɑ˧bɤ˥ Powder; flour. 糌粑、面粉、粉、粉末。 powdered sugar, granulated sugar qʰɑ˧dze˧-tsɑ˩bɤ˩ 砂糖 sweetcorn flour 玉米粉 tsɑ˧bɤ˧ mɤ˩ to eat dry flour (made of grilled barley) dze˧ɭɯ˧-tsɑ˩bɤ˩ wheat flour tsɑ˧bɤ˧ gv˩ 小麦面 to cook tsamba (grilled flour) 炒糌粑，制作糌粑 lv˧mi˧-tsɑ˩bɤ˩ stone powder, powdered stone 石头粉、被磨成粉的石头 tsɑ˧ʐo˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L#. Diligent, conscientious. 勤快。 tsʰi˧zi˧-tsɑ˧bɤ˥ highland barley flour tsɑ˩ VERB Tone: L. 青稞面粉 To wink (as a discreet sign of mutual understanding). 眨眼。 mv˩zɯ˩-tsɑ˩bɤ˥ oatmeal flour ʈʂʰɯ˧ | njɤ˩ɭɯ˧ tsɑ˩~tsɑ˩-dʑo˩! 燕麦面粉 RED: (S)he is winking! jɤ˩jo˧-tsɑ˧bɤ˥ 重叠：他在眨眨眼！ potato flour (elicited combination) ʈʂʰɯ˧ | njɤ˩ɭɯ˧ tsɑ˩-dʑo˩! 洋芋面粉 (S)he is winking! nv˩ɭɯ˧-tsɑ˩bɤ˩ 他在眨眼！ soy flour 黄豆面粉 tsɑ˩~tsɑ˧˥ RED læ˧tsɯ˥-tsɑ˩bɤ˩ 重叠 chili powder 辣椒粉 mɤ˧-tsɑ˩~tsɑ˩ NEG RED ʈʂʰæ˧ɣɯ˧-tsɑ˧bɤ˥ 不眨眼 Medicine powder, medicine in powder form. For instance: the disinfectant commonly used in Yongning at the time of fieldwork, of the brand See: tsɯ˩pʰɤ˩ 云南白药药粉，粉状药品。如：“云南白药”消毒粉。 tsɑ˩tɕi˩ NOUN Tone: L. Various mushrooms, mixed mushrooms. 杂菌（汉语借 ʂæ˩ɻ ̃˩-tsɑ˩bɤ˥ 词）。 bone powder Borrowing: Chinese 杂菌骨头粉 CL: ɭɯ˧ mo˧˥

208 tsɑ˧˥ 1 tse˩a 3

tsɑ˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. To kick, to smash (clods tse˧di#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. of earth). 打碎（坷拉），踢（一脚）。 Sandalwood, sandlewood. 檀香木、檀香、檀木。

le˧-tsɑ˧-ze˥ tse˧di˧-si#˥ ACCOMP+PFV same meaning ACCOMP+PFV 同上

ʈʂe˧ tsɑ˩ tse˧kʰo˩ NOUN Tone: L#. to smash clods of earth, after plowing (with a Sanctuary (small sanctuary on the mountain). 佛龛。 hand instrument, such as a hoe) CL: ɭɯ˧ 打碎土坷垃 NOUN Tone: H#. ɖɯ˧-tsɑ˧ tʰi˥-tsɑ˩ tse˧lv˥ Flint. 燧石。 to kick repeatedly, to give one kick after the other CL: ɭɯ˧ 踢了又踢 NOUN Tone: H#. To row (a boat). 划（船）。 tse˧mi˥ Lighter. 火镰。 tsɑ˧-hɯ˥-tsɑ˩-ɻ˩̩ CL: nɑ˧ to row in a sustained way, to row with great vigour tse˧mi˥-dʑɯ˩ʁo˩ NOUN Tone: H#-L. 用力地划船、一直划船 The village of Wenquan, in the plain of Yongning, where hot springs are located, hence the Chinese name Wen- quan, ’hot springs’. 温泉乡的主要村落。 tsɑ˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. To lay (up/down), to place. 放置、放下。 tse˩a 1 VERB Tone: La. mv˩tɕo˧ tsɑ˧˥ To chase after; to pursue. 追赶。

to lay down, to put down on the floor hĩ˧ tse˥ 放下、放在地上 to chase after someone 追赶某人 ‑tsæ˧ SUFFIX Tone: M. Causative. 使动：让。 tse˩a 2 VERB Tone: La. tʰi˧-dzɯ˥-kʰɯ˩-tsæ˩-ɲi˩! To float. 漂浮 (浮在水上)。 (We) have to get her to eat! (Context: comment gɤ˩tse˧ made by a family member when a young child refused to have a meal) as above: to float 必须让她吃！（情景：一个小女孩拒绝吃饭，同上：漂浮 (浮在水上) 家人就说这句。） ɖɯ˧-tse˧~tse˥-ɻ˩ tʰi˧-ʐwɤ˩-kʰɯ˩-tsæ˩-ɲi˩! DELIMITATIVE _ RED INCEPTIVE (We) have to get (him/ her) to talk! (Variant DELIMITATIVE _ RED INCEPTIVE based on the preceding example) 必须让他说！（在以上例子的基础上编的句 dʑɯ˩ʁo˩˥ | tʰi˧-tse˩ (-dʑo˩) 子） to float (in a torrent) on the mountain (e.g. timber is floated downstream) 让木头漂到下游 tsæ˧qæ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Hook. 钩子。 dʑɯ˩ʁo˩ tse˧ Firing pin (of a gun). 撞针。 CL: nɑ˧ ɭɯ˧ as above: to float down from the mountain 同上：让木头漂到下游 tse˧bæ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Tinder. 火绒。 tse˩a 3 VERB Tone: La. CL: kʰɯ˩ To lock. 锁门。

kʰi˧ tse˥(-ze˩) / kʰi˧ tʰi˧-tse˩ tse˧bo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Small bell. 铃铛。 to lock the door CL: ɭɯ˧ 锁门

209 tse˩pʰæ˧˥ tsɤ˧ʁo˧-tsʰi˧ʁo˥

tse˩pʰæ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. tsɤ˧ 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: M. Coins of the imperial times. 民国之前的货币。 Suitable, correct. 对，合适。 (le˧-)tsɤ˧-ze˧! æ˧-tse˥pʰæ˩ It’s okay! / It’s arranged! / Things have been bronze coins of the imperial times made good! 民国之前的铜币好了！ / 弄好了

tsɤ˧-ʝi˧! CL: pʰæ˧˥ Okay, fine! (Indication of acquiescence to an in- struction) tse˩qwæ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. 行！ / 好的！（表示同意或接受命令） Key. 钥匙。 CL: ɭɯ˧ tsɤ˧ ɲi˥! That’s fine! 好的！ tse˩tɑ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. Scissors. 剪刀。 no˧ | mɤ˧-bi˧ mɤ˧-tsɤ˧! CL: nɑ˧ It wouldn’t be right for you not to go! 你如果不去，就不对！ =你不能不去！

tse˩ʈʂʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ɖɯ˧-pi˧˥ | mɤ˧-tsɤ˧! 骂狗的话。 Derogatory term of address for a dog. He is not quite OK! / There’s something wrong See: tse˩ʈʂʰv˩-kʰv˥ with him! 他有一点不对劲吧！

tse˩ʈʂʰv˩-kʰv˥ NOUN Tone: L+H#. tsɤ˧ mɤ˧-ʝi˧-ze˧! Derogatory term of address for a dog. 骂狗的话。 It won’t do! / It won’t work! / It’s no good! 不好了！/不行了！ tse˩ʈʂʰv˩-kʰv˧ ! | mv˩tɕo˧ se˥ ! Come down, you damn dog! tsɤ˧ 3 ADJECTIVE Tone: M. 你这坏狗，下去！ Fine (powder). 细（粉状）。

tsɑ˧bɤ˧ tsɤ#˥ See: tse˩ʈʂʰv˩ fine flour 细粮 tse˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. 锁。 Lock. tsɤ˧ 4 ADJECTIVE Tone: M. Greedy. 嘴馋。 æ˧tse˥ See: tsɤ˧ʁo˧-tsʰi˧ʁo˥ bronze lock 铜锁 tsɤ˧ɖɯ˧ VERB Tone: . To give birth (cattle). 生崽子（牛类）。

CL: nɑ˧ tsɤ˧ɖɯ˧-ze˩ PFV 生崽子了 tsɤ˧ 1 VERB Tone: M intrans. 形成，变成。 To become, tu turn into. (dʑi˧mi˧) tsɤ˧ɖɯ˧-ze˩ (the water buffalo) has given birth. sɯ˧pv˧-sɯ˥nɑ˩-ʈʂʰɯ˩ | ə˧dzɤ˧~dzɤ˥-zo˩ | 水牛生崽子了。 pʰi˧li˩ tsɤ˩-ɲi˩-kv˩-tsɯ˩ | -mv˩! The caterpillar gradually becomes a butterfly, tsɤ˧ʁo˧-tsʰi˧ʁo˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: H#. doesn’t it! Greedy. 馋。毛虫能慢慢变成蝴蝶，不是吗？ tsɤ˧ʁo˧-tsʰi˧ʁo˥ tsʰi˩ ɖɯ˧-bæ˧ mɤ˧-tsɤ˧ to be greedy 馋 It’s not the same

有区别、不一样 See: tsɤ˧ 4

210 tsɤ˧ʑi˧ ‑tso 1

tsɤ˧ʑi˧ VERB Tone: . tsi˩a VERB Tone: La. To be pregnant. 怀孕。 To boil, to bring to a boil. 烧开。

dʑɯ˧ | le˧-tsi˩-tʰv˩-ze˩! VERB Tone: . tsɤ˩pʰv˧-tsɤ˥li˩ The water is boiling! To turn in all directions, to turn and twist. 东翻西滚。水开了！ ʈʂʰɯ˧ | tsɤ˩pʰv˧-tsɤ˥li˩-ɻ˩! dʑɯ˩ tsi˩-tʰv˩-ze˥! (S)he is turning and twisting in all directions! The water is boiling! 他在东翻西滚！水开了！ tsi˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Crack. 裂缝、缝隙。 mɤ˧-tsi˩-tʰv˩-sɯ˩! It is not boiling yet! tsi˧ qʰwæ˧-ze˥! 还没有烧开！ A crack has appeared! 有了裂缝！ ɖɯ˧-tsi˩-tʰv˩-ɻ˩-kʰɯ˩ to leave to boil for a while tsi˧ hɯ˧-ze˧! 煮一会儿 A crack has appeared! 有了裂缝！ ɖɯ˧-tsi˧~tsi˥-ɻ˩ kʰɯ˩ to boil a while Stitch. 针脚。煮一会儿 CL: pʰæ˧˥ tsi˩ɭɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L. tsi˧a ADJECTIVE Tone: Ma. A species of small bird. 一种小鸟。 Spicy. 辣。 CL: mi˩

ʈʂʰɯ˧ tsi˧-hĩ˧ ɲi˥! NOUN Tone: . It’s spicy! Trailing plant. 蔓草。这是辣的！ ‑tso 1 SUFFIX Tone: . 名物化。 tsi˧b VERB Tone: Mb. Nominalizer. To set up, to install. 安装。 bæ˩-ʂo˧-tso˧ tʰi˧-tʰv˧-ho˩-ze˩! tso˧~tso˧ tsi˧ The crop is going to reach maturity! to set up something 庄家快要熟了！安装东西 ʈʰɯ˩-tso˩˥ tso˧~tso˧ | gɤ˩-tsi˧-ɻ˥ Liquid that can be drunk; the meaning is not en- to set up something tirely identical with /ʈʰɯ˩-di˩˥/ ’drink’. 喝的东西安装东西 v˩dʑɯ˩˥, | ʈʰɯ˩-tso˩ ɲi˥! gɤ˩-tsi˧ tʰi˧-tɕɯ˥ Soup is liquid / is something that one drinks! / to set up (vertically) Soup counts among liquids! 立起来汤，是喝的东西！ / 汤是来喝的！ / 汤，算是属于饮料类的！ tsi˧gi˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. Crack, fissure. 缝隙，例如：墙上的。 dʑɤ˩bv˧-tso˩ distraction, game, amusement, piece of entertain- tsi˧gi˥ | ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥ ment; the meaning is distinct from /dʑɤ˩bv˧-di˩/ a fissure ’toy’, which refers specifically to objects 一个缝隙娱乐、游戏

tsi˧gi˥ | ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ tʰi˧-di˥ ʝi˧-tso˧ mɤ˧-ʂv˧ɖv˧, | dʑɤ˩bv˧-tso˩-lɑ˩ ʂv˩ɖv˩! there is a fissure (He) does not think about his duties, only about 有一个缝隙 his amusements/his pleasures! 不考虑任务，只想到娱乐！ / 干正经事不想， CL: ɭɯ˧, kʰwɤ˥ 只想玩！

211 ‑tso˧ 2 tso˩~tso˧˥

tv˧tso˧ tso˧~tso˧ tɕʰi˧(-ze˩) thing to be planted; crop. (Another nominalized to sell things form exists: /tv˧-di˩/, but there is homonymy 卖东西 with the compound made of ’to plant’ and ’earth’: /tv˧-di˩/, meaning ’cultivable land, cultivable tso˧~tso˧ dzɯ˧(-ze˩) soil’. The conflict is resolved by using /tv˧-tso˧/ to eat things rather than / tv˧-di˩/ to mean ’thing to plant, thing that can be planted’. 吃东西种的东西 = 农作物。存在有另外一种名物 tso˧~tso˧ dze˥ 化：/tv˧-di˩/，可是那个与‘可以种的地、农业土地’/tv˧-di˩/同音，于是用/tv˧-tso˧/来表 to cut things 示‘农作物’而不用/tv˧-di˩/。切东西

‑tso˧ 2 SUFFIX Tone: M. tso˧~tso˧ ʈʰɯ˩ VOLITIVE. 意志。 to drink things 喝东西 dʑɤ˩bv˥-tso˩-ɲi˩-mæ˩! Let’s go and play! tso˧~tso˧ lɑ˩ 玩一玩吧！ to beat things ə˧tso˧ tv˧-tso˧-ɲi˥ ? 打东西 What do you plan to plant? / Which crop are you going to plant? CL: nɑ˧, ɭɯ˧ 要种什么东西？

tso˩ CLASSIFIER Tone: Lc. ə˧tso˧ ʝi˧-bi˧-tso˧-ɲi˥? c Classifier for rooms. 量词：间（房间，分隔间，包 What do you plan to do now? 间）。要做什么了？ ʈʂʰɯ˧-tso˥ tso˧kʰwɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. this room Bag (of fabric of leather). 袋子。这间 CL: ɭɯ˧

tso˧lo˧-mv˥tso˩ NOUN Tone: #H-. tso˩a VERB Tone: La. Tool; thing, object. 东西，工具。 To build a wall, a bridge…. 砌（墙）、建（桥梁）。 CL: nɑ˧, ɭɯ˧ ɖʐɤ˩ tso˩ tso˧qwɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. to build stairs Sleeping corner: a part of the main room where there 修一座楼梯 is bedding; some people can sit there during meals or family reunions. Newborn babies sleep there. After a dzo˩ tso˩ decease, corpses are placed on that bed. 小床角：主屋里面的一个角落，有床垫子。用餐、招待客人的时 to build a bridge 候，会有人在上面坐。刚出生的婴儿也在此处睡觉。修一座桥人去世后，尸体先放在那个地方。 CL: ɭɯ˧ ɖɯ˧-tso˧~tso˥-ɻ˩ to build something tso˧tso#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 修东西 Thing, thingummy, stuff. 东西。

tso˧~tso˧-zo˧~zo˧-mv˧~mv˥ tso˩qʰv˩ɻ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. thingummy, stuff Vestibule: the part of the main room that one reaches 玄关。各种东西、各种各样乱七八糟东西 when crossing the threshold. CL: kʰwɤ˥ tso˧~tso˧ hwæ˩ to buy things tso˩~tso˧˥ VERB Tone: LM+MH#. 买东西 To mix, to prepare (dog food). 拌好狗食。

212 tsɯ˥ 1 tsʰe˧

tsɯ˥ 1 VERB Tone: H. To tie (with a rope). 绑、 ‑tsɯ˧˥ SUFFIX Tone: MH. 捆、栓。 Reported/hearsay evidential: the speaker indicates that they are not in a position to vouch personally for what dʑi˧mi˧ tʰi˧-tsɯ˥ they are saying, that it is based on indirect knowledge, to tie a water buffalo from hearsay. 据说传闻据素。栓水牛

tsɯ˧~tsɯ˧ tsɯ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. RED To call, to give the name of…. 叫、叫做。重叠 ʈæ˧ʂɯ˧-ɳɯ˧ | no˧-ki˥ | jɤ˩-ʐe˧ ɲi˩-tsɯ˩-mɤ˩- le˧-tsɯ˧~tsɯ˧ tsɯ˩! ACCOMP RED /ʈæ˧ʂɯ˧/ calls you “foreigner”! ACCOMP RED 达石把你叫作“老外”！

tʰi˧-tsɯ˧~tsɯ˧ DUR RED tsʰɑ˧bo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. DUR RED Cook. 厨师。

To hang oneself. 上吊自杀、缢。 tsʰɑ˧bo˧ lɑ˩ ʁæ˧tsɯ˧ le˧-ʂɯ˧ +ze˧ to be a cook, to work as a cook, to get employed to hang oneself as a cook 上吊自杀、缢当厨师

tsʰɑ˧bo˧ ʝi˧ tsɯ˥ 2 VERB Tone: H. Dredge for, fish for, scoop up out of water. 打捞。 to be a cook, to work as a cook, to get employed as a cook 当厨师 tsɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Letter, Chinese character. 字。 Borrowing: Chinese 字 tsʰɑ˧kv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Warehouse, storehouse. 仓库（汉语借词）。 tsɯ˩a VERB Tone: La. To block up. 堵塞、塞住洞口。 Borrowing: Chinese 仓库

tsɯ˩pʰɤ˩ VERB Tone: L. To blink. 眨眼。 tsʰɑ˧tɕɤ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH. 青菜幼苗。 mɤ˧-tsɯ˩pʰɤ˩ Seedlings. NEG 不眨眼 tsʰɑ˩pʰɑ˩lɑ˥ NOUN Tone: L+H#. 苞谷叶（玉米穰子的 ɖɯ˧-tsɯ˧~tsɯ˥-ɻ˩ Husk of sweet corn (maize) cobs. 叶子）。 DELIMITATIVE RED INCEPTIVE DELIMITATIVE RED INCEPTIVE qʰɑ˧dze˧-tsʰɑ˩pʰɑ˩lɑ˩ njɤ˩ɭɯ˧ tsɯ˩pʰɤ˩ same meaning to blink 同上眨眼

To wink (as a discreet sign of mutual understanding). tsʰe#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 眨眼。 Salt. 盐。

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | njɤ˩ɭɯ˧ tsɯ˩pʰɤ˩-dʑo˩! (S)he is winking! tsʰe˧ NUMBER Tone: L. 他在眨眼！ 10. 10。

213 tsʰe˧do˧˥ tsʰe˩qʰv˩

tsʰe˧do˧˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: MH# | L. tsʰe˧ɬi˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. The beginning of the month. 月初。 10th month. 十月。

tsʰe˧do˧-ɖɯ˧ɲi#˥ / tsʰe˧do˧-ɖɯ˧ɲi˥ tsʰe˧ɲi˧ NUMBER Tone: . the 1st day of the month 12. 12。初一

ADJECTIVE Tone: L#. tsʰe˧do˧-ɲi˧ɲi#˥ / tsʰe˧do˧-ɲi˧ɲi˥ tsʰe˧qʰɑ˩ Too salty. 太咸。 the 2nd day of the month See: tsʰe˧so˧˥ 初二

NUMBER tsʰe˧do˧˥ | -so˩ɲi˩˥ tsʰe˧so˧ Tone: . 13. 13。 the 3rd day of the month 初三 tsʰe˧so˧˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: MH#. 咸。 tsʰe˧do˧-ŋwɤ˥ɲi˩ Salty (pleasantly salty). See: tsʰe˧qʰɑ˩ the 5th day of the month 初五 tsʰe˧ʂɯ˧ NUMBER Tone: . tsʰe˧do˧-hõ˥ɲi˩ 17. 17。 the 8th day of the month 初八 tsʰe˧tʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Smallpox. 天花。

tsʰe˧do˧˥ | -tsʰe˩ɲi˩˥ tsʰe˧tʰv˧ | bæ˩bæ˩ bæ˥-ze˩ the 10th day of the month Smallpox has broken out. 初十天花/麻疹犯了。麻疹，疹子。 tsʰe˧do˧˥ | -tsʰe˩ɖɯ˩ɲi˩˥ Measles. CL: the 11th day of the month ʂɯ˩ 十一日 tsʰe˧ʈʂæ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Village head, small-ranking official. 村长。 NUMBER Tone: . tsʰe˧ɖɯ˧ Borrowing: Chinese 村长 11. 11。

NOUN Tone: MH#. tsʰe˩b CLASSIFIER Tone: Lb. tsʰe˧hṽ˧˥ 量词：寸（汉语借 Chinese evergreen. 万年青。 Classifier: an inch (1/3 decimeter). 词）。 tsʰe˧hṽ˧-dzi˧˥ Borrowing: Chinese 寸 Chinese evergreen tree 万年青树 tsʰe˩b CLASSIFIER Tone: Lb. Classifier for knots, e.g. in a braid. 量词：数辫子的节 tsʰe˧hṽ˧-bæ˥bæ˩ （一节）。 flowers of Chinese evergreen 万年青花 tsʰe˩gv˩ NUMBER Tone: L. 19. 19。 CL: dzi˩ tsʰe˩hõ˩ NUMBER Tone: L. tsʰe˧jɤ˧mi˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 18. 18。 Marsh, bog, swamp. 沼泽。

tsʰe˧jɤ˧mi˥-qo˩, | ʈʰæ˧tɕi˧ɭɯ˥ | tʰi˧-di˩! tsʰe˩ŋwɤ˩ NUMBER Tone: L. 15。 In marshes, there are clumps of wild herbs! 15. 沼泽里，只长野草！ tsʰe˩ŋwɤ˩ɲi˩˥ NOUN Tone: . CL: pʰæ˧˥ The 15th day of the month. 十五号。

tsʰe˧kʰv˧ VERB Tone: . tsʰe˩qʰv˩ NUMBER Tone: L. To hiccup. 打嗝。 16. 16。

214 tsʰe˩qʰv˩ɲi˩˧ tsʰi˧ʝi#˥

tsʰe˩qʰv˩ɲi˩˧ NOUN Tone: . tsʰi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. The 16th day of the month. 十六号。 Dry season (winter and spring: from the 9th lunar month to the 2nd lunar month). 旱季（冬天至春天：农历九月 [F5] tsʰe˧do˧˥tsʰe˩kʰʶv˩ɲi˩˧ 到来年二月）。 same meaning 同上 tsʰi˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ha. Classifier for pelts / hides (animal skins), and for pieces of fabric. 量词：动物皮（一张），布料（一块）。 tsʰe˩ʐv˩ NUMBER Tone: L. 14. 14。 ɖɯ˧-tsʰi˥ one pelt tsʰɤ˩a VERB Tone: La. 一张动物皮 To plait, to weave (hair, thread). 编（头发，线）。 ɖɯ˧-tsʰi˧ ɲi˥ ʁo˧qʰwɤ˩ tsʰɤ˩ It’s a pelt. to weave the hair 这是一张（动物皮）编辫子

tsʰi˧ 1 ADJECTIVE Tone: M. hæ̃˧pɤ˧ le˧-tsʰɤ˩ Hot; scalding. 热，烫。 to plait hair 梳一条辫子 tsʰi˧-zo˧ mɤ˧-tʰɑ˧˥! The heat is unbearable! / The weather is unbear- ɖɯ˧-tsʰɤ˧~tsʰɤ˥-ɻ˩ ably hot! DELIMITATIVE _ RED INCEPTIVE 热得受不了！ DELIMITATIVE _ RED INCEPTIVE See: tsʰi˧ 2

tsʰɤ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. 1 tsʰi˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: M. To milk. 挤奶。 2 Bright. 明亮。

tso˧~tso˧ tsʰɤ˩ + ze˩ ɲi˧mi˧ tsʰi˧ to milk things the sun shines, the sunlight is strong 挤出东西太阳很晒

ʝi˧-bv˧ | ɳæ˧ tsʰɤ˩ ɬi˧mi˧ tsʰi˧ to milk a cow the moon shines, the moonlight is strong 挤牛奶月亮很亮、月光很明亮

See: tsʰi˧ 1 tsʰɤ˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. To rub (e.g. rough fabric rubs against the skin). 摩擦。 tsʰi˧b VERB Tone: Mb. To wear (a hat). 戴帽子。 tsʰɤ˧˥ 3 VERB Tone: MH. To attack, to pillage (e.g. bandits attack a caravan). 抢。 tv˧tv˥ tsʰi˩ to put on a hat tsʰɤ˧˥ 4 VERB Tone: MH. 戴上帽子 To give back, to return. 还（东西）。 tsʰi˧bv˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L#. Sultry, muggy, oppressively hot. 闷热。 tsʰɤ˧˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. Classifier for dented or bumpy objects: cockscombs, 量词：凸凹的物品，如：鸡 leaves, and bulbs of garlic. tsʰi˧ʝi#˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: #H. 冠（一顶）、叶子（一片）、蒜（一头）。 This year. 今年。

bæ˩bæ˩˥ | ɖɯ˧-tsʰɤ˧˥ tsʰi˧ʝi˧-se˥, | … a flower Until this year, ... 一朵花到了今年，……

215 tsʰi˧ɲi#˥ tsʰo˧b

tsʰi˧ɲi#˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: #H. tsʰi˩tsʰi˩ NOUN Tone: L. Today. 今天。 Peas, garden peas. 豌豆。 CL: kɤ˧˥ tsʰi˧ɲi˧-ʁo˧dɑ˧ before today; previously tsʰi˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. 今天之前 To construct a house, to build a house. 盖，建 (房子)。

ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧ tsʰi˧˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: MH. tsʰi˧qʰæ˧˥ to build a house Now, currently, these days. 现在。建房子

tsʰi˧si˩-dʑɤ˩pv˩ NOUN Tone: L#-. 神灵的世 tsʰi˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. The world of spirits, the world of the dead. 穿一个洞。界、死人的世界。 To bore a hole, to punch a hole.

tsʰi˧˥ 3 VERB Tone: MH. tsʰi˧ti#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 点（火）。 Masculine given name. 男性名字。 To start (a fire). mv˧ tsʰi˧˥ tsʰi˧zi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. to start a fire Highland barley, Hordeum vulgare var. nudum Hook. f.. 点火青稞。 njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ | mv˧tsʰi˧-bi˥ tsʰi˧zi˧ | nɑ˩-hĩ˩˥ I am going to start a fire black barley 我要点个火黑青稞 mv˩tsʰo˩ tsʰi˧ tsʰi˧zi˧ | pʰv˩-hĩ˩˥ to put fire to a piece of wood full of sap (tostart white barley a fire) 白青稞用含很多树脂的木头来引火

CL: kɤ˧˥ tsʰi˧˥ 4 VERB Tone: MH. To squat. 蹲。 tsʰi˧zi˧-ɻ ̃#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Highland barley straw. 青稞杆。 le˧-tsʰi˩~tsʰi˩ | tʰi˧-dzi˩ CL: kɤ˧˥ to sit cross-legged 盘腿坐 tsʰi˩a ADJECTIVE Tone: La. Thin. 细（树、体型细小）。 gɤ˩-tsʰi˧~tsʰi˩ tʰi˧-dzi˩ as above tsʰi˩-hĩ˩˥ 盘腿坐 NMLZ 细的 tsʰi˧˥ 5 ADJECTIVE Tone: MH. Archaic [古语] Sick, ill. 病。 qʰɑ˧-tsʰi˧-gv˧ mɤ˧-go˩ mɤ˩-tsʰi˩-ɻ˩ | very thin 非常细 to be in good health: not sick, not suffering 健康：不病、不痛 dʑɤ˧˥ | tsʰi˩-njæ˩˥ | -gv˩! It is really thin! tsʰo˧b VERB Tone: Mb. 跳。真细！ To jump. bæ˧ tsʰo˧ tsʰi˩mv˩tʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L. to skip rope Dancing demon. 跳着的鬼。跳绳

tsʰo˧~tsʰo˧ tsʰi˩tv˩ NOUN Tone: L. Marrow. 骨髓。 RED CL: kʰwɤ˥ 重叠

216 tsʰo˧ɖɯ˩ tsʰɯ˧pʰv#˥

tsʰo˧ɖɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. tsʰo˧ʁo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Group dance. 集体舞。 Stable: the building at the entrance of the farm, through which one comes when entering the farm. It is made of tsʰo˧ɖɯ˩ tsʰo˩ wood. On the ground floor, there are stables; hay and to perform a group dance straw are stored on the first floor. 牲畜圈：家门口的那栋楼，下为畜厩，上存饲料或另辟为房间。跳一个集体舞 CL: ɭɯ˧

tsʰo˧ɖwæ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Stone step. 石头台阶。 tsʰo˧tsɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Onion; leek. 葱，韭葱。葱子 lv˧mi˧-ɖʐɤ˩ɖwæ˩ Borrowing: Chinese CL: po˧ stone step 石头台阶 tsʰo˩ NOUN Tone: L. CL: ɖwæ˥ Human beings; the human species. 人类。

tsʰo˧ko˧ NOUN Tone: M. tsʰo˩mo˩ NOUN Tone: L. 丈夫。 Cardamom, Elletaria cardamomum. 小豆蔻。Local Chi- Husband. nese dialect: 草果。 Borrowing: 草果 tsʰo˩tsɯ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. CL: ɭɯ˧ File. 锉刀。 Borrowing: Chinese 锉子 CL: nɑ˧ tsʰo˧pæ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Caravan chief. 马帮头领。 Borrowing: Tibetan tshong.pa“merchant” tsʰo˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH. Respect, attention, esteem. 重视、关心、恭敬。

tsʰo˧pjɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɳɯ˧ | njɤ˧-ki˧ | ɖwæ˧˥ | tsʰo˧ ʝi˥! Soap. Presumably borrowed from a language of Burma: He/she treats me with great respect/attention. cp. Nung /tshɑ³¹ pi⁵⁵ iɔ⁵⁵/ [Dai 1992], Luxi Achang and 他很重视我 / 他对我很尊敬、很关心。 Lianghe Achang /tshɑu⁵⁵ pjɑu⁵⁵/ [Dai 1985], Longchuan Achang /tshau³¹ piau³¹/ [Dai 1992]. Culturally, it is not unlikely that soap was first introduced through contact/ tsʰɯ˧hṽ˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. commerce with ethnic groups of Burma. 肥皂。 Wool. 羊毛。 CL: ɭɯ˧ CL: kʰwɤ˥

NOUN Tone: H$. NOUN Tone: #H. tsʰɯ˧mi˥$ tsʰo˧qʰwɤ˧mi#˥ 母山羊。 Demon, ghost. 鬼。 Nanny goat. CL: v˧ See: tsʰo˧qʰwɤ˧zo#˥ tsʰɯ˧mi˧-po˧lo˥ nanny goat and billy goat tsʰo˧qʰwɤ˧mi˧-bæ˥bæ˩ NOUN Tone: #H-. 母山羊与公山羊 A blue flower, Delphinium grandiflorum. 翠雀花。 See: tsʰo˧qʰwɤ˧mi#˥ CL: pʰo˧˥

tsʰo˧qʰwɤ˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. tsʰɯ˧mi˧to˧qɑ˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. Demon, ghost (this word is less common than that with Male goat. 公山羊。 a feminine suffix). 鬼。 CL: pʰo˧˥ See: tsʰo˧qʰwɤ˧mi#˥ tsʰɯ˧mi˧-to˧qɑ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. tsʰo˧qʰwɤ˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L#. Kid (young goat). 公山羊羔。 Tonight. 今晚。 CL: pʰo˧˥

tsʰo˧qʰwɤ˩ | mv˩kʰv˧˥ tsʰɯ˧pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. same meaning: tonight He-goat. 公山羊。同上：今晚 CL: pʰo˧˥

217 tsʰɯ˧ɻ#˥ tsʰv˩˥

tsʰɯ˧ɻ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. tsʰɯ˩tsʰɯ˩ɻ ̃˩ NOUN Tone: L. A unixex given name: a given name used for both men Dry plant of garden peas, garden peas hay. 豌豆干草。 and women. 男女通用名。 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | tsʰɯ˩tsʰɯ˩ɻ ̃˩ ɲi˥. This is garden pea hay. tsʰɯ˧ɻ˧-ɖɯ˩mɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L. 这是豌豆干草。 Feminine given name. 女性名字。

CL: kɤ˧˥ tsʰɯ˧ɻ˧-ɬɑ˩mv˩ NOUN Tone: L. Feminine given name. 女性名字。 tsʰɯ˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. To cut to pieces (e.g. to cut away at a piece of clothing with scissors). 剪成片。 tsʰɯ˧ɻ˧-pʰi˩tsʰo˩ NOUN Tone: L. Masculine given name. 男性名字。 tʰɑ˧-tsʰɯ˧˥! PROHIB tsʰɯ˧ʂwæ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. PROHIB Wether (castrated goat, neutered goat). 阉山羊。 CL: pʰo˧˥ dʑi˧hṽ˧ tsʰɯ˩ to cut clothes to pieces 把衣服剪成片 tsʰɯ˧-to˧qɑ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Kid (child of the goat). 羔羊、羔子。 CL: pʰo˧˥ See: tsʰɯ˧zo˥$ tsʰɯ˧˥ 2 NOUN Tone: MH. Goat (male or female). 山羊。 CL: pʰo˧˥ tsʰɯ˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Young nanny goat. 母山羊羔。 tsʰv˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. CL: ɭɯ˧ Vinegar. 醋（汉语借词）。 Borrowing: Chinese 醋 tsʰɯ˧zo˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. See: sɑ˧tsʰv˩ Kid (child of the goat). 山羊羔。

tsʰɯ˧zo˧-to˧qɑ˥ young nanny goat(s) and young kid(s) 母山羊羔与公山羊羔

CL: ɭɯ˧ See: tsʰɯ˧-to˧qɑ˥

tsʰɯ˩a VERB Tone: La. To return; to come. 回，来。

le˧-gwɤ˩~gwɤ˩ | le˧-tsʰɯ˩-ze˩ to be back from a stroll 散步回来

le˧-tsʰɯ˩-ze˩ to be back 回来了

ɖɯ˧-ʝi˧-ɳɯ˧ tsʰɯ˧˥, | ɖɯ˧-ki˧ tʰv˧! “We have come from different places, and now we arrive in the same place / we come together!” This turn of phrase is not intelligible without prior learning, as it literally means “Coming from one place; arriving in one place”. “我们都来自不同的地方，但现在在一起了！”

218 ʈæ˧bɤ˧ ʈæ˩tsʰo#˥ 2

- ʈ - ʈæ˧ʂɯ˧-tsʰi˩ti˩ NOUN Tone: L. Masculine given name. 男性名字。 ʈæ˧bɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. 和尚，尼姑。 Monk, nun. ʈæ˧ʂɯ˧-ʈæ˩ʈv˩ NOUN Tone: L. Masculine given name. 男性名字。 ʈæ˧bɤ˧ʈʂʰo˧ same meaning VERB Tone: L . To lock up (animals), to close 同上 ʈæ˩a a (a door). 关（门、羊）。

ʈæ˧bɤ˧ ʝi˧-hĩ˧-hĩ˧ bv˩qo˩ ʈæ˥ person who is a monk to close the stable 当和尚的人关牛圈

hæ˧ʈæ˩bɤ˩ tʰi˧-ʈæ˩ Chinese monk DUR: to close 汉人和尚关门

CL: v˧ kʰi˧ ʈæ˥ to close the door ʈæ˧kwæ˧˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: MH#. 关门 Prodigal, wasteful. 爱浪费。 To tie (a knot). 扣（扣子）、系、结。 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ʈæ˧kwæ˧-hĩ˥ | ɖɯ˧-v˧ ɲi˩. (S)he is a prodigal person. ʈæ˩ɖɯ˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: LM. 他是爱浪费的人。 Satisfied, quiet. 安乐。

mɤ˧-ʈæ˩ɖɯ˩ ʈæ˧qo˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: M. At bottom, at the bottom of. 底下。 dissatisfied, restless 不高兴、不安 hi˩nɑ˧mi˧-ʈæ˧qo˥ at the bottom of the Lake ə˧mɑ˧ | tsʰi˧-ɲi˧ | ʈæ˩ɖɯ˧ tʰi˧-dzi˩-dʑo˩! 在湖底下 Today, Ama is sitting quietly! 今天，阿妈安乐地坐着。 ʈæ˧qo˧ tɕɯ˧ to place at the bottom of... ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɳɯ˧ | njɤ˧-ki˧ | mɤ˧-ʈæ˩ɖɯ˩-hĩ˩ ʐwɤ˩! 放在底下 He told me unpleasant things! / He told me vex- ing things! / He told me some things that make hi˩nɑ˧mi˧, | ʈæ˧ mɤ˧-do˩; | hĩ˧-nv˥mi˩, | ɳv˧ me frustrated/dissatisfied! mɤ˧-tʰɑ˩. 他跟我说了一些让我不安的（事情）！ / 他 “One can’t see to the bottom of the Lake; one 跟我说的，让我生气！ can’t know the heart of men.” (Proverb that comes up in courting songs.) ʈæ˩tsʰo#˥ 1 NOUN Tone: LM+#H. “人的心，湖底藏：看不清，摸不透！” 直 Class, group, set (of monks). 班、小组。译：“湖，（我们）看不到（它的）底下。人的心，是知道不了的！”（情歌里的一个谚 ʈæ˩tsʰo˧ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ 语） a group (of priests) 一个小组、一帮（和尚） ʈæ˧ʂɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Masculine given name. 男性名字。 CL: ɭɯ˧ See: ʈæ˩tsʰo#˥ 2

ʈæ˧ʂɯ˧-ɖɯ˩mɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L. ʈæ˩tsʰo#˥ 2 CLASSIFIER Tone: L. Feminine given name. 女性名字。 Self-classifier for classes, groups, sets (of monks). 量词：和尚（一帮、一班）。

ʈæ˧ʂɯ˧-ɬɑ˩mv˩ NOUN Tone: L. ɖɯ˧-ʈæ˩tsʰo˩ Feminine given name. 女性名字。 a group (of monks) 一班（和尚） ʈæ˧ʂɯ˧-pæ˩pʰæ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Masculine given name. 男性名字。 See: ʈæ˩tsʰo#˥ 1

219 ʈæ˩ʈv#˥ ʈv˩a 1

ʈæ˩ʈv#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. ʈɯ˧a VERB Tone: Ma. Masculine given name. 男性名字。 To set in place. 安装、摆好。

ʂe˧kʰɯ˧ tʰi˧-ʈɯ˧˥, | v˧ | tʰi˧-ʈɯ˧ ʈɤ˧a VERB Tone: Ma. to set the tripod in place (in the hearth); to set To pull. 拉、拽。 the large pot in place (as part of the final steps in setting up the new home, after a new house has tso˧~tso˧ ʈɤ˩(-ze˩) been built) （建完新房后）安装三脚架、把锅摆好（在三 to pull something 脚架上）拉拽东西 tsʰo˩-ɻ ̃˩˥ | dʑɯ˩ mɤ˩-ʈɯ˩˥, | lɑ˧-ʂe˧ | kʰv˧ tʰɑ˩- mv˧ʐe˧ qʰæ˩ | le˧-wo˧-ʈɤ˥-di˩ ki˩! periphrase to refer to the trigger of a gun: the “Human bones must not be put in water; tiger’s part that one pulls to shoot flesh must not be given to the dog!” (Explana- 扳机 tion: corpses were not buried in water, unlike in certain Tibetan customs. Neither the body, nor the ashes of cremation, must be put in water.) ʈi˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ha. “人骨头，莫碰水！老虎肉，莫给狗！”（这 A handspan (between the thumb and index). The dis- 个谚语，来强调摩梭与藏族的一些不同习惯： tance between the thumb and the middle finger is not 摩梭禁止让尸体或骨灰沾水。） commonly used. 量词：拃(大拇指和食指之间的距离。一般不用大拇指和中指之间的距离。)。 ʈɯ˧ʈʰæ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Patrimony, family wealth, property. 家底、财产(贵重物品)。 ʈi˩a VERB Tone: La. To get up. 起（如：起来，起床）。 ɑ˩ʁo˧ ʈɯ˧ʈʰæ˧! Prosperity to the family! gɤ˩-ʈi˧ 祝你们家发财！ to get up 起来 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ʈɯ˧ʈʰæ˧ | ɖwæ˧˥ | dʑo˧-ʝi˧! (S)he has a large patrimony / His/her family is ʑi˧ ʈi˥ rich! 他家底很好！ / 他家有钱！ to wake up 醒来 CL: kʰwɤ˥

ʑi˧ gɤ˧-ʈi˩ ʈv˩ NOUN Tone: L. to wake up Knot. 死扣、死结。醒来 ɖɯ˧-ʈv˩ a knot gɤ˩ mɤ˥-ʈi˩ 一个死结 not to get up 不起床 ɖɯ˧-ʈv˩ | tʰi˧-ʈv˩ to tie a knot mɤ˧-ʈi˩-sɯ˩! 打一个死结 (She/he) has not got up yet / is not up yet! 还没起床！ ʈv˩a 1 VERB Tone: La. To weave (bamboo). 编（竹子）。 le˧-ʈi˩-ze˩! qʰwɤ˧tʰv˧ ʈv˥ (She/he) has got up! to weave a basket for carrying water 起床了！编背水的背篓

ɖɯ˧-ʈi˧~ʈi˥-ɻ˩ mi˩ɬi˩ ʈv˥ DELIMITATIVE RED INCEPTIVE to weave bamboo 起来一下编竹子

220 ʈv˩a 2 ʈwɤ˧a

tso˧~tso˧ ʈv˥ ʈwɤ˧a VERB Tone: Ma. 啼，鸡 to weave things To sing (of bird), to cock-a-doodle-doo (cock). 叫。编东西 æ̃˩ ʈwɤ˧ (+ze˧) ʈv˩a 2 VERB Tone: La. The cock sings. To throw (a stone at someone). 掷（掷石头）。鸡叫。

mɤ˧-ʈv˩ NEG NEG

lv˧mi˧ ʈv˩ to throw a stone 掷石头

tso˧~tso˧ ʈv˥ to throw things 掷东西

ʈv˩b CLASSIFIER Tone: Lb. Classifier: a large chunk of: a piece larger than amouth- ful. The size can range from a chunk of meat corresponding to one serving for one guest, to a quarter of meat weighing several kilos. 量词：大块，如：一块肉，从一个人的份到几公斤的重量。

ʈv˩qʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L. Slipknot. 活扣。

ʈv˩qʰv˩˥ | tʰi˧-ʈv˩ to tie a slipknot 打活扣

ʈv˩qʰv˩˥ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ | tʰi˧-ʈv˩ to tie a slipknot 打一个活扣

ʈwæ˩a VERB Tone: La. To freeze, to solidify. 冻。

dʑɯ˩ ʈwæ˩˥ water freezes 水冻成冰

dʑɯ˩pʰæ˩ ʈwæ˧-ze˩ ice has formed 水冻成冰了。

ɖɯ˧-ʈwæ˧~ʈwæ˥-ɻ˩ kʰɯ˩ to put to freeze, to put in the deep freeze 冷冻，放在冷箱

ʈwæ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To fall down (on a slippery road). 跌倒（路很滑）。

221 ʈʰæ˧-mɤ˧-ʝi#˥ ʈʰɯ˩a

- ʈʰ - ʈʰæ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To bite; to sting. 咬、叮。

ʈʰæ˧-mɤ˧-ʝi#˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: #H. tso˧~tso˧ ʈʰæ˩(-ze˩) Disorderly. 乱。 to bite things ɑ˩ʁo˧ | ʈʰæ˧-mɤ˧-ʝi˧! | 咬东西 The house is in a mess! 家很乱！ hĩ˧ ʈʰæ˩ to bite someone (e.g. a dog bites a stranger) ʈʰæ˧-mɤ˧-ʝi˧ ɲi˥! | 咬人 It’s a real mess! 真乱！ To fit, to adjust, to match: e.g. when building ahouse, to pieces of carpentry fit each other exactly, and ’bite’ ʈʰæ˧mi˧-ɳɯ˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L#. 对号、合适、相配：建房真的。 into each other to perfection. Really, actually. 时，两块木材调剂地刚好合适，好像互相“咬紧”的样子。 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ʈʰæ˧mi˧-ɳɯ˩ | go˩˥! (S)he is really ill! 他真的病了！ ʈʰɤ˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ha. A drop (of liquid). 量词：滴。 -ʈʰæ˧qo˩ POSTPOSITION Tone: L#. Under. ……之下、下面。 ʈʰɤ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. ʈʰæ˧qʰwɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. To drip, to dribble. 滴（水往下滴）。 Skirt. 裙子。 CL: ɭɯ˧˥ tʰi˧-ʈʰɤ˩~ʈʰɤ˩

*ʈʰæ˩ NOUN Tone: L. DUR RED Skirt (monosyllabic form extracted from the set phrase 滴着滴着 ’to wear the skirt’). 裙子（单音节）。

ʈʰæ˧ | le˧-ki˩ ʈʰi˩a ADJECTIVE Tone: La. to put on the skirt (ACCOMP) Tired, weary. 累、疲倦、精疲力竭。穿上裙子

ʈʰæ˩ ki˩˥ le˧-ʈʰi˩-ze˩ the ritual of coming of age for women: “putting ACCOMP _ PFV on the skirt” 累了女人成年的礼仪：“穿裙子”

njɤ˧ | ʈʰi˩˥! ʈʰæ˩ki˩ VERB Tone: L. I am tired! To perform the ceremony for a person’s coming of age. 举行女孩的成年礼。我累了！

ʈʰæ˩ki˩-ze˥! njɤ˧ | ʈʰi˩-ze˥! She has come of age! / The ceremony for her I am tired! coming of age has been performed! 我累了！穿裙了！ / 行过穿裙礼了！ / 她成年了！

VERB Tone: MH. ʈʰæ˩~ʈʰæ˧˥ ʈʰɯ˩a VERB Tone: La. To itch. 痒。 To sneeze. 打喷嚏。 le˧-ʈʰæ˩~ʈʰæ˩-ze˩ ACCOMP RED PFV ɖɯ˧-ʈʰɯ˧~ʈʰɯ˥ ACCOMP RED PFV INCEPTIVE RED

222 ʈʰɯ˩b ʈʰɯ˩b

ʈʰɯ˩b VERB Tone: Lb. To drink. 喝。

njɤ˧ | mɤ˧-ʈʰɯ˩ I don’t drink 我不喝

ʈʰɯ˩-ze˥ PFV 喝了

le˧-ʈʰɯ˩-ze˩ ACCOMP _ PFV ACCOMP _ PFV

ʐɯ˧ ʈʰɯ˩ to drink wine 喝酒

jɤ˧ ʈʰɯ˩ to smoke (tobacco) 抽烟

dʑɯ˩qʰæ˩ ʈʰɯ˩˥ to drink cold water 喝凉水

dʑɯ˩tsʰi˩ ʈʰɯ˩˥ to drink hot water 喝热水

li˩ ʈʰɯ˩ to drink tea 喝茶

v˩dʑɯ˩ ʈʰɯ˩˥ to drink soup 喝汤

dʑɯ˧ ʈʰɯ˧ to drink water 喝水

njɤ˧ | dʑɯ˧ ʈʰɯ˧-ze˧ I have drunk some water 我喝了水

njɤ˧ | dʑɯ˧ ʈʰɯ˧-zo˧-ho˩ I’m going to have to drink water. 我应该喝水了。

223 ʈʂɑ˧tɑ˥ ʈʂe˥

- ʈʂ - ʈʂæ˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. To send someone. 派人。 ʈʂɑ˧tɑ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. ɖɯ˧-v˧ ʈʂæ˧˥ Sign. 记号。 to send someone ʈʂɑ˧tɑ˥ ʝi˩ 派一个人 to make a mark, to write a sign hĩ˧ ʈʂæ˩ 写一个符号、画一个符号 as above 同上 ʈʂɑ˧tɑ˥ tɕi˩ to write signs, to make marks 写符号、画符号 ʈʂæ˧˥ 3 VERB Tone: MH. To set, to attach (e.g. to sew a button, to put a saddle on a horse). 安上（如：缝扣子、安上马鞍）。 CL: kʰwɤ˥ pv˩ɭɯ˥ ʈʂæ˩ ʈʂæ˧mo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. to sew a button A poisonous mushroom. 一种有毒的菌子。缝扣子

ʈʂæ˧mo˧-kʰi˧tɕʰɯ˩-mo˩ / kʰi˧tɕʰɯ˩-mo˩ ʐwæ˧tɕi˥ ʈʂæ˩ same meaning to put a saddle on a horse, to saddle a horse 同上备鞍

ɖɯ˧-ɲi˥, | so˧-ʂɯ˧ ʈʂæ˧˥! Syn: kʰi˧tɕʰɯ˩-mo˩. In one day [of caravan journey], one saddles (horses) three times! ʈʂæ˧ʈʂɯ˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: M. （走马帮，）一天备鞍三次！ Truthfully, accurately, really. 确切、真的。 ʈʂæ˧˥ 4 NOUN Tone: MH. Articulation. 关节。 ʈʂæ˧wɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Period, epoch, age, era, span of time. 段（时间）、 Servant. 仆人，佣人。时代。 CL: v˧ CL: ʈʂæ˧˥

NOUN Tone: LM+#H. ʈʂæ˧˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. ʈʂæ˩do#˥ 量词. 玉米（一 Container in which butter-tea is mixed; also: butter Classifier for ears (of sweet corn). 棒）。 churn. 打酥油茶的罐、酥油茶搅拌器，黄油搅乳器。 CL: ɭɯ˧ qʰɑ˧dze˧ | ɖɯ˧-ʈʂæ˧˥ an ear of sweet corn ʈʂæ˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. 一棒玉米 To rob, to steal. 抢劫、抢。 qʰɑ˧dze˧ | ɖɯ˧-ʈʂæ˧ ɖʐɤ˥ le˧-ʈʂæ˧-ze˥ to pick an ear of sweet corn ACCOMP _ PFV 掰一棒玉米抢了 ʈʂe˥ NOUN Tone: #H. tso˧~tso˧ ʈʂæ˩ Earth. 土壤。 to steal things ʈʂe˧ pv˩ 抢东西 dry earth le˧-ʈʂæ˧-po˥-hɯ˩(-ze˩) 干土 [(S)he] stole away (something) ʈʂe˧ sɯ˧~sɯ˥ 把东西抢走了 ’raw earth’: immature soil, earth that has not been prepared for agriculture by adding manure, hĩ˧ ʈʂæ˩ etc to rob people, to steal from people ‘生土’：没有经过加工（加肥料等等）的抢劫土，还不适合种农作物

224 ʈʂe˥ ʈʂɤ˧a

ʈʂe˥ NOUN Tone: #H. bo˩ ʈʂɤ˧ 针（汉语借词）。 Needle. to count pigs CL: ɭɯ˧ See: ʁo˧˥ 数猪

ʈʂe˧dɑ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. le˧-ʈʂɤ˧-ze˧ 隔板。 Partition. ACCOMP _ PFV CL: do˥ 数了

ʈʂe˧gi˥$ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: H$. To do divination, to do fortune-telling. 算命。 In-between, in the middle of. 中间、之间、间。 le˧-ʈʂɤ˥~ʈʂɤ˩ ə˧-sɯ˩kv˩-ʈʂe˩gi˩ to do divination, to do fortune-telling (in the space) between us, in the space that sepa- 算命 rates us 在咱们之间（的空间） ɖɯ˧-ʈʂɤ˥~ʈʂɤ˩-ɻ˩ to do some fortune-telling ʈʂe˩a VERB Tone: La. 算一下命 To sting, to pierce (e.g. a thorn). 刺痛。 ɲi˧ŋwɤ˩hɑ̃˩tʰɑ˩ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ | ʈʂɤ˧-bi˧! le˧-ʈʂe˩-ze˩ (We are) going to look for an auspicious day (for ACCOMP _ PFV an event such as a wedding or the building of a ACCOMP _ PFV house) 要掐算一下日子 tɕʰi˧-ɳɯ˧ ʈʂe˩-ze˩ to be pierced by a thorn, to catch a thorn kɯ˧ ʈʂɤ˧, | hɑ̃˧ ʈʂɤ˧ 被刺所刺痛 to look for an auspicious day for an important event; literally: “to count stars, to count days” tso˧~tso˧ ʈʂe˥ 掐算一下。直译：“算星星，算日子”。 to pierce something 算是，当作。刺到一个东西 To count as. hĩ˧ ɖɯ˧-v˧ ʈʂɤ˧-ze˧! ʈʂe˩kʰɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L. (She/he) now counts as a (grown-up) person! / 缝。 Seam. (She/he) can now be considered an adult! (A CL: ɭɯ˧ comment typically made when a child reaches adulthood, at age 13.) ʈʂe˩ʂwæ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. 变成大人了！（十三岁成年礼时常用的一句 Grit, gravel. 砾石。话）

数、 dʑɤ˩ ʈʂɤ˧ ʈʂɤ˧a VERB Tone: Ma. To count; to calculate. 算。 to be good, to count as good, to be considered as good ʈʂɤ˧~ʈʂɤ˩ 算是很好的 RED 重叠：算一算 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | õ˧-bv˥-õ˩ | dʑɤ˩ʈʂɤ˧ (+ | ʐwæ˩˥) He thinks highly of himself! / He is proud of ɖɯ˧-ʈʂɤ˥~ʈʂɤ˩-ɻ˩ himself / conceited! to do some counting, to take a count 他觉得自己很了不起！算一下 hɤ˩ ʈʂɤ˩˥ tso˧~tso˧ ʈʂɤ˩ to count as remarkable, to be considered as re- to count things markable 数东西算很了不起的，算很能干的

hĩ˧ ʈʂɤ˩ ɖwæ˧˥ | hɤ˩ ʈʂɤ˩˥ to count people same meaning 数人同上

225 ʈʂo˧kʰɯ˩ ʈʂɯ˧dzi˩

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | gi˧zɯ˧ ʈʂɤ˧-tso˧-ɲi˥. ʈʂo˧ʂɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 忠实（永宁的一个村 He has the status of little brother! (Comment Name of a village: Zhongshi. 落）。 made to emphasize someone’s role in the family.) ɖæ˩ʂɯ#˥, | ʈʂo˧ʂɯ#˥, | bɤ˩tɕʰɯ˩˥, | dɑ˧pʰo˥, | 他是做弟弟的！（强调该人的社会角色） bɤ˧dzi˩, | dze˧bo˧ the six villages of the plain of Yongning, in tradi- ʈʂʰɯ˧ | gi˧zɯ˧ ʈʂɤ˧-ɲi˥! tional order: by order of increasing distance from He has the status of little brother! (Comment the Lake made to emphasize someone’s role in the fam- 永宁坝的六个村落，按传统排序：从距离泸沽 ily.) 湖最近的村落说起。他是做弟弟的！（强调该人的社会角色）

NOUN Tone: H#. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | bɤ˧ ʈʂɤ˧-tso˧-ɲi˥! ʈʂo˧tsɯ˥ Table. 桌子（汉语借词）。 He/she is Pumi! (Comment made to emphasize Borrowing: Chinese 桌子 this aspect of someone’s identity.) CL: pɤ˩ See: sɯ˧ɻæ˧ 他是普米族！（强调该人的民族） ʈʂo˩ CLASSIFIER Tone: L. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | nɑ˩ ʈʂɤ˧-tso˧-ɲi˥! Classifier for meals. 量词：饭（一顿）。 He/she is Na! (Comment made to emphasize this aspect of someone’s identity.) ɖɯ˧-ʈʂo˩ tʰi˩-pæ˩ | 他是摩梭人！（强调该人的民族身份） to serve a meal, to set a meal 摆饭，摆饭桌 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | æ˧mv˩ ʈʂɤ˩-ɲi˩! ʐo˩˥, | njɤ˧ ɖɯ˧-ʈʂo˩ pæ˩-bi˩! She has the status of elder sister! / He has the status of elder brother! (Comment made to em- For lunch, I will serve a (whole) meal! / I’m phasize someone’s role in the family.) taking charge of lunch! 她是做姐姐的！ / 他是做哥哥的！（强调该我来管午饭这一顿！人的社会角色） hɑ˧ ɖɯ˧-ʈʂo˩

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | gi˧zɯ˧-go˩mi˩ ʈʂɤ˩-ɲi˩! a meal 一顿饭 They are brothers and sisters! 他们是（兄）弟（姐）妹！ ʈʂo˩bo˩ NOUN Tone: L. 土墙。 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | æ˧mv˧-go˧mi˥ | ʈʂɤ˧-tso˧ mɤ˧-ɲi˥! | Earthen wall. mɤ˧-ʈʂɤ˧! ʈʂo˩bo˩ ti˥ They can’t be considered as brothers and sisters! to build a wall of earth, by pounding the earth / They are not actually brothers and sisters! 垒墙他们不算是兄弟姐妹！ CL: do˥ ʈʂo˧kʰɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Ritual performed on the occasion of the death of a family ʈʂo˩mv˩ NOUN Tone: L. 沙子。 member. 忠克：亲人去世时举行的仪式。 Fine sand.

ʈʂɻ˥ VERB Tone: H. ʈʂo˧ɭɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. To cough. 咳嗽。 Hand-operated grindstone. 手推磨。 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | tʰi˧-ʈʂɻ˥-dʑo˩ ʈʂo˧ɭɯ˧-nv˥mi˩ (S)he is coughing. the axis of the grindstone (literally: its hear) 他在咳嗽手推磨的轴心 ʈʂɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. CL: nɑ˧ Claws. 爪子。 CL: ɭɯ˧ See: kv˧ʈʂɯ˧˥ ʈʂo˧ɭɯ˧ʈʂo˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. A water insect. 一种水虫。 ʈʂɯ˧dzi˩ NOUN Tone: L#. CL: mi˩ Varnish tree. 漆树。

226 ʈʂɯ˧fv#˥ ʈʂwæ˧~ʈʂwæ˧

ʈʂɯ˧fv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. ʈʂv˩a 1 VERB Tone: La. Local government. （土）知府，如：永宁知府（汉语 To contaminate, to infect. 传染。借词）。 Borrowing: Chinese 知府 hĩ˧ ʈʂv˥-ho˩ (the disease) is going to contaminate someone / no˧ | ɬi˧di˩-ʈʂɯ˩fv˩-ni˩-zo˩! is going to contaminate people You think you’re the local government, hey?! (A （病毒）会传染人的 criticism to people who keep telling others how they should behave, as if they lorded it over ev- ʈʂv˧~ʈʂv˥ eryone else.) RED 你像永宁土知府！ / 你是永宁土知府吧！（批重叠评独断的人、一手包办的人） ʈʂv˧~ʈʂv˥-ɻ˩ ho˩ no˧ | ʈʂɯ˧fv˧-mi˧-ni˧˥ | -zo˩! You are the Princess of Yongning, hey?! (Criti- (the disease) is going to contaminate (people) cism addressed to an overbearing woman) （病毒）会传染的。你好像是永宁大公主！ / 你好像是永宁知府女主人！（批评一个独断的女人） njɤ˧-ɳɯ˧ | no˧ ʈʂv˧-ʝi˥! (Be careful,) I may contaminate you / pass on my cold to you! NOUN Tone: L#. ʈʂɯ˧mɤ˩ （要小心：）我会传染你的！ Sesame. 芝麻（汉语借词）。 Borrowing: Chinese 芝麻 ʈʂv˩a 2 VERB Tone: La. ʈʂɯ˧mɤ˩, | ɬi˧di˩ | mɤ˧-tʰv˧-ɲi˥! To light (a candle). 点（蜡烛……）。 Sesame does not grow in Yongning! / Sesame isn’t grown in Yongning! ʈʂv˩dʑɯ˥ NOUN Tone: LH. 永宁不产芝麻！ Sweat. 汗。

ʈʂɯ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. ʈʂv˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. To sift. 筛。 Sweat (monosyllable). 汗（单音节）。

le˧-ʈʂɯ˧-ze˥ ʈʂv˧ bv˧nv˩ ACCOMP _ PFV smelling of sweat, reeking of sweat ACCOMP _ PFV 有汗（臭）的味道

ɖɯ˧-ʈʂɯ˧-ɻ˥ DELIMITATIVE _ INCEPTIVE ʈʂwɑ˧~ʈʂwɑ˧-nɑ˧~nɑ#˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: #H. DELIMITATIVE _ INCEPTIVE Mixed; diverse, heterogeneous; messy. 杂、混杂。

ʈʂv˧di˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. ʈʂwɑ˧~ʈʂwɑ˧-nɑ˧~nɑ˧-hĩ˥ Name of a village outside the plain of Lijiang, in the REL/nmlz 村落名。 vicinity of the Lake, close to /lɑ˧tʰɑ˧-di˧˥/. 混杂的

ʈʂv˧pɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. ʈʂwɑ˧~ʈʂwɑ˧-nɑ˧~nɑ˧-ɻ˥ Cutting-board; vessel or cutting board for meat. 菜板、俎。 messy 混杂 CL: nɑ˧

NOUN Tone: H#. ʈʂwæ˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ha. ʈʂv˧tɕɯ˥ 量词：征途、路程、路途、征 Spittle, phlegm, sputum. 痰。 Classifier for journeys. 程，趟。

ADJECTIVE ʈʂv˩ Tone: L. ɖɯ˧-ɲi˥ | ɖɯ˧-ʈʂwæ˧ bi˧ Peaceful, soft (astrological sign). 平和的（生肖）。 to go once a day, to go one time each day kʰv˧ ʈʂv˧˥ 一天去一趟 a peaceful, soft astrological sign, such as the Ox, the Rabbit and the Goat ʈʂwæ˧~ʈʂwæ˧ VERB Tone: M. 平和的生肖，如牛、兔、羊 To mix. 搅拌、使混合。

227 ʈʂwæ˩ho˧ɻ˧ ʈʂʰɑ˧lɑ˧

ʈʂwæ˩ho˧ɻ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. savoured! (An explanation about the use of the Drill. 钻子。 verb.) Borrowing: Chinese 钻酒，是可以品尝的！茶，是可以品尝的！饭，是可以品尝的！（关于‘品尝’这个动词的说 ʈʂwæ˩~ʈʂwæ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. 明） To hold by the hand, to hold each other’s hands. 手拉手。 hɑ˧ ʈʂwæ˩ to savour food le˧-ʈʂwæ˧~ʈʂwæ˧-ze˧! 品尝食物 ACCOMP RED PFV li˩ ʈʂwæ˧˥ ACCOMP RED PFV to savour tea ʈʂwæ˩~ʈʂwæ˧-ɻ˥ 品茶 RED INCEPTIVE ʐɯ˧ ʈʂwæ˧˥ RED INCEPTIVE to savour wine 品酒 ʈʂwæ˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. To set up, to install. 安装。 ə˩kʰɯ˩ ʈʂwæ˥ to savour turnip (an ironic but fully acceptable tjɤ˧hwɑ˧ ʈʂwæ˥ statement) to set up the telephone, to put up a telephone line 尝尝圆根（玩笑话，因为圆根没有什么滋味） (in a house that did not have it before) 安装电话（座机） ʈʂwɤ˧a CLASSIFIER Tone: Ma. A handful (with one single hand). 量词：捧。 le˧-ʈʂwæ˧˥ le˧-tse˧-ze˧! It’s installed! / It is now well installed! VERB Tone: M . 装好了！ ʈʂwɤ˧a a To scratch (with claws, e.g. of tiger). 抓（用爪子抓）。 To repair, to cure (a tooth). 补（牙）、修好（坏 tso˧~tso˧ ʈʂwɤ˩ 牙）。 to scratch objects 抓东西 hi˧ ʈʂwæ˩ to cure a tooth 补牙、修好坏牙 ʈʂwɤ˧~ʈʂwɤ˩ VERB Tone: M. To touch. 触碰。

hi˧ | le˧-ʈʂwæ˧-ze˥! ə˧tso˧ mɤ˧-ɲi˩ ʈʂwɤ˧~ʈʂwɤ˩! The tooth is cured! You really touch all and everything, don’t you! 牙补好了！ (Mildly scolding a baby that crawls around on a table and grabs every object in turn) To tie (a string), to make a knot to tie two pieces of 你什么都碰，是吗！（小孩爬在桌子上，试着结线。 thread together. 拿每个东西）

kʰɯ˩ ʈʂwæ˩˥ VERB Tone: M. to tie pieces of thread together ʈʂʰɑ˧lɑ˧ To discuss, to have a talk, to chat. 商量、交谈、谈天、结线聊天。

hĩ˧-qɑ˩ ʈʂʰɑ˩lɑ˩ ʈʂwæ˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. To savour, to enjoy, to relish. 欣赏、品尝（饮食、音 to have a chat with someone 乐……）。跟人聊天

no˧ | li˩ ʈʂwæ˧-ɻ˥! | ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ ʈʂʰɑ˧lɑ˥ Please enjoy a cup of tea! (A polite invitation) to have a small chat 请您品一点茶！（礼貌说法）聊聊天

228 ʈʂʰɑ˧lɑ˧-mv˧lɑ˩ ʈʂʰæ˧˥ 2

ʈʂʰɑ˧lɑ˧-mv˧lɑ˩ VERB Tone: M. ʈʂʰæ˧ɣɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. To discuss, to have a talk, to chat. 商量、交谈、谈天、 Medicine. 药。聊天。 ʈʂʰæ˧ɣɯ˧ ʈʰɯ˧˥ ʈʂʰɑ˧lɑ˧-mv˧lɑ˩-ɻ˩ to take a medicine; literally “to drink a medicine” to have a chat 吃药（直译：“喝药”）聊聊天 ʈʂʰæ˧ɣɯ˧ lɑ˩ ʈʂʰɑ˧nɑ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. to spread pesticides (in an orchard, a vegetable The name of a sacred spring, at the foot of a cliff, on the garden or a field) mountain /qv˧ɻ#˥/. 一眼山泉的名字。打农药

qv˧ɻ˧-ʈʂʰɑ˧nɑ˥# the full name of the mountain ʈʂʰæ˧ɣɯ˧-ki˩-hĩ˩-hĩ˩ NOUN Tone: L. 医生。山的全名，包括水泉名 Doctor; literally: “person who gives medicines”. CL: v˧ kɤ˧mv˧˥, | æ˧ʂæ˧, | ŋwɤ˧hɑ̃˩, | ʂwæ˧gv#˥, | nɑ˩tsʰi˩˥ | -tɕʰɤ˧pɤ˧mi#˥, | qv˧ɻ˧-ʈʂʰɑ˧nɑ˥ | ʈʂʰæ˧mi˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. The six mountains of Yongning that carry a Doe, hind. 母马鹿。 name and have a definite symbolic value. The CL: pʰo˧˥ other mountains do not have comparable symbolic value, and fewer people use specific names ʈʂʰæ˧nɑ˥ NOUN Tone: H#. for them. Black stag: a legendary species, which only spirits are 永宁地区有固定名字的六座山。其它的山，因 able to hunt down. 黑鹿。为没有重要的象征意义，因此没有取名。 CL: pʰo˧˥

ʈʂʰæ˥ VERB Tone: H. 洗（洗衣服，洗 ʈʂʰæ˧pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. To wash (clothes, oneself…). 公马鹿。澡……）。 Male deer. CL: pʰo˧˥ dʑi˧hṽ˧ ʈʂʰæ˧ to wash clothes ʈʂʰæ˧qʰv˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. 洗衣服 Antlers; pilose antler (of young stags). 鹿角，鹿茸。 CL: ɭɯ˧ bɑ˩lɑ˩ ʈʂʰæ˩˥ to wash shirts ʈʂʰæ˧sɯ˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: . 洗上衣 Unfortunate, a pity. 太可惜了!

ɬi˧qʰwɤ˩ ʈʂʰæ˩ ʈʂʰæ˧sɯ˩! to wash trousers It’s a pity! 洗裤子可惜！

gv˧mi˧ ʈʂʰæ˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: M. to wash oneself, to take a bath/shower ʈʂʰæ˧~ʈʂʰæ˧ Solid, of good quality. 结实、质量好，（东西）耐用，洗澡（人）可靠。

gv˧mi˧ ʈʂʰæ˧~ʈʂʰæ˧ to wash oneself a bit, to do a quick clean-up ʈʂʰæ˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 小鹿。洗一下身体 Baby deer. CL: ɭɯ˧ hɑ˧ ʈʂʰæ˧ to rinse cereals (before cooking) ʈʂʰæ˧˥ 1 NOUN Tone: MH. 淘洗粮食 Deer, red deer, Cervus elaphus kansuensis. 马鹿。 CL: pʰo˧˥ ɕi˧ʈʂʰwæ˧ ʈʂʰæ˧(-ze˩) to rinse rice (before cooking) ʈʂʰæ˧˥ 2 CLASSIFIER Tone: MH. 淘米 Classifier for generations. 量词：代、世、辈、世代。

229 ʈʂʰe˧b ʈʂʰo˥

ʈʂʰe˧b VERB Tone: Mb. ʈʂʰɤ˩kɤ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. To stretch (one’s hand...). 伸（伸手）。 Goblet. 缸子，杯子。 CL: ɭɯ˧ le˧-ʈʂʰe˧-ze˧ ACCOMP _ PFV NOUN Tone: LM. ACCOMP _ PFV ʈʂʰɤ˩qo˧ Attention, interest, care. 关注、关心。 mv˩tɕo˧ ʈʂʰe˧ ʈʂʰɤ˩qo˧ kʰɯ˧˥ to stretch down 向下伸展 to pay attention to, to care for 关心、关注 lo˩qʰwɤ˧ | ə˩pʰo˩ ʈʂʰe˩˥ ʈʂʰɤ˩qo˧ | ɖwæ˧˥ | tʰi˧-kʰɯ˧˥ to strech one’s hand outside (e.g. out the window) to pay great attention to, to care greatly for (e.g. 手伸到外边 a grandmother paying great attention to a little child’s feeding) tso˧~tso˧ ʈʂʰe˧ 很关心、很关注 to extend something, to stick out something (e.g. to extend a cane out the window of a car) ʈʂʰɤ˩qo˧ | mɤ˧-kʰɯ˧˥ 伸出一个东西，如：从车窗里伸出一个棍子 to pay little attention to, not to care for 不关心、不关注

ʈʂʰe˧~ʈʂʰe˧ CLASSIFIER Tone: M. From: ʈʂʰe˧b Classifiers for walls, i.e. the width of a room: forin- CL: kʰwɤ˥ stance, a cupboard can be described as extending over an entire wall, i.e. occupying the entire width of a room. ʈʂʰɤ˩tɕʰɯ˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L. 量词：一面（墙）。 Admirable, with high qualities. 利害，值得崇拜。

ʈʂʰɤ˧zo˥-ʈʂʰɤ˩mv˩ NOUN Tone: H#-L. Love child. 私生子：没有名分的孩子、不明来路。 ʈʂʰɤ˩~ʈʂʰɤ˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To feel, to touch, to stroke. 抚摸。 ə˧dɑ˥ | ɲi˩-ɲi˥ | mɤ˧-sɯ˥ | ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧, | ʈʂʰɤ˧zo˥- ʈʂʰɤ˩mv˩ mv˩ʈʂæ˩. ʈʂʰɤ˩ʈʂʰɤ˧ mɤ˥-tʰɑ˩! Someone who does not know who his father is, One must not touch! is called a “love child”. 禁止触碰！一个人不知道他父亲是谁，就称作“私生子”。 tʰɑ˧-ʈʂʰɤ˩ʈʂʰɤ˩! Do not touch! ə˧ʝi˧-ʂɯ˥ʝi˩, | ʈʂʰɤ˧zo˥-ʈʂʰɤ˩mv˩ ʐɤ˩hĩ˩-lɑ˩ ɲi˩! 别碰！ In the past, one used to bring up love children, and that was that! / In the past, one used to bring tso˧~tso˧ ʈʂʰɤ˥ʈʂʰɤ˩ up love children without making any fuss! to touch something 过去，大家会公开把“私生子”养大，不会大抚摸东西惊小怪的！

VERB Tone: H. ʈʂʰɤ˩ VERB Tone: La. ʈʂʰo˥ a 拜（神）。 To share (several people share something among them- To pray (to a god). selves; someone shares out something). 分。 ʈʂʰo˧do˩ ʈʂʰo˩ ɖɯ˧-v˧ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥ | le˧-ʈʂʰɤ˧~ʈʂʰɤ˥ to pray to the spirit of the home to share: one piece for each person 祭祀祖先平分 hĩ˧-mo˥, | zo˩qo˧ ʂɯ˧, | zo˩qo˧-ɳɯ˧ ʈʂʰo˧-zo˧! ʈʂʰɤ˩ho˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Deceased members of the family are honoured at Kettle. 水壶。 the place where they passed away! CL: ɭɯ˧ 要在家人去世地点进行祭拜！

230 ʈʂʰo˧b ʈʂʰɯ˥ 2

ʈʂʰo˧b VERB Tone: Mb. ʈʂʰɻ˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. To read aloud. 朗读。 To grasp (e.g. a sword hilt). 握 (握刀把)。

le˧-ʈʂʰo˧-ze˧ sɯ˩tʰi˩˥ | (ɖɯ˧)-nɑ˧ | tʰi˧-ʈʂʰɻ˧˥ (+dʑo˩) to grasp a knife ACCOMP _ PFV 手里握刀朗读了

ʈʂʰɻ˧ mɤ˧-bi˧! le˧-ʈʂʰo˧-le˧-se˩ I won’t grasp (this knife, ...) (I) have finished reading aloud 我不要拿（刀）！朗读完了。 lo˩qʰwɤ˧ ʈʂʰɻ˩~ʈʂʰɻ˩ | tʰæ˧ɻæ˩ ʈʂʰo˩ to tighten the fist to read a book aloud 攥紧拳头朗读一本书

ʈʂʰɻ˧˥ 2 NOUN Tone: MH. ʈʂʰo˧~ʈʂʰo˧ Lung. 肺。 RED CL: ɭɯ˧ 重叠

ʈʂʰɻ˧˥a CLASSIFIER Tone: MHa. Classifier for handfuls / balls: loose substance shaped NOUN Tone: #H. ʈʂʰo˧bɤ#˥ into ball form by compressing it in the hand, for instance Masculine clothing worn on special occasions. 男上衣。 a handful of cooked cereals. 量词：团，掐。指的是一 CL: ɭɯ˧˥ 只手里能拿的量，压成团，如：手里拿煮熟的粮食，压成饭团。

ʈʂʰo˧bv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Calamus, sweet flag, bitterroot, Acorus calamus. 菖蒲。 -ʈʂʰɯ˥ SUFFIX Tone: #H. Topic marker; grammaticalized from the proximal CL: dzi˩ demonstrative. 主题(°指示.近指)。 See: ʈʂʰɯ˥ 1 See: ʈʂʰɯ˥ 2 ʈʂʰo˧do˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Small eminence next to the hearth, symbolising the an- ʈʂʰɯ˥ 1 PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: #H. cestors, on top of which some food is offered at the be- This; proximal demonstrative. 这指示.近指。 ginning of each meal. 火塘上面祖先灵位。 CL: ɭɯ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧ ɲi˥! This is it! / That’s it! / That’s right! 是这个！ / 对的！ ʈʂʰo˧lo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Frying pan (large, with flat bottom). 平底大锅（直径大概半米），用来煎洋芋饼等等。 ʈʂʰɯ˧-v#˥ this one CL: ɭɯ˧ 这个

ʈʂʰɻ IDEOPHONE Tone: . ʈʂʰɯ˧=ɻæ˥ Hissing noise of water that comes in contact with red-hot these things metal or incandescent wood: Pssshhh! 形声词：噗嗤！这些（水浇在很热的金属上的声音）。

See: -ʈʂʰɯ˥ See: ʈʂʰɯ˥ 2

ʈʂʰɻ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Ploughshare. 铧头，犁铧。 ʈʂʰɯ˥ 2 PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: #H. 3rd person singular pronoun. 他。

ʈʂʰɻ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ ʈʂʰɯ˧ ɲi˥! N+DEM+CLF That’s her/him! 这把铧头是他！

CL: ɭɯ˧ See: -ʈʂʰɯ˥ See: ʈʂʰɯ˥ 1

231 ʈʂʰɯ˧-gɤ˧ ʈʂʰv˩ 1

ʈʂʰɯ˧-gɤ˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: M. bæ˧qʰæ˧ ʈʂʰv#˥ Here. 这里。 The breakfast shared when coming back from the See: ʈʂʰɯ˧gi#˥ cremation ceremony. Guests stop at the house of the deceased, where they are offered breakfast before they set home. ʈʂʰɯ˧gi#˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: #H. Here. 这边。丧礼早餐：参加火葬仪式的人留在去世的人家，一起吃一点早饭再回家。 See: ʈʂʰɯ˧-gɤ˧

ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧-ʝi˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: MH#. ʈʂʰv˧dʑɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Thus, in this way. 这样，这么。 Dyestuff. 染料。

ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧-ʝi˥ | le˧-ʐwɤ˩! dʑi˧hṽ˧-ʈʂʰv˧dʑɯ˧ This is how it’s said! dyestuff for clothes 是这样讲的！衣服染料

ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧-ʝi˥ | le˧-pi˥! ʈʂʰv˧dʑɯ˧ | hṽ˩-hĩ˩˥ This is how it’s said! red dyestuff 是这样说的！红色的染料

ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧-ʝi˥ | le˧-ʝi˥! CL: kʰwɤ˥ This is how it’s done! 是这样做的！ ʈʂʰv˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. Wife. 太太、老婆、媳妇。 ʈʂʰɯ˧qɑ˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: . CL: v˧ Together. 一起。 ʈʂʰv˧ɻ˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. ʈʂʰɯ˧-qo˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: M. Ant. 蚂蚁。 Here. 这里。 ʈʂʰv˧ɻ˧ | tɕi˩-hĩ˩˥ ʈʂʰɯ˧-sɯ˩-kv˩ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: L. small ant 3rd person plural. 他们。小蚂蚁

ʈʂʰɯ˧-sɯ˩-kv˩-bv˩ | mɤ˧-sɯ˥! CL: mi˩ (We) don’t know about their business! / (We) are not privy to their family affairs! ʈʂʰv˧ɻ˧qʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 我们不知道他们的事！ Ant nest. 蚂蚁巢。

ʈʂʰɯ˧ʂo˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: . ʈʂʰv˧ɻ˧qʰv˧ ɲi˥! This morning. 今天早上。 It’s an ant nest! 是蚂蚁巢！ ʈʂʰɯ˧tɕi˩ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: L#. Third-person plural pronoun. 他们。 CL: ɭɯ˧ See: ʈʂʰv˧ɻ˥$

ʈʂʰɯ˧zɯ˩ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: L#. ʈʂʰv˩ 1 VERB Tone: MH. 完成。 Dual third-person pronoun: the two of them. 他们两 To complete, to finish. 个。 le˧-ʈʂʰv˩-se˩ ACCOMP _ CMPL ʈʂʰv˧ NOUN Tone: M. Breakfast. 早饭。完成了

ʈʂʰv˧ dzɯ˧(-ze˩) tsʰi˧-ɲi˧-bv˧ | lo˧ | le˧-ʈʂʰv˩! | le˧-se˩-ze˩! to have breakfast, to eat breakfast Today’s work is completed! It’s finished! 吃早饭今天的工作完成了！就算完工了吧！

232 ʈʂʰv˩ 2 ʈʂʰwæ˧ʈʂʰwæ˧

ʈʂʰv˩ 2 VERB Tone: L. ʈʂʰwæ˧a 1 VERB Tone: Ma. To set aside, to set apart, to distinguish. 除开。 To rot. 腐烂。

gɤ˩-ʈʂʰv˧, | mv˩-ʈʂʰv˧-tsæ˩-ɲi˩ ʈʂʰwæ˧-ze˧ to set aside, to distinguish, not to mix PFV 不算在里面、不算在一起烂了

le˧-ʈʂʰwæ˧-ze˧ no˧-bv˧ | gɤ˩-ʈʂʰv˧! | njɤ˧-bv˧, | mv˩-ʈʂʰv˧! ACCOMP _ PFV Your stuff belongs to you; and mine belongs to ACCOMP _ PFV me! 你的算你的，我的算我的！ hĩ˧-ɳɯ˩ | mɤ˧-dzɯ˥, | le˧-ʈʂʰwæ˧-ze˧! | No one ate it, and now it’s rotten! (About a water melon that was forgotten in the cupboard.) ʈʂʰv˩a VERB Tone: La. To dye. 染。没人吃，就烂了！（一个西瓜被忘记在橱柜里，就腐烂了） mɤ˧-ʈʂʰv˩ NEG ʈʂʰwæ˧a 2 VERB Tone: Ma. NEG To wake up. 醒来。

le˧-ʈʂʰwæ˧-ze˧ ʈʂʰv˩ mɤ˩-bi˩˥! ACCOMP _ PFV _ NEG FUT_imm ACCOMP _ PFV _ NEG FUT_imm gɤ˩ʈʂʰwæ˧ tso˧~tso˧ ʈʂʰv˥ to wake up to dye things 醒来染东西 gɤ˩ʈʂʰwæ˧-ze˧! [(S)he] has woken up! ʈʂʰv˩~ʈʂʰv˩˧ VERB Tone: . To rub, to wipe. 擦。醒来了！

ʈʂʰv˩~ʈʂʰv˩-ze˧ ʈʂʰwæ˧-bv˧nv#˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: #H. RED PFV Bad, spoilt, rotten. 食物变味，有臭味道了。 RED PFV ʈʂʰwæ˧-bv˧nv˧ ɲi˥!

le˧-ʈʂʰv˩~ʈʂʰv˩-ze˩ It stinks! / It smells rotten! 臭了、有臭味道了 ACCOMP _ PFV ACCOMP _ PFV ʈʂʰwæ˧kɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. 网。 tso˧~tso˧ ʈʂʰv˥~ʈʂʰv˩ Net. to wipe things ʈʂʰwæ˧kɯ˧ tʰv˧-nɑ˩ 擦东西 N+DEM+CLF 这个网 ʈʂʰv˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. CL: nɑ˧ To add water, to pour extra water. 掺和。

le˧-ʈʂʰv˧-ze˥ ʈʂʰwæ˧tsɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Window. 窗户。Local Chinese dialect: 窗子。 ACCOMP _ PFV Borrowing: Chinese 窗子 ACCOMP _ PFV CL: nɑ˧

dʑɯ˩ ʈʂʰv˩˥ ʈʂʰwæ˧ʈʂʰwæ˧ NOUN Tone: M. to add water (e.g. in a pot) Cymbals (Chinese borrowing). 钹。加水（如：往锅里添加水） CL: nɑ˧

233 ʈʂʰwæ˩a ʈʂʰwɤ˩

ʈʂʰwæ˩a ADJECTIVE Tone: La. Rapid, fast. 快（动作快，跑得快）。

ʈʂʰwæ˩-hĩ˩˥ REL/NMLZ 快的

ɲi˧to˧ ʈʂʰwæ˩ who has a loose tongue, to talks too much 嘴快

ʈʂʰwæ˩tsʰɯ˩ VERB Tone: L. To create. 创造（汉语借词）。 Borrowing: Chinese 创造

ʈʂʰwæ˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. To hide (an object). 藏（东西）。

ʈʂʰwæ˧˥ 2 VERB Tone: MH. To stab. 插、戳。

ʈʂʰwæ˩˧ NOUN Tone: LM. Boat. 船（汉语借词）。 Borrowing: Chinese 船 CL: nɑ˧

ʈʂʰwɤ˧tsʰi˧˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: MH#. Narrow. 窄。

ʈʂʰwɤ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Dinner. 晚饭。

ʈʂʰwɤ˩ gv˩˥ to cook dinner 做晚饭

ʈʂʰwɤ˩ tʰv˩˥ to take charge of dinner, to prepare dinner, to provide dinner (this can refer to providing the ingredients for the meal, not necessarily preparing it oneself) 请吃晚饭，提供晚餐（不一定自己做：意思是提供原料）

ʈʂʰwɤ˩ dzɯ˩˥ to eat dinner 吃晚饭

234 v˥ v˩

- v ṽ - v˧dʑo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Wujiao township. 屋脚（村落名）。 v˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Pot. 锅。 CL: ɭɯ˧ v˧ko˧ NOUN Tone: M. Tortoise. 乌龟（汉语借词）。 v˥b CLASSIFIER Tone: Hb. Self-classifier for pots; classifier for potfuls (of food, liq- VERB Tone: L#-. uid…). 量词：锅（一口），或锅的容量。 v˧lɑ˩-ʝi˩ To trade, to do business. 做生意。 v˧ CLASSIFIER Tone: M *. Classifier for one individual (human); can only beused v˧lɑ˩-ʝi˩-hĩ˩-hĩ˩ NOUN Tone: L#-. after the numeral ’one’, i.e. either in the singular or in Merchant. 商人。 association with numbers whose last figure is ’one’. 量词：人（一个人）。只能用于单数。 v˧lɑ˩-ʝi˩-hĩ˩ ɖɯ˧-v#˥; ɖɯ˧-v˧ ɲi˥ merchant one person; it is one person (elicited to verify 商人 tone) 一个人，是一个人（为了确认声调而问的短 CL: v˧ 语）

tsʰe˧ɖɯ˧-v˧ v˧mi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 大锅。 11 persons Large cooking pot. 十一个人 v˧~v˧a VERB Tone: Ma. ɲi˧tsi˧ɖɯ˧-v˧ To chew; to chew the cud. 嚼。 21 persons 二十一个人 le˧-v˧~v˧ +ze˩ ACCOMP so˧tsʰi˧ɖɯ˧-v˧ ACCOMP 31 persons 三十一个人 le˧-wo˧ v˧~v˧ ʐv˧tsʰi˩ɖɯ˩-v˩ to chew the cud 41 persons 反刍四十一个人

ŋwɤ˧tsʰi˩ɖɯ˩-v˩ v˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Small cooking pot. 小锅。 51 persons 五十一个人 v˩ VERB Tone: La. qʰv˧tsʰi˧ɖɯ˧-v˥ To hug, to embrace. 搂（人的脖子）。 61 persons 六十一个人 ʁæ˧ | le˧-v˧~v˥ to embrace someone’s neck ʂɯ˧tsʰi˩ɖɯ˩-v˩ 搂人的脖子 71 persons 七十一个人 ʁæ˧ | le˧-v˩ hõ˧tsʰi˩ɖɯ˩-v˩ as above 81 persons 同上八十一个人 ʁæ˧ v˥ se˩ gv˧tsʰi˩ɖɯ˩-v˩ to walk together with someone, arm curled 91 persons around the neck 九十一个人互相搂着走

235 v˩dze˩ v˩tsʰɤ˧˥

v˩dze˩ NOUN Tone: L. Bird. 鸟。

v˩dze˩-bi˥ | hṽ˧ ʑi˥ There are feathers on the bird. 鸟（身）上有（羽）毛。

v˩dze˩-mi˩ female bird 母鸟

v˩dze˩-pʰv˩ male bird 公鸟

v˩dze˩-zo˩ baby bird 小鸟

CL: mi˩

v˩dze˩-kʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L. Nest. 鸟窝，鸟巢。

v˩dze˩kʰv˩ ɲi˥. _ COP 是鸟窝

CL: ɭɯ˧

v˩dʑɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Soup. 汤。

æ˩ʂe˧-v˥dʑɯ˩ chicken soup 鸡汤

v˩tsʰɤ˧-bv#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. Ladybug, ladybird. 瓢虫。 CL: mi˩

v˩tsʰɤ˧-pʰv˥ NOUN Tone: LM+H#. Chinese cabbage. 白菜。 CL: po˧

v˩tsʰɤ˧-v˥ɲi˩ NOUN Tone: LM+#H-. Vegetables. 蔬菜。 CL: qɑ˩

v˩tsʰɤ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. Vegetables. 蔬菜。 CL: po˧

236 wɤ˧ 1 wo˩kɤ#˥

- w wɑ wæ wɤ wo wɤ̃ - wɤ˩˥ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: LM? LH?. Again. 又，再。 wɤ˧ 1 NOUN Tone: M. Serf, slave (lowest of the 3 ranks in feudal society). 奴隶，农奴。音译：“俄”。 wɤ˩˥ | ɖɯ˧-ʂɯ˩ CL: v˧ once again, once more, one more time 再一次、又一次 wɤ˧ 2 DISCOURSE PARTICLE Tone: M. Final particle conveying exclamation, with a nuance of obviousness. 句尾助词：吧、呗。 wo˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: H. wɤ˩a VERB Tone: La. Hard, solid, resilient. 硬，坚硬，结实。 To depend on. 依赖。 hĩ˧-bi˥ | wɤ˩-mɤ˩-bi˩˥! le˧-wo˥-ze˩ One should not depend on others! 不要依赖别人！ ACCOMP _ PFV: it hardened 硬了 hĩ˧-bi˥ | wɤ˩-v˩-tʰv˩˥! (Whether one wants or not) one depends on others (in some respect or other)! （无论如何）人都会依靠别人的！（意思是： wo˧ɻ˩ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: L#. 人不能完全独立，人活在人间就会或多或少需 1st person, associative: my family/my people. 我家人、要依靠别人。）我家族。

CLASSIFIER Tone: L . wɤ˩b b wo˧ɻ˩ | ə˧si˧ Load, charge, weight. 量词：担，负荷。 my great-grandmother ɖɯ˧-wɤ˩ pɤ˩~pɤ˩ | 我家祖母 to carry a load 背一担

ɖɯ˧-wɤ˩, | ɖɯ˧-wɤ˩ | le˧-kʰɯ˩~kʰɯ˩ | tʰi˧- wo˩b CLASSIFIER Tone: Lb. tɕɯ˥ | Classifier for teams of oxen. In Yongning, the ardis to pile up loads, one after the other drawn by two oxen, or two small water buffaloes, or one 将驮的大包堆起来 strong water buffalo. 量词：牛（一架）。

wɤ˩~wɤ˩ VERB Tone: L. To detour past, to bypass. 绕过。 dʑi˧mi˧ | ɲi˧-pʰo˧˥, | ɖɯ˧-wo˩! Two water buffaloes make up one team! le˧-wɤ˩-ze˩ 两头水牛，等于一架！ ACCOMP _ pfv 绕了

ɖɯ˧-wɤ˩~wɤ˩-ɻ˩ wo˩kɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. DELIMITATIVE _ RED INCEPTIVE Swing. 秋千（鞦韆）。绕一绕

[PHONO] wɤ˩~wɤ˩ bi˩˥ wo˩kɤ˧-tsɑ˧-di˧˥ IMM_fut IMM_fut same meaning: swing 同上：秋千 [PHONO] wɤ˩~wɤ˩-ze˥ PFV 绕了 wo˩kɤ˧ tsɑ˧˥ same meaning: swing le˧-wɤ˩~wɤ˩ | le˧-se˥ 同上：秋千 to bypass on foot; to walk past, bypassing (a certain place) 走路绕过 CL: nɑ˧

237 wo˧˥ wo˩˥

wo˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To turn around (e.g. in order to look back). 翻身，转身。

le˧-wo˧-ɻ˥ to turn around (e.g. in order to look back) 转身

le˧-wo˧ li˥ to look back 往后看

lə-˧wo˧ tʰo˥-tɕo˩ to turn around (e.g. in order to look back) 转身

le˧-wo˧-tɕo˥! Turn around! (Said to a baby who is about to get down a bed head first) （先）转身！

To go back. 回（去）。

le˧-wo˧˥ | le˧-hɯ˩ has gone back, went back 回去了

wo˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Turnip leaves; they used to be eaten as a vegetable. 圆根的叶子。

wo˩bɤ˧˥ same meaning: turnip leaves 同上：圆根叶子

238 w̃æ˧ w̃æ˧

- w̃ w̃æ -

w̃æ˧ VERB Tone: M intrans. To swell, to inflate (e.g. the belly is swollen). 肿，膨胀，（肚子）胀。

ɻ˧tɑ˧ w̃æ˧ (-ze˧) glands are swollen 淋巴结肿了

tso˧~tso˧ w̃æ˩ something has swollen 东西膨胀了

239 zɑ˥ ‑zo

- z - ze˩bæ˧ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: LM. Which; which kind. 哪，哪个 (哪个碗)，哪一种。 zɑ˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: H. Restricted to, limited to. 仅仅。 ze˩bæ˧ ɲi˥? Which one is it? / Which kind is it? ʁwɤ˧-qo˧-ɳɯ˧-lɑ˧ mɤ˧-zɑ˥ (…) 是哪个？是哪一样？ not only the people from the village 不仅有村子里的人 ze˩bæ˩ NOUN Tone: L. Flash of lightning, thunderbolt. 闪电、打闪电、霹雷。

zɑ˧ɭɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. ze˩bæ˩-ze˥! 阉猪。 Barrow, castrated male pig, neutered pig. There has been a flash of lightning! CL: pʰo˧˥ v˧ 打闪电了！

zɑ˧zɑ˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: M. ze˩bæ˩˥ | -dʑo˩! Careful. 细心、细致。 There are flashes of lightning! 打着闪电！ VERB Tone: L . zɑ˩a a CL: bæ˩ To go downward (a mountain), to descend. 下 (山……)。 ze˩gɤ˧ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: LM. 哪里，什么地方。 ʁwɤ˩ zɑ˩˥ At which place, where. to go down the mountain NOUN Tone: L. 下山 ze˩mi˩ Niece. 甥女（姐妹的女儿）。 CL: v˧ mɤ˧-zɑ˩-sɯ˩ not to go down yet ze˩v˩ NOUN Tone: L. 还没下来 Nephew (son of one’s sister). 外甥（姐妹的儿子）。 CL: v˧ ɖɯ˧-zɑ˧~zɑ˥-ɻ˩ DELIMITATIVE _ RED INCEPTIVE ze˩v˩-ze˧mi˩ NOUN Tone: L-L#. 下来一下 Nephews and nieces. 外甥甥女（姐妹的儿女）。

NOUN Tone: L-L#. ‑zo SUFFIX Tone: . zɑ˩-bɑ˧lɑ˩ 地副词化。 Religious painting (thangka) on wood, on the wall next Adverbializer, ADVB. 火塘旁边墙上的壁画（唐卡：内容来自 to the hearth. gv˩dʑɯ˩-zo˥ 藏传佛教）。 sadly, with great sadness 难过乎乎地 zɑ˩ɲi˥-ʂɤ˩ NOUN Tone: LH-. Vampire: a demon of human shape (the size of a large ʂv˧ɖv˧-zo˩ person), who feeds on blood. 吸血鬼。 pensively 沉思地 ‑ze˩ SUFFIX Tone: L. ʐæ˧-zo˩ Perfective, PFV. 整体体。 smilingly 笑着地 ze˩ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: L. 哪。 Which. ɳɯ˧ɕi˩-zo˩ in a lovely/amiable way ze˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: . Archaic [古语] Pure. 纯洁。可爱地

240 zo˥ zo˧tʰi˧

ə˧v˧-zo˥! zo˧hṽ˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. Son. 儿子。 Very pretty! / That’s really sweet! (Said to a little girl who is showing around a pair of brand zo˧hṽ˧=ɻæ˥ new shoes) the sons 真漂亮！（情景：一个小姑娘让大家看她的一儿子们双新鞋子，奶奶就给予所需称赞） Young chap, young lad, young man. 小伙子、青年 zo˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Son. 儿子。男子。 CL: v˧ zo˧ ɲi˥-kv˩ two sons 两个儿子 zo˧mv˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Child. 孩子。 Man, Vir. 男人。 CL: v˧ zo˧mv˥ | æ˧mv˥tɕi˩-hĩ˩ newborn baby, infant ‑zo˧ SUFFIX Tone: M. 新生婴儿 Obligative. 应该、必须。 CL: ɭɯ˧ zo˧a VERB Tone: Ma. To have to, to be necessary. 要，应该。 zo˧ʂv˧kʰv˥ɲi˩tʰv˩ NOUN Tone: . mɤ˧-zo˧ (-ze˧)! | tʰi˧-kwɤ˩-kʰɯ˩! Orphan. 孤儿。 It’s not necessary! Forget it! 不用了！算了吧！ [F5] le˧-ko˧~ko˥ | po˧tsʰɯ˧ (+ tʰv˧-v˧ / zo˧mv˥) ʈʂʰɯ˧ne˧-ʝi˥ | ʝi˧-zo˧-ho˥-ɲi˩! [This child] has been adopted (literally “has been That’s how one must do! / That’s how it’s done! picked up”) 是应该这样做的！（这个孩子）是被领养的。

NOUN Tone: L#. zo˧bæ˩ NOUN Tone: #H. Fool, idiot. 笨人、傻瓜。 zo˧tv#˥ Only son. 独生子，独生男孩。 mɤ˧-zo˧bæ˩! No, (you) are not an idiot! (A reassuring answer zo˧tv˧ ɖɯ˧-v˧-lɑ˧ dʑo˧˥! to someone who deprecates himself as an idiot.) (She) just has an only son! （你）不是笨蛋！（情景：一个人批评自己是（她）只有一个独生男孩子！笨蛋，人家安慰他。） ʂɯ˧-ɬi˧mi˧, | zo˧tv˧ ʐɤ˥-tʰɑ˩-se˩! zo˧bæ˩-mv˩bæ˩ “In the seventh month, let not an only son take silly people, idiots (of both sexes) the road!” (The seventh month is the peak of the 傻瓜们（不分男女） rainy season; it was considered as a wrong time for long travels.) CL: v˧ “七月份，独生子不要上路！”（七月份是大雨季，摩梭人认为七月份的路最不安全：有生 zo˧ɖɯ˧ NOUN Tone: #H. 命危险） Eldest son. 大儿子。

zo˧ɖɯ˧-mv˥ɖɯ˩ zo˧tv˧-mv˥tv˩ NOUN Tone: #H-. eldest son and eldest daughter Only child (boy or girl). 独生子（男女通用）。大儿子与大女儿

NOUN Tone: M. NOUN Tone: MH#-. zo˧tʰi˧ zo˧hṽ˧-mv˥zo˩ Intelligent person. 聪明的人。 Descendants. 后代。

zo˧hṽ˧mv˥zo˩=ɻæ˩ zo˧tʰi˧ ɖɯ˧-v˧ _ ASSOCIATIVE an intelligent person _ 联想复数一个聪明的人

241 zo˧tʰi˧ zɯ˧-qʰɑ˧mi#˥

zo˧tʰi˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: M. zo˩qo˧ tʰv˧? Intelligent. 聪明。 Where are you? (Typical question when calling ʈʂʰɯ˧ | zo˧tʰi˧ | ʐwæ˩˥! someone on their mobile phone) 你到哪里了？（打手机） He is very clever! 他很聪明！ zɯ˥ NOUN Tone: #H. ʈʂʰɯ˧ | mɤ˧-tʰi˧! Grass. 草。 He is not clever! CL: kʰɤ˧˥ 他不聪明！ zɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. zo˧tɕi˥ NOUN Tone: H#. Life, existence. 生命。 Youngest son. 最小的儿子。 zɯ˧ ʂæ˧ zo˧tɕi˥-mv˩tɕi˩ long life youngest son and youngest daughter 长命、长的人生最小的儿子与女儿

zɯ˧ ʂæ˧ hɑ̃˧-ʝi˧-kʰɯ˩! NOUN Tone: H#. zo˧zo˧-mv˧mv˥ May you have a long life! Thing, thingummy. 东西。祝你长寿！ CL: kʰwɤ˥

zɯ˧ ɖæ˧ zo˧ʐɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Adoptive son, foster son. 义子。 short life 短命 zo˩bv˥li˩ NOUN Tone: . Universe. 宇宙。 See: zɯ˧b

zo˩no˧ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: LM. zɯ˧b CLASSIFIER Tone: Mb. Now. 现在。 Self-classifier for life, existence. 量词：辈子。

zo˩no˥ | gɤ˩-ʈi˧! ɖɯ˧-zɯ˧ She only just woke up! (Context: someone walks all of (one’s) life, a lifetime into the house in the afternoon, sees a little child 一辈子（的时间） playing, and notes: “She has got up!” The child’s grandmother answers: “She only just woke up!”) See: zɯ˧ 刚起床！ / 刚才才起床！

zɯ˧hṽ˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L#. zo˩qo˧ PRONOUN/PRONOMINAL Tone: LM. Green. 绿（布料、线）。 Where. 哪里。

no˧ | zo˩qo˧ bi˧? zɯ˧hṽ˩-ni˩gv˩ Where are you going? green 你去哪里？绿

zo˩qo˧-ɳɯ˧ | tsʰɯ˩˥? [F5] zɯ˧hṽ˩ | ~zɯ˧hṽ˩-ni˩gv˩ Where (are you) coming from? all green, green all over 从哪里来？全绿

no˧ | hɑ˧ | zo˩qo˧ dzɯ˧-bi˧-pi˧, | ɖɯ˧-bæ˧ lɑ˧ ɲi˥! zɯ˧pv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. 干草。 No matter which one you choose: they’re all the Hay, dry grass. same! (Context: discussing the restaurant scene CL: kʰɤ˧˥ in Yongning; in the speaker’s view, the newly opened restaurants all share the same qualities zɯ˧-qʰɑ˧mi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. and shortcomings, for instance concerning hy- Sabai grass, Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C. E. Hubb.. 蓑 giene.) 草、山草、山草根、龙须草、山茅草、羊草、拟金无论你到哪里去吃，都一样！（情景：新开的茅。Local Chinese dialect: 狗尾巴草。饭馆） CL: po˧

242 zɯ˧ɻ#˥ zɯ˩~zɯ˩

zɯ˧ɻ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Cheek. 腮、腮帮子。

zɯ˧ɻ˧ qʰwæ˩ to slap/smack someone’s cheek 掌掴、打嘴巴

CL: ɭɯ˧

zɯ˧~zɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Life, existence. 生命。

hĩ˧-zɯ˧~zɯ˥$ human life 人生

hĩ˧ zɯ˧ | ʂæ˧ | ʐwæ˩˥ a very long life / life is very long 很长的人生 / 人生很长

CL: ljɤ˩

zɯ˩~zɯ˩ VERB Tone: L. To be numb. 麻木。

gv˧dv˧gv˧mi˧ | zɯ˩~zɯ˩˥ to be numb (whole body) 身体麻木、全身麻木

gv˧mi˧ | zɯ˩~zɯ˩˥ to be numb (whole body) 身体麻木、全身麻木

tʰi˧-zɯ˩~zɯ˩ DUR RED DUR RED

243 ʐ ʐæ˩ʂæ˧

- ʐ - ʐæ˧v˩-tʰv˩ VERB Tone: L#-. To joke, to crack a joke. 开玩笑。 ʐ IDEOPHONE Tone: 0. Rumbling sound of heavy loads carried over a wooden ʐæ˧v˩-tʰv˩ | ʐwæ˩˥ 形声词：轰隆隆！（拉很重 floor, of lorries... Brroom! to crack jokes all the time, to make lots of jokes 的物品在地板上的隆隆声，卡车的隆隆声）。开很多玩笑、一直开玩笑

ʐæ˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: M. ʐæ˧v˩-tʰv˩-hĩ˩ ʐwɤ˩ Tall and big; great; impressive. 高大。 to crack a joke ʐæ˧-ni˩gv˩ 开个玩笑 tall and big; great; impressive 高大 ʐæ˩b VERB Tone: Lb. To mix. 搅拌合混。 hĩ˧ | ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧, | ʐæ˧-ni˩gv˩! This person looks impressive / tall and big! le˧-ʐæ˧~ʐæ˥ 这人很高大！ ACCOMP _ RED 搅拌 ʐæ˧ni˩ | mɤ˧-gv˧ not impressive, not great-looking ʐæ˩mi#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. 个子不高 Female panther. 母豹子。

ʐæ˧ | ʐwæ˩˥ ʐæ˩mi˧-ʐæ˥zo˩ very tall and big female panther and male panther 很高大母豹子与公豹子

笑。 ʐæ˧a VERB Tone: Ma. To laugh. CL: pʰo˧˥ zo˧hṽ˥ | hĩ˧ ʐæ˧~ʐæ˥-kʰɯ˩ ʐæ˩pʰv˧ NOUN Tone: LM. The kids make people laugh Male panther. 公豹子。孩子们把大家逗笑了。 ʐæ˩pʰv˧-ʐæ˩mi˩ hĩ˧ | ʐæ˧~ʐæ˥ kʰɯ˩ male panther and female panther to make people laugh, to amuse people 公豹子与母豹子让大家笑一笑 CL: pʰo˧˥ ʐæ˧~ʐæ˩-di˩ jokes, funny talk NOUN Tone: L. 笑话，好笑的话 ʐæ˩sɯ˩ Rough felt made only of sheep wool. One drapes it over one’s shoulders as an outdoor protection from the cold. To laugh at; to be impertinent; to deride, to make fun 披毡。 of (people). 嘲笑别人、出言不逊。 CL: ɭɯ˧˥ le˧-ʐæ˧-ze˧ ACCOMP _ PFV ʐæ˩sɯ˩-kʰwæ˩ɻæ˧ NOUN Tone: . 出言不逊了 Felt mat. 毡子（真正的毡子）做的垫子。 CL: tsʰi˥ le˧-ʐæ˥~ʐæ˩ RED ʐæ˩ʂæ˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: LM. 笑一笑（别人） Far, distant. 远。

hĩ˧ ʐæ˩ no˧ | ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ə˩-ʐæ˥ʂæ˩? | dʑɤ˩kʰwɤ˧ ə˩-di˩? | to make fun of other people - dʑɤ˩˥ | dʑɤ˩kʰwɤ˧ mɤ˧-di˥! | mɤ˧-ʐæ˩ʂæ˩! 嘲笑人家 Are you distant from him? Is there distance (between you)? - There is not much distance to le˧-ʐæ˥~ʐæ˩-ze˩ speak of! We are not distant! (=we are close RED PFV friends) 嘲笑了你们很熟吗？ - 不很熟！

244 ʐæ˩tsɯ˧˥ ʐɤ˩ni˩

ʐæ˩tsɯ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. ʐe˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Path, trail. 小路、径道。 Arrow. 箭。

ʐæ˩tsɯ˧-ʐɤ˥mi˩ ʐe˧zo˧ | ɖɯ˧-kʰɯ˩ small trail one arrow 径道一枝箭

CL: kʰɯ˩ ʐe˩ʐe˧-bæ˩bæ˩ NOUN Tone: LM-L. Wild cotton (literally: “Westerners’ flower”). 野棉花 ʐæ˩zo#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. （直译：‘洋人花’）。 Little panther, baby panther. 小豹子。 See: je˩ʐe˧

ʐæ˩zo˧-ʐæ˥mi˩ ʐe˩ʐe˧-læ˧tsɯ˥ NOUN Tone: LM-H#. baby panther and female panther One of the three main types of plants used for pig fodder. 小豹子与母豹子喂猪的牧草。

CL: ɭɯ˧ ʐɤ˧b VERB Tone: Mb. To raise (animals). 饲养（动物）。 NOUN Tone: LH. ʐæ˩˥ bo˩ ʐɤ˧ Leopard, panther. 豹子。 to raise pigs ʐæ˩ dzɯ˧-ze˩ 养猪 ...ate (a/the) leopard ʐwæ˧zo˧ ʐɤ˧ 吃了豹子 to raise colts ʐæ˩ hwæ˧-ze˩ 养小马 ...bought (a/the) leopard 买了豹子 ʐɤ˩c CLASSIFIER Tone: Lc. Classifier for lines/patterns (in weaving, drawing, paint- CL: pʰo˧˥ ing…). 量词：图案（画画或织布）（一个）。

CLASSIFIER Tone: H . ʐɤ˩a ADJECTIVE Tone: La. ʐe˥ a 干净。 Classifier for quarters of preserved meat. 量词：熏肉 Clean. （一块）。 ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ʐɤ˩-hĩ˩ ɲi˥ It is clean NOUN Tone: #H. ʐe˥ 1 这是干净的 Arrow. 箭。 mɤ˧-ʐɤ˩ ʐe˧ɻ ̃˧ | ɖɯ˧-kʰɯ˩ not clean, dirty an arrow; also, metaphorically: a family, a lin- 不干净 eage 一枝箭。也来指一个家庭 ʐɤ˩mi˩ NOUN Tone: L. CL: kʰɯ˩ Road. 路。

hĩ˧ | ɖɯ˧-v˧~ɖɯ˧-v˧ | le˧-se˥, | ʐɤ˩mi˩ tsɤ˩˥! NOUN Tone: #H. ʐe˥ 2 People walk, one after the other, and they create Rainy season (summer and autumn: from the 3rd to the a path! (Context: when people go to fell trees on 8th month of the lunar calendar). 雨季（夏天至秋天：三月份至八月份）。 the mountain, where there was no path before, their passage open a new path, whose traces remain visible and may become a customary path.) ʐe˧ʈæ˥-ɬi˩ NOUN Tone: H#-L. 路是人走出来的！ 11th month. 十一月。 CL: kʰɯ˩ ʐe˧v#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Castrated ox, neutered ox. 阉牛。 ʐɤ˩ni˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L. CL: pʰo˧˥ Near. 近。

245 ʐɤ˩qo˩ ʐɯ˩-mo˧˥

小牛。 ʐɤ˩qo˩ NOUN Tone: L. Veal. ʐo˩a 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: La. Male pianniu (hybrid of yak and cattle). 公犏牛。 Light. 轻。 CL: ɭɯ˧ ʐo˩dzɯ˩ VERB Tone: L. 吃午饭。 ʐɤ˩ʐɤ˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. To eat lunch. Lines, pattern. 花纹、图案。 ʐo˩ dzɯ˩˥ ʐɤ˩ʐɤ˧ tʰi˧-di˥ to have lunch 吃午饭 with lines/patterns / there are lines/patterns 有花纹 ʐo˩ dzɯ˩-se˥ afternoon [F5] bɑ˩lɑ˩˥ | ʈʰɯ˧-ɭɯ˥-bi˩ | ʐɤ˩ʐɤ˧ tʰi˧-di˥ 下午 There are lines/patterns on this piece of clothing. 这衣服上面有花纹。 ʐo˩~ʐo˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. To swing. 摔、摇摆。 CL: ʐɤ˩

ʐɯ˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: H. NOUN Tone: LM. ʐɤ˩˧ Heavy. 重。 Road (monosyllable). 路（单音节）。

ʐɤ˩mi˩-qo˥ ʐɯ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Fermented alcohol, wine. 酒。 on the road, on the way 路上 ʐɯ˧ pʰv˧˥ to pour wine ʐɤ˩mi˩-qo˥, | hĩ˧ se˧! | 斟酒 People are walking on the road/path! 路上有人走！ ʐɯ˧ɭɯ˧ VERB Tone: M. To shake (of earth), earthquake. 地震。 ʐɤ˩ se˩-zo˩˥ traveller, person who travels; specifically: per- ʐɯ˧ɭɯ˧-ze˧! son who does commerce by caravans There is an earthquake! 旅人，特别指走马帮的商人地震了！

CL: kʰɯ˩ ʐɯ˧nɑ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Good wine, high-quality wine. 醇酒，好酒。 ʐo˩ NOUN Tone: L. Noon; lunch. 中午。 ʐɯ˩dzi˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Cedar. 杉树。 ʐo˩ dzɯ˩˥ CL: dzi˩ to have lunch 吃午饭 ʐɯ˩gv˩ NOUN Tone: L. Boat. 船。

ʐo˩a 1 VERB Tone: La. ʐɯ˩gv˩ dzi˩˥ 甩来甩去。 To swing back and forth. to sit in a boat 坐船 ɖɯ˧-ʐo˩-ɻ˩ to swing back and forth CL: ɭɯ˧ nɑ˧ 甩来甩去 ʐɯ˩-mo˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. ʐo˩~ʐo˧-ze˥ “mushroom of the cedar tree”: a sort of mushroom often RED PFV found close to cedar trees. “杉树菌”：一种菌子。 RED PFV tʰo˧mo˩-ʐɯ˩mo˩ [PHONO] le˧-ʐo˩~ʐo˩ Pine-tree mushroom and cedar-tree mushroom 松树菌与杉树菌 ACCOMP RED ACCOMP RED See: ʐɯ˩dzi˥

246 ʐɯ˩tse˧ ʐv˧v˥-ʐv˩mi˩

ʐɯ˩tse˧ NOUN Tone: LM. ʐv˧dzi˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Mountain spirit. 山神。 Willow tree. 柳树，杨柳。 CL: v˧ CL: dzi˩

ʐɯ˩tse˧-mæ˧ʂæ˩ NOUN Tone: LM-L#. ʐv˧hĩ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Golden pheasant. 锦鸡。Local Chinese dialect: 山扎 One of the designations of the Pumi (ethnic group). 普拉。米族。 See: ʐɯ˩tse˧ CL: v˧

ʐɯ˩tsɯ˧ NOUN Tone: LM. ʐv˧mi#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Days; life; time. 日子（汉语借词）。 Granddaughter. 孙女。 Borrowing: Chinese 日子 njɤ˧ | ʐv˧mi˧ | ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ dʑo˧ I have a granddaughter. ʐɯ˩tsɯ˧mɤ˩ʈʂʰɤ˩ NOUN Tone: LM-L. Mattress. 褥子。我有一个孙女。 CL: tsʰi˥ CL: ɭɯ˧

NUMBER Tone: M? H#?. ʐv˧ NOUN Tone: MH#. 4. 4。 ʐv˧mv˧lɑ˧di˧˥ The territory of the Pumi people on the banks of the Yangtze river. This area is perceived as less central and ʐv˧bæ˧ NOUN Tone: M. pleasant than Yongning. 江边普米族地区（带偏见的说 Snake, serpent. 蛇。法）。

ʐv˧bæ˧ ɣɯ˩ pʰv˩ ʐv˧mv˧lɑ˧di˧-hĩ˥ The snake sheds skin / exuviates people from the Pumi territories 蛇蜕皮普米族地区的人们

CL: mi˩ CL: v˧

ʐv˧bæ˧-bv˧-hɑ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. ADVERB(IAL) Tone: H#. 能喂给猪的三种草 ʐv˧-ɲi˧-ʁo˧tʰo˥ One of the three types of pig fodder. In four days. 四天以后。之一。 CL: qɑ˩ ʐv˧ɻ˥ ADJECTIVE Tone: H#. Square. 正方形。 ʐv˧bæ˧-mi˩ NOUN Tone: L. Female snake. 母蛇。 ʐv˩-hĩ˩˥ CL: mi˩ NMLZ 方形的 ʐv˧bæ˧-pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Male snake. 公蛇。 ʐv˧ɻ˥-gv˩ CL: mi˩ square 方形的 ʐv˧bæ˧-zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Baby snake. 小蛇。 ʐv˧-tsʰi˩ NUMBER Tone: L#. CL: ɭɯ˧ 40. 40。

ʐv˧bæ˧-ʐv˧qʰɑ#˥ NOUN Tone: . NOUN Tone: #H. 天南星。 ʐv˧v#˥ Jack-in-the-pulpit, Arisaema consanguineum. Grandson. 孙子。

ʐv˧bɤ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. njɤ˧ | ʐv˧v˧ ɖɯ˧-ɭɯ˧ dʑo˧. The Pumi (Prinmi) people of the mountains. 高山普米 I have a grandson. 族（永宁以北地区：木里等）。我有一个孙子。 CL: v˧ CL: ɭɯ˧ ʐv˧di˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. The warm area on the banks of the Yangtze river: ʐv˧v˥-ʐv˩mi˩ NOUN Tone: H#-. Fengke, Labai…. 金沙江边的地方（气候热）。 Grandchildren. 孙子孙女。

247 ʐv˧-zo#˥ ʐwæ˧ʁo˩

ʐv˧-zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. ʐwæ˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Small bow. 小弓。 Horse. 马。 CL: nɑ˧ dʑɯ˩ʁo˩-ʐwæ˩ wild horse 揉 ʐv˩a 1 VERB Tone: La. To knead (dough). 野马（面）。 o-ho-ho! ʐwæ˧-ɳɯ˩ | dzɯ˧-po˧-hɯ˥-ze˩! pɤ˩jɤ˧ ʐv˥ Oops! The horse scoffed the lot! to knead dough 啊呀嚒！马把饲料都吃光了！揉面 CL: v˧ ʐv˧~ʐv˥ VERB Tone: Ma. RED ʐwæ˧a To weigh (with scales). 称。重叠 mɤ˧-ʐwæ˧ ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˧ ʐv˥ NEG to knead a piece (of dough) 不称揉一块（面团） le˧-ʐwæ˧-ze˧ To crease, to crumple, to wrinkle. 皱（衣服）。 ACCOMP _ PFV 称了 bɑ˩lɑ˩ ʐv˥(-ze˩) tso˧~tso˧ ʐwæ˩ to crease clothes; the clothes have been creased; to weigh things the clothes are creased 称东西衣服皱了 ʁo˧do˧ ʐwæ˧ ʐv˧~ʐv˥ to weigh walnuts RED 称核桃重叠 ʐwæ˧bv˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. le˧-ʐv˧~ʐv˥-ze˩ Horse’s stable. 马圈。 ACCOMP _ RED PFV CL: ɭɯ˧ ACCOMP _ RED PFV ʐwæ˧-hɑ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Horse feed. 马料、马饲料。 ʐv˩a 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: La. Good (to the taste). 香（气味）。 ʐwæ˧-kʰv˩ NOUN Tone: L#. Year of the Horse. 马年。 ʐv˩ɭɯ˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Small beam. 支撑顶板的小梁。 ʐwæ˧-ɭɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. Cereals for the horse, horse fodder. 马料（粮食）。 CL: ɭɯ˧

ʐwæ˧pʰæ˧di˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. ʐv˩-ɬi˩mi˩ NOUN Tone: L. Lunge, tether (for a horse). 拉马链子。四月。 4th month. CL: ɭɯ˧

ʐv˩mi˩ NOUN Tone: L. ʐwæ˧-qʰæ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. 马粪。 Bow. 弓。 Horse manure. CL: ʁwɤ˧ CL: nɑ˧

ʐwæ˧ʁo˩ NOUN Tone: L#. ʐv˧˥ VERB Tone: MH. Castrated horse, gelding, neutered horse. 骟马。 To sew. 缝。 CL: v˧

248 ʐwæ˧sɯ˩ ʐwæ˧˥

ʐwæ˧sɯ˩ NOUN Tone: L#. ʐwæ˩a 2 ADJECTIVE Tone: La. Stallion. 公马。 Good, well (working well, strongly). 好，能干。

ʐwæ˧sɯ˩-ʐwæ˩mi˩ ʐwæ˩-hĩ˩˥ stallion and mare NMLZ 公马与母马能干的

ʈʂʰɯ˧ ɖwæ˧˥ | ʐwæ˩˥! ʐwæ˧sɯ˩-ʐwæ˩zo˩ He is very capable! stallion and colt 他很能干！公马与小马

NOUN Tone: L. CL: mi˩ ʐwæ˩mi˩ Mare. 母马。

ʐwæ˧zo#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. ʂe˩-ʐwæ˩mi˥ Colt, pony, filly, foal. 马驹子。 bicycle 自行车（“铁马”） ʐwæ˧zo˧-ʐwæ˥mi˩ colt and mare ʐwæ˩mi˩-ʐwæ˩zo˩ 马驹子与母马 mare and colt 母马与马驹子 CL: ɭɯ˧ CL: v˧ jɤ˧˥

ʐwæ˧-zɯ#˥ NOUN Tone: #H. ʐwæ˩ʈʂɤ˩ ADJECTIVE Tone: L. Hay for horses, horse hay. 喂马的草。 Remarkable, great, exceptional, outstanding. 了不起。

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ə˧tso˧ ʐwæ˩ʈʂɤ˩-tso˩ dʑo˩? ʐwæ˧~ʐwæ˧ VERB Tone: M. To put (things) in What’s so remarkable about her/him? order. 收拾。他有什么了不起的？ tso˧~tso˧ ʐwæ˧~ʐwæ˧(-ze˩) ʈʂʰɯ˧ | ʐwæ˩ʈʂɤ˩˥ | ʐwæ˩˥! to put things in order It’s really an outstanding person! 收拾东西他非常了不起！

le˧-ʐwæ˧~ʐwæ˧ ɖɯ˧-ʝi˧-tɕɯ˥ VERB Tone: MH. to put things in order in one place, to arrange ʐwæ˧˥ To hoe weeds. 薅锄、锄草。 things together in one place 把东西收拾在一起 ʐwæ˩~ʐwæ˧˥ RED 聚集。 To gather (people). 重叠

jɤ˩jo˥ ʐwæ˩ ʐwæ˩ ADVERB(IAL) Tone: L. Extremely. 很、极。 to hoe potatoes, to weed a potato field 洋芋地里锄草 ʐwæ˩-ze˥! jɤ˩jo˧ ʐwæ˧~ʐwæ˥ That’s too much! / There’s too much! 太多了！ to hoe potatoes, to weed a potato field 洋芋地里锄草

ʐwæ˩a 1 VERB Tone: La. qʰɑ˧dze˧ ʐwæ˧˥ To swoon. 昏，昏厥。 to hoe sweetcorn, to weed a sweetcorn field 苞谷地里锄草 le˧-ʈʰi˩ | le˧-ʐwæ˩-ze˩ to be so tired as to fall into a swoon, to swoon qʰɑ˧dze˧ ʐwæ˧~ʐwæ˥ from exhaustion to hoe sweetcorn, to weed a sweetcorn field 累得都昏倒了苞谷地里锄草

249 ʐwɤ˧ ʐwɤ˩b

ʐwɤ˧ ADJECTIVE Tone: M. hĩ˧-qɑ˧ ʐwɤ˧~ʐwɤ˥ 饿。 Hungry (monosyllable). to speak to people 对人家讲 hɑ˧-ʐwɤ˩ to be hungry le˧-ʐwɤ˧~ʐwɤ˥-ze˩ 饿 ACCOMP RED PFV ACCOMP RED PFV ʐwɤ˧mv˧ NOUN Tone: M. From: ʐwɤ˩b Idiom, set phrase, fixed expression. 惯用语、习惯语、习语。

ʐwɤ˧mv˧ dʑo˧-kv˧˥ ! This is how they say! / There’s such a set phrase! 有这么一句老话！ / 有这么一个说法！

æ˧ʂæ˧-ʐwɤ˧mv˧ | ɖɯ˧-kʰwɤ˥ a saying, a set phrase of the old times 一句老话、一个传统的说法

CL: kʰwɤ˥

ʐwɤ˩b VERB Tone: Lb. To speak. 讲话。

ʐwɤ˧~ʐwɤ˩ mɤ˩-hĩ˩ dumb person, person who is not able to speak 哑巴、不会讲话的人

ʐwɤ˧~ʐwɤ˩ mɤ˩-hĩ˩, | ʈʂʰɯ˧-v˧! (S)he is not able to speak! / (S)he won’t speak! 不会讲话，这个人！ / 这个人，不会讲话！

le˧-ʐwɤ˩-ze˩ ACCOMP _ PFV 讲了

no˧ | ə˧tso˧ ʐwɤ˩-ɲi˩? What are you saying? / What do you mean? 你说什么？

ʐwɤ˧~ʐwɤ˩ RED 重叠

le˧-ʐwɤ˩ to answer 回答

le˧-wo˧ ʐwɤ˧˥ as above: to answer 同上：回答

ʈʂʰɯ˧ | le˧-ʐwɤ˩-bi˩-dʑo˩... According to her/him... / From her/his point of view... 依照他的说法……

250 ʑi˥ ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧

- ʑ - ʑi˧mv˧˥ NOUN Tone: MH#. Dream. 梦。 ʑi˥ VERB Tone: H. To be present: abstract entity (courage, strength) or con- ʑi˧mv˧ qʰwɤ˧˥ crete entity (beard). 有，拥有（抽象：有力量，有勇 to have a dream 气）。做梦

mɤ˧-ʑi˥ ʑi˧mv˧ sɯ˧ NEG to sleep-walk (somnambulism); also: to speak in 没有 one’s dreams 梦游，梦呓

漏（水）。 ʑi˧a VERB Tone: Ma. To leak. njɤ˧ | ə˧hwɤ˧ | ʑi˧mv˥ | mɤ˧-dʑɤ˩! I have not had good dreams yesterday night! / I mv˩tɕo˧ ʑi˧ had a nightmare yesterday night! to leak, to drip down 我昨天做了恶梦！（水）往下漏 CL: kʰwɤ˥ To flow (a river flows). 流（河水流着）。 ʑi˧ŋɤ˥ VERB Tone: H#. mv˩tɕo˧ ʑi˧ To doze off, to nod. 打瞌睡。 to flow down (the water of a brook flows down) ʑi˧ŋɤ˥-ze˩ （河）往下游流 PFV PFV ʑi˧dv˧ NOUN Tone: M. The entire farmhouse, comprising the main house and the ʑi˧ŋv˥ VERB Tone: H#. other buildings; the household. 家，包括院子、人住的 To sleep. 睡觉。楼、动物住的楼等。 le˧-ʑi˧ŋv˥ ɖɯ˧-ʑi˩dv˩ ACCOMP a household ACCOMP 一家人，包括所有成员 ʑi˧ŋv˥-ho˩ ɑ˩ʁo˧-ʑi˧dv˧ ʝi˧ is going to sleep to take care of the house, to look after the house- 要睡了 hold, to be in charge of the household 管家 ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧ NOUN Tone: M. Building; houses. 房屋。 CL: ɭɯ˧ ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧ gv˩ to build a building ʑi˧dv˧ʝi˧-hĩ#˥ NOUN Tone: H#. 建房 The person in charge of the house, the master/mistress of 一家之主、家长。 the house. ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧-lɑ˧ do˥! One can only see buildings! (A comment by the ʑi˧kv˧wo˧ NOUN Tone: M. consultant about the city of Lijiang: the plain is Roof. 房顶。 now thoroughly covered by buildings, and one cannot see fields anymore, unlike in Yongning, CL: tsʰi˩ where until recently there were only a few hamlets scattered among a landscape of cultivated ʑi˧mi˧ NOUN Tone: M. The main building of the fields.) house/farm: the building where the hearth is located. 家只看到房子！ / 能看见的只有房子！（合作者里有火塘的那个房子（“祖母房”）。说，丽江市区都是房子，看不到田。这一点， The entire house, the entire farm. 整个家园。不像永宁坝：二十世纪的永宁，只有一些小村 CL: ɭɯ˧ 落分散在一大片田地中。）

251 ʑi˧ʁæ˥$ ʑi˧˥ 2

ɕjo˩ɕjɤ˩-ʑi˩qʰwɤ˥ ʑi˩-kʰv˧˥ NOUN Tone: LM+MH#. the building(s) of the school, the school buildings Year of the monkey. 猴年。学校的楼（‘学校’：汉语借词） ʑi˩mi#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧ ʈʂʰv˩ Female monkey. 母猴。 to paint a house CL: mi˩ 给房子刷颜色（直译：‘染房’） ʑi˩pʰv#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧ tɕʰi˧-hĩ˧ kʰv˥mi˩ Male monkey. 公猴。 watchdog CL: mi˩ 看门狗 ʑi˩zo#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. ʑi˧qʰwɤ˧ tɕʰi˧-hĩ˧ kʰv˥ Infant monkey/ape. 小猴子。 watchdog CL: ɭɯ˧ 看门狗 ʑi˧˥ 1 VERB Tone: MH. CL: ɭɯ˧ To sleep. 睡觉。

ʑi˧ʁæ˥$ NOUN Tone: H$. le˧-ʑi˧˥ The premises: the area of the farm, within the boundaries ACCOMP 家的这块 of the walls and hedges (the farm’s precinct). ACCOMP 地：院墙以内的地方。 CL: kʰwɤ˥ le˧-ʑi˧-ze˥ ACCOMP PFV NOUN ʑi˧ʁo˥$ Tone: H$. ACCOMP PFV Bed. 床。 CL: ɭɯ˧˥ æ˩ ʑi˧-ze˥ the chicken has gone asleep ʑi˩b VERB Tone: Lb. To clutch, to grasp, to grab. 鸡睡觉了拿，捉 (捉鸡)。

le˧-ʑi˧-bi˧-ze˩! æ˩ ʑi˧ I’m going to sleep! to catch a chicken 要睡觉了！捉鸡

le˧-ʑi˧˥, | ʑi˧-mɤ˥-tʰɑ˩! æ˩˥ | le˧-ʑi˩ to catch a chicken Were I to try to sleep, I would not be able to! / I would like to sleep, but I can’t! 捉鸡想睡，但睡不了！ hĩ˧ ʑi˧˥ pʰæ˧tɕi˥-zo˩-ɳɯ˩ | mv˩zo˩-qɑ˥ ʑi˩ to grab someone 抓人 The young man sleeps with the young woman. (This phrasing refers rather bluntly to sexual intercourse, and is considered extremely rude.) ʁæ˧ ʑi˧ 小伙子跟年轻女人睡！（庸俗说法） to hold sb in one’s arms (arm over the neck) 搂（用胳膊搂脖子） ʑi˧˥ 2 NOUN Tone: MH. To take along, to bring along. 带、拿过来。 Family. 家庭（一户人）。

tso˧~tso˧ ʑi˧˥ hĩ˧ | ɖɯ˧-ʑi˩ to bring something a family 带东西过来一家人

ʈʂʰɯ˧-ʑi˥ ʑi˩hṽ#˥ NOUN Tone: LM+#H. Body hair (of humans). 人身上的毛。 this family CL: kʰɯ˩ 这家

252 ʑi˩˥ *ʑi˩˧

ŋwæ˧-qʰv˧, | tsʰe˧ɲi˧-ʑi˩ 建房立家（固定词语） Five hamlets, twelve families! (A summary of the statistics of the village of /ə˧lɑ˧-ʁwɤ#˥/.) ʑi˩ tʰv˩˥ 五个村落，十二个家庭！（阿拉瓦村的人口简 to found a new home, to build a new house 介）分家，建立自己的新房屋比如：孩子多，一个孩子建自己的房子） ʑi˩˥ NOUN Tone: LH. Monkey, ape. 猴子。 ʑi˩ qʰæ˧˥ to demolish a house ʑi˩ dzɯ˧-ze˩ 拆房子（这个例子是调查者构造的，F4确定是 ...has eaten (a/the) monkey 可以说的。造这个例子的目的有两个：看单音吃了猴子节词根“家”能不能跟其它动词结合，也试着确定它的调类。） ʑi˩ hwæ˧-ze˩ ...has bought (a/the) monkey *ʑi˩ hwæ˧ 买了猴子 *to buy a house (example coined by the investi- CL: mi˩ gator, to investigate the monosyllable’s potential to combine with other verbs, and its tone category; this example was refused by speaker F4) *ʑi˩˧ NOUN Tone: LM? LH?. Building; houses. 房屋。 *买房（这个例子是调查者构造的，F4确定是不可以说的。造这个例子的目的有两个：看单 ʑi˩ tsʰi˧˥, | æ̃˩ tsʰi˥ 音节词根“家”能不能跟其它动词结合，也试 to build a house, to build a home (set phrase) 着确定它的调类。）

253 *ʑi˩˧ *ʑi˩˧

Words for which no close equivalent could be found

The list that follows groups words for which no close equivalents could be found. These negative pieces of information contain hints about the consultants’ Na vocabulary and its ’soft shoulders’.

sand_badger 猪獾 lynx 猞猁 pangolin 穿山甲 earlobe 耳垂 temples 太阳穴 dried_cheese 乳扇 toothbrush_of_pig_hair 猪鬃毛牙刷 catapult 抛石机 slingshot 绷弓子 Chinese_angelica 当归 Anisodus_tanguticus 山茛菪 wax_gourd 冬瓜 celery 芹菜 Ephedra_sinica 草麻黄 yew 红豆杉 Ligularia_fischeria 山紫菀 Selaginella 卷柏 wild_man 野人 twins 双胞胎 to_drink_with_a_pipe 用吸管喝 to_regret 后悔

254