Digital content from:

Irish Historic Towns Atlas (IHTA), no. 20,

Author: J.A. Claffey Editors: Anngret Simms, H.B. Clarke, Raymond Gillespie, Jacinta Prunty Consultant editor: J.H. Andrews Cartographic editor: Sarah Gearty Editorial assistants: Angela Murphy, Angela Byrne, Jennnifer Moore

Printed and published in 2009 by the Royal Irish Academy, 19 Dawson Street, 2

Maps prepared in association with the Ordnance Survey and Land and Property Services

The contents of this digital edition of Irish Historic Towns Atlas no. 20, Tuam, is registered under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License.

Referencing the digital edition

Please ensure that you acknowledge this resource, crediting this pdf following this example:

Topographical information. In J.A. Claffey, Irish Historic Towns Atlas, no. 20, Tuam. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 2009 (www.ihta.ie, accessed 4 February 2016), text, pp 1–20.

Acknowledgements (digital edition)

Digitisation: Eneclann Ltd Digital editor: Anne Rosenbusch Original copyright: Royal Irish Academy Irish Historic Towns Atlas Digital Working Group: Sarah Gearty, Keith Lilley, Jennifer Moore, Rachel Murphy, Paul Walsh, Jacinta Prunty Digital Repository of Ireland: Rebecca Grant Royal Irish Academy IT Department: Wayne Aherne, Derek Cosgrave

For further information, please visit www.ihta.ie TUAM 

View of R.C. cathedral, looking west, 1843 (Hall, iii, p. 413) TUAM Tuam is situated on the carboniferous limestone plain of north , a the turbulent Viking Age8 and lends credence to the local tradition that ‘the westward extension of the central plain. It takes its name from a Bronze Age Danes’ plundered Tuam.9 Although the well has disappeared, the site is partly burial mound originally known as Tuaim dá Gualann. The name translates as surrounded by grassland, a potential repository for material objects that may ‘the burial mound of two shoulders’ or ‘the burial mound with two shoulders’, even go back to St Jarlath’s time. Minor rivers in the vicinity such as the leaving it equally possible that the ‘shoulders’ were physical features of the Sruffán Bríde have also disappeared in the wake of urban development. These vicinity or attributes of the mound itself. No trace of this mound or of the streams were once prominent on the local landscape. Indeed they formed the clay urn extracted from it in the 1880s has survived, but there is substantial infrastructure of the early Christian era, providing monastic Tuam with a evidence of their existence.1 The mound surmounted a natural gravel ridge domestic water supply and sufficient power for whatever horizontal mills it east of that ran in an east–west direction. A small river, the might have possessed.10 Nanny, channelled its way westward along the northern base of the ridge and The distribution of ringforts and early ecclesiastical remains in north reached its closest point to the mound where Shop Street bridge now stands Galway indicates a concentration of settlements in the territory of the (Fig. ). The Nanny apparently is called after the eanaigh or marshlands Conmaicne Cinéil Dubáin, especially near Tuam.11 Occasional obituaries of that flanked its course before the river merges with the south-flowing River Tuam abbots in the ninth and tenth centuries attest to the survival of St Jarlath’s Clare 2 km west of Tuam. Occasionally the Nanny has taken the name of its monastery. Early in the eleventh century Áed Ua Conchobair, nicknamed tributary, the Curragh, which is similar in meaning. Overlooking the mound ‘Áed of the gapped spear’, became chieftain of Uí Briúin Aí whose ancient on the opposite or north bank of the Nanny, Tullinadaly Road rises to c. 16 m capital was at Cruachu in Mag nAí (north ). His first great above the river. But neither it nor any other neighbouring hill is sufficiently rival was Ua Ruairc of Uí Briúin Bréifne. One of their encounters was at high to offer a comprehensive view of the low-lying town. The undulating Turloughvohan some 4 km east of Tuam (Map 9).12 This extensive turlough landscape makes its descent south-eastwards from the crest of Tullinadaly or marshland bounded medieval Tuam to the south-east and was strategically Road to the flat precincts of Toberjarlath, all within a modest 30 to 60 m located at the end of a long chain of eskers in north-east . Nearby above sea level (Map 1). was the wetland site known to the archaeologists who excavated it in 1913 as Prehistoric Tuam was located at a crossroads. The southern approach was ‘the Loughpark crannóg’.13 Domestic and military artefacts recovered from a bog-strewn route relieved by eskers and, at some subsequent time, by a the site imply that it was a Gaelic stronghold in Áed Ua Conchobair’s time. causeway or ‘togher’ from which neighbouring Toghermore derives its name. Obviously its purpose was to guard the esker terminus. As suggested above, the fording point northwards across the Nanny was Áed’s defeat of Ua Ruairc in 1039 earned him recognition in the annals probably near the burial mound. Prior to the railway age this was the shortest as lord of east Connacht. Then in 1048 he marched against Ua Flaithbertaig and most convenient route from the south and south-east of Ireland to north- of Uí Briúin Seóla, the lord of Iar (west) Connacht. In this campaign Tuam west Connacht.2 The eastern exit is represented by the present Bishop Street. held a frontier position, Mag Seóla being Ua Flaithbertaig territory and On crossing the Nanny in that direction the traveller encountered extensive Conmaicne Cinéil Dubáin an Ua Conchobair acquisition. After the overthrow marshland. Thereafter eskers determined the way into the north-east of the of Ua Flaithbertaig in 1051 Áed Ua Conchobair could claim kingship of the province.3 Using this esker trail in the opposite direction the Anglo-Normans province and, according to the Annals of Tigernach, he ‘took up his abode reached Tuam on their first incursion into Connacht in 1177. Finally there in the west of Connacht’. Some have taken this to mean that Tuam was now was the western exit. It crossed the at Claretuam, some 4 km to become Áed’s ‘chief residence of the west’,14 but this conclusion has no south-west of Tuam. In medieval times the crossing was equipped with a supporting evidence. However, his conquest of Mag Seóla added to the status bridge and a castle (Map 9). Irish Historic Townsof Tuam in that it was noAtlas longer a border outpost but a bridgehead joining Sir William Petty’s atlas of Ireland (1685) illustrates how turloughs or two substantial parts of the enlarged kingdom. lake-like sheets of water could in winter extend the River Clare beyond In the episcopal succession beginning with St Jarlath, Áed Ua hOissín recognition (Map 5). Surviving archaeological evidence suggests that the was the first to be invested with the pall in1152. fertile expanse between the Clare andRoyal farther westIrish had a AcademyBut according to Sir and others the six ‘coarbs’ of Jarlath comparatively numerous Bronze Age population. In historic times this area immediately preceding Ua hOissín were for reasons not stated placed in a was known as Mag Seóla. From the fifth to the thirteenth century northern special category and sometimes called archbishops.15 The first of the six was Mag Seóla was occupied by the Muintir Murchadha, later known as the probably another Áed Ua hOissín. His death is recorded in 1058,16 meaning 4 O’Flahertys. On the advent of Christianity the site of Tuam belonged to the he was a contemporary of Áed of the gapped spear. It seems reasonable Conmaicne Cinéil Dubáin, a people settled immediately east of Mag Seóla in to conclude that monastic Tuam was re-established under this king in the territory said to approximate to the of of later times. Jarlath, eleventh century and would be ruled by a succession of six ‘coarbs’ up to one of the Conmaicne nobility, was said to have embraced the new religion Áed Ua hOissín who became archbishop in 1152. Here may also be found a generation or so after St Patrick. It is claimed he founded a monastery at an explanation for the six ‘mini ecclesiastics’ that surround a crozier-bearing Cloonfush beside the River Clare on the Mag Seóla border, but ended his figure on the ringed head of the twelfth-century market cross.17 The Temple days at Tuam as bishop and abbot. Jarlath site was probably newly chosen for the re-established settlement. It There are three sites in Tuam associated with Jarlath, namely Toberjarlath, has medieval ruins but is devoid of anything to suggest that it goes back to St Temple Jarlath and Templenascreen. Toberjarlath, situated about 1 km south- Jarlath’s time. There is no holy well there nor any inscription or workmanship east of the ancient burial mound, was a holy well ‘frequented on his festive 5 in stone to link it to the early Christian era. The word ‘temple’ in its name day’ prior to its concealment under the railway line around 1859. In the may suggest a connection with the twelfth-century reform movement, but the nineteenth century the pattern held there involved going once around a large curving nature of the inner enclosure fossilised in Church Lane and Sawpit station and nine times around a smaller station with nine pebbles in hand, one Lane indicates that the foundation predates that reform. The signs are that of which was thrown away on completion of each circuit.6 There is evidence 7 an important Gaelic settlement originated at Temple Jarlath in the eleventh of a church and an early ecclesiastical enclosure at Toberjarlath, but nothing century, eventually to be surrounded by an outer as well as an inner monastic by way of documentary evidence to confirm their existence. Indeed little is enclosure (Fig. 1). known of Jarlath himself. No biography of the saint survives, and his name is not mentioned in any of the annals. This may have been a consequence of * * *  IRISH HISTORIC TOWNS ATLAS

The Ua Conchobair kings of Connacht left a decisive mark on Tuam in accompanied by the coarb of Jarlath, laid out the enclosure for what eventually both the ecclesiastical and the secular spheres. Flannacán Ruadh Ua Dubthaig, would be known as St Mary’s Cathedral. The land in question apparently who died in 1097, is described as fer léiginn (lector) of Tuam, an indication was a commonage (coitchend) and bordered the outer monastic enclosure to that a monastic school had been established there under Ua Conchobair the south-west (Fig. 1). According to the annals the new enclosure extended patronage, for Uí Dubthaig were a clerical branch of that dynasty. It is ‘from the southern end of clad in renda to findmag’. Clad in renda, meaning likely that the school also had a scriptorium and that the richly ornamented the corner dyke or trench, would have been a feature of the earlier, outer ‘Corpus missal’ now at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, was produced at that monastic enclosure. A segment of that enclosure can be detected in the institution.18 The fortunes of Tuam were further promoted when Toirrdelbach course taken by Vicar Street as it turns southwards from Market Square. The Mór Ua Conchobair became high-king of Ireland in 1119, an unprecedented convergence of street and enclosure ended at or before the entrance to The achievement for a Connacht ruler. Toirrdelbach envisaged Tuam as a royal Mall with the boundary turning sharply westward or north-westward, thus and an ecclesiastical showpiece. At the outset of his high-kingship he acquired giving rise to clad in renda. The cathedral enclosure presumably began at custody of part of a reputed fragment of the True Cross which had been that point and extended westward to findmag or ‘the white plain’, a name brought to Ireland for veneration. This he had encased at Roscommon in a descriptive of the marl-based marshland west of St Mary’s. reliquary originally known as the bachall buí and nowadays called the Cross Since Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair was high-king ‘with opposition’, of Cong. It took the form of a processional cross and was inscribed with the anything he patronised was in danger of attack from his enemies. In 1132 names of the high-king Toirrdelbach, of Bishop Domnall mac Flannacáin Ua Mac Carthaig in Munster openly aspired to the high-kingship and, in Dubthaig, presumably a son of the fer léiginn of Tuam already mentioned, an attempt to win ecclesiastical endorsement, built a magnificent church on and of Muiredach Ua Dubthaig, bishop of Tuam.19 Apart from enhancing the Rock of Cashel. The Connacht clergy who attended the consecration of Toirrdelbach’s standing as high-king, this splendid reliquary would upgrade Cormac’s chapel in 1134 came home ‘in displeasure’, presumably because of Tuam as a pilgrimage and an ecclesiastical centre. Shortly before this time Mac Carthaig’s use of the ceremonials to promote his political ambitions.22 Samuel Ua hAingliu, bishop of Dublin, provoked controversy by causing his Later that year Munster forces descended on Connacht and plundered Tuam’s cross to be carried before him ‘as if he were a metropolitan archbishop’.20 new cathedral. If, as was probably the case, the same foundations were The case arouses a strong suspicion that the bachall buí was Toirrdelbach’s used in the cathedral’s reconstruction,23 the motives for its building — and way of raising a similar claim for the coarb of Jarlath. desecration — become manifest. The dimensions of the surviving twelfth- As often happened in medieval Ireland the provision of a new reliquary century chancel are not only greater than those of Cormac’s chapel but greater coincided with the building of a new church.21 In 1127 the high-king, than those of any surviving chancel from twelfth-century Ireland.24

IHTA 2009 45 45

42 39 39

36

39 Templenascreen R i v e y r N a n n S Burial mound H

O

P T E E R S T T S R P

E O S H E Wonderful Castle I T B

33 42 36 Market 39 cross E T S T R E H I G H N

Temple Abbey of the Jarlath Holy Trinity 39 D Archbishop’s A O house R Y A W 42 L A D G U Irish Historic TownsB Atlas L I N R O Market A St Mary’s D Cathedral

M

A L St John’s RoyalL Irish Academy Priory

C I R Conjectural enclosure C U 33 L A R ROAD Conjectural cathedral enclosure, c. 1127 ‘Clad in renda’

T E E R Cathedral ‘Cashel-like wall’ T S 42

R A C Church I V Religious house, site known/uncertain

S r u Other buildings, f f á Bn site known/uncertain r í d e 39 Contours in metres

St Brigid’s Barony boundary Hospital Toberjarlath 0.5 km Streets, street names and plot boundaries based on OS (1839) 0 Metres 100

Fig. 1 Medieval Tuam TUAM 

The cathedral enclosure failed to protect the building from the Munster of the monastic enclosure and beside the ancient burial mound. Because its onslaught of 1134. What seems to have been a robbed-out section of that foundations were greatly disturbed by eighteenth-century episcopal buildings enclosure was discovered in 1992 and referred to as ‘a thick cashel-like wall’ it is impossible to know whether it was size, design or stone construction that with an outer facing of large stones, a core of earth and small stones and an gave rise to its impressive title. Reflecting his father’s attitude Ruaidrí wanted inner face of small stones embedded in a sloping embankment.25 Apparently his castle to be the best of its kind, a sign of royal supremacy. The death of it remained a visible feature of the landscape even as late as 1499 when a Áed Ua hOissín also occurred in 1164. His now lost tombstone was, in the papal letter described it as part of ‘the walls of Tuam’. Another papal letter seventeenth century, described as weather-beaten, curved, delicately carved, of 1499 mentions town walls close to Templenascreen. It is, however, quite depicting his cloak and situated on the northern side of his cathedral.35 unlikely that these walls could have served their original purpose in the Tuam’s importance as a place of pilgrimage is casually illustrated in 1170 very different circumstances of the late fifteenth century. By the seventeenth by the death of the lord of Clann Cosgraigh ‘on his pilgrimage at Tuam’.36 century they were but a memory. Writing in 1672 John Lynch, archdeacon of The , the relics of St Jarlath and St Jarlath’s well were all Tuam, says: ‘That it [Tuam] was once surrounded by walls is shown by the likely pilgrim destinations. Jarlath’s feast day was celebrated on 6 June, not foundations, quite frequently discovered by ditchers and by the writings of the anniversary of his death but the day commemorating the translation of old. The incessant madness of war has levelled them to the ground’.26 his enshrined relics to the church called Templenascreen.37 The translation Having founded the cathedral in 1127 the king made provision for its probably occurred in King Ruaidrí’s time since he was also associated with maintenance, more specifically for the maintenance of the Uí Dubthaig enshrining the relics of St Monchan in 1166 and St Comman in 1170. The clergy who should dwell in Tuam.27 Taking a part of the neighbouring lands building of this church east of Ruaidrí’s castle indicates that Tuam, an entirely known as ‘Cluain’ he divided it in two and donated the south-western half Gaelic settlement, had acquired an urban dimension by the late twelfth as specified above. The other half he gave to the monastery. The monastic century. Indeed the eastern suburb became the separate parish of Skreen with donation apparently stretched north-eastwards from the guesthouse. This Templenascreen as its parish church.38 arrangement implied that the monastery had to take second place to the new The synod held in Tuam in 1172 was the occasion on which the archbishop episcopal establishment. There are signs that Murgius Ó Níoc, hereditary consecrated no fewer than three churches, all of which may have been in coarb of Jarlath and erenach or administrator of the monastic property, did Tuam itself.39 They are not named in the annals but circumstantial evidence not take kindly to this arrangement. He died on , Lough Corrib, in designates them as, firstly, the cathedral that had been plundered by Munster 1128, his obit recalling that he had been coarb of Jarlath ‘for a time’, a phrase forces in 1134 and, according to Ware, rebuilt by Áed Ua hOissín about 1152; identical with that used for , coarb of Patrick, who forfeited his position secondly, the priory church of St John founded about 1140 and, according to the reforming St Malachy in 1139.28 to the taxation of about 1306, situated ‘in the suburbs’; thirdly, the church King Toirrdelbach then had a number of high crosses erected in Tuam. of the relics of St Jarlath known as Templenascreen and said in 1499 to be Inscriptions on the base of the market cross and on the cross shaft in St Mary’s ‘just outside the walls of Tuam’. Considering the valuable shrine it housed, Cathedral request prayers for the king and the abbot, later archbishop, Áed Templenascreen probably had its own enclosing wall represented by the Ua hOissín, an indication that they were constructed in the second quarter adjacent curve of the barony boundary. Thus the consecration ceremonies of of the twelfth century. One of these crosses was originally located in the 1172 celebrated the building achievements and grandeur of royal Tuam and market place, an area that in the twelfth century lay at the eastern entrance to its suburbs. the outer monastic enclosure. The inner enclosure has left its impression in * * * the semicircular or D-shaped curve of Temple Jarlath graveyard (Map 11). It seems that it originally extended beyond High Street to the north-west and For the inhabitants of Tuam the first coming of the Anglo-Normans was measured approximately 130 m x 110 m.29 It would have encompassed the not a remote or an irrelevant event. King Ruaidrí’s unsuccessful attempt to church, burial ground and domestic buildings of the monastic community. prevent the forces of Miles de Cogan from capturing Dublin in 1170 attracted The present ruinous church is of a later era, although the massive stones in the invaders’ unwelcome attention to his own kingdom. Three years later in its lower courses may belong to its eleventh-century predecessor. response to the gibbeting in Dublin of his executed ally, Tigernán Ua Ruairc, As mentioned above, Vicar Street on leaving Market Square delimits the he had the severed hand of Domnall Ua Ruairc, a collaborator in the treachery, outer enclosure of Temple Jarlath probably as far as the entrance to The Mall brought to Tuam and nailed to the top of his castle.40 However, by now it was where the enclosure turns sharply westward at clad in renda. Continuing from clear that the contest was unequal and Ruaidrí, despairing of military victory, The Mall entrance, Vicar Street runs east of another ecclesiastical enclosure gave allegiance to the English king in the 1175 treaty of Windsor. associated with St Brigid and bisected by the Tuam to railway The treaty did not bring peace to Connacht. In 1177 de Cogan, with the line. Housing and other developments have obliterated all visible traces of the connivance of Ruaidrí’s son, , led a force of 40 knights and western segment of this enclosure but the curve of Vicar Street/Church View 500 soldiers across the Shannon.41 They plundered Mag nAí, then took the apparently delimits part of the bounds. The O’Donovan letters, obviously ‘highway’ (slí mór) by Templetogher and Dunmore to Tuam and, during referring to this site, recall that a chapel and cemetery were situated a short Ruaidrí’s absence in western Connacht, used the town as a base to plunder distance south of St Mary’s Cathedral in the vicinity of Church View. The Mag Seóla and beyond. The people took their own defensive measures. same source adds that according to an inquisition of 1586 the chapel, then in Having burnt the churches where food was stored and hidden the rest in local ruins, was thought to have been founded as a chantry dedicated to St Brigid. souterrains, a noted feature of the area,42 they retreated with their cattle and Locally it has been associated with the vicars choral.30 Sruffán Bríde, the name belongings into fastnesses where armed Anglo-Normans could not follow. of a nearby stream, corroborates the chapel’s association with the saint. The Tuam hinterland had many such fastnesses. One was Cloonfois,43 another Around 1140 a house for Augustinian canons known as St John’s Priory, Cloonascragh, used as a refuge by the townspeople in 1798. Consequently later to become St John’s Abbey, was established under the patronage of the invaders found the town ‘emptied’ and in the end left ‘without food, Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair. The priory lay east of the outer monastic without profit’ hotly pursued by Ruaidrí’s army. enclosure or ‘in the suburbs of Tuam’, according to the papal taxation dated The de Cogan onslaught prefaced a dark chapter in Tuam’s history. The to about 1306, and within the present-day bounds of Vicar Street, Dublin tragedy was not so much that the place was destroyed — monastic centres Road and Circular Road. The Augustinians were endowed with lands in the in medieval Ireland experienced many such calamities — but that on this locality and in Co. Mayo.31 Their local property was acquired by the earl of occasion it did not have the capacity to recover. Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair Clanricard at the dissolution.Irish It stretched eastward Historic from the monastery and Townshad already lost his high-kingship Atlas and dynastic conflict would lead to his is shown as ‘temporal lands’ on the 1720 map of Tuam (Map 6). Apparently prolonged detention at where he died in 1198.44 The archbishop, this land had been donated to the monastery by King Toirrdelbach in 1127 Cadla Ua Dubthaig, also repaired to Cong and died there in 1201,45 leaving a and was subsequently reallocated to the Augustinians. controversial succession issue. Cadla’s father and grandfather had earlier held Twelfth-century Tuam was an importantRoyal ecclesiastical centre Irish vested in Academythe see of Tuam and he himself had uncanonically consecrated his nephew episcopal and monastic hands. In composition and layout it resembled other in order to continue the succession.46 The irregularity was resolved with the ecclesiastical centres such as Armagh or Kells.32 While not neglecting the appointment of an Cistercian, Felix Ua Ruanada, as archbishop, much early monastic settlement, Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair generously endowed to the dismay of the Uí Conchobair establishment who thereby lost their say, its cathedral clergy and Augustinian priory, thereby in effect promoting the at least in this episcopal appointment, to the English king. church reform movement that reached its climax in Ireland towards the The cathedral had its own misfortune. In 1184 it ‘fell in one day, both roof middle of the century. Toirrdelbach had his chief fortress at Dunmore where, and stone’, one suspects because of its over-ambitious design. Roger Stalley according to local tradition, he died in 1156.33 However, he probably turned holds the view that the twelfth-century chancel represents a rebuilding of to Tuam’s ecclesiastical facilities for purposes of state ceremonial, thereby around 1184–90.47 Considering the difficulties then being experienced making it a royal ‘city’ and providing reasons why it should be chosen as the by both king and archbishop, rebuilding on such a grand scale is hard to metropolis of Connacht at the in 1152. Connacht was arguably imagine. Moreover, there are no physical signs of a rebuilt cathedral. It is the most remote of the provinces at that time. It lacked the external connections much more likely that the chancel was the one part of the cathedral that did enjoyed by Toirrdelbach’s predecessor in the high-kingship, Muirchertach Ua not collapse in 1184. According to Ware, the abbey of the Holy Trinity was Briain, who adopted the Hiberno-Norse seaport of Limerick as his capital. used as Tuam’s cathedral.48 This was a Premonstratensian foundation of the Nevertheless the west was now involved in church reform and Toirrdelbach early thirteenth century situated on the western outskirts of the town. Later as high-king had direct political contact with Hiberno-Norse Dublin. His it was described as being ‘just outside the walls of Tuam’, i.e. the walls or ambition was to distinguish his own capital with the largest cathedral, the cathedral enclosure constructed by Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair in 1127. tallest high cross34 and the most magnificent reliquary in all of Ireland. As a In order to make good his title to the lordship of Connacht, the Anglo- pre-Anglo-Norman monastic town, Tuam had achieved pre-eminence. Norman Richard de Burgh undertook the widespread occupation of the Toirrdelbach’s son Ruaidrí, who was Ireland’s last native high-king, built province in 1237. The operation involved the building of castles for his a ‘wonderful’ castle at Tuam in 1164. This fortress gave an important civic barons. It also involved restricting Ua Conchobair to the King’s Cantreds, dimension to the settlement, now of metropolitan status. The castle site was essentially north Co. Roscommon. Tuam was left in ecclesiastical hands strategic, probably the location of an earlier Ua Conchobair fortress, east under its archbishop, who until late in the century was of native Irish stock.  IRISH HISTORIC TOWNS ATLAS

Lisadyra Property units

A Archbishop’s lands A

Temporal lands T Knockanhagard or Hill Parke Trassys plott A A A A 0 Metres 100 Mill Mill pond pond Gortalogh

Mill

Mill A pond A Foarde Bridge Shramore A A Part of Common or Mill Gortalogh waste land pond Mill A A Curraghskreen A Calfe 50 acres A A Park Mill A A A Common A A or peat A A The abby park A A A A A A T AA Archdeacon’s meadow A A A meadow part of Gortacaslane AA A Chambers Parish A T Churchyard T T Provost A Old abby T A N T A A Old abby belonging to Mr Edward T A Wilson formerly Earl T A of Clanricard Deans plot The other part of Killaluntee A and gardens Gortnacuslane Chambers A T A A parke belonging Deans meadow to Chambers

A Vicars Gleab A Shruane bride Gurtnecunge Parks Gorlarance A field set Mr John Vesey along with his house plot

T Tyreboy and another large park 30 acres Dean and Provost land IHTA 2009

Fig. 2 Archbishop’s and temporal lands in Tuam, 1720 (Morris), overlaid onon 18391838 (OS)(OS) Presumably because it remained a Gaelic settlement, it was not given tumbrel at his disposal, possibly in Tuam.56 The erosion of central authority borough status like the Anglo-Norman towns of and Galway. Nor had begun in his lifetime and was accelerated immediately afterwards by was it likely that the new rulers would allow its walls either by means of the Bruce invasion. The abjuration of English rule by the Connacht de maintenance or repairs to serve a military purpose. Its hinterland in north Burghs in 1333 meant that the town of Tuam would be thereafter in the Mac Mag Seóla and Conmaicne Cinéil Dubáin became the baronies of Clare and William Uachter or Clanricard sphere of influence in the southern part of Dunmore, respectively. Tuam’s most powerful neighbour would be the de the diocese and the appointment of its archbishops would be made without Bermingham baron of Dunmore who seemingly garrisoned the Loughpark feudal obligations to the English king.57 Except for the Anglo-Norman towns ‘crannóg’ at an early stage of the occupation.49 As in most of Connacht the of Athenry and Galway, the diocese was ecclesia inter Hibernicos. Being far native population formed the tenantry of these two baronies. beyond the reaches of the later Pale or its parliament, Tuam was unconcerned In 1244 a disastrous fire, perhaps deliberate, consumed Tuam, including that its archbishop was an absentee from the lords58 or that his charter left it four churches and all the houses of the town.50 There is evidence that these unrepresented in the commons. churches — namely the church of the Holy Trinity (then acting as Tuam’s In the process of finding a successor to Archbishop Máel Sechlainn Mac cathedral), St John’s, Temple IrishJarlath and Templenascreen Historic — were rebuilt, but TownsÁeda, a reputed victim Atlas of the Black Death, the diocesan chapter elected the ruins of only one, Temple Jarlath, still survive. Its three east windows are its chancellor, de Bermingham, as dignissimus, but Tomás Mac in the transitional style, indicating that they were built soon after the fire. Five Cearbhaill of Cashel was eventually the papal choice.59 In 1356, during carved heads, Romanesque in design, are incorporated into the wall beside ’s episcopate, the town was once again put to the torch, the these windows. They obviously belongedRoyal to an earlier building, perhapsIrish the Academyculprits this time being Óg, son of O’Connor , and Mac William portal of the collapsed cathedral.51 The intention may have been to use this Íochtar, i.e. Mayo Burke.60 While the influence of the de Berminghams in restored parish church as a pro-cathedral. In fact the seventeenth-century the archdiocese was not sufficient to gain episcopal positions for family Archdeacon Lynch stated that Temple Jarlath was ‘once a cathedral’. members in the fifteenth century, they seldom if ever failed to ring-fence one The first official record of fairs in Tuam is a royal charter of 1260 granting or more of the lesser diocesan offices of deanery, archdeaconry or provostship an annual eight-day fair to Archbishop Tommaltach Ó Conchobair at his vill throughout that period.61 For instance, in the 1490s Meiler de Bermingham of Tuam from 29 December to 5 January. The charter probably marks the was abbot of St John’s and Archdeacon William de Bermingham was in illegal continuation rather than the beginning of local fairs. Typically the market possession of the monastery of the Holy Trinity.62 The dominating influence place would have developed at the eastern entrance to the monastic enclosure. of the de Berminghams in Tuam may explain the apparent tendency of its There is, however, a distinct possibility that the venue changed in the medieval archbishops to dwell elsewhere from the early fourteenth century onwards. period. The 1992 excavations discovered several hundred square metres of It has been contended that after the death of Archbishop de Bermingham cobbled surface lying between Vicar Street and St Mary’s Cathedral, which his unfinished cathedral was sequestered by his relations and used asa may well have been the fair green at the archbishop’s vill.52 fortress and stabling for animals.63 But Ware with more credibility maintains Archbishop William de Bermingham had ambitious plans for a new that the de Bermingham choir was ‘converted into the nave or body of the cathedral. The choir would be 24 m x 10.5 m in area, the transepts a combined cathedral’.64 Thus pre-reformation Tuam had a succession of four cathedrals span of 41 m. De Bermingham’s Anglo-Norman background gave hope for or pro-cathedrals — St Mary’s until 1184, the church of the Holy Trinity the success of the undertaking. However, by the time of his death in 1312 until 1244, then Temple Jarlath for approximately half a century and finally only the choir of the cathedral, ‘the last great achievement of the [Irish the de Bermingham cathedral of St Mary. Gothic] period’,53 was built and even a grant of papal indulgences failed to The earliest reference to an episcopal residence in Tuam is found in an effect its completion.54 The de Bermingham episcopate was impoverished inventory of the goods and chattels of Archbishop Stephen de Fulbourn, who by civil unrest.55 The archbishop was accused of taking the law into his own at the time of his death in 1288 also held the position of justiciar of Ireland. hands and he himself admitted to having a gallows, trebuchet, pillory and Items relating to his ecclesiastical office — his vestments, religious books TUAM  and ornaments of his church in Tuam — were, on his demise, impounded in indication that, notwithstanding the devastation of the Tudor conquest, the castle of Athlone. The contents of his Tuam residence included coats of a small community still existed in the ruined ecclesiastical metropolis. mail, halberds, esquire uniforms, eleven pairs of silken shoes, a wide range of Nehemiah Donnellan, Archbishop William O’Mullally’s successor, also silverware and a stable of fifteen horses. These were the trappings of Anglo- resided in Tuam. He is credited with translating the New Testament and Norman authority. Back in 1238 when that authority was being imposed on Book of Common Prayer into Irish.78 The latter work, completed by William Connacht, Archbishop Máel Muire Ó Lachtáin left Tuam on pilgrimage to Daniel, raised Protestant expectations of missionary success among the the Holy Land.65 The political outcome of the crusades had made his journey native population, as did Daniel’s succession to the see of Tuam in 1609. possible. Fifty years later their commercial outcome enabled de Fulbourn But few of his colleagues had comparable knowledge or zeal. The truth was to stock his Tuam larder with oriental delicacies such as almonds, rice, figs, that protestantism was virtually non-existent in the diocese of Tuam. Indeed raisins and dates. the government was hoping that, with parliamentary approval, the diocesan * * * headquarters could be moved from Tuam to the more anglicised atmosphere 79 As in our day, scarcer times would follow the good, in this case partly of the collegiate church, Galway. because of religious divisions of an unprecedented nature. The failure of These plans were revised when it emerged that parliament was on course central government, the Black Death, the monopolising influence of the de for a Catholic majority. The king decided to counter that eventuality by Berminghams and the great western schism were in turn severely debilitating creating forty new boroughs, each expected to elect two compliant M.P.s. influences on the town.Thus the residence that a century and a half earlier had On 30 March 1613 Tuam was incorporated as a borough consisting of a sovereign, twelve burgesses and commonalty. As the seat of an archbishop it displayed the power and influence of Stephen de Fulbourn is found in 1447 80 to be in need of no little repair and, because of its age and the absence of the was confidently expected that its two M.P.s would be Protestants. Judging archbishops who rarely dwelt there, almost totally collapsed and levelled.66 by the names of the original burgesses, seven were Irish, two Galway It is difficult to establish the location of this residence in the pre-reformation townsmen and two or three of English origin. Their charter allowed them to town. Perhaps it was in Farranabox in the southern suburbs where, hold their meetings in any convenient place within the borough, a reasonable according to O’Donovan and a lease of 1723, a castle once stood.67 The 1720 concession in an unbuilt town. It is quite possible that the archbishop gave map does not extend to this site but shows the nearby Gortnacaslane, known the burgesses facilities in his castle for their inaugural meetings, which as Castle Park in 1795 (Map 6). On the other hand, oral tradition places the would explain the curious custom, as local tradition relates, of inaugurating the sovereigns on ‘the chair of Tuam’ in what was a flanking tower of the archbishop’s castle behind the Sisters of Mercy convent, i.e. on archbishop’s 81 land west of Gortnacaslane,68 a more likely site since it was episcopal not castle bawn. temporal like Farranabox. The Tuam charter did not contain any assignments of land to the borough The settler town of Galway grew in wealth and influence during the or attach any urbanising conditions. It was granted for a purpose unrelated to fifteenth century but, on ethnic grounds, continued to resent ecclesiastical the locality, namely the resolution of a parliamentary difficulty to the king’s rule from Tuam. A royal charter of 1484 gave Galway full independence from advantage. The uniformly-shaped holdings or burgages granted to the new Clanricard Burke and the establishment of a warden and collegiate church, burgesses have been recognised in the configuration of subsequent plots on also in 1484, made it virtually independent of the archbishop.69 Tensions the Bishop Street south and Vicar Street west sides of Market Square (Map were relieved by this unique arrangement. Not only did the sixteenth-century 2). They were formed along the ancient route from north-east Connacht. archbishops accept the jurisdiction of the collegiate church but also they Vicar Street detoured southwards around the monastic settlement on leaving actively supported it as an institution, perhaps because they themselves were Market Square, in that way marking the outer enclosure of Temple Jarlath. of Galway origin. In 1488 Galway-born Archbishop Uilliam Seóighe (Joyce) The street continued in a south-westerly direction to embrace the chantry endowed it with five parishes, one of which was Skreen.70 The only known of St Brigid before turning towards St Mary’s. The advantages of a new parish of Skreen in the diocese was that forming the eastern section of Tuam road through the grounds of Temple Jarlath, to be subsequently developed which by 1488 no longer had the cure of souls. Nevertheless its alienation as High Street, would have become obvious by the seventeenth century. It to Galway would have seriously downgraded the cathedral town. In the would make the Vicar Street detour unnecessary and directly link St Mary’s same year the citizens of Galway prevailed on the Athenry Dominicans to with the archbishop’s castle. The layout around High Street differs from the take possession of St Mary’s in the , a church that previously had Bishop Street/Vicar Street alignment, suggesting it was a later development. belonged to the Tuam Premonstratensians.71 Also different is the Shop Street layout. This street corresponds to the ancient It seems that the centre of gravity of the diocese was shifting to Galway route to the north-west, which in the seventeenth century went along the in the sixteenth century. Archbishop Seóighe may in fact have lived there; western side of the castle bawn. certainly he and his two immediate successors were buried in Galway. As The first to hold the office of sovereign of Tuam was Isaac Lally, for Tuam, its condition emerges from an enquiry into the orthodoxy of presumably a relation of Archbishop William O’Mullally. He had already 82 Archbishop Bodkin held in 555 during Queen Mary’s reign.72 The chief established a public school for the humanities at Tullinadaly. The regal witness contrasted the town’s past when it was large and populous with visitation of 1615 named some twenty students from the diocese of Tuam how it stood at that time — in ruins, without walls (sine muris) and almost and nine from Clonfert diocese as then being in attendance at the Tuam or uninhabited, in fact reduced to about twenty or thirty houses. On the positive Lally school, where the master was funded by the prebend of Ballagh and side the cathedral is said to have been satisfactorily furnished with three altars, rectory of Ballinrobe. It concluded as follows: ‘And in regard Galway is a vestments and sacred ornaments, which is more than could be said for many far more public and convenient place for the keeping of a school than Tuam other cathedrals in sixteenth-century Ireland. The enquiry concluded that is, we have ordered that Mr Lally shall at Michaelmas next begin to teach both Tuam and its archbishop were wholly free from suspicion of heresy. publicly in that city’.83 The recommendation cannot have been implemented The sixteenth century saw the Ó Maolalaidh or Lally emerge as since two students entering Salamanca in the 1620s gave the Lally substantial de Bermingham tenants at Tullinadaly in the north of Tuam parish. school ‘close to Tuam’ as the place where they learnt the humanities.84 Tomás Ó Maolalaidh became archbishop of Tuam in 1514 and in 1541 his Isaac Lally’s attitude towards the reformation was ambivalent. The town nephew, Malachy, availed himself of Henry VIII’s policy of ‘surrender and charter specifically states that, before initiation, the sovereign of Tuam regrant’ to secure his title to Tullinadaly. Malachy’s nephew, William, succeeded was obliged to take the oath of supremacy. Yet the sovereign’s school was Christopher Bodkin as archbishop in 1572. Whereas Bodkin had brought regarded as a Catholic institution. John Burke, a future Catholic archbishop, Tuam to the threshold of the Irishreformation, his Gaelic Historic successor is regarded as Townsis said to have acquired Atlas considerable knowledge of Greek and Latin under its first Protestant archbishop. According to a report of 1574 on the general the paternal roof of Isaac Lally, but on returning to Ireland as a young priest condition of the province of Connacht,73 Tuam was one of those good market around 1624 found that his pedagogue had turned Protestant. The roles of towns that had been afflicted by decades of turmoil at the end of which nothing teacher and student were then exchanged with the result that the old man was had survived but its castle, the once ‘wonderful’Royal castle of Uí Conchobair Irish now Academyfinally ‘rescued from heresy’.85 occupied by the archbishop.74 Monastic Tuam fully shared in these misfortunes. Archbishop Daniel’s zeal was tempered by acts of religious tolerance It is indeed questionable how effective the two local abbeys could have been remarkable for their time. He is credited with handing over St Jarlath’s reliquary, as religious institutions after their succumbing to the dominating influence of ‘a pentagonal copper container’, to Catholic authorities on its discovery in the the de Berminghams in the late fifteenth century. Officially the end came in floor of the ruined Templenascreen by his workmen threshing corn there.86 He the 1570s when St John’s was granted to the earl of Clanricard and the abbey also deserves a large share of the credit for allowing prospective seminarians of the Holy Trinity to one Thomas Lewes. At that time the earl’s family was to be educated at Isaac Lally’s public school, while on a practical level he co- embroiled in a bitter succession dispute and the Tuam monasteries were in the operated with , the Catholic archdeacon, in the construction hands of one of the Burke protagonists (Map 4).75 of what is generally believed to have been Bishop Street Bridge.87 Crossing In 1595 Hugh Roe O’Donnell entered north Connacht intent on imposing rivers was one of the perils of travelling in earlier times and prior to the his inherited overlordship on its native rulers, principally O’Connor Sligo construction of this bridge the River Nanny could not be forded in winter and the Mayo Burkes.76 O’Donnell marched directly from north Connacht without risk.88 This is the probable reason why the 1555 description of Tuam to Clanricard country, first stopping at Turloughvohan near Tuam where highlights the fact that a seemingly unimportant waterway flowed through the the Loughpark ‘crannóg’ of earlier times had been superseded by a de centre of town. In the inquisitions following the death of Archbishop Daniel Bermingham castle. He besieged the castle and proceeded to dismantle its in 1628 his Tuam manor is found to have a water mill, evidence additional to walls until the occupants, who included the leading men of the district, were the threshing at Templenascreen that grain crops were grown on the episcopal forced to surrender. O’Donnell’s men then rounded up the livestock of the manor and, it can safely be presumed, that the river had been harnessed by Tuam hinterland — the resources for the town’s fairs and main sustenance of a vertical millwheel. The waterway was not, however, navigable and this the people — and quickly returned north with all this booty plus the ‘wealth left Tuam at a commercial disadvantage. While sea and water-borne routes and treasure’ acquired at de Bermingham’s castle. Acquisitions such as these in general were then undergoing steady development, the pattern of inland helped to protract the northern rebellion into the Nine Years’ War. communication in Ireland remained unchanged from that inherited from Three Tuam inhabitants in addition to Isaac Lally of Tullinadaly are earlier times.89 Consequently Tuam was destined to be no more than a market included in the general pardon issued by King James I in 1603,77 an town on an episcopal estate, albeit an estate with a resident archbishop.  IRISH HISTORIC TOWNS ATLAS

Municipal records do not survive for the fledgling borough and so the details by the end of 1680 he found it necessary to plead with the lord lieutenant of its early corporate life are beyond recovery. that a company of foot be quartered in the town where, in his own words, the English were ‘very thinly and insecurely planted’.106 His anxiety was shared * * * by Protestant Ireland in general and turned to alarm with the accession of The civil unrest of the 1640s discloses more about the borough of King James II in 685. Two years later the town received a new charter Tuam than do the earlier decades of comparative peace. On the outbreak providing for a corporation of twenty burgesses.107 The corporation was of rebellion in November 1641 the archbishop left his castle in Tuam for composed mainly of Old English, i.e. Galway townsmen, who were Catholic the protection of Galway fort. There was no justification for this retreat in religious persuasion. But Catholic moves to recover church property according to the earl of Clanricard, who visited Tuam later in the month and were firmly resisted by Archbishop Vesey, who chose this time to have the found the archbishop’s residence to be ‘a fair and strong castle’. During his cathedral’s medieval tower repaired and a steeple added. On completion of visit he received complaints from the sovereign and corporation against the the work in 1688 Vesey had his name and that of King James II embossed archbishop for deserting the place and leaving them without protection.90 in unique juxtaposition on a commemorative plaque. The native population The vacuum created by the archbishop’s departure was soon filled by rebels was highly suspicious of the archbishop’s motives, especially his plan to who burnt the town and caused the Protestant inhabitants to leave and in install six bells in the cathedral tower which, according to rumour, was due course claim compensation for the losses thus sustained.91 Among the intended to welcome the Williamite army to town.108 Then in 691, as applicants for compensation were Thomas Bagworth, an innholder and Balldearg O’Donnell’s soldiers of fortune made their menacing presence felt farmer, William Davis, gent., who claimed he lost animals and crops, seven around Tuam, Archbishop Vesey was compelled to take flight. The battle of merchants, a clergyman whose study was ‘pillaged’ and books destroyed and Aughrim followed on 12 July and while the fighting raged O’Donnell’s men a clergyman’s widow, Mary Hammond. In her depositions Hammond alleged occupied and burnt Tuam.109 that the goods she had forwarded to Galway were impounded at Richard Even though Protestant supremacy was firmly re-established in 1691, Burke’s castle of Ballinderry some 6 km south of Tuam and that her own Vesey refused to reside in Tuam again and petitioned parliament to have the flight to Galway ran into difficulties after passing Claretuam approximately archiepiscopal see translated to Galway. The required bill was introduced110 5 km south-west of the town where another Burke fortress, Belclare Castle, and would have been enacted were it not for objections to the cost of building guarded the crossing of the River Clare. Thus in the seventeenth century the a new cathedral and palace.111 This was the last attempted removal of the unwalled town was surrounded by four castles or potential outer defences see from Tuam. Thereafter Archbishop Vesey resided on his own estate at — those of Tullinadaly, Turloughvohan,92 Ballinderry and Belclare. Hollymount, Co. Mayo. His alienation from Tuam had adverse consequences The Protestant clergy who withdrew from Tuam at this time were replaced for the town. Like Armagh, Tuam was an ecclesiastical borough under the by their Catholic counterparts who prepared St Mary’s Cathedral for the immediate influence of its archbishop who reputedly held its charter.112 In celebration of mass and continued to use the castle as an episcopal residence. 1708 Archbishop Vesey divested himself of that honour when his daughter The non-survival of pre-1641 diocesan records confirms that this was not Susanna married Henry Bingham of Newbrook, Co. Mayo, and, to quote an a smooth transition. Structural improvements came in the course of the eighteenth-century commentator, ‘his Grace, by a very unclerical breach of decade. Altars were erected, new furnishings were installed in the cathedral trust, transferred the property of the borough [of Tuam] from the see to his son- and an episcopal library founded. The castle was impressively restored, to in-law’.113 The ‘property’ here in question was the right, vested in the sovereign which was added a three-storey building supported by strong beams, the hall and burgesses, to return two members to the Dublin parliament. Henceforth 93 and rooms being of elegant proportions. Loughlin O’Connor of O’Connor until the Union the constituency would be controlled by the Binghams. Sligo ancestry was a prominent supporter of the Catholic clergy in these Vesey’s successor, Edward Synge, lost no time in restoring good relations 94 activities. He was a Tuam merchant with a house and plot in town and with his cathedral city. In the opinion of William King, contemporary 95 numerous land holdings in the locality. It is not clear whether the recovered archbishop of Dublin, Tuam had been neglected by its former archbishops, relics of St Jarlath were intended for veneration at Templenascreen, their but with Synge ‘it begins to change its face’.114 An act of parliament of original location, or in an oratory adjoining the north wall of the cathedral. In 1717 facilitated the application of improving principles to the archbishop’s any event the question would soon become irrelevant since, with the collapse demesne which, being over 500 Irish acres in extent, was deemed excessive of the rebellion, the town reverted to Protestant hands. In 1653 Cromwellian for his domestic use.115 The act left him free to lease roughly half of these soldiers pulled down the and the statues of the four evangelists at lands for an economically feasible term of years and to enclose the remainder 96 St Mary’s Cathedral. Before his deportation to France John de Burgo, the as demesne land. A period of three years was allowed to survey and map the Catholic archbishop, entrusted a statue of the Blessed Virgin and the reliquary land for letting. The map, produced in 1720, outlined the town’s ecclesiastical of St Jarlath to Loughlin O’Connor and his successors, an arrangement that 97 and temporal lands and all the plots on lease to tenants (Map 6). By then unfortunately did not ensure their preservation. Archbishop Synge had embarked on building a new palace on a site partly In the Connacht transplantation of 1654–6 the greater part of the parish occupying that of the Wonderful Castle of earlier times. The palace was a of Tuam was allocated to existing Connacht landholders, mostly Galway seven-bay three-storey-over-basement structure built in early Georgian style. townsmen transplanted to holdings of reduced size. The Berminghams and It was not meant to stand in isolation but rather to be part of a comprehensive Lallys were also in receipt of reduced allotments. Remarkably Loughlin scheme that included out-offices, gardens, high enclosing walls and grounds O’Connor survived as a landholder and, despite his Catholic and Gaelic 98 laid out in natural landscape fashion. Successive archbishops continued the background, retained houses in Tuam and land in the locality. In fact he work of improvement and maintenance. The well-tended ‘palace grounds’ was one of the few remaining local landholders of native Irish stock. His would remain an admired feature of the town for almost two centuries to family, later known as the O’Connor-Donelans, were identified with the follow. It is possible that Winifred Proven, a Tuam seed merchant, sourced old religion to the extent that they allowed their mortuary chapel at Temple her merchandise from the palace gardens. By 1756 she was retailing a wide Jarlath to be a place of interment for the Catholic parochial clergy in the 99 range of vegetable and salad seeds and enjoying the custom of gentry from penal times that were to follow. Church lands in the urban part of the parish 116 100 Co. Mayo. were estimated at 46 acres in extent, temporal lands at 8 acres. Apparently Archbishop’s Synge’s accounts for 1717–22 show that many people, their boundaries were not in dispute since Archbishop Samuel Pullen, who from town fathers to labourers, actively participated in the building of the had the outline of his diocese and its parishes charted in 1660, deemed a palace.117 Important municipal developments were also taking place in Tuam town map unnecessary. Irish Historic Townsat this time. The construction Atlas of the market house in Market Square, begun The trade tokens issued by James Treacy in 1670 represent an unidentified 101 in 1700, and the subsequent installation of a public crane enabled a weigh local initiative. The particular business in which this Tuam merchant was master to take up market duties in 1706. In the same decade the paving of engaged is likely to have been located on Treacy’s plot, which is shown Shop Street was undertaken (Plate 3). There are signs that all these activities on the 1720 map as lying between theRoyal Tullinadaly and Ballygaddy Irish roads Academywere inspired by an integrated development plan for town and demesne. Shop (Fig. 2). A premises nowadays known as The Thatch is centrally situated on this Street, or North Street as it was then called, was paralleled to the east by the plot. It is said to be the oldest public house in Tuam and may indeed go back to boundary of the archbishop’s demesne and to the west by the embryonic James Treacy’s time. Further hints of an improving economy are found in the Chapel Lane, the latter being in 1734 no more than ‘a small lane leading recollections of William King, a future archbishop of Dublin, who came to St down to the water’. At the same time a property known as Morgan’s plot Mary’s as a young cleric in 1673. He was endowed with a number of benefices is described as bordering Shop Street to the west and having on its eastern in the diocese and decided to live in Tuam where he had taken a house. He border ‘the wall that encloses the old bawn belonging to the archbishop’s enjoyed the privilege of dining at the archbishop’s table that was ‘daily laden castle’.118 Evidently this section of bawn wall ran in a north-south direction. with sixteen dishes for dinner and twelve for supper with a very large variety 102 It would have been progressively demolished as Shop Street east was taking of wines and a profusion of other generous liquors’. The people amongst shape and being furnished with out-offices and back gardens. The most whom he dwelt for five years were, he declared, entirely ‘given to drinking important of these buildings was the Mitre Inn, newly built in 1754 with parties and feasts’. It is not clear whether he intended to include the Connacht stables, coach house and garden behind. According to the O’Donovan letters gentry in these excesses, but in any event they would acquire a reputation for 103 and 1839 Ordnance Survey town plan, part of the bawn wall survived in good eating rather than good housing in the following century. the front wall of two public houses on Shop Street (Map 2),119 but since this structure was on the west side of the street it is more likely to have been part * * * of a medieval wall. The last two decades of the seventeenth century show signs of economic In 1722 Archbishop Synge leased a number of town properties to Edward recovery at Tuam. John Vesey’s succession to the see of Tuam in 1679 at Wilson including two gig mills situated below Shop Street bridge, two big first seemed to enhance the economic prospects of the town as a Protestant grist mills and a tucking mill between Shop Street and Bishop Street bridges, settlement. Tradition credits him with building an episcopal palace on the a malt house that replaced what had been known as the upper mill near Bishop site of the later Grove House in Vicar Street,104 which would provide him Street bridge, plus the accompanying mill houses, mill ponds and mill dams with a library that he prized highly and prove to be a comfortable residence (Map 10).120 Clearly milling had become an important element in the local for his many children, his numerous relatives and his retainers.105 However, economy by this time. A concentration of mills at Tuam was made possible TUAM  by a drop of 3.7 m in the river level between Bishop Street and Chapel Lane Conversely, the compact town centre was ‘well edificed’ and considerably bridges.121 Moreover the Tuam hinterland had excellent corn-producing soil, improved by the partial widening of the streets, the establishment of Fahy’s enabling the town to gain a reputation in the early nineteenth century for the drapery (or The Scotch Emporium) in 1830136 and Daly’s Hotel in 1832. The quality of its bread.122 Apart from milling, Edward Wilson was prominently nearby Mall had handsome dwellings, Circular Road was newly built, while involved in the building of the archbishop’s palace, as was Timothy Dunne Dublin Road beyond the compact centre was overlooked only by the gaol, the who was sovereign of Tuam in 1735 and had superintended the construction courthouse, the glebe-house and, eventually, the Union Workhouse (Fig. 3). of a new bridge at Bishop Street. He commemorated its completion with an inscribed stone weighing twenty-seven hundredweight, unwrought and IHTA 2009 Valuation drawn for a wager from Temple Jarlath to the bridge on a common wheel > £40 123 car by a thirty-year old mule. But the market cross was the town’s focal £20.0.0 to £39.19.0 point. A deed of 1734, drawn up before the streets acquired their present £15.0.0 to £19.19.0 names, describes Bishop Street as the street leading from the market cross £10.0.0 to £14.19.0 to Turloughvohan, High Street as the high street leading from the market cross to the parish church, and Shop Street as the high street leading from the £5.0.0 to £9.19.0 market cross to the north bridge (Map 3, Plate 5).124 Base map 1839 (OS); Daniel Beaufort, who visited Tuam in 1787,125 regarded the palace as old- street names 1855 (Val. 2). fashioned, an indication of how rapidly architectural style had developed in the eighteenth century. But he was impressed by the palace garden with its very fine canal made by Archbishop Hort in the 1740s. The newly-built Mall House he described as ‘very pretty’ with a good garden opposite. He R i v y dined in ‘an excellent house’ at the diocesan school, Dublin Road, no doubt e n S T r N a n E H E R the master’s house, but made no comment on the spacious residence of Mr O S T P P Davis, later known as St John’s, Vicar Street, which he also visited. Grove O S S H T I N B House, Vicar Street, and Mr Cheevers’ residence opposite the palace were T E E R ‘large, well-looking houses’. These, however, were exceptions in an ‘ill- paved’ town that, in his opinion, was not so well built as . While Beaufort was in Tuam, preparations were afoot for the lord lieutenant’s visit to Bermingham House. A new exploration of Connacht had begun. The E E T S T R Taylor and Skinner road maps, first published in 1778 (Map 7), facilitated a H I G H growing number of gentry given to travel and cross-country visits. The maps included routes from Tuam to Galway, , and Sligo, plus D O A R Y houses of the gentry where in many cases the racing calendar would have A W L provided the highlights of the year. After their transfer to Garrauns, some A D G U B L 4 km north-east of Tuam, in 1741 the grew in popularity and IN R brought vitality to the town (Map 1). The Mitre Hotel, with its experience of O A

M D

the races, hosted major functions such as divisional meetings of Volunteers A

L in 1783 and 1784. Similarly ‘the saddle, cap and whip manufactory’ of John L

Morris that began by serving ‘nobility, gentry and public’ went on to fulfil C I R C 126 U L ROAD army orders in 1791. By then the linen market for north Galway was held T A R 127 E E in Tuam. Thus in many respects Tuam was extending its influence well R T beyond its limits as a market town. S

R A C * * * I 0 Metres 100 V The nineteenth century was both kind and unkind to the inhabitants of Tuam, as they entered an era of mixed fortunes. The town’s long association Fig. 3 Valuation of residential buildings, 18551854 with the de Berminghams came to an end when Thomas, baron of Athenry and earl of Louth, died without male heir in 1799. Seán Rua or John Birmingham In times of distress Archbishop Trench had generously helped the of Dalgin was one of those who unsuccessfully claimed succession to the title populace without distinction of creed, despite the fact that in 1816 he had and, to advance his case, built an impressive town house in Bishop Street. converted to militant evangelism and thereafter actively promoted ‘the In 1804 the house, then nicknamed Birmingham’s Fancy or Folly, became second reformation’.137 He was implacably opposed to the establishment of headquarters of Tuam Bank, a private banking firm launched by Sir Thomas a Catholic cathedral in Tuam, something he made very clear to the tenants Ffrench.128 Soon its notes were gaining preference throughout Connacht on his demesne.138 But his writ did not extend to the Handcock estate, which and its Dublin branch, opened in 1807, was foremost among the city banks. included the once monastic lands on the eastern outskirts of the town. The omens for Tuam were positive. The Napoleonic wars had stimulated Here Archbishop Kelly found it possible to establish a diocesan college, the economy, in particular the local fairs and markets, the linen trade and an episcopal residence and, in 1827, to lay the foundation stone for a new the demand for fighting men. But all of this would change with the scaling cathedral.139 The latter was the second Catholic cathedral founded in Ireland down of hostilities. The collapse of Ffrench’s Bank in 1814 was the first in since the reformation, a foolish venture to some but on completion regarded a catalogue of disasters. After Waterloo the army was demobilised and the as ‘perhaps the most sumptuous ecclesiastical structure the Roman Catholics town left without a single military detachment. Poor harvests in 1816 and possess in the country’.140 It was built of local limestone by Tuam labour 1817 brought famine, fever and typhus. on a greenfield site, ornamented by Connacht craftsmen and funded in part The failure of the 1821 harvest led to widespread famine in Connacht. In by Protestant donations. The Cathedral of the Assumption gave the town a anticipation of that disaster ProtestantIrish Archbishop Historic Trench purchased a vast Townsnew dimension. Convents Atlas and schools encircled it with remarkable spatial stock of meal, took personal responsibility for Tuam and its neighbourhood, regularity as if Catholic emancipation had been accompanied by an urban and used the local dispensary and a temporary fever hospital which he had development plan (Map 13). The town’s charitable and educational facilities set up c. 2 km north-west of the town in Ballygaddy House as important were greatly promoted by William Burke of Tuam who died in 1834. He instruments of relief.129 In May 1822 Royal he estimated that there wereIrish 2,027 Academybequeathed £10,000 towards the erection and endowment of a convent, the entirely destitute people living within 2 miles of the town and a further establishment of an orphanage, the relief of distressed housekeepers and 2,047 who could afford provisions only at a reduced price. Oliver Kelly, the widows, and the apprenticing of dutiful children.141 In furtherance of these Catholic archbishop who also was doing everything possible to counteract objectives the Presentation Sisters came to town in 1835 and the Sisters of the impending disaster, joined his Protestant counterpart on the Tuam Relief Mercy in 1846. An orphanage and schools for girls soon followed. Committee. When harvest time arrived, a grateful multitude voluntarily The Act of Union deprived the borough of Tuam of its parliamentary assembled to cut, bind and stack Archbishop Trench’s corn while a couple of franchise, which was its raison d’être. A government enquiry found in 1833 hundred carts brought all his turf to the palace farmyard.130 that it was not ‘lighted, flagged or watched’.142 Yet Charles Blake proudly A third destitute group in 1822 consisted of large families mainly from Co. marked his year as sovereign in 1820 by restoring and adding a cupola and Mayo, some of whom were staying, others passing and re-passing through clock to the market house. Blake was the foremost industrialist in town. He had Tuam. Apparently the mendicant circuit was well established by then, since acquired Keary’s brewery and adjoining corn mills and added Bridge House, the Tuam select vestry had to take measures in 1814 and again in 1817 to a five-bay three-storey residence, to the site.143 By 1837 the Tuam Brewery keep ‘strange beggars’ out of town and in 1818 the sovereign had to purchase was producing some 5,000 barrels of malt liquor annually and the malt house badges for town beggars.131 Migrants such as these helped to increase the about 600 quarters of malt.144 Blake’s brewery with its associated milling and urban population by 26% in the decade preceding 1831 and made nineteenth- malting establishments were the main industries in early nineteenth-century century Tuam remarkable for the extent and poverty of its suburbs.132 In 1825 Tuam. Many of the 481 families, chiefly employed in manufactures and trade there were an estimated two hundred suburban houses133 typified by a group in 1831,145 would have been in the linen business. The extensive manufacture of cabins originally thrown up against the demesne wall at Tullinadaly Road of coarse linen in the town and its neighbourhood can be traced back to and later, with the encouragement of Archbishop Trench, transferred — thatch 1761 when Boetius Egan of Dunblaney was Co. Galway’s largest supplier and all — to the other side of the road.134 By 1841 the number of such cabins of the product to the Dublin market.146 In 1775 a great deal of sheeting was had increased to 825, located around Tierboy Barracks, along a 300-yard being sold ‘at the inn’ at Tuam.147 A townsman, John Charles Miller, sought stretch of Tierboy Road, Chapel Lane, a 950-yard stretch of Galway Road to improve its quality. He described himself in 1790 as a Swiss Protestant and a 1,000-yard stretch of Bishop Street beyond St Jarlath’s ‘Old’ College.135 engaged for over eleven years in the extensive manufacture of linen on the  IRISH HISTORIC TOWNS ATLAS nearby Bermingham estate, keeping eighty looms constantly at work.148 But later added to the site. The succession of John S. Handcock to the temporal the local industry continued to produce coarse linen for the lower end of the lands of Tuam in 1855 signalled the dawn of better times. Without delay he market. With strong demand for sailcloth during the Napoleonic war, ‘the leased several plots in the centre of town, including a prime site at nominal shuttle was to be heard in every quarter of the town’.149 Thereafter coarse rent for a town hall.167 The contractor was Andrew Egan, whose many fine canvas from the area was used for packing bacon exports.150 Weavers became structures hastened the town’s transition from thatch to slate.168 Gas lighting redundant, and since they were unemployable in the town’s other trades they was another development and, for the first time, a rate was struck to meet the worked as building labourers on the new cathedral.151 Finally, in 1846, the expenses involved. The imposition of rates met with strong resistance, which town’s 139 linen weavers declared that the potato rot had ended the spade- eventually prevailed at the town board election of 1860.169 Tolls at fairs and work to which they had turned, leaving them and their dependants facing markets remained the board’s only source of revenue. However, fairs grew starvation.152 steadily from 21,006 sheep and 5,790 cattle on offer at the October fairs of John Bernard Trotter visited Tuam in 1817 when the October cattle fair 1854 to 36,424 sheep and 8,613 cattle in October 1870.170 In 1875 the board was in full swing, probably in Market Square, and fever had gripped the had to seek a larger fair green, ‘or else’, declared Commissioner Gannon, surrounding countryside.153 He found the town filled with ‘a vast crowd ‘we shall have to do as other towns, levy a rate for municipal purposes’.171 of people, well dressed and respectable’ — a reminder that the Connacht This unfortunate mindset led the board in 1885 to avoid becoming an urban population was predominantly rural and that the town contained both sanitary authority,172 in contrast to which by then had achieved prosperous and poor, the well fed and the starving (Plate 6). Tuam fairs were both urban sanitary and urban district council status.173 growing at that time. A record 40,000 sheep were said to be on offer at the The Dublin to Galway railway line was completed in 1851. It was locally October fair of 1838, and they sold briskly.154 Regrettably this resource did assumed that its extension to Mayo would follow the traditional route not bring a woollen industry to the area but attracted Yorkshire wool-buyers through Tuam. However, landed influences directed it north-westwards from instead. The first of these, Messrs Townsend and Thompson, erected a store Athlone to Westport, leaving Tuam to fight for a spur line, the Athenry and for their purchases at Foster Place, Ballygaddy Road in the mid 1840s.155 Tuam Railway, opened in 1860.174 Initially the railway promoted the town’s Improved road conditions had a bearing on these developments. The town’s fairs but disadvantaged local industry, particularly brewing. The refusal of location at the gateway to Mayo on the Ballinasloe to Westport mailcoach the Midland Great Western Railway to book passengers, goods and livestock road was commercially advantageous (Map 8). The link to Ballinasloe was directly to Tuam in 1870 meant that the transport of seaweed from Galway described in 1831 as one of the best presentment .156 It was for soil cultivation reverted to the carters, a severe loss to the struggling the route by which local linen had been taken to Dublin since the 1760s and company.175 Although the town was connected to the railway network it was Tuam flour since 1785.157 This regular connection with the capital enabled the merely a branch line. Even when the extension to Claremorris came in 1894 town’s shopkeepers to stock an attractive variety of goods and thus enhance passengers could only travel in stages from to Sligo via Tuam. their business which, it was claimed, ranked next to that of Galway within * * * the province of Connacht. With the development of road transportation in the early nineteenth century Tuam became the hub of daily car services to Twentieth-century Tuam renewed its ancient standing as an important Dublin, Ballinasloe, Dunmore, Galway, Headford and Westport.158 educational centre with eight primary and secondary schools, three of which In the early nineteenth century attendance of Catholics at the Tuam diocesan accommodated boarders. Apart from The Mall Protestant school, closed in school was taken as a sign that the town’s reputation for religious tolerance 1960, these institutions flourished and were supplemented by a technical still held, although the archbishop’s leases gave rise to bickering between school in 1938. By 1986 St Jarlath’s College had completed its fourth landlord and tenant.159 The Church Temporalities Act of 1833 reduced Tuam enlargement of the century. Retrenchment soon followed and all boarding to a bishopric but offered the prospect of better tenures. Ultimately nothing ceased by 2005. The town’s housing problem remained unsolved in 1919 changed and in 1852 the bishop’s tenures were regarded as a major obstacle when most of its 262 thatched houses were deemed unfit for human habitation to town improvement since nobody was prepared to build on land with only (Plates 1, 2). By 1942 the unsanitary houses were gone and their occupants a 21-year lease.160 William Gannon, a prominent town commissioner, vented re-housed. Moreover new housing schemes at Tubberjarlath and Athenry his frustration by noting the absence of any endowment by the Protestant Road accommodated an influx of sugar factory workers, newcomers who bishop or his predecessors – ‘not a single monument to attest their charity for invigorated the town. The closing of that factory in 1986 severely damaged the poor or their zeal for education of the people’.161 The ‘second reformation’ the local economy. Its slow recovery showed a marked orientation towards was apparently the underlying cause of this sectarian tension, the worst of Galway city and Tuam housing estates provided dormitory facilities for many which came with the renewal of the bishop’s leases in 1858–9. The Christian of its workforce. The twentieth-century town lost one public building, the Brothers were then evicted, which led to riots and the burning down of workhouse; another, the Town Hall, was destroyed in 1920 but subsequently the abandoned schoolhouse.162 Through testy correspondence with Dean restored. At the turn of the twenty-first century the courthouse was deemed Seymour the eventually, in 1874, negotiated the dispensable but the synod hall and the Town Hall were commendably reassembly of the market cross in Market Square (Plate 4). By then the restored. Nevertheless the latter restoration is incomplete without a restored, had been disestablished and ecumenical relationships re-inhabited and pedestrianised town centre adorned with a replica of the were on the mend. The building of a new cathedral designed by Sir Thomas market cross. The present century also finds relevance in the ancient route to Deane was begun in 1863 and completed fifteen years later. Following north Connacht upon which Tuam was founded. It is planned to transform George Petrie’s advice the twelfth-century chancel was incorporated into that route into the Atlantic Road Corridor from Letterkenny to Waterford the modern building, designed with an Anglican congregation of over six alongside which will run the reconstructed railway from Sligo to Limerick hundred worshippers in mind.163 (Plate 7). The fortunes of Tuam hinge on these developments. During the 850s the congregation at St Mary’s included English and Notes Scottish people who had purchased land in the locality through the encumbered 1. Dr Thomas B. Costello (1864–1956), a noted antiquarian with a special interest in the Bronze Age, estates court. The resentment aroused by such acquisitions elsewhere in attested to the existence of the Tuam mound and its contents (TH 16.6.1973). Connacht164 is not found in Tuam. Memories of these immigrants recorded 2. Coulter, p. 132. 3. Atlas of Ireland (Dublin, 1979), p. 21. by a townsman in 1918 describe them as industrious and charitable people 4. For material evidence on the prehistoric people of the area see Alcock et al., pp 1–31. The Muintir living on the best of terms with their Irish neighbours and greatly contributing Murchadha period is summarised in O’Flaherty, pp 147–9. to the locality’s commercial and social life.165 In addition to farming on the 5. O’Donovan, p. 25. Irish Historic Towns 6. Glynn notes, NLI, MS 7912, Atlas p. 15. eastern outskirts of town, the Rishworths and Strouts succeeded Messrs 7. Alcock et al., p. 330. 8. Gwynn and Hadcock, p. 25. Thompson and Townsend as agents who sent thousands of tons of wool 9. O’Donovan, p. 27. from Tuam to Yorkshire, especially Bradford. Their success in promoting 10. A.T. Lucas, ‘The horizontal mill in Ireland’, in RSAI Jn., lxxxiii (1953), pp 1–36. The River Nanny cricket in the 1860s and 1870s was such that the Tuam Cricket Club was itself was unsuitable for horizontal mills. Royal Irish Academy 11. Guerin, figs 3 and 4. See also Alcock et al., sub ‘ringforts’ and ‘ecclesiastical remains’. 166 then rated as the best in Connacht. The Rishworths also promoted local 12. Hy Many, p. 170. 13. Lyttleton, p. 151. industry. They found adequate water power and timber on their own property 14. Knox, H.T., p. 77. at Curraghcreen to manufacture fittings such as bobbins, reels and spools 15. W are, p. 603; John Colgan, Acta sanctorum veteris et maioris Scotiae, seu Hiberniae sanctorum for cotton and woollen mills. The business grew and diversified over some insulae …, 2 vols (Louvain, 1645); reprinted with introd. by Jennings as The ‘Acta sanctorum Hiberniae’ of John Colgan … (IMC, Dublin, 1948), p. 310, n. 2; O’Donovan, p. 21. twenty years until 1887 when the company opened a match factory known 16. AFM, ii, p. 923. as the Curragh Mills. It succumbed to a price war in 1890, also the year of 17. Stalley, p. 183. 18. Claffey, 2003, p. 9. closure for the local brewery. Consequently the area was further drained by 19. Murray, G.J., i, pp 316–20. emigration and industrial prospects were not to return until the Tuam sugar 20. Aubrey Gwynn, The twelfth century reform (Dublin, 1968), p. 35. 21. Raghnall Ó Floinn, Irish shrines and reliquaries in the middle ages (Dublin, 1994), p. 13. factory opened in 1934. 22. Ann. Tig., ii, p. 365 attributes these events to 1131, fours years earlier than AFM. The 1835 report on the municipal corporations did not exonerate the 23. Tuam Cathedral was said to have been rebuilt about 1152. 24. Peter Harbison, The golden age of Irish art, 600–1200 (London, 1999), p. 346. inhabitants of Tuam from the nepotism and negligence of their municipality, 25. Excavations, 1992, p. 33. since they could have adopted the provisions of the paving and lighting act 26. Lynch, De praesulibus, ii, p. 213. 27. Ann. Tig., ii, p. 355. of 1828 to effect town improvement. This eventually happened when in 1843 28. AFM, ii, pp 1029, 1063. the defunct corporation was succeeded by a board of town commissioners 29. Swan, p. 89. 30. TH 3.10.1970. Lynch, De praesulibus, ii, p. 213 notes this as an infirmary. Alternatively it may have who strengthened their powers by adopting the towns improvement act of been a dependency of Kilcreevanty convent, an Uí Conchobair foundation about 5 km north-west of 1854. During their initial decade in office the commissioners established a Tuam (Gwynn and Hadcock, pp 318–19). 31. Knox, H.T., pp 264–5. fair green, upgraded or relocated the market places, attended to water and 32. Swan, p. 98; Anngret Simms with Katharine Simm, Kells (IHTA, no. 4, Dublin, 1990), p. 3; Catherine sewage requirements, laid footpaths and paved streets — very impressive McCullough and W.H. Crawford, Armagh (IHTA, no. 18, Dublin, 2007), p. 2. 33. Neary, p. 98. work in the shadow of the (Map 12). Construction of the Dublin 34. The cross was ‘raised to an unusual height’ (Lynch, De praesulibus, ii, p. 214). Road footpath began in 1846 with the intention of giving employment to the 35. Ibid., p. 213. 36. AFM, ii, p. 1179. poor, perhaps also to facilitate the Tuam Union Workhouse, which opened 37. Ware, p. 601; John O’Hanlon, Lives of the Irish saints (9 vols, Dublin, 1875–c. 1901), vi, p. 208. in that year with accommodation for 800 paupers. A fever hospital was 38. Cal. papal letters, 1417–31, p. 95. TUAM 

39. Ann. Tig., ii, p. 432. 154. TH 20.10.1838. 40. Ibid., p. 288. 155. TH 2.7.1977. 41. For de Cogan’s expedition to Connacht see ibid., pp 444–5; J.F. Dimock (ed.), Geraldi Cambrensis 156. Minutes of evidence before select committee on turnpike roads, HC 1831–2 (xvii), p. 91. opera, v (London, 1867), p. 346. 157. Commons’ jn. Ire., xii, app., p. cci; xiii, app., p. cclviii. 42. Costello, 1902–4, pp 1–10. 158. Slater, 1846. 43. O’Connor, G., p. 69. 159. Dutton, pp 152, 327, 409. 44. ALC, i, p. 203. 160. Fairs and markets rept, p. 69. 45. Ware, p. 604. 161. TH 25.6.1853. 46. John Watt, The church in medieval Ireland (Dublin, 1972), p. 97. 162. Nation 25.6.1859; TH 2–30.7.1859. 47. Stalley, p. 181. 163. Irish Times 24.1.1862. 48. Gwynn and Hadcock, p. 206. 164. NHI, v, p. 341. 49. Lyttleton, pp 156–71. 165. TH 18.5.1918. 50. ALC, i, p. 367. 166. Ibid. 51. Andersen, p. 98. 167. TH 17.2.1855. 52. Excavations, 1992, p. 33. 168. Deirdre Goggin, ‘The mark of a man, the life of Andrew Egan’, in JOTS, i (2004), pp 39–46. 53. Geoffrey Hand, The church in the English lordship, 1216–1307 (Dublin, 1968), p. 34. 169. Laheen, 2002, chapters 12 and 13. 54. Cal. papal letters, 1305–42, p. 109. 170. TCM 1.11.1856, 7.11.1870. 55. Burke, pp 31–8. 171. TH 6.3.1875. 56. Cal. justic. rolls Ire., 1295–1303, pp 316–17. 172. TCM 2.3.1885. 57. Burke, pp 43–5. 173. Egan, 1953, p. 99. 58. H.G. Richardson and G.O. Sayles, Parliaments and councils of mediaeval Ireland (Dublin, 1974), pp 174. The fortunes of the Athenry and Tuam Railway are outlined in O’Meara. xxvii, xxix. 175. TH 24.4.1858. 59. ALC, ii, p. 13. 60. Lynch, De praesulibus, ii, p. 224. 61. Edwards, pp 93–5. Topographical Information 62. J.F.O’Doherty (ed.), ‘Obligationes pro annatis provinciae Tuamensis’, in Archivium Hibernicum, xxvi (1963), p. 103; Cal. papal letters, 1495–1503, p. 107. The following information relates not to any single administrative division or the sheet 63. Burke, pp 86–7. lines of any particular map, but to the built-up area of Tuam at each of the dates referred to. 64. Ware, p. 602. 65. All grid references used are derived from the Irish National Grid. This grid appears at 100 Burke, p. 23. m intervals on Map 3. In the Topographical Information grid references are included where 66. Cal. papal letters, 1447–55, pp 333–4. 67. Tuam sub Caisleán a’ Bhosca, Ordnance Survey name books, Tuam, Co. Galway (Galway City and possible for features not named on either Map 2 or Map 3: they are given in eight figures (the County Library); RD 38/191/23927. last four figures respectively of the eastings and northings shown on Map 3) and indicate the 68. TH 24.8.1974. approximate centre of the feature in question. 69. Mac Niocaill, 1984, p. 8. The entries under each heading, except for Streets, are arranged in chronological order by 70. Burke, p. 61. categories: for example, all lime kilns are listed before all mills, because the oldest lime kiln 71. Ó Héideáin, p. 13. pre-dates the oldest mill. 72. Moran, pp 52–4, 413–14. 73. In general, dates of initiation and cessation are specified as such. Where these are unknown, Cal. Carew MSS, 1601–03, p. 476. the first and last recorded dates are given, and references of intermediate date are omitted except 74. Nolan, p. 117. 75. Cal. Carew MSS, 1601–03, p. 473. where corroborative evidence appears necessary. Features originating after 900 are listed 76. The life of Aodha Ruaidh Ó Domhnaill transcribed from the book of Lughaidh Ó Cléirigh, xlviii, ed. only in exceptional cases. In source-citations, a pair of years joined by a hyphen includes all Paul Walsh and Colm Ó Lochlainn (Dublin, 1948), pp 97, 99. intervening years for which that source is available: thus 1838–1927 (OS) means all Ordnance 77. Cal. pat. rolls Ire., Jas. 1, p. 19. Survey maps from 1838 to 1927 inclusive. 78. Knox, H.T., p. 126. The list of early spellings in section 1 is confined to the earliest and latest examples noted 79. Cal. S.P. Ire., 1611–14, pp 81, 189. of the variants deemed to be the most significant. Where necessary the earliest noted attestation 80. Cal. Carew MSS, 1603–24, p. 146. 81. of the commonest spelling in each of these categories is also given. TH 25.8.1979; O’Donovan, pp 18, 31. Street names are listed in alphabetical order. The first entry for each street gives its present- 82. Egan, 1960, p. 69. 83. Royal visitation; NAI, RLFC/15/4. day name according to the most authoritative source, followed by its first identifiable appearance, 84. O’Doherty, pp 94–5. named or unnamed, in a map or other record and the various names subsequently applied to it 85. C.P. Meehan, The rise and fall of the Irish Franciscan monasteries (Dublin, 1872), p. 121. in chronological order of occurrence. For names remaining unchanged on successive Ordnance 86. Lynch, De praesulibus, ii, p. 213. Survey maps, only the first occurrence of the Ordnance Survey spelling is cited. 87. TH 23.11.1918; Lynch, Pii ant. icon, pp 43–4. The section on residence is not intended to embrace more than a small fraction of the 88. Lynch, Pii ant. icon, p. 43. town’s dwelling houses. The main criteria for inclusion are (1) contribution to the townscape, 89. NHI, iii, p. 163. 90. past or present; (2) significance in defining critical stages in the history of urban or suburban Memoirs and letters of Ulick, marquis of Clanricard (London, 1757), pp 20–21. housing; (3) abundance of documentation, especially for houses representative of a large class 91. G.W. Story, An impartial history of the wars of Ireland: with a continuation thereof (London, 1693), p. 152; Depositions 830, ff 136, 144, 148, 172, 175. of dwellings. Biographical associations are not in themselves a ground for inclusion. 92. Later known as Bermingham Castle. Abbreviated source-references are explained in the bibliography on pages 18–20 or in the 93. Lynch, De praesulibus, ii, p. 256. general list inside the back cover. 94. RD 76/465/55424. 95. Simington, 1962, pp 286–7, 291, 299, 304, 307. 1 Name 96. Costello, 1936, p. 23. Early spellings 97. Kelly, 1901, pp 101–02. 98. O’ Connor Donelan papers, James Hardiman Library, National University of Ireland, Galway, LE10/36. Tuaim da Ólann A.D. 781 (AU (2), 237). Tuaim dá Ualann; Tuama da hUalann; Tuama dá 99. Ó Murchú, p. 12. Ualann early 17th cent. (Mart. Don., 167, 348; AFM, iii, 128; i, 560; ii, 660). 100. Simington, 1962, p. 290. Tuaim da Gualann A.D. 949 (AU (2), 395), c. 1160 (Bk , v, 1697), 1247 (Ann. 101. R.A.S. Macalister, ‘A catalogue of Irish traders’ tokens’, in RIA Proc., xl, C (1931–2), p. 112. Conn., 88), 1407 (ALC, ii, 122). Túaim da gualand 1164 (Ann. Tig., ii, 409). Tuaim dá 102. C.S. King, A great archishop of Dublin, William King, D.D., 1650–1729 (London, 1908), pp 13–17. 103. Simms, p. 121. Ghualann 1201, 1407 (ALC, i, 221; ii, 123). Tuaym da Gualand 14th cent. (Plummer, 104. Ó Murchú, p. 42. i, 102). Tuaim da Ghualann 1328 (Ann. Conn., 264). Tuaim dá Ghualann, Tuaim dá 105. Richard Mant, The history of the Church of Ireland (2 vols, London, 1840), i, pp 747–50. Ghuálann early 17th cent. (AFM, ii, 1056, 1114; iii, 50; vi, 1974). 106. Calendar of the manuscripts of the marquess of Ormonde, preserved at Castle (new series, 8 Tuaim 1127, 1177 (Ann. Tig., ii, 354, 444), early 17th cent. (AFM, ii, 961; iii, 354). Túaim vols, London, 1902–20), v, p. 562. 107. Mun. corp. Ire. rept, p. 432. 1201 (ALC, i, 220). 108. Robert Dunlop, ‘John Vesey, 1638–1716’, in Dictionary of National Biography (69 vols, London, Thuemia 1177 (Giraldus, 183). 1885–1912), lviii, pp 290–91. Tuaym 1223 (Sheehy, i, 239). Tuayn 1441 (Cal. papal letters, 1431–47, 175). Tuaym 1447 109. Story, An impartial history, p. 152. (Cal. papal letters, 1447–55, 294). 110. Commons’ jn. Ire., 1662–96, p. 886. 111. Hardiman, p. 249. Tuamensis 1233 (Sheehy, ii, 46), 1487 (O’Flaherty, 217). 112. Claffey, 2005, p. 5. Twem’ 1260 (Cal. doc. Ire., 1252–84, 109). 113. Falkland, p. 39. Tuamia 1312 (Cal. papal letters, 1305–42, 108). 114. Mant, History of the Church of Ireland, ii, pp 380–81. Toame mid-16th cent. (Cal. Carew MSS, 1601–03, 476). Tome 1570; Toam 1577 (Fiants, 115. Stat. Ire., 1310–1768, iv, pp 480–83. 116. Toby Barnard, Making the grand figure: lives and possessions in Ireland, 1641–1770 (Yale, 2004), pp Eliz., 1581, 3117). 215–16. Thombe 1553 (O’Flaherty, 212). 117. Synge accounts. Tuam 1560, 1578 (Fiants, Eliz., 287, 3419), 1613 (Comerford, 99) to present. ‘Tuam, 118. RD 76/465/55424. antiently called Tuaim da Gualand’ 1739 (Ware, 601). 119. O’Donovan, p. 31. The premises in question — Savage’s and Cloonan’s — are now known as Grogan’s and McDonagh’s (TH 23.6.1973). Thome c. 1566 (Nicholls, 1970, 150), 1574 (Fiants, Eliz., 2575). 120. RD 66/75/45185. To these can be addedIrish two windmills on the easternHistoric outskirts of the town, said to have TownsTweme 1570 (Fiants, ElizAtlas., 1581). been built by Archbishop Hort (1741–51), probably to complement the water mill at Bohernagreana. Tuamen’ 1585 (Galway inquisitions, 138). 121. This figure, kindly supplied by the Office of Public Works, refers to the level of the Nanny prior to the Tuame 1590 (Fiants, Eliz., 5451), 1620 (Galway inquisitions, 302, 308). Corrib drainage scheme of the 1950s. 122. Dutton, pp 12, 17. Touam 1591 (Browne). 123. Ó Murchú, p. 33. The inscribed stone still stands at the bridge. Tomma Daolann early 17th cent. (AFM, i, 380). 124. RD 76/465/55424. Royal Irish AcademyTwaime, Twayme, Twayne early 17th cent. (Ann. Clon., 217, 241, 220, 230, 286, 299). 125. Beaufort 1. 126. CJ 20.8.1783, 7.1.1784, 27.9.1791. Current spellings 127. LBM, 1787–1805, show Co. Galway bleachers regularly meeting at Tuam and the county’s linen Tuam markets being held at Tuam and Loughrea. 128. C.M. Tenison, ‘The old Dublin bankers’, in Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, Tuaim i (1895), pp 227–8. Derivation 129. Archbishop Trench’s exertions during the 1822 famine are detailed in Sirr, pp 99, 142–5. (1) Tuaim dá Ghualann: burial mound of the two shoulders (Room, 122). 130. Ibid., pp 46–7. (2) Tuaim dá Ualann: burial mound of the two altar tombs (Bourke, 208). The shoulders 131. Comerford, p. 110. 132. Coulter, p. 135. or altar tombs were perhaps features of the burial mound (see 21 Entertainment, 133. Second report from select committee on the state of Ireland, HC 1825 (viii), p. 254. memorials and societies). 134. TH 28.3.1857. 135. Parl. gaz., iii, p. 400. 2 Legal status 136. ‘Harp sheds crown’, NLI, MS 25,530, p. 126. 137. Desmond Bowen, The Protestant crusade in Ireland, 1800–70 (Dublin, 1978), p. 71. Metropolis 1189 (Giraldus, 182), c. 1211 (Kirkfleet, 261–2). 138. Archbishop Kelly correspondence, dated 9.2.1824 in TH 1.4.1916. ‘Vill of Tuam’ 1260 (Cal. doc. Ire., 1252–84, 106). 139. Burke, p. 237. Civitas 1290 (Sayles, 36), 1555; city, in ruins 1555 (Moran, 414, 52). 140. Slater, 1846. ‘Good market town’ mid-16th cent. (Cal. Carew MSS, 1601–03, 476). 141. TH 17.8.1974. 142. Mun. corp. Ire. rept, p. 435. Charter establishing corporation with 1 sovereign, 12 free burgesses, 2 sergeants-at-mace 143. TH 1.12.1917. and commonalty granted by King James I in 1613 (Mun. corp. Ire. rept, 431). 144. Lewis, ii, p. 646. Charter of King James II with 1 sovereign and 19 burgesses granted in 1687 (Harris, app. 145. Parl. gaz., iii, p. 403. 8, ix). ‘Not acted on’ after 1691 (Mun. corp. Ire. rept, 431). 146. Cronin, p. 31. 147. John Horner, The linen trade of Europe during the spinning wheel period (Oxford, 1920), p. 111. Ecclesiastical borough early 18th cent. (Falkland, 39). 148. LBM, 16.2.1790. City 18th cent. (Mun. corp. Ire. rept, 432). 149. Galway Free Press 29.2.1832. Corporation dissolved in 1840 (3 & 4 Vict., c. 108). 150. Dutton, p. 427. Town commissioners appointed under Lighting of Towns Act (9 Geo. IV, c. 82) in 1843 151. Galway Free Press 29.2.1832. 152. British parliamentary papers, famine, Ireland (8 vols, Dublin, 1968–70), v, p. 276. (TCM 27.11.1843). 153. J.B. Trotter, Walks through Ireland in the years 1812, 1814 and 1817 described in a series of letters to Towns Improvement (Ireland) Act (17 & 18 Vict., c. 103) adopted by town commissioners an English gentleman (London, 1819), p. 525. in 1855 (Boundary com. rept, 27; TCM 20.4.1855). 10 IRISH HISTORIC TOWNS ATLAS

3 Parliamentary status 2). Ballygaddy Road 1863 (Bourke map). Ballygaddy New Parliamentary borough (2 members) 1613–1800 (NHI, ix, 47, 113). Road 1877 (Val. 3), 1892–1927; Ballygaddy Road 2007 (OS). Part of Co. Galway constituency 1801–85 (NHI, ix, 58, 113). Ballygaddy Road/Bealach an Ghadaí 2009 (nameplate). For Part of North Galway constituency from 1885 (NHI, ix, 58, 113). another Ballygaddy Road, see Old Road. Ballymote Road/ 0.5 km E. of town. Unnamed 1839–1927; Ballymote Road 2003 4 Proprietorial status Bhaile an Mhóta (OS). Ballymote Road/Bóthar Bhaile an Mhóta 2009 Archbishop’s vill 1260 (Cal. doc. Ire., 1252–84, 106). Manor town prior to establishment (nameplate). of corporation in 1613 (Sarsfield-Vesey). Tuam town, church land 1641 (Simington, Barrack Street See Mellows Street. 1970, 120). Archbishop empowered to lease part of demesne lands in 1717 (Commons’ Bermingham Road/ 0.75 km E. of town. Road to Torloughan 1720 (Morris). jn. Ire., 1715–23, 447). Archbishop’s land, temporal land 1720 (Morris). Bóthar Mhic Unnamed 1777 (Taylor and Skinner, 211), 1819 (Larkin 2), c. Lands of St John’s Abbey granted to earl of Clanricard in 1570 (Fiants, Eliz., 1581); Fheorais 1839 (Val. 1), 1839–1927; Birmingham Road 2003 (OS). ‘temporal lands’ 1720 (Morris). 15 holdings, Handcock estate 1894 (TH 4.8.1894); Bermingham Road/Bóthar Mhic Fheorais 2009 (nameplate). purchased by Lopez and Dick, Dick estate in 1897 (Greaney, 58). Bishop Street/Sráid Unnamed 1720 (Morris). Street leading from market cross to Abbey Trinity leased to Thomas Lewes in 1574; granted to burgesses and commonalty of an Easpaig Turloughvohan 1734 (RD 76/465/55424). Unnamed 1777 (Taylor Athenry in 1578 (Archdall, 800, 298); granted to William Dongan in 1621 (Cal. and Skinner, 211). Bishop Street 1789 (RD 491/472/319976). pat. rolls Ire., Jas 1, 502). Abbey Trinity plot held by dean and chapter of St Mary’s Unnamed 1808, 1819 (Larkin 1, 2). Bishop Street 1824 (Pigot), Cathedral (see 11 Religion) 1778 (RD 359/36/240780). 1838 (OS), c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS), 1846 (Slater), 1855 (Val. 2), 1863 (Bourke map), 1877 (Val. 3), 1892–2007 (OS). Bishop 5 Municipal boundary Street/Sráid an Easpaig 2009 (nameplate). For another Bishop Borough limits not defined but considered to extend c. 2 miles around town 1835 (Mun. Street, see Bohernagreana or Sun Street [west]. corp. Ire. rept, 431). Boundary proposed in 1837 (Mun. boundary repts, 153); Bohernagreana or Road to Turloughan 1720 (Morris). Unnamed 1808, 1819 (Larkin adopted by town commission in 1844 (TCM 8.2.1844); passed ‘in straight lines from Bohernagreanagh 1, 2), 1838 (OS). Bohernagreana or Sun Street 1855 (Val. 2). point to point at the extremes of the outskirts’ 1846 (Parl. gaz., iii, 402). Boundary or Sun Street [east] Bohernasgrine 1863 (Bourke map). Shrine Street 1864 (TCM enclosing 604 acres redefined in 1855 (TCM 2.7.1855). New boundary proposed, 8.7.1864). Bohernagreanagh or Sun Street 1877 (Val. 3). but apparently not adopted 1881 (Boundary com. rept, 109). Town boundary 1927– Bohernagreana or Sun Street 1892–2007 (OS). Traditionally 2007 (OS). known as Bóthar na Scríne late 19th cent. (TH 10.11.1877). Bohernagreana or Bridge Road 1720 (Morris). Bishop Street c. 1722 (TH 6 Administrative location Bohernagreanagh 10.11.1877). Unnamed 1808, 1819 (Larkin 1, 2). Bohernagreana Presidential province: Connacht 1569 (Cunningham, B., 101). or Sun Street [west] or Sun Street 1838 (OS). Bishop Street c. 1839 (Val. 1). County: Connacht 1247 (Otway-Ruthven, 174); Galway 1570 (Cunningham, B., 97; NHI, Bohernagreana or Sun Street 1855 (Val. 2). Bohernasgrine ix, 43). 1863 (Bourke map). Shrine Street 1864 (TCM 8.7.1864). Barony: Dunmore 1636 (Simington, 1962, 286–90). Clare and Dunmore 1855 (Val. 2). Bohernagreanagh or Sun Street 1877 (Val. 3). Bohernagreana or Civil parish: Tuam 1636 (Simington, 1962, 286–90); 1855 (Val. 2). Sun Street 1892–2007 (OS). Traditionally known as Bóthar na : Archbishop’s demesne, Curraghskreen, Farnbox, Glebe, Parkmore, Townparks Scríne late 19th cent. (TH 10.11.1877). 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th divisions 1839 (OS); Corralea West, Glebe, Townparks 1st, 2nd, Bohernasgrine See previous entries. 3rd, 4th divisions, part of Curraghcreen, Demesne, Farrannamartin, Halfstraddle, Bohreen Clancy (33502960). Bohreen Clancy late 9th cent. (TH 13.4.1918). Killaloonty, Parkmore, Tirboy 881 (Boundary com. rept, 109). Blackacre, Unnamed 1927, 2007 (OS). Cloontooa, Corralea West, Curraghcreen, Demesne, Farrannabox, Glebe, Parkmore, Borheen See Weir Road. Townparks 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th divisions 1927, 2003 (OS). Bóthar na Scríne See Bohernagreana or Sun Street. Poor law union: Tuam, formed in 1839 (Poor law com. returns, 46). Brewery Yard Shop Street E., site unknown. Brewery Yard 1870 (TH Poor law electoral division: Tuam, formed in 1839 (1 & 2 Vict., c. 56). 9.7.1870). District electoral division: Tuam urban, formed in 1898 (HC 1899 [C.948], xxxix, 181). Bridge Road See Bohernagreana or Sun Street [west]. Byrne’s Lane Near Chapel Lane (q.v.), site unknown. Byrne’s Lane 1848 7 Administrative divisions (TCM 16.6.1848). None. Road See Ballygaddy Road. Chapel Lane/Lána (35051980). Back lane that leads down to river 1734; lane to 8 Population an tSéipéil little mill 1776; Chapel Lane 1794 (RD 76/465/55242, 1787 c. 3,0001 1926 3,293 1991 3,448 311/55/206259, 486/163/306750). Unnamed 1808 (Larkin 1). 1821 5,480 1936 4,181 1996 3,487 Chapel Lane 1819 (Comerford, 115), 1824 (Pigot). Unnamed 1831 6,883 1946 3,868 2002 3,104 1838 (OS). Chapel Lane c. 1839 (Val. 1). Unnamed 1839 (OS). 1841 6,034 1951 4,010 2006 2,997 Chapel Lane 1855 (Val. 2). Old Chapel Lane 1863 (Bourke map). 1851 4,9292 1956 3,612 Chapel Lane 1877 (Val. 3), 1892–2007 (OS). Chapel Lane/Lána 1861 4,5633 1961 3,566 an tSéipéil 2009 (nameplate). 1871 4,223 1966 3,624 Chapel Road See St Jarlath’s Road. 1881 3,567 1971 3,808 Church Lane/Lána na Unnamed 1720 (Morris). Church Lane 1824 (Pigot), c. 1839 1891 3,012 1979 4,507 hEaglaise (Val. 1), 1839 (OS), 1846 (Slater), 1855 (Val. 2), 1863 (Bourke 1901 2,8964 1981 4,366 map), 1877 (Val. 3), 1892–2007 (OS). Church Lane/Lána na 1911 2,980 1986 4,109 hEaglaise 2009 (nameplate). Church View/Radharc (32001640). Unnamed 1720 (Morris). Galway Road 1777 1 Beaufort 2, 20. na hEaglaise (Taylor and Skinner, 214). Unnamed 1808, 1819 (Larkin 1, 2), 2 Excluding 2,881 in workhouse (outside town limits) and 2 in bridewell. 1838 (OS), c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). Galway Road (Vicar 3 Excluding 208 in workhouse (outside town limits) and 2 in bridewell. Street) 1855 (Val. 2). Galway Road 1863 (Bourke map). Church 4 Includes bridewell inmates. View 1881 (Slater), 1892–2007 (OS). Church View/Radharc na hEaglaise 2009 (nameplate). (Source: Census, unless where otherwise stated.) Circular Road or Row/ Unnamed 1808 (Larkin 1). Circular Road ‘or new extended An Cuarbhóthar street’ 1809 (RD 632/266/433071). Circular Row 1824 (Pigot). 9 Housing Circular Road c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS), 1846 (Slater), 1855 NUMBER OF HOUSES (Val. 2), 1863 (Bourke map), 1877 (Val. 3), 1892–2007 (OS). Inhabited Uninhabited Building Total Circular Road/An Cuarbhóthar 2009 (nameplate). 1821 809 85 0 894 Cloontooa Road/ Unnamed 1819 (Larkin 2). Unnamed 1838 (OS), c. 1839 (Val. 1). 1831 1,127 61 9 1,197 Bóthar Cluáinn Tua Teerboy Road 1839 (O’Donovan, 37). Unnamed 1839 (OS). 1841 1,056 91 11 1,158 Tirboy Road 1855 (TCM 7.2.1855; Val. 2). Unnamed 1863 1851 893 74 0 96 (Bourke map). Tirboy Road 1877 (Val. 3). Cloontooa Road 1882 1861 874 Irish27 Historic5 906 Towns Atlas(TCM 25.9.1882), 1892–2007 (OS). Cloontooa Road/Bóthar 1871 864 34 1 899 Cluáinn Tua 2009 (nameplate). 1881 715 65 0 780 Corcoran’s Lane Location unknown. Corcoran’s Lane 1880 (TCM 4.10.1880). 1891 620 67 0 687 Culkin’s Lane Location unknown. Culkin’s Lane 1875 (TCM 1.2.1875). 1901 576 32 2 610 Dr Dwyer’s Lane Location unknown. Dr Dwyer’s Lane 1875 (TCM 1.2.1875). 1911 576 39 Royal3 Irish618 Academy Dublin Road/Bóthar Road to Dublin 1720 (Morris), 1734 (RD 76/465/55424). Dublin Bhaile Átha Cliath Road 1766 (RD 267/13/168321). Unnamed 1777 (Taylor and 1st-class 2nd-class 3rd-class 4th-class Unoccupied Total Skinner, 214), 1808, 1819 (Larkin 1, 2). Dublin Road 1824 1841 55 176 314 511 102 1,158 (Pigot), 1838 (OS), c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS), 1846 (Slater), 1851 65 174 584 70 74 967 1861 60 204 505 105 32 906 Classes as defined inCensus : 4th: predominantly mud cabins with one room and window only. 3rd: better, with 2–4 rooms and windows. 2nd: good, with 5–9 rooms and windows. 1st: all houses of a better description than classes 2–4. (Source: Census) 10 Streets Athenry Road/Bóthar (40001450). Road under construction 1850 (TH 3.8.1850). Baile Átha an Unnamed 1863 (Bourke map), 1892; Athenry Road 2007 (OS). Ríogh Athenry Road/Bóthar Baile Átha an Ríogh 2009 (nameplate). Avenue to St Mary’s See Stable Lane. Cathedral Back Lane (37702235). Possibly medieval (Gosling, 123–4). Back Lane 18th cent. (TH 6.7.1889). Unnamed 1839–2007 (OS). Ballygaddy New Road See Ballygaddy Road. Ballygaddy Old Road See Old Road. Ballygaddy Road/ Road from county of Mayo 1720 (Morris). Castlebar Road 1777 Bealach an Ghadaí (Taylor and Skinner, 211). Unnamed 808, 819 (Larkin , Circular Road, early 20th cent. (postcard) 2), 1838, 1839 (OS). Ballygaddy (New) Road 1855 (Val. TUAM 11

1855 (Val. 2), 1863 (Bourke map), 1877 (Val. 3), 1892–2007 (OS). Shrine Street See Bohernagreana or Sun Street. Dublin Road/Bóthar Bhaile Átha Cliath 2009 (nameplate). Square, The See Market Square. Dunmacreene Road See Tullinadaly Road. Stable Lane Avenue to St Mary’s Cathedral (see 11 Religion) 17th cent. (TH Dunmore or Dunmore ‘Dunmore’ 1720 (Morris). Dunmore Road 1777 (Taylor and 6.4.1968). Unnamed 1720 (Morris), 1808 (Larkin 1), c. 1839 Road Skinner, 214). Unnamed 1819 (Larkin 2), c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). Stable Lane 1855 (Val. 2), 1863 (Bourke (OS). Dunmore Road 1855 (Val. 2). To Dunmore 1863 (Bourke map), 1877 (Val. 3), 1892–2007 (OS). Also known as ’s map). Unnamed 1892–1927; Dunmore Road 2007 (OS). Lane 20th cent. (TH 6.4.1968). Egan or Egan’s Lane/ Unnamed 1720 (Morris), 1808 (Larkin 1), 1838 (OS), c. 1839 Sun Street See Bohernagreana or Sun Street. Lána Mhic Aogáin (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). Lane at Mr Egan’s 1851 (TCM 1.8.1851). Tallynadaly Road See Tullinadaly Road. Egan’s Lane 1855 (Val. 2). Egan Lane 1863 (Bourke map). Teerboy or Tirboy See Cloontooa Road. Egan’s Lane 1877 (Val. 3), 1892–2007 (OS). Egan’s Lane/Lána Road Mhic Aogáin 2009 (nameplate). Also known as Herring Lane Tullinadaly, Tullindaly Road from Tullindaly 1720 (Morris). Dunmacreene Road 1777 20th cent. (TH 6.4.1968). or Tullynadaly (Taylor and Skinner, 214). Tullinadaly Road 1793 (RD Fraser’s Lane (36401970). Fraser’s Lane 1826 (Ir. educ. rept 2, 1206). Waldron’s Road/Br Thulach 465/476/298973). Unnamed 1808, 1819 (Larkin 1, 2). Tullindaly Lane 1873 (TH 19.7.1873). Fraser’s Lane 1877 (Local govt inq., na Dála Road 1819 (Comerford, 115). Unnamed 1838 (OS), c. 1839 (Val. 168). Unnamed 1892–2007 (OS). 1), 1839 (OS). Tallynadaly Road 1846 (Slater). Tullynadaly Road Galway Road Road to Galway 1720 (Morris). Unnamed 1808, 1819 (Larkin 1, 1855 (Val. 2), 1863 (Bourke map), 1877 (Val. 3). Tullinadaly 2). Galway Road c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS), 1846, 1856 (Slater). Road 1892–2007 (OS). Tullinadaly Road/Br Thulach na Dála To Galway 1863 (Bourke map). Galway Road 1877 (Val. 3), 2009 (nameplate). 1892–2007 (OS). For another Galway Road, see Church View. Vicar or Vicars Street/ Unnamed 1720 (Morris), 1777 (Taylor and Skinner, 214). Vicars Herring Lane See Egan’s Lane. Sráid an Bhiocáire Street 1780 (RD 334/150/222389). Vicar Street 1796 (RD Hession’s Lane See Stable Lane. 501/549/327003). Unnamed 1808, 1819 (Larkin 1, 2). Vicar High Street/An Unnamed 1720 (Morris). High Street 1734 (RD 76/465/55424). Street 1824 (Pigot). Vicars Street c. 1839 (Val. 1). Vicar Street tSráid Ard Unnamed 1777 (Taylor and Skinner, 211). High street 1787 1839 (OS), 1846 (Slater), 1855 (Val. 2), 1863 (Bourke map), (RD 393/11/259623). Unnamed 1808, 1819 (Larkin 1, 2). High 1877 (Val. 3), 1892–2007 (OS). Vicar Street/Sráid an Bhiocáire Street 1824 (Pigot), 1838 (OS), c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS), 2009 (nameplate). 1846 (Slater), 1855 (Val. 2), 1863 (Bourke map), 1877 (Val. 3), Waldron’s Lane See Fraser’s Lane. 1892–2007 (OS). High Street/An tSráid Ard 2009 (nameplate). Weir Road/Bóthar Unnamed 1720 (Morris). To Headford 1839 (OS). Borheen 1855 For another High street, see Shop Street. na Cura (Val. 2). Unnamed 1863 (Bourke map), 1892–1927; Weir Road Killaloonty Road 0.5 km S. of town. Unnamed 1839, 1927; Killaloonty Road 2003 2007 (OS). Weir Road/Bóthar na Cura 2009 (nameplate). (OS). Widow Berry’s Lane Location unknown. Widow Berry’s Lane 1796 (RD Lane at Mr Egan’s See Egan’s Lane. 496/446/319978). Street/ Unnamed 1808 (Larkin 1), c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). Barrack Sr. Liam Mac Street 1855 (Val. 2), 1863 (Bourke map), 1877 (Val. 3), 1892, Maoil Íosa 1927; Liam Mellows Street 2007 (OS). Liam Mellows Street/ Sr. Liam Mac Maoil Íosa 2009 (nameplate). Mall Lane See Sawpit Lane. Mall, The/An Meal Unnamed 1720 (Morris), 1808 (Larkin 1). Mall 1824 (Pigot), c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS), 1846 (Slater). The Mall 1855 (Val. 2). Mall 1863 (Bourke map). The Mall 1877 (Val. 3), 1892–2007 (OS). The Mall/An Meal 2009 (nameplate). Market Place or Unnamed 1720 (Morris), 1808, 1819 (Larkin 1, 2), 1839 (OS), Square/Cearnóg 1855 (Val. 2). Market Place 1858, 1874 (TCM 4.5.1858, an Mhargaidh 20.1.1874); The Square 1861, 1874; Market Square 1880 (TCM 20.5.1861, 9.3.1874, 4.10.1880). The Square 1881 (Slater), 1889 (TN 29.7.1889). Market Square 1892 (OS), 1894 (Slater), 1927– 2007 (OS). The Square/Log an Mhargaidh, Market Square/ Cearnóg an Mhargaidh 2009 (nameplates). Market Street Possibly same as previous entry. Market Street 1784 (Mulveen, 59). Mary’s Walk (33752190). Unnamed 1839–1927 (OS). Mary’s Walk 1970 (Ó Temple Jarlath church. Identified as Abbey of the Holy Trinity, 1792 (Grose) Murchú, 25). Unnamed 2007 (OS). Newtown Morris or 0.25 km E. of town. Newtown Morris 1838; unnamed 1839 (OS). Newtown Morris Newtown Morris Street 1855 (Val. 2), 1877 (Val. 3). Unnamed 11 Religion Street/Baile Nua 1892; Newtown Morris 1927, 2003 (OS). Newtown-morris/ Early Christian monastery (Toberjarlath), Athenry Rd W. Reputedly founded by St Jarlath Mac Muiris Baile Nua Mac Muiris 2009 (nameplate). in early 6th cent. (Ware, 601; Gwynn and Hadcock, 98). Abbot A.D. 781, 879, 900; North Street See Shop Street. erenagh A.D. 947 (AFM, i, 381, 529, 561; ii, 661). Re-established on new site by Old Ballygaddy Road See Old Road. 1032 (see next entry). Old Chapel Lane See Chapel Lane. Monastery (Temple Jarlath), High St N., S. and surrounding area with inner and outer Old Road/An Road from Co. Mayo to Tuam 1720 (Morris). Great road from enclosure, transferred from Toberjarlath (see previous entry). Abbot 1032 (AFM, ii, Seanbhóthar Tuam to Bellagaddy 1738 (RD 94/94/65491). Unnamed 824). Outer enclosure extended to include St Mary’s Cathedral in 1127 (see below). 1808, 1819 (Larkin 1, 2). Old Ballygaddy Road 1824 (RD Erenagh 1237 (Ann. Conn., 67). Probably burnt in 1244 (ALC, i, 367). Burnt, 800/551/540486). Ballygaddy Road 1824 (Pigot). Unnamed plundered in 1262 (AFM, iii, 387). Burnt in 1355 (ALC, ii, 13). See also below, 1838, 1839 (OS). Road to Ballingaddy 1846 (Parl. gaz., iii, 400). market cross, crosses; 12 Defence: town wall. Ballygaddy Road 1846 (Slater). Ballygaddy (Old) Road 1855 Church (Temple Jarlath), High St S.: land granted by King Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair (Val. 2). Ballygaddy Road 1863 (Bourke map). Ballygaddy Old in 1127 (Ann. Tig., ii, 355); probably among 3 churches consecrated in 1172 (AFM, Road 1877 (Val. 3). Old Ballygaddy Road 1892–2007 (OS). Old iii, 9); probably among 4 churches burnt in 1244 (ALC, i, 367); parish church Road/An Seanbhóthar 2009 (nameplate). 1302–06 (Cal doc. Ire., 1302–07, 226); church of St Jarlath, ‘once a cathedral’, St Jarlath’s Road (37602020). Unnamed c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS), 1863 (Bourke in ruins 1672 (Lynch, De praesulibus, ii, 213); unnamed c. 1685 (Petty); unnamed map). Chapel Road 1892; St Jarlath’s Road 1927; unnamed, 1808 (Larkin 1); Teampul-Jarlath 1837 (Lewis, ii, 646); Temple Jarlath 1838 (OS); widened by 2007 (OS). Temple Jarlath, church ruins c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS); Temple Jarlath Church Sawpit Lane/Lána Unnamed 1720 (Morris), 1808 (Larkin 1), 1839 (OS). Mall Lane (in ruins) 1855 (Val. 2); in ruins 1863 (Bourke map); greater part of N. wall fell in na Claise 1855 (Val. 2). Unnamed 1863 (Bourke map). Sawpit Lane 1870 c. 1870 (Costello, 1902, 414); Temple Jarlath Church (in ruins) 1877 (Val. 3); S. (TCMIrish 4.4.1870), 1892–2007 Historic(OS). Sawpit Lane/Lána na Claise Townswall collapsed in c.Atlas 1890 (Costello, 1934, 13); Temple Jarlath (in ruins) 1892–1927 2009 (nameplate). (OS); E. gable, adjoining sections of N. and S. sidewalls, fragment at N.W. corner Shop Street/Sráid North Street 1702 (Mun. corp. Ire. rept, 435). Unnamed 1720 extant 1985 (Alcock et al., 332); Temple Jarlath (in ruins) 2007 (OS), 2009. na Siopaí (Morris). High street 1734 (RD 76/465/55424). Unnamed 1777 School: see 20 Education: school. (Taylor and Skinner, 211). Shop Street 1784 (Mulveen, 59). Guest-house: ‘teach n-aighed’ 1127 (Ann. Tig., ii, 354–5). Royal Irish AcademyGraveyard: earliest dated gravestone 1634 (Higgins and Parsons, 88); churchyard, stile Unnamed 1808, 1819 (Larkin 1, 2). Shop Street 1779 (RD 317/522/218671), 1824 (Pigot), 1838 (OS), c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1720 (Morris); graveyard 1838 (OS), c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS); ‘overcrowded 1839 (OS), 1846 (Slater), 1855 (Val. 2), 1863 (Bourke map), with famine dead’ 1852 (TH 2.10.1852); 1855 (Val. 2), 1863 (Bourke map), 1877 1877 (Val. 3), 1892–2007 (OS). Shop Street/Sráid na Siopaí (Val. 3); closed in 1885 (Costello, 1934, 13); graveyard 1892, 1927; cemetery 2007 2009 (nameplate). (OS), 2009. St Mary’s Cathedral (C. of I.), Galway Rd S. Diocese of Tuam established in 1111 (Gwynn and Hadcock, 98). Cathedral, plundered in 1134 (Ann. Tig., ii, 366). Archdiocese of Tuam established in 1152 (Gwynn and Hadcock, 99). Rebuilt in c. 1152 (Ware, 601). Cathedral church 1161 (Lynch, De praesulibus, ii, 218). Probably among 3 churches consecrated in 1172 (AFM, iii, 9). Nave collapsed, ‘both roof and stone’, in 1184 (ALC, i, 167). Large choir begun at E. end of old chancel in 1289; still incomplete 1312 (Cal. papal letters, 1305–42, 109). St Mary’s Church, now a cathedral c. 1308; cathedral church of the Blessed Mary 1348 (Lynch, De praesulibus, ii, 222, 224). Oblong tower or belfry, W. end, built probably in 15th cent. (Grose, 70; Gosling, 129). Church of Tuam 1499 (Cal. papal letters, 1495–1503, 107). High altar, 2 minor altars, baptistery, sacristy, adequate furniture, belfry in ruins 1555 (Moran, 53, 414). Oratory added for St Jarlath’s relics at N.E. end in 1641 (Burke, 150). Tower repaired in 1688 (inscription). St Mary’s Arch, old church 1720 (Morris). Unnamed 1777 (Taylor and Skinner, 214). Church saved from fire in 1783 (Beaufort 1, 46). Church 1819 (Larkin 2). Renovated in 1822 (Sirr, 124). St Mary’s Cathedral 1837 (Lewis, ii, 648), c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). Renovated in 1855 (GE 20.10.1855). St Mary’s Cathedral 1855 (Val. 2). Rebuilt, incorporating 12th-cent. chancel at E. end, in 1863 (Claffey, 1997a, 81, 87). St Mary’s Cathedral 1871 (OS). Tower dismantled in 1871; W. end of building declared synod hall in 1876 (Claffey, 1997a, 85). St Mary’s Cathedral 1877 (Val. 3). New cathedral (St Mary’s) 1881 (Slater). St Mary’s Cathedral 1892 (OS), 1894 (Slater), 1927 (OS). Renovated in c. 1988 (Higgins and Junction Ballygaddy Road/Tullinadaly Road, early 20th cent. (postcard) Parsons, 143–6). St Mary’s Cathedral 2007 (OS), 2009. 12 IRISH HISTORIC TOWNS ATLAS

Enclosure: cathedral precinct, incorporating part of enclosure of Temple Jarlath Unroofed, in ruins c. 1650 (Kelly, 1901, 100). Old church 1720 (Morris). Site of monastery (q.v.), laid out in 1127 (Ann. Tig., ii, 354–5; Murray, G.J., i, 60–61, Temple Scrine 1787 (Beaufort 2, 20). Temple-na-ferin or Church of the Scrine 1824 68). ‘Thick cashel-like wall’, ‘large enclosing feature’ partly uncovered in 1992 (Pigot). Temple-ne-Scrin or Church of the Shrine 1837 (Lewis, ii, 646). Site of (Excavations 1992, 32). Bank, stone facing visible 2007 (Murray, G.J., i, 61), 2009. Templenascreen 1838 (OS). Site of Temple-na-scin c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). See also 12 Defence: town wall. Temple-na-serin, Church of the Shrine 1846 (Parl. gaz., iii, 401). Teampal-na-Scrina Vicars’ college: implied by governor of chaplains of cathedral 1401 (Gwynn and or Church of the Shrine 1856 (Slater). Site of Teampol na Scrine 1863 (Bourke Hadcock, 362); 5 vicars choral 1615 (Royal visitation, 231). map). Teampal-na-Scrina or Church of the Shrine 1881 (Slater). Templenascreen (site of) 1892 (OS). Teampal-na-Scrina or Church of the Shrine 1894 (Slater). Templenascreen (site of) 1927 (OS). No visible trace by 1984 (Alcock et al., 333). Abbey of the Holy Trinity (Premonstratensian), Galway Rd N. Founded by in c. 1204; refounded by his son Richard in c. 1214 (Gwynn and Hadcock, 206–7). Church, probably among 4 burnt in 1244; abbot of the Trinity 1251, 1256 (ALC, i, 367, 397, 421). Trinity Church 1256 (AFM, iii, 355). Monastery of the Holy Trinity 1499 (Cal. papal letters, 1495–1503, pt i, 107). Abbey granted to Thomas Lewes in 1574 (Archdall, 800). Trenety Ab[bey] 1591 (Browne). Abbatial church c. 1626 (Ware, 612). In ruins 1672 (Lynch, De praesulibus, ii, 213). Old abby 1720 (Morris). Ruins of Trinity Abbey, ‘not one stone upon another’, 1787 (Beaufort 1, 46). Stones removed in 1791 (Alcock et al., 331). Abbey of the Holy Trinity 1837 (Lewis, ii, 648). Site of abbey of the Holy Trinity 1838 (OS), c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS), 1846 (Slater), 1855 (Val. 2), 1863 (Bourke map), 1871 (OS), 1877 (Val. 3), 1881 (Slater), 1892–1927 (OS). Obliterated by road construction in 1972 (TH 18.11.1972). Abbey of the Holy Trinity (site of) 2007 (OS). Well: abbey well 1878 (TCM 2.9.1878), 1892, 1927 (OS); abbey well 1970 (Ó Murchú, 13); holy well 1984 (Alcock et al., 331); well 2007 (OS), 2009. Abbey of Gilla-Molaisse O’Gillarain, location unknown. Monastery of Gilla-Molain Ua Gillurain; ‘abbot of the church of Gilla-Molaisse O’Gillarain’ 1229 (AU (1), ii, 281; AFM, iii, 251). Chapel (R.C.), Chapel Lane W. Opened in c. 1783 (TH 30.5.1970). Newly roofed in 1816 (Moran MS, 486). Unnamed 1808 (Larkin 1). Chapel 1819 (Larkin 2). Roman Catholic chapel 1824 (Pigot). Closed, congregation moved to Cathedral of the Assumption (see next entry) in 1832 (TH 29.10.1887). Old R.C. chapel 1838 (OS). Unnamed c. 1839 (Val. 1). Old R.C. chapel 1839 (OS). ‘Very plain building’ 1846 (Parl. gaz., iii, 401). Old Catholic chapel ruins 1863 (Bourke map). Unnamed 1892; church (in ruins) 1927 (OS). Possible N.–S. wall extant 1984 (Alcock et al., 332). Entrance arch extant 2009. St Mary’s Cathedral, 1792, by Daniel Grose (Irish Architectural Archive) Cathedral of the Assumption (R.C.), Bishop St S. Built, to replace former chapel (see previous entry) in 1827–36 (Claffey, 1986, 7). R.C. cathedral 1837 (Lewis, ii, 648). Market cross, perhaps on E. perimeter of Temple Jarlath monastery (q.v.), Market Sq., site New R.C. chapel or Jarleths Cathedral 1838 (OS). New R.C. chapel c. 1839 (Val. unknown. Carved, probably as ecclesiastical marker, in c. 1127 (Murray, G.J., i, 68); 1), 1839 (OS). R.C. cathedral 1846 (Slater). R.C. chapel 1855 (Val. 2). St Jarlath’s completed by 1152 (Stalley, 182). Dismantled by Cromwellians in 1653 (see next Cathedral 1863 (Bourke map). R.C. chapel 1871 (OS). R.C. cathedral 1881 (Slater), sub-entries: base, shaft). Tuam Cross, assembled for Dublin Industrial Exhibition, 1892 (OS). Catholic cathedral 1894 (Slater). St Mary’s Catholic Cathedral of the incorporating base, shaft (see next sub-entries), crosshead from a separate monument Assumption 1927 (OS); adapted for modern liturgy in 1969 (local information); (see below, cross) in c. 1853 (O’Neill, 4). Crosshead, shaft dismantled, erected E. Cathedral of the Assumption 2007 (OS), 2009. of St Mary’s Cathedral (q.v1860.) by c. (Cross photograph 1). Part of St Jarlath’s Presentation convent, Bishop St S. Opened in 1835 (Lewis, ii, 648). Nunnery 1838 (OS), Cross 1863 (Bourke map). Market Cross, reassembled, incorporating base, shaft c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). Presentation convent, community of 8 1846 (Slater). (see next sub-entries), crosshead (see below, cross) in Market Square in 1874 (TCM Nuns transferred to new premises in 1849 (see next entry). 4.5.1874). High cross 1892 (OS). Cross of Tuam 1894 (Slater). High cross 1927 Presentation convent, Bishop St S. Nuns transferred from former premises (see previous (OS). Removed to St Mary’s Cathedral in 1992 (Murray, G.J., i, 65); 2009. entry) in 1849 (TH 8.9.1849). Presentation convent, chapel 1855 (Val. 2); 1863 Market cross (base): dismantled from market cross in 1653 ((Lynch, De praesulibus, ii, (Bourke map), 881 (Slater), 892 (OS). Extended in 928 (local information). 214); transferred to shambles (see 16 Trades and services) in late 18th cent. (TCM Chapel, burial ground 1927; convent 2007 (OS), 2009. See also 20 Education: 7.7.1873); 1822 (Petrie papers, 221); base 1837 (Lewis, ii, 646); pedestal 1839 Presentation convent school. (OS); assembled with crosshead (see below, cross), shaft (see next sub-entry) in Cemetery: nuns burial ground 1838; graveyard 1839 (OS); nuns’ burial ground 1863 c. 1853 (see previous main entry). Base dismantled, placed W. of Cathedral of the (Bourke map); burial ground 1892–2007 (OS). Assumption (1q.v860.) by c. (Cross photograph 2). Pedestal of St Jarlath’s Cross Sisters of Mercy convent, Dublin Rd E. Opened in Cornfield House (see 22 Residence) in 1863 (Bourke map). Reassembled in Market Square with crosshead (see below, 1846 (Claffey, Glimpses, 9–10). Sisters of Mercy convent 1856 (Slater). Convent of cross), shaft (see next sub-entry) in 1874 (see previous main entry). St Mary’s Mercy 1863 (Bourke map). Chapel built in 1871 (Mercy archive). Sisters of Mercy Cathedral 2009. convent 1881 (Slater). Mercy convent, summer house 1892 (OS). New chapel 1893 Market cross (shaft): dismantled from market cross in 1653 (Lynch, De praesulibus, ii, (TN 14.7.1893). Mercy convent, chapel 1927 (OS). Chapel extended in 1934 (TH 214); section transferred to St Mary’s Cathedral graveyard (q.v.) in late 18th cent. 12.1.1946). Convent 2007 (OS), 2009. See also 20 Education: Sisters of Mercy (TCM 7.7.1873); 1837 (Lewis, ii, 646); shaft c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS); additional school, Pension day school for young ladies. section discovered in Mall House fireplace (see 22 Residence) in 1853 (Claffey, Cemetery: nuns’ burial ground 1863 (Bourke map); burial ground 1892–2007 (OS). 2004, 24); 2 sections reassembled with base (see previous sub-entry), crosshead (see below, cross) in c. 1853 (see above). Reassembled in Market Square with crosshead (see below, cross), base in 1874 (see above, market cross). Cross, perhaps on perimeter of Temple Jarlath monastery (q.v.). Carved, possibly as ecclesiastical marker, possibly in c. 1127 (Murray, G.J., i, 69). Said to have been removed from Market Sq., placed on Archbishop Synge’s grave in c. 1741 (O’Donovan, 25); crosshead sketched by Dr Hooker in c. 1815 (Etchings). Ancient market cross, head of, E. of St Mary’s Cathedral (q.v.) 1839 (OS). Crosshead, assembled with market cross base, shafts in c. 1853 (see above). High cross (site of) 1927 (OS). Cross, perhaps on W. perimeter of Temple Jarlath monastery (q.v.). Carved, probably as ecclesiastical marker, possibly in c. 1127 (Murray, G.J., i, 68); completed by 1152 (Stalley, 183). Shaft discovered in floor of St Mary’s Cathedral (q.v.) by 1839 (O’Donovan, 25–6). Shaft, said to have been assembled with market cross (see above) in c. 1853 (O’Neill,Irish 4). Shaft erected in HistoricSt Mary’s Cathedral in early 20th Towns Atlas cent. (local information); 1977 (Harbison, i, 177); 2009. See also next entry. St Jarlath’s Cross, part of, W. of St Mary’s Cathedral (q.v.), possibly same as shaft (see previous entry). St Jarlath’s Cross, part of c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). Part of St Jarlath’s Cross 1855 (Val. 2). Royal Irish Academy Cross, perhaps on perimeter of Temple Jarlath monastery (q.v.). Carved, possibly in 12th cent.; crosshead discovered in St John’s Priory (q.v.) in 1926 (Rynne, 125–9). In St Mary’s Cathedral (q.v.) 2009. St John’s Priory (canons regular of St Augustine), Circular Rd N. Founded by King Toirrdelbach Ua Conchobair in c. 1140 (Ware, 603; Gwynn and Hadcock, 197). Restoration of St Mary’s Cathedral, 1865 (NLI) Adopted Arroasian rule by 1150 (Dunning, 303). Church, probably among 4 burnt in 1244 (ALC, i, 367). House of St John 1302–6 (Cal. doc. Ire., 1302–7, 226). Abbey c. 1360 (Gwynn and Hadcock, 197). Abbey of St John the Evangelist 1452 12 Defence (Cal. papal letters, 1417–31, 270). Church, refectory, dormitory, other structures in Wonderful Castle, Bishop St N. (37202050). Stone castle called the wonderful castle, built disrepair 1501 (Cal. papal letters, 1495–1503, pt i, 509–10). Dissolved, abbey and by King Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair in 1164; castle of Tuam 1173 (Ann. Tig., ii, 409, monastic lands granted to earl of Clanricard in 1570 (Fiants, Eliz., 1581). St John’s 434; Lynch, De praesulibus, ii, 218). Acquired by archbishop by 1574 (Nolan, 117); Ab[bey] 1591 (Browne). In ruins 1672 (Lynch, De praesulibus, ii, 213). Old abby repaired in 1647 (Burke, 150). Partly built over by archbishop’s palace in c. 1720 1720 (Morris). Ruins of John’s Abbey 1787 (Beaufort 2, 20). Abbey of St John 1837 (see 22 Residence). Wall enclosing ‘old bawn of castle’ 1734 (RD 76/465/55424). (Lewis, ii, 648). St John’s Priory 1839 (OS). Priory of St John the Baptist 1846 Wonderful Castle, outer or court wall with watch tower c. 1822 (Petrie papers, 211). (Slater), 1855 (Val. 2). Site of St John’s Priory 1863 (Bourke map). Wall extant late Wonderful Castle, ancient castle 1837 (Lewis, ii, 646, 648). Part of walls of old 19th cent. (TH 22.10.1887). Site of St John’s Priory 1892 (OS). Priory of St John the castle 1838 (OS). Section of bawn wall said to have been used as front wall of Baptist 1894 (Slater). St John’s Priory (site of) 1927 (OS). No extant remains 1995 2 houses in Shop St 1839 (O’Donovan, 33). ‘Part of the bawn of the Wonderful (Gosling, 125–6). See also next entry. Castle’ 1839 (OS). Wonderful Castle 1846 (Parl. gaz., iii, 401). Churchyard: churchyard 1610 (Cal. pat. rolls Ire., Jas 1, 178); cemetery of John’s Abbey Chair of Tuam, turret: semi-circular structure, unnamed 1839; chair 1892; Chair of Tuam c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS); cemetery 1847 (TH 17.4.1847); cemetery of John’s 1927 (OS); surviving turret probably part of bawn wall 1985 (Alcock et al., 418); Abbey 1855 (Val. 2). excavated in 1995 (Gosling, 126); monument 2007 (OS); part extant 2009. Templenascreen, Bishop St S. Probably among 3 churches consecrated in 1172 (AFM, Town wall, section near Bishop St, site unknown, probably same as Temple Jarlath outer iii, 9; Ware, 604). Probably among 4 churches burnt in 1244 (ALC, i, 367). Parish enclosure (q.v.), St Mary’s Cathedral enclosure (q.v.). Walls of Tuam 1499 (Cal. church 1418 (Cal. papal letters, 1417–31, 95). Parish church, ‘long void’ 1479 (Cal. papal letters, 1495–1503, 103). papal letters, 1471–84, 653–4). Parish church of Serin, ‘just outside the walls of Town wall, section near High St, site unknown, probably same as Temple Jarlath outer Tuam’ (see 12 Defence) 1499 (Cal. papal letters, 1495–1503, pt i, 103). Vicarage enclosure (q.v.), St Mary’s Cathedral enclosure (q.v.). Walls of Tuam 1499 (Cal. c. 1565–7 (Nicholls, 151). Abbey of the Scrin 1574 (Gwynn and Hadcock, 369). papal letters, 1495–1503, 107). TUAM 13

Barracks, High St S., on site of later saw mill (see 15 Manufacturing). Established in 1778 Education) in c. 1845; closed in c. 1849 (Laheen, 2007, 85). Replaced by saw mill (wall plaque); garrisoned in 1798 (TH 1.5.1976). Converted to Tuam free school in in late 19th cent. (see 15 Manufacturing). See also 12 Defence: barracks. 1816 (see 20 Education). See also 13 Administration: auxiliary workhouse. Auxiliary workhouse, Liam Mellows St S., in Tierboy Barracks (see 12 Defence). Officers’ quarters, High St N. (33951950): 1778 (Ó Murchú, 27); in commercial use Auxiliary workhouse 1871 (TH 20.5.1871). See also 21 Entertainment, memorials 2009. and societies: Choral Union premises. Temporary barracks, Dublin Rd E., in diocesan free school (see 20 Education). c. 1795 Inland revenue office, Bishop St, site unknown. Maurice Mullally 1856; inland revenue (Glassford, 290). bonded stores 1881 (Slater). Temporary barracks, Shop St E., in Tuam Brewery (see 15 Manufacturing). c. 1798 (TH Inland revenue office, Tullinadaly Rd E., site unknown. 1875 (GV 16.6.1875), 1881, 1894 28.3.1857). (Slater). Tierboy Barracks, Liam Mellows St S. (34101520). Cavalry barracks, garrisoned in 1798 Inland revenue bonded stores, Cloontooa Rd, site unknown. 1881 (Slater). (TH 1.5.1976). Barracks 1808 (Larkin 1). Converted to temporary fever hospital Town Hall, Market Sq. W. Built, to replace former market house (see 16 Trades and in 1849 (see 19 Health). Tierboy Barracks 1854 (RD 1854/23/190). Partly derelict services), in 1860 (TH 30.3.1860). Town Hall 1863 (Bourke map). Burnt, town 2009. See also 13 Administration: auxiliary workhouse. board meetings temporarily transferred to reading room, Bishop St (see 21 Barrack square, on site of later railway station (see 17 Transport): unnamed 1808 (Larkin Entertainment, memorials and societies) in 1882; rebuilt, enlarged by 1885 (TCM 1); converted to Tuam Agricultural Society showground (see 21 Entertainment, 3.4.1882, 5.1.1885). Town Hall 1892 (OS). Burnt, subsequently rebuilt in 1920 (TH memorials and societies) in 1841 (Rules TAS, 4); built over by Tuam and Claremorris 24.7.1920). Town Hall 1927, 2007 (OS), 2009. Railway station in c. 1855 (Ó Murchú, 28). Town clock: ‘four-dial striking clock’ installed in clock tower in 1886 (TCM 1.3.1886). Barracks, location unknown, probably same as next entry. ‘Neat little barracks’ 800 (Firebrace and Rawlings, 34). Barracks, Bishop St S. (37402020). Barracks early 19th cent. (TH 10.11.1877), 1808 (Larkin 1). Occupied by troops in 1820; dilapidated 1870; demolished by 1877 (TH 2.4.1870, 10.11.1877). See also previous entry. Temporary barracks, Vicar St, site unknown. 1813 (RD 828/81/556817). 13 Administration Consistorial and metropolitan court, Galway Rd S., in St Mary’s Cathedral (see 11 Religion). Of medieval origin (Refaussé, 11). Metropolitan court of Tuam 1761 (Watson). Consistorial and metropolitan court 1824 (Pigot). Jurisdiction of metropolitan court transferred to Armagh in 1839 (HC 1833, lix, 18). Consistorial court 1835 (Mun. corp. Ire. rept, 431). Held in vestibule of St Mary’s 1839 (TH 12.1.1839). Consistorial and metropolitan court 1846 (Slater). Jurisdiction transferred to court of probate and district registry in 1871 (see next entry). Consistorial and metropolitan court, Bishop St, site unknown. Court of probate and district registry 1868 (Thom). Consistorial and metropolitan court, transferred from former premises (see previous entry) in 1871 (32 & 33 Vict., c. 42). Consistorial and metropolitan court 1881, 1894 (Slater). Assize court, probably in market house (see 16 Trades and services). 1741 (Faulkner’s DJ 17.10.1741). Sessions house, Ballygaddy Rd S., site unknown. 1795 (RD 485/491/314949). Sessions house, location unknown, possibly same as previous entry. 1826 (RD 817/73/550208). Court of burgesses, Market Sq., in market house (see 16 Trades and services). Meeting place of corporation or ‘court of burgesses’ 1820 (Comerford, 114). Last trial held in 1826 (Mun. corp. Ire. rept, 435). Courthouse, Dublin Rd E. Courthouse 1835 (Mun. corp. Ire. rept, 435), c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS), 1846 (Slater). Petty sessions house 1855 (Val. 2). Court house 1863 (Bourke map), 1892 (OS), 1894 (Slater), 1927 (OS). Closed in 2005 (local information). Courthouse 2007 (OS). Vacant 2009. Post offices: Location unknown, perhaps Shop St W. Opened by 1729 (O’Connor, J., 176). Post office c. 1800 (TH 15.4.1972). Location unknown. Charles Bradley 1766 (RD 267/13/168321); Bradley 1792 (CJ 2.1.1792). Shop St, site unknown. Thomas Hicks 1824 (Pigot). Dublin Rd W. c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). Vicar St, site unknown. John Sandford 1846 (Slater). Vicar St S., site unknown. Janette Lambie 1856 (Slater). Vicar St W. (35651905). Mrs Byrne, ‘new post office’ 1861 (TH 4.5.1861); 1881 (Slater), 1892 (OS), 1894 (Slater). Market cross, head and shaft at E. end of St Mary’s Cathedral, c. 1860 (Cross photograph 1) Gallows, Ballygaddy Rd, site unknown. Implicit in Gallows Park (see 14 Primary production) 1734 (RD 76/465/55424). Bridewell, location unknown, probably Fraser’s Lane. 2 small places of confinement, 14 Primary production Dean’s plot and gardens, High St S. (34001900). Dean’s plot and gardens 1720 (Morris). apartments for keeper 1823 (Ir. prisons rept 1, 49). Gardens formerly belonging to Dean Wilson 1734 (RD 76/465/55424). Bridewell, Dublin Rd E., associated with courthouse (see above). Bridewell, keeper’s Archbishop’s kitchen garden, Bishop St N., site unknown. Garden walls built in 1722 apartments, day rooms, 6 cells and yard for males, 2 cells and yard for females 1830 (Synge accounts, ff 39, 80). Archbishop’s kitchen garden 1734, 1774, 1776 (RD (Ir. prisons rept 9, 39). Opened in 1831 (Ir. prisons rept 10, 39); c. 1839 (Val. 1), 76/465/55424, 311/55/206759, 311/55/206759). Archbishop’s old kitchen garden 1839 (OS), 1846 (Slater), 1855 (Val. 2). Unnamed 1863 (Bourke map). Bridewell 1824 (RD 793/388/536123); 1871 (TH 29.7.1871). 1881 (Slater), 1892, 1927 (OS). Replaced by ball court c. 1927 (TH 20.9.1952); Gardens, 6, Dublin Rd W., in Farrannabox (see 6 Administrative location), sites unknown. sports centre by 2007 (OS). 6 gardens 1723 (RD 38/191/23927), 1796 (RD 497/216/323066). Stamp office, location unknown. Francis Milott 1824 Pigot( ). Archdeacon’s meadow, Galway Rd N. (31002000). 1720 (Morris). Stamp office, Shop St, site unknown. 1846 Slater( ). Dean’s meadow, Galway Rd S. (32301730). 1720 (Morris). Stamp office, in Grove House (see22 Residence). 1856 (Slater). Little Meadow, Ballygaddy Rd, site unknown. 1734 (RD 76/465/55424). Stamp office,Vicar St, site unknown. Delia Burke 1881; M.S. Walsh 1894 (Slater). Revd Thomas Vesey’s meadow, High St N., site unknown. 1818 (RD 725/177/495112). Gaol, location unknown. Guard house or gaol of corporation 1835 (Mun. corp. Ire. rept, Parks: 435). Gaol 1846 (Parl. gaz.Irish, iii, 400). Historic TownsAbby Park, Galway RdAtlas N. (32302000). 1720 (Morris). Constabulary police station, location unknown, perhaps same as next entry. 1837 (Lewis, Calfe Park, Sun St S. (38802100). 1720 (Morris). ii, 647). College Park, Dublin Rd E. (40002000), associated with St Jarlath’s College (see 20 Constabulary barrack, Dublin Rd E. Police barrack 1838 (OS), c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 Education). Gortacaslane 1720 (Morris). Castle Park 1795 (RD 482/466/312688). (OS), 1846 (Parl. gaz., iii, 400). Revenue police barrack 1846 (TCM 24.9.1846). Keaghry’s Park 1833 (RD 1833/11/321). Part extant as College Park 1863 (Bourke Constabulary barrack 1846 (Slater). PoliceRoyal barrack 1855 (Val. 2). RevenueIrish police Academy map). barrack 856 (Slater). Police barrack 1871 (OS). Constabulary barrack 1881 Dublin Rd W. (37001700). Park belonging to Chambers 1720 (Morris). (Slater). Gortarana Park, Galway Rd S. (30501650). Gortarana 1720 (Morris). Park known as Constabulary barrack, Bishop St N. (36252025). Constabulary barrack 1856 (TH 29.3.1856), Gortarana 1738 (RD 92/159/64214). Gortarana Park 1801 (RD 535/403/35/435). 1892 (OS). ‘An old house with 13 rooms in bad condition’ 1895 (Val. 3). Closed, Knockanhagard or Hill Park, Bishop St N. (37602350). Knockanhagard or Hill Park 1720 moved to new premises in c. 1898 (see next entry); replaced by Mitre Hotel (see 16 (Morris). Laid out as demesne grounds by 1787 (see 22 Residence: archbishop’s Trades and services). palace). Constabulary barrack, Vicar St E., in former residence (see 22 Residence: St John’s). Lissadiery Park, Tullinadaly Rd W. (34002550). Lisadyra 1720 (Morris). Lissadiery Park Opened, transferred from former premises (see previous entry), in c. 898 1734 (RD 76/465/55424). (TH 24.12.1898). Garda Síochána 922 (TH 4.11.1922). Closed in 1988 (local Parkmore, Dublin Rd E. (40501950). Parkmore 1720 (Morris). Laid out as racecourse information). In commercial use 2009. (see 21 Entertainment, memorials and societies) and Gaelic Athletic Association Revenue police barrack, location unknown. 1857 (Thom). football pitch in 1905 (TH 15.7.1905). Union Workhouse, Dublin Rd W. (40601460). Built in 1841 (Slater); opened in 1846 Revd Robert Warren’s Glebe, Dublin Rd W. (38001600). Vicar’s gleab parks 1720 (Thom). Union Workhouse 1856 (Slater). Occupied by military garrison in 1870 (TH (Morris). Revd Robert Warren’s Glebe 1825 (RD 800/255/5401900). See also 22 2.4.1870). Union Workhouse 1871 (OS). Accommodation for 865 1881 (Slater). Residence: Glebe House. Union Workhouse 1892 (OS). Workhouse 1894 (Slater). Closed; temporary military Shramore Park, Ballygaddy Rd S. (31002400). Shramore 1720 (Morris). Shramore Park barracks 1921 (TH 3.12.1921). Part opened as children’s home in c. 1925 (local 1786 (RD 380/200/256234). information). Children’s home 1927 (OS). Closed in 1961 (local information). Tyreboy, Church View S. (32501550). Tyreboy, large park, dean and provost land 1720 Demolished in 1969 (TH 9.8.1969). See also 19 Health: fever hospital; 20 Education: (Morris). workhouse national school. Windmill Park, Sun St N. Windmill Park 1729 (RD 66/74/45184). Workhouse graveyard: mass-graves 1847 (O’Connell, 1948, 50). Mr Price’s park and garden, Vicar St E., site unknown. 1732 (RD 71/173/49854). Workhouse graveyard, Dublin Rd E.: burial ground, purchased in 1848 (Laheen, 2004, Gallows Park, Ballygaddy Rd, site unknown. 1734 (RD 76/465/55424). 17); cemetery 1892, 1927 (OS). Cow Park ‘in E. suburbs of Tuam’, site unknown. 1786 (RD 380/200/256234). Workhouse graveyard, Ballymote Rd S., 0.5 km E. of town: probable mass grave, mid- 2, Galway Rd S., sites unknown. 2 small parks closed, built over by 1794 (RD 19th cent. (Alcock et al., 295). 478/178/309109). Auxiliary workhouse, High St S., on site of later saw mill (see 15 Manufacturing). Auxiliary Parkbeg, Old Rd W. (33552260). ‘Commonly called Parkbeg’ 1824 (RD 800/551/540486). workhouse for women and children, opened in former Tuam free school (see 20 Replaced by Christian Brothers’ school in 1826 (see 20 Education). 14 IRISH HISTORIC TOWNS ATLAS

Fish pond, Bishop St N., site unknown. Fish pond 1722 (Synge accounts, f. 40), 1804 (RD Location unknown. 1808 (RD 774/247/524583). 613/400/419208). Served by small watercourse 1809 (RD 613/400/419208). Location unknown. 1817 (RD 718/555/491290). Quarry, The Mall E., site unknown, near Mall House (see 22 Residence). 1775 (Claffey, Tuam Brewery, Shop St E. Opened in c. 1740 (TH 14.7.1917). Temporary barracks c. 1798 2004, 24). (see 12 Defence). Malt house, brewery 1814 (RD 678/87/466833). Brewery 1824 Quarry, Sun St N. Quarry c. 1839 (Val. 1). Face of quarry 1839 (OS). (Pigot), 1838 (OS), c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). ‘Extensive’ brewery 1846 (Parl. Limestone quarry, Galway Rd N. c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). gaz., iii, 402). Tuam Mills, James Blake 1846 (Slater). Tuam Brewery, brew house, Limestone quarry, Sun St S. c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). malt house, kiln 855 (TH 14.4.1855). Charles Blake jr 1856 (Slater). Brewery Gravel pits, 2, Galway Rd N. c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). 1863 (Bourke map). Horse mill 1872 (TN 9.8.1872). Brewery 1877 (Val. 3). Charles Gravel pits, 3, Galway Rd S. c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). Blake 1881 (Slater). Brewery 1892 (OS). Vacant, dilapidated 1893 (Val. 3). Charles Gravel pit, Ballygaddy Rd N. (33102430). Disused 1892; unnamed 2007 (OS). Blake 1894 (Slater). Gravel pits, Old Rd S. (33402335). Disused 1892 (OS). Brew house, location unknown. 1795 (RD 485/390/313710). Gravel pits, Old Rd S. (33652285). Disused 1892 (OS). Brew house, Shop St E., associated with malt house (see above). Brewery 1814 (RD 678/87/466833). Brew house, kiln 1855 (TH 14.4.1855). 15 Manufacturing Brewery, High St N. (35201965). c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1855 (Val. 2). In ruins 1883 (Val. 3). Pottery kiln, Killaloonty Rd S., 0.5 km W. of town. Pottery kiln, sherds from 14th, 16th– Tanneries: 17th cents (de hÓra). Pottery 1839 (OS). Production ceased in mid-19th cent. (de Ballygaddy Rd S. Tannery 1740 (RD 99/485/70184). Richard Martyn, tanner 1789 hÓra). (Qualification rolls). Tannery 1802 (RD 630/137/431638). John Martin 1824 Pottery kiln, High St N. (34001945). Pottery kiln mid-18th cent. (de hÓra). (Pigot). John Martyn’s tanyard 1828 (CJ 31.7.1828). Tanyard 1838 (OS). c. 1839 Corn kiln, location unknown. 1828 (CJ 31.7.1828). (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). Closed in late 19th cent. (Ó Murchú, 31). Corn kiln, Liam Mellows St S. c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). Location unknown, perhaps same as previous entry. 1817 (RD 718/555/491290). Corn kiln, Sun St E. (39802155). 1863 (Bourke map). Back Lane N., on site of former mill (see above). Tannery built on site of malt house (see Lime kiln, Galway Rd E. 1839 (OS). above) by mid-18th cent. (TH 6.7.1889). Lime kiln, Chapel Lane, site unknown. Lime kiln, ‘a nuisance’ 1848 (TCM 5.6.1848). Kiln Bishop St N., site unknown. Kirwin’s tannery, opened in 1750; closed in early 20th cent. 1855 (Val. 2), 1877 (Val. 3). (Ó Murchú, 31). Lime kiln, Cloontooa Rd E. (32551480). Lime kiln 1855 (Val. 2), 1877 (Val. 3). Disused Location unknown. Edward Wills 1791 (RD 487/349/313369). 1883 (Val. 3). Sun St S., site unknown. John Delap 1824 (Pigot). Closed in late 19th cent. (Ó Murchú, Lime kiln, Newtown Morris E., 0.25 km N. of town. 1855 (Val. 2), 1877 (Val. 3). 31). Water mill, Back Lane N., in later demesne grounds (see 22 Residence: archbishop’s Coach factory, location unknown. James Dillon 1776 (RD 315/189/209504). palace), site unknown, possibly same as Back Lane mill (see next entry). 628 Coach factory, Galway Rd, site unknown. Christopher Shaw 1837 (TH 1.7.1837). (Galway inquisitions, ii, 17). Coach factory, Vicar St, site unknown. Christopher Shaw 1846 (Slater). Mill, Bishop St N. (37102255). Mill plot 1720 (Morris). 1 of 2 big grist and tucking mills Coach factory, Dublin Rd W. (36501875). Patrick Flynn 1855 (TH 26.5.1855), 1855 (Val. (see next entry), recently replaced by malt house 1722 (see below). 2). Alice Flynn 1856 (Slater). John Burke 1863 (TH 7.11.1863), 1877 (Val. 3), 1881 Mill pond: 1720 (Morris). (Slater). Patrick O’Brien 1891 (Val. 3). Manor Mills, Shop St E. Mill plot 1720 (Morris). 1 of 2 big grist and tucking mills (see Coach factory, The Mall, site unknown. Wilson and Wilford 1861; Wilford 1863 (TH previous entry) 1722 (RD 66/75/45185). ‘Big mill’ 1734, 1789, 1805; Manor Mills, 9.3.1861, 21.11.1863). grist and tucking mills 1809 (RD 76/465/55424; 440/312/284427; 564/565/382181; Distillery, location unknown. Patrick Daniel 1783 (RD 355/296/239777). 613/400/419208). Mill 1838 (OS), c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). Flour mill 1855 Distillery, location unknown, perhaps Vicar St E. John Dillon 1784 (RD 510/462/332440). (Val. 2). Corn mill 1863 (Bourke map). Unnamed 1877 (Val. 3). Mill, tank 1892 Distillery, location unknown, perhaps Shop St E. William Keary 1795 (RD (OS). Destroyed by fire in 1917 (TH 24.3.1917). Corn mill 1927 (OS). Restored mill 485/419/313979). closed in 1945 (local information). Gold manufactory, location unknown. Patrick Hagerty 1784 (Mulveen, 59). Mill ponds: mill pond 1720 (Morris); 2 mill ponds 1892, 1927 (OS). Gold manufactory, Shop St, site unknown. Francis Naughten 1784 (Mulveen, 59). Kiln: 1805 (RD 564/565/382181), 1838 (OS), 1855 (TH 7.4.1855; Val. 2), 1877 (Val. Gold manufactory, Shop St, site unknown. William Hosty 1800 (Mulveen, 59). 3). Saddle, cap and whip manufactory, location unknown. John Morris 1792 (CJ 24.9.1792). Mill dam: dams 1805 (RD 564/565/382181); mill dam 1838 (OS), 1877 (Val. 3). Whip manufactory, Ballygaddy Rd, site unknown. Philip McDonal 1856 (Slater). Weir: 1805 (RD 564/565/382181), 1892, 1927 (OS). Soap and candle manufactory, Bishop St, site unknown. William Frazer 1793 (CJ 4.3.1793). Sluices: sluice 1839 (OS), 1863 (Bourke map); sluices 1892, 1927 (OS). Richard Kilgarriff 1856, 1881 (Slater). Closed in 1918 (Ó Murchú, 31). Mill, Shop St W. (35002100), associated with Little Mill (see next entry). Mill 1720 Forges and smithies: (Morris). 1 of 2 gig mills below north bridge (see 17 Transport: Shop Street Bridge) Dublin Rd, site unknown. 1795 (RD 496/230/318911). 1722; 1 of 2 mills 1747 (RD 66/75/45185, 126/404/87960). Ballygaddy Rd N. 1839 (OS). Little Mill, Shop St W., associated with mill (see previous entry). Mill 1720 (Morris). 1 Ballygaddy Rd S. 1839 (OS). of 2 gig mills below north bridge (see 17 Transport: Shop Street Bridge) 1722; 4, Bishop St N. 1839 (OS). little grist mill 1734; gig mill 1740; 1 of 2 mills 1747; Little Mill 1774, 1813 Church View S. 1839 (OS). (RD 66/75/45185, 76/465/55424, 99/485/70184, 126/404/87960, 311/55/206759, Circular Rd S. 1839 (OS). 725/177/495112). Corn mill 1838 (OS), c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). Corn mill, kiln Cloontooa Rd E. 1839 (OS). 1855 (Val. 2). Corn mill 1863 (Bourke map), 1877 (Val. 3), 1892, 1927 (OS). Raised Sawpit Lane W. 1839 (OS). Tullinadaly Rd W. 1839 (OS); Denis Levy 1846 (Slater), 1855 (Val. 2). Smithy 1892 to 3 storeys in 1922 (Alcock et al., 436). Closed in 1964 (local information). Little (OS). Mill, museum opened in 1974 (local information); 2009. Ballygaddy New Rd, site unknown. Thomas Breheny 1846 (Slater). Mill ponds: mill pond 1720 (Morris); ‘lately removed’ 1747 (RD 126/404/87960); mill Bishop St, site unknown. Dominick Flattery 1846, 1856; Thomas Flattery 1881; Thomas pond 1839; mill ponds 1927 (OS). Flatley 1894 (Slater). Weir: unnamed 1720 (Morris); weir 1892, 1927 (OS). Bishop St, site unknown. James Kelly 1846 (Slater). Mill dam: little mill dam 1734 (RD 76/465/55424); mill dam c. 1839 (Val. 1). Circular Rd, site unknown. Patrick Egan 1846 (Slater); 1861 (TCM 10.3.1861). Foot stick: 1839 (OS). Vicar St, site unknown. Thomas Reilly 1846, 1856 (Slater). Sluices: 1892, 1927 (OS). Bishop St, site unknown. David Craig 1855 (Val. 2). John Silke 1877 (Val. 3). John Silk Windmill, Sun St N. Implied by Windmill Park (see 14 Primary production) 1729, 1738 1881, 1894 (Slater). (RD 66/74/45184, 108/125/75322). 3-storey circular windmill, reputedly built Dublin Rd, site unknown. Matthew Connor 1855 (Val. 2). by Archbishop Hort in mid-18th cent. (Alcock et al., 432). Windmill 1776 (RD Egan’s Lane, site unknown. John 1855 (Val. 2). Michael Connolly 1877 (Val. 315/189/209504). Unnamed 1819 (Larkin 2). Windmill 1827 (CJ 1.2.1827). Old 3), 1881, 1894 (Slater). windmill 1838, 1839 (OS), 1855 (Val. 2). Windmill, in ruins 1892, 1927; ‘tower in Galway Rd, site unknown. Michael Cosgrove 1855 (Val. 2). ruins’ 2003 (OS); 2009. Galway Rd S., site unknown. Matthias Connolly 1855 (Val. 2), 1856–94 (Slater). Thomas Bridge Mills, Sun St N. Water mill and tuck mill 1738 (RD 92/159/64214). Watermill 1776 Connolly 1884 (Val. 3). (RD 315/189/209504). ‘Insignificant flour mill’ 1824 (Dutton, 327). Water mill and Sun St W. (39102285). Patrick Staunton 1855 (Val. 2). John Wynne 1877 (Val. 3). Smithy tuck mill 1827 (CJ 1.2.1827). Old mill 1838 (OS), c. 1839 (Val. 1). Flour mill 1838; 1892 (OS). old mill 1839 (OS). Corn mill 1855 (Val. 2), 1863 (Bourke map), 1877 (Val. 3). Bishop St, site unknown. John Burke 1856; Michael Burke 1894 (Slater). Bridge Mills, Patrick Farrell 1881 (Slater). Unnamed 1892; saw mill 1927 (OS). Galway Rd, site unknown. James Hanahan 1856, 1881 (Slater). Fragment of gable-end extantIrish 1980 (Claffey, 1980,Historic 4). TownsGalway Rd, site unknown. Atlas 1885 (Val. 3). Mill dam: mill dam 1838 (OS); dam c. 1839 (Val. 1); Stable Lane S. (34201795). Michael Gleeson 1889 (Val. 3). Smithy 1892 (OS). John Mill pond: mill pond 1863 (Bourke map); mill pond 1927 (OS). Connolly 1894 (Val. 3). Mill, Bermingham Rd S., 3 km N.E. of town. Corn mill c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1855 (Val. 2). Sun St S. (39352265). Smithy 1892 (OS). Flour and oatmeal mill 1856 (TH 10.5.1856); 2 kilns 1857 (TH 11.4.1857). Corn Galway Rd, site unknown. John Connolly 1894 (Slater). mill 1871 (OS). Replaced by water worksRoyal in 1890 (see 18 Utilities). Irish Academy Soap house, location unknown. 1819 (TH 6.10.1917). Curragh Mills, Sun St E. (39802155). Built in c. 1848 (TH 2.8.1856). Corn mill 1855 (Val. Cart manufactories: 2). Flax-scutching mill added in 1857; Curragh Mills, burnt in 1858 (TH 27.2.1858, Dublin Rd, site unknown. Patrick Flynn 1846; Alice Flynn 1856 (Slater). 13.11.1858). Corn kiln 1863 (Bourke map). Site sold in c. 1870 (TH 13.10.1888). Galway Rd, site unknown. Bartholomew Monahan 1846 (Slater). Bobbin factory 1872; steam-powered saw mill 1875 (TN 19.1.1872, 6.3.1875). Galway Rd, site unknown. John Ryan 1846 (Slater). Curragh Saw Mill 1877 (Val. 3; TH 6.1.1877). Reel and bobbin factory 1877 (Local Galway Rd, site unknown. Michael Monahan 1846 (Slater). govt inq., 168). Curragh Mills 1881 (Slater). Curragh Mills match factory, opened in Galway Rd, site unknown. Roger Diskin 1846 (Slater). 1887 (TH 26.2.1887). Match-house burnt in 1890 (TN 22.3.1890). Unnamed 1892 Circular Rd, site unknown. Michael Monahan 1856 (Slater). (OS). Vacant 1895 (Val. 3). Unnamed 1927; demolished by 2007 (OS). Vicar St, site unknown. John Ryan 1856 (Slater). Saw mill, High St S. (33951925). Saw mill, opened on site of former auxiliary workhouse Ballygaddy Rd, site unknown. Andrew and Charles Geraghty 1881 (Slater). (see 13 Administration) in late 19th cent.; closed in mid-1920s; demolished by Galway Rd, site unknown. Daniel Carroll 1881, 1894 (Slater). 2007 (Laheen, 2007, 85). Replaced by County Council offices in 2009. See also 12 The Mall, site unknown. John Wilford 1881 (Slater). Defence: barracks; 20 Education: Tuam free school. White smithy, Bishop St, site unknown. John Burke 1846, 1856 (Slater). Hat manufactory, location unknown. Thomas Spillman 1711 (Berry, 35). Nail manufactories: Hat manufactory, location unknown. Joseph Norris 1731 (Berry, 35). Ballygaddy Rd, site unknown. John Rafferty 1856 (Slater). Hat manufactory, near Chapel Lane, site unknown. John Fahy mid-19th cent. (TH Bishop St, site unknown. Garrett Dillon 1856–94 (Slater). 13.4.1918). Bishop St, site unknown. James Quinn 1856, 1881 (Slater). Malt houses: Bishop St, site unknown. Thomas Ashe 1856 (Slater). Back Lane N., built on site of former mill (see above). Malt house 1722, 1780 (RD Chapel Lane, site unknown. George Hughes 1856–94 (Slater). 66/75/45185, 333/612/226440). Replaced by tannery by mid-18th cent. (see below). Church Lane, site unknown. Lawrence Leonard 1856 (Slater). Ballygaddy Rd S. (33852160). 1732 (RD 94/94/65491). Long malt house 1740 (RD Galway Rd, site unknown. Patrick Leonard 1856 (Slater). 99/485/70184). Galway Rd, site unknown. Thomas Murphy 1856 (Slater). Location unknown. 1780 (RD 333/612/226440). Vicar St, site unknown. Michael Higgin 1856 (Slater). Vicar St E., site unknown. ‘Lately erected’, Matthew Dillon 1784 (RD Galway Rd, site unknown. George Hughes 1881 (Slater). 501/462/332440). High St S., site unknown. Joseph Murphy 1881 (Slater). Shop St E., associated with brewery (see below). (35552125). 1789, 1814 (RD Cloth manufactory, Dublin Rd E., in orphanage (see 20 Education). Cloth manufactory 440/312/284427, 678/87/466833). 1866; 10 or 12 looms 1871 (TH 6.5.1871). Closed in 1880 (Mercy archive). TUAM 15

16 Trades and services Victoria Hotel, Bishop St S. (36402000). Walsh’s hotel 1838; destroyed by fire in 1847 (TN Fairs. Annual 8-day fair beginning on feast of St Thomas the Martyr (29 December) granted 22.9.1838, 8.5.1847). Victoria Hotel 1881 (Slater); rebuilt in 1891 (TN 14.8.1891); to archbishop and his successors in 1260 (Cal. doc. Ire., 1252–84, 109). Annual fair 1892 (OS). Closed in 1897 (TH 11.9.1897). on feast of St John the Baptist (24 June) and following day granted to corporation Queen’s Arms Hotel, Bishop St, site unknown. ‘Newly fitted’ 1841 (TH 7.8.1841). in 1613; 3 additional fairs on 8 May, 20 October and 15 December granted in 1776 Hotel, Market Sq., site unknown, probably same as Victoria Hotel (see above). Peter (Comerford, 103–4). 4 fairs (10 May, 4 July, 20 October, 15 December) 1837 Kennedy 1877 (Local govt inq., 362–3). (Lewis, ii, 646). October fair extended over 2 days, 1 for sheep, 1 for cattle, in 1838 Palace View Hotel, Bishop St S. (36852030). Palace View Hotel, opened in former residence (O’Connell, 1949, 59); extended over 20–22 October in 1850 (TCM 11.10.1850). (see 22 Residence: Palace View) by 1885 (Val. 3). Imperial Hotel 1892 (OS). Palace 3 fairs (10 March, 10 September, 20 November) added in 1851 (TCM 17.1.1851). View Hotel 1894 (Slater). Closed by 1898 (TH 24.12.1898). Unnamed 1927, 2007 9 fairs (10 March, 10 May, 4 July, 10 September, 3rd Tuesday, Wednesday and (OS). In commercial use 2009. Thursday in October, 20 November, 12 December) 1894 (Slater). 2 extra May fair Temperance hotel, Vicar St, site unknown. 1894 (Slater). days 1895 (TN 10.5.1895). Printing houses: Fair green, Dublin Rd E. (40651650). Opened in 1844; cattle and sheep confined to fair Connaught Advertiser, location unknown. Opened in 1774; Mary Bradley 1795 (Dix, green in 1860 (TCM 1.1.1844, 24.9.1860). Fair moved to new site in 1875 (see next 1911, 101). entry). Tuam Gazette, Vicar St, site unknown. M. Bradley and P. Hynes 1799; John Mahon 1819 Fair green, Tullinadaly Rd W. Fair, transferred from former site (see previous entry) in (Dix, 1911, 101). Geoffrey Eager 1824 (Pigot); 1824 (TG 7.8.1824). 1875 (TCM 4.10.1875). Temporarily transferred to new site in 1890 (see next entry). Tuam Herald, Dublin Rd E. (36601885). Western Chronicle or Connaught Advertiser, P. Fairs discontinued by 1977 (TH 13.8.1977). Part built over, Fairgreen Heights 2007 Hynes 1813; P. Hynes and Co. 1825 (Dix, 1911, 102). Premises acquired by Tuam (OS). Herald (see next entry) in 1837 (TH 13.5.1837). R. Kelly 1846 (Slater), 1855 (Val. Fair green, Dublin Rd W. (39401410). Temporarily transferred from former site (see 2). R.J. Kelly 1881, 1894 (Slater). Tuam Herald 2009. previous entry) in May–December 1890 (TCM 28.4.1890, 5.1.1891). Tuam Herald, Shop St, site unknown. Tuam Herald, moved to new premises in 1837 (see Market. Weekly, Thursdays, granted to corporation in 1613 (Comerford, 103); later changed previous entry). to Saturdays (Mun. corp. Ire. rept, 436); 1824 (Pigot). Wednesdays and Saturdays Connaught Patriot and Tuam Advertiser, Bishop St S. (37752085). Martin Andrew 1852 (Fairs and markets rept, 66). O’Brennan 1859 (Dix, 1915, 40–41). Closed in 1865 (Legg, 70). Market house, in Market Sq. (35801965). Market house, building begun in 1700; completed Tuam News, Shop St, site unknown. Tuam News and Western Advertiser, John in 1718 (Mun. corp. Ire. rept, 437). Unnamed 1808 (Larkin 1). Renovated, cupola MacPhilpin 1870 (Dix, 1915, 41), 1881 (Slater). Tuam News 1894 (Slater). added in 1820 (Comerford, 116). Market house 1824 (Pigot). ‘Stands on square Coffee room, location unknown. 1795 (CJ 22.1.1795). pillars’ 1835 (Leigh, 358). Market house c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). Town House Coffee house, Dublin Rd W., opposite diocesan free school (see 20 Education), site 1844 (TCM 12.12.1844, 17.12.1844). ‘Rather rickety’ 1846 (Parl. gaz., iii, 401). unknown. 1808 (RD 601/366/41009). Market house 1846 (Slater), 1855 (Val. 2). Demolished, replaced by Town Hall (see Ffrench’s Bank, Bishop St S. Ffrench’s Bank, opened in former residence (see 22 Residence: 13 Administration) in 1861 (TH 18.5.1861). Site of old market house 1863 (Bourke Birmingham’s Fancy) in 1804; closed in 1814 (O’Brien, G., 125–6). Converted to map). Market house 1881 (Slater). See also 13 Administration: assize court, court diocesan seminary in 1817 (see 20 Education: Old College). of burgesses. Agricultural Bank, Dublin Rd W. Agricultural and Commercial Bank of Ireland 1834 Linen market, location unknown. Miller 1790; brown linen 1792 (LBM 16.2.1790, (CJ 14.8.1834), 1836 (Bank returns, 219). Reopened in 1837 (TH 30.9.1837). 14.2.1792). Agricultural Bank c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). Linen market, Bishop St N., adjacent to Ormsby’s hotel (see below), site unknown. Linen National Bank of Ireland, Shop St W. National Bank 1837 (TH 15.7.1837), c. 1839 (Val. market 1818 (Comerford, 110), 1824 (Pigot). 1), 1839 (OS). Transferred to new premises by 1846 (see next entry). In commercial Shambles, Vicar St W. Laid out in c. 1795 (TCM 7.7.1873). Slaughtering forbidden in use 2009. 1818 (Comerford, 0). Fish market 822 (Petrie papers, 221). Original market National Bank of Ireland, Dublin Rd W. (36051890). Transferred from former premises place c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). Shambles 1855 (Val. 2). Old shambles 1856 (see previous entry) by 1846; 1856 (Slater). Transferred to new premises in c. 1869 (TCM 7.4.1856). Repaired in 1858; potato market transferred to shambles from (see next entry). In commercial use 2009. former premises (see below) in 1860 (TCM 1.2.1858; 3.12.1860). Potato market Bank of Ireland, Dublin Rd E. (36251910). Transferred from former premises (see previous 1863 (Bourke map). Fowl market, transferred from former premises (see below) entry) in c. 1869 (GV 11.8.1869). National Bank 1881, 1894 (Slater), 1892; bank in 1867 (TH 6.7.1867). Corn market 1877 (Val. 3). Turf market, transferred from 1927, 2007 (OS). Bank of Ireland 2009. former premises (see below) by 1892 (OS). Potato market 1894 (TN 10.8.1894). Tuam Loan Fund Society premises, location unknown. Opened in 1838 (TH 11.8.1838). Turf market 1927; car park 2007 (OS), 2009. See also 18 Utilities: crane; 21 Ulster Bank, The Mall, site unknown. Opened in 1874 (Knox, W.J., 103–4). Transferred to Entertainment, memorials and societies: bull ring. new premises by 1875 (see next entry). Meat and sheep market, Chapel Lane E. Subject to flooding 1824 (Dutton, 329). Meat Ulster Bank, Bishop St N. (36252025). Transferred from former premises (see previous market c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). Meat market, sheep market 1848 (TCM entry) by 1875 (Val. 2). Transferred to new premises in c. 1876 (see next entry). 16.6.1848). ‘In disgraceful state’ 1852 (Fairs and markets rept, 69). Moved to new Ulster Bank, Shop St W. (35502000). Opened, transferred from former premises (see site in 1849 (see next entry). previous entry) in c. 1876 (Knox, W.J., 103–4). Ulster Bank 1881 (Slater), 1892; Meat shambles, Vicar St E. (35801890). Meat market, moved from former site (see bank 1927, 2007 (OS). Ulster Bank 2009. previous entry) in 1849 (TH 11.9.1948). Enclosed area 1852 (Fairs and markets Canal coach office, Shop St E., in Mitre Hotel (see above). Canal coach office 1824Pigot ( ), rept, 66). Shambles 1855 (Val. 2), 1861 (TCM 10.3.1861). Meat shambles 1863 1846 (Slater). (Bourke map), 1892 (OS). Mail coach office, Bishop St N., in Ormsby’s hotel (see above). 1824 (Pigot). Shambles, location unknown, possibly Chapel Lane. 1827 (Mun. corp. Ire. rept, 437). Wool stores: Butter market, location unknown, possibly Market Sq. Butter market 1818 (Comerford, Bishop St, site unknown. Pat Kelly sr 1824 (Pigot). 110), 1852 (Fairs and markets rept, 66). Bishop St, site unknown. Pat Kelly jr 1824 (Pigot). Fish market, ‘in the suburbs’, site unknown. Fish market, Fridays 1818 (Comerford, 110), High St, site unknown. Connor Kelly 1824 (Pigot). 1827 (Mun. corp. Ire. rept, 437), 1833 (Gorton, iii, 637). High St, site unknown. William Burke 1824 (Pigot). Fish market, Egan’s Lane S. c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS), 1855 (Val. 2), 1863 (Bourke map), Shop St, site unknown. William Martin Burke 1824 (Pigot). 1877 (Val. 3), 1892 (OS). Vicar St, site unknown. John Kelly 1824 (Pigot). Fish market, location unknown, probably in shambles, Vicar St W. (see above). Opened in Foster Place S. (34202145). Thomas Townsend 1846 (Slater); 1848 (TH 18.5.1918). 1870 (TH 9.7.1870). Thomas Townsend 1856; Richard Stroutts 1881 (Slater); 1892, 1927 (OS). Sheep market, Chapel Lane, site unknown. 1848 (TCM 3.4.1848, 16.6.1848). Foster Place S. (34552135). A.G. Benecke 1855 (Val. 2). Ass market, Dublin Rd, site unknown. 1850 (TCM 6.5.1850). To be removed to Old Rd Chapel Lane W. (35051965). Greames and Dunhill 1856 (Slater); 1863 (TH 9.5.1863), 1857 (TCM 30.6.1857). 1892 (OS). Potato market, The Mall, N. end. Potato market, ‘held in street’ 1852 (Fairs and markets Vicar St W. (35251855). 1866 (TH 6.1.1866), 1881 (Slater), 1892 (OS); James McDonnell rept, 66). Closed by 1859 (TCM 8.7.1859); removed to shambles, Vicar St W., in and Co. 1894 (Slater). 1860 (see above). Brewery Yard, site unknown. 1870 (TH 9.7.1870). Wool market, location unknown, probably same as next entry. 1852 (Fairs and markets Bishop St, site unknown. 1880 (TCM 4.10.1880); T. and J. Rishworth 1881 (Slater). rept, 66). Dublin Rd, site unknown. James McDonnell 1881; James McDonnell and Co. 1894 Wool market, in Market Sq. 1867 (TH 6.7.1867). (Slater). Pig market, Ballygaddy Rd, location unknown. Moved to new site in 1853 (see next Public laundry, Dublin Rd E., in House of Mercy (see 20 Education). Public laundry, entry). opened to train poor girls in domestic service in 1848 (Mercy archive). Irish Historic TownsStore, Sawpit Lane N. (34051915).Atlas 1855 (Val. 2). Pig market, High St S., near auxiliary workhouse (see 13 Administration), site unknown. Moved from former site (see previous entry) in 1853 (TCM 3.1.1853). Transferred Stores, High St S. (33901930). 1855 (Val. 2). to new site by 1859 (see next entry). Pig market, The Mall N., site unknown. Moved from former site (see previous entry) by 17 Transport 1859 (TCM 8.7.1859). Causeway, over marshland and rivulet (Sruffán Bríde), Galway Rd S. (32401785). Early Royal Irish AcademyChristian (Excavations 1992, 32). Known locally as The Clareen. Turf market, High St, site unknown. 1857; temporarily removed to Bishop St in 1858 (TCM 11.12.1857, 4.1.1858). Moved to shambles by 1892 (see above). Bishop Street Bridge, R. Nanny, Bishop St to Sun St. Stone bridge, said to have been Corn and hay market, Market Sq. (35901975). 1863 (Bourke map). built by Archbishop Daniel between 1609 and 1629 (TH 23.11.1918). Rebuilt by Fowl market, in Market Sq. Moved to shambles (see above) in 1867 (TH 6.7.1867). Timothy Dunne, sovereign, in 1735 (wall plaque). East bridge of Tuam 1738 (RD Inn, location unknown. Thomas Bagworth 1643 (Depositions 830, 148). 92/159/64214). Unnamed 1808 (Larkin 1). Bridge 1839 (OS). Unnamed 1855 Inn, location unknown. ‘A very tolerable inn’ 1732 (Day, 124). (Val. 2). Bridge 1863 (Bourke map). Bishop St Bridge 1877 (Local govt inq., 168). Inn, location unknown. ‘Snug inn’ 1787 (Beaufort 1, 46). Unnamed 1892–2007 (OS). Bishop Street Bridge 2009. Mitre Hotel, Shop St E. Large new house, stables, coach house, garden 1754 (RD Shop Street Bridge, R. Nanny, Shop St to Tullinadaly Rd. Foarde Bridge 1720 (Morris). 78/61/386807). Mitre Hotel 1824 (Pigot). Mitre Inn 1833 (CJ 19.12.1833), 1838 North bridge 1722, 1734 (RD 66/75/45185, 76/465/55424). Unnamed 1808 (Larkin (OS). Mitre Hotel c. 1839 (Val. 1). Mitre Hotel 1839 (OS); re-established in 1841 1). Repaired in c. 1820 (Mun. corp. Ire. rept, 435). Bridge c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (TH 9.4.1841); 1846 (Slater). Hotel 1855 (Val. 2). Closed in 1861 (TH 15.7.1916). (OS). Big bridge 1847 (TH 20.2.1847). Bridge 1863 (Bourke map). Big bridge 1877 See also next entry. (Local govt inq., 168). Unnamed 1892–2007 (OS). Shop Street Bridge 2009. Mitre Hotel, Bishop St N. Mitre Hotel, in former constabulary barracks (see 13 Ford, R. Nanny, Chapel Lane to Old Rd, site unknown, probably on site of later bridge (see Administration). Patrick Lyons 898, 899 (TH 24.12.1898, 6.5.1899). See also next entry). Ford 1740 (RD 99/485/70184). previous entry. Chapel Lane Bridge, R. Nanny, Chapel Lane to Old Rd (34702105). Unnamed 1808 Ormsby’s hotel, Bishop St N. (36602035). Bodkin’s inn, yard, back offices 1810 (RD (Larkin 1). Bridge of the Little Mill 1818 (Comerford, 110). Unnamed 1839 (OS). 660/204/455853). Ormsby’s hotel, venue for linen market (see above) 1818 Little Mill Bridge 1873 (TCM 4.8.1873). Unnamed 1892–2007 (OS). Chapel Lane (Comerford, 110). Michael Ormsby’s Connaught Hotel 1824 (Pigot). Converted to Bridge 2009. See also previous entry. masonic lodge in c. 1869 (see 21 Entertainment, memorials and societies). See also Dwyer’s Bridge, R. Curragh, Sun St to Bermingham Rd (42102385). Unnamed 1839 below, mail coach office. (OS), 1863 (Bourke map), 1892, 1927 (OS). Dwyer’s Bridge 1970 (Ó Murchú, 12). Carman’s inn, Vicar St, site unknown. William Kelly 1824 (Pigot). Unnamed 2007 (OS). Dwyer’s Bridge 2009. Corralea Court Hotel, Vicar St E. (36001935). Daly’s hotel 1832 (CJ 5.3.1832), 1846, 1856 Railway bridge, Athenry Rd, 0.5 km S. of town. Built in 1860; blown up, repaired in 1922– (Slater). Daly’s Royal Mail Hotel 1878 (TH 25.5.1878). Daly’s Royal Hotel 1881 3 (O’Meara, 27, 37). (Slater). Guy’s Imperial Hotel 1892 (TN 16.9.1892), 1894 (Slater). Corralea Court Old Granary carman’s stage, Ballygaddy Rd S., 0.5 km W. of town. Old Granary carman’s Hotel 2009. stage, accommodation, stabling 19th cent. (O’Connell, 1949, 53). Commercial Hotel, junction Dublin Rd/Vicar St. Hotel 1838, 1839 (OS), 1855 (Val. 2), Hartley’s coach establishment, Dublin Rd E. (36801875). Opened by Bianconi in 1849 (TH 1863 (Bourke map), 1892, 1927 (OS). 18.8.1849); coach office 1855 (Val. 2). 16 IRISH HISTORIC TOWNS ATLAS

Athenry and Tuam Railway. Opened from Athenry to Tuam in 1860; extended to Claremorris Diocesan school, location unknown, possibly same as next entry. Said to have been founded in 1894 (Casserly, 80). Taken over by Great Southern and Western Railway in 1901; in 1570 (Rept select ed. comm., pt i, 75). closed for passenger services in 1976; closed for freight services in 1979 (O’Meara, Isaac Lally’s school, Tullinadaly Castle, 6 km N. of town. Ordered to transfer to Galway in 26, 31, 33). Turntable, 3 signal posts, track disused 2007 (OS), 2009. 1615 (Royal visitation, 243). Isaac Lally’s school 1626 (O’Doherty, 95). Railway station, Vicar St S. (34351600). Opened, on site of former barrack square (see Diocesan free school, Dublin Rd E. (36851885). Diocesan free school, opened in 1728 (RD 12 Defence: Tierboy Barracks), in 1860 (O’Meara, 23). Terminus, railway station, 858/58/572558). 29 boys, schoolhouse ‘not habitable’ 1788 (Endowed schools rept, 2 platforms, engine house, goods and cattle platform, goods store 1863 (Bourke 1857–8, 41). Revd J. Lawless, 6 day scholars, 18 boarders 1808–09 (Ir. educ. rept map); footbridge 1860 (O’Meara, 37); weighing scales, temporarily moved from 4, 116–17). Vacant 1820 (Sirr, 122). ‘Nearly in ruins’ 1826 (Glassford, 290). Sold in former premises (see 18 Utilities: weighing machine) in 1861 (TCM 1.7.1861); 1830 (RD 858/58/572558); pupils transferred to new premises (see next entry). See 1881 (Slater). Station 1871; Tuam and Claremorris Railway station, 3 platforms, also 12 Defence: temporary barracks. 3 cattle pens, engine shed, goods shed, letter box, level crossing, pump house, Tuam, Killala and Achonry diocesan school, location unknown. Pupils transferred from turntable, weighing machine 1892 (OS). 2nd (N.) signal box 1894–1929, water former premises (see previous entry), reopened by Revd George Irwin in ‘a new tank 1895 (O’Meara, 26, 28). 2nd (Vicar St) footbridge, renovations and extensions and commodious house’ in 1830 (CJ 18.2.1830, 6.8.1833). 2 boys 1852 (Endowed completed by 1897 (TH 11.12.1897); 1927 (OS). Weighbridge in use until 1942; schools rept, 1857–8, 41). St Mary’s Grammar School 1855; Tuam, Killala and station ‘dormitory’ closed in 1953 (O’Meara, 30–31). Station 2007 (OS), 2009. Achonry diocesan school 1857 (Claffey, 1997b, 90–95). Pupils transferred to new premises in c. 1857 (see next entry). 18 Utilities Tuam, Killala and Achonry diocesan school, Dublin Rd E. (36951855). Pupils transferred Street paving. Shop St paving c. 1702; town unflagged 1835 Mun.( corp. Ire. rept, 435). from former premises (see previous entry) in c. 1857 (Claffey, 1997b, 90–95). Paving of streets to begin 1846 (TCM 3.11.1845). Pupils transferred to new premises in 1860 (see next entry). Public crane, in Market Sq., site unknown. Erected in c. 1706 (Mun. corp. Ire. rept, 434). Tuam, Killala and Achonry diocesan school, Vicar St E., in Grove House (see 22 Residence). Crane, Market Sq., at rear of market house (see 16 Trades and services), site unknown. Pupils transferred from former premises (see previous entry) in 1860; 3 teachers New crane 1818 (Comerford, 110). 1877 (Claffey, 1997b, 90–95). 3 teachers, 19 boarders, 1 day boy 1881 (Endowed Crane, in Market Sq. (35901975). Corn crane 1844; temporarily transferred to shambles, schools rept, 1881, 53). Closed in 1882 (Ed. Endowments, 16.11.1885). Vicar St (see 16 Trades and services) in 1861; new crane to be provided 1863; corn Mr Jones’s school, location unknown, possibly same as Tuam, Killala and Achonry diocesan scale 1883; crane 1886 (TCM 2.12.1844, 1.7.1861, 7.9.1863, 28.9.1883, 1.11.1886), school (see above). c. 1795 (TH 12.2.1916). 1892 (OS). Removed in 1961 (local information). St Jarlath’s College, The Mall W. (34501835). Founded as preparatory school for Maynooth Manor pound, location unknown. Manor pound 1721 (Sarsfield-Vesey), 1744 (TH College in 1800 (Cunningham, J., 7). 2 or 3 thatched cottages; teaching staff of 4 6.10.1917). Old pound, demolished by 1757 (RD 189/91/124729). (O’Brien, P.V., 83). Pupils transferred to new premises in 1817 (see next entry). Pound, Sun St S. 1808 (Larkin 1), c. 1839 (Val.1), 1839, 1892 (OS). Old College, Bishop St S., in former Ffrench’s Bank (see 16 Trades and services). Diocesan Children’s burial ground, Weir Rd W., 1.25 km W. of town. Children’s burial ground 1838; seminary opened, pupils transferred from former premises (see previous entry) in Black Acre, children’s burial ground 1839; children’s burial ground 1927, 2007 1817 (O’Brien, P.V., 83–4). Enlarged in 1824 (Bourke, 116). Seminary of St Jarlath’s (OS). 1824 (Pigot). St Terglath’s Seminary, 50 students 1826–7 (Ir. educ. rept 2, 130–31); Wells: 34 day scholars, 95 boarders 1835 (Publ. instr. rept 2, 71d). R.C. college 1838, 1839 Church View N. (31651660). c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). (OS). St Jarlath’s Roman Catholic College 1846 (Slater). R.C. college 1855 (Val. 2). 4, Galway Rd N. (33751955, 33501970, 33251955, 33851965). c. 1839 (Val. 1). New college opened on adjacent site in 1859 (see next entry). St Jarlath’s Catholic High St N. (33751990). c. 1839 (Val. 1). College 1863 (Bourke map). Old R.C. college 1892; Old College 1927 (OS), 1970 2, Liam Mellows St E. c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). (Ó Murchú, 14). Unnamed 2007 (OS). Old College 2009. Poll’s well, Church View N. (31151690). Well c. 1839 (Val. 1). Paul’s well 1889 (TN 26.7.1889). Poll’s well 1927 (OS). Priest’s well, Ballygaddy Rd S. c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839–92 (OS). Spring 1877 (Local govt inq., 15). Priest’s well 1927 (OS). Weir Rd N. (29401780). c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1872 (TN 9.8.1872). Jew’s Harp Well, Ballygaddy Rd S. 1839 (OS). Black’s well, Ballygaddy Rd S., 1.5 km W. of town. 1877 (TH 18.6.1887), 1927 (OS). Chapel Rd E. (37652035). 1892 (OS). Butter market scales, Market Sq., site unknown. 1844, 1877, 1883 (TCM 4.11.1844, 5.2.1877, 28.9.1883). Weighing machine, Market Sq. (35901970). To be installed 1844; weighing machine 1850; removed on demolition of market house (see 16 Trades and services), goods to be weighed at railway station (see 17 Transport) as a temporary measure 1861; weighing machine, equipped with crib for weighing cattle 1890 (TCM 17.12.1844, St Jarlath’s College, c . 1880 (Wynne Collection, NLI) 14.2.1850, 1.7.1861, 14.7.1890). Removed in 1961 (local information). St Jarlath’s College, Bishop St S. (39302070). Opened in 1859 (O’Brien, P.V., 85). St Weigh house, Market Sq. (35801970). Timber weigh house 1861; replaced by red brick Jarlath’s Catholic College (new) 1863 (Bourke map). Extended in c. 1875 (O’Brien, weigh house with cut stone base, begun in 1888 (TCM 5.9.1861, 13.4.1887, P.V., 85). St Jarlath’s Roman Catholic College 1881 (Slater). St Jarlath’s College 1.10.1888). Demolished in 1961 (local information). 1892 (OS). St Jarlath’s Catholic College 1894 (Slater). Extended in 1905 (O’Brien, Street lighting. 15 oil lamps, to be supplemented by 5 more, 1854 (TCM 13.9.1854). 29 gas P.V., 85). 107 boarders 1906–07 (Cunningham, J., 64). St Jarlath’s College 1927 lights erected in 1861 (TCM 20.5.1861). (OS). Extended in 1928–30, 1951–3; c. 270 students 1955 (O’Brien, P.V., 85, 91). Fountains: Extended in 1985–6 (Cunningham, J., 260). Boarding school closed in 2005 (local Market Sq. (35801965). Approved in 1855; temporarily chained 1862 (TCM 9.2.1855, information). St Jarlath’s College 2007 (OS), 2009. See also previous entry. 9.4.1862); replaced in 1880 (TCM 10.12.1880). Pump 1892 (OS). Ball alley: erected in 1817 (Cunningham, J., 27); ball court c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS), Bishop St N. (38702180). New pump 1881 (TCM 7.7.1881). Water pump 1892 (OS). 1863 (Bourke map); unnamed 1892; ball alley 1927, 2007 (OS). Shop St, site unknown. 1882 (TCM 1.5.1882; TH 3.7.1882). Shop St pump 1884 (TCM College Park: see 14 Primary production. 4.8.1884). Tuam free school, R.C., High St S., on site of later saw mill (see 15 Manufacturing). Ballygaddy Old Rd S. (33402355). 1892 (OS). Established in former barracks (see 12 Defence) in 1816 (NS Registers, f. 3). Circular Rd E. (36701805). 1892 (OS). School, 210 boys, 140 girls 1821 (HC 1824, xxii, 324–5). John Donnellan, 125 Dublin Rd W. (40851440). 1892 (OS). boys, Julia Jackson, 145 girls 1826 (Ir. educ. rept 2, 1206–7). Pupils transferred to The Mall W. (34451875). 1892 (OS). new premises in c. 1826 (see next entry). Converted to auxiliary workhouse in c. Tullinadaly Rd W. (34952310). 1892 (OS). 1845 (see 13 Administration). Vicar St E. (34301655). 1892 (OS). Christian Brothers’ school, R.C., Old Rd W., on site of Parkbeg (see 14 Primary production). Gas works, Vicar St S. (34351515). Gas company formed in 1860; tenders for buildings Founded by Archbishop Kelly, pupils transferred from former premises (see previous 1860 (TH 21.1.1860, 21.4.1860). Gas works, gasometer 1863 (Bourke map); 1881 entry) in 1826 (TH 27.10.1838). National school 1832 (Jordan, 2). Patrick Carroll, (Slater); pump, tank 1892 (OS); 1894 (Slater). Manager’s house, new retort bench, 179 boys, Julia Jackson, 85 girls 1835 (Publ. instr. rept 2, 71d). Girls transferred office, workshops built in 1895 (TN 10.5.1895). Closed in 1925 (C.B. house annals). to Presentation convent school, Bishop St (see below), boys’ school staffed by 3 Unnamed 1927 (OS). Demolished in 1930s (local information). Franciscans 1837 (NS Registers; Jordan, 4–8). Tuam R.C. free school, 382 boys Water works, Bermingham Rd S.,Irish on site of earlier mill (seeHistoric 15 Manufacturing). Commenced Towns1838 (Jordan, 4–8). Atlas National school 1838, 1839 (OS). 400 boys 1839 (Jordan, 4–8). in 1890; completed in 1892 (TH 12.4.1890, 16.4.1892). Waterworks 1894 (Slater). Franciscan monastery 1846 (Slater). Franciscans replaced by Christian Brothers in Waterworks building, machinery, out of use 2009. 1851 (Jordan, 4–8). Community of 3; 152 on roll 1852 (C.B. archives). Christian Brothers’ free school house 1855 (Val. 2). Franciscan monastery 856 (Slater). 19 Health Lease on premises expired, school house burnt in 1859 (O’Connell, 1950, 82–3; St Brigid’s Hospital, Church View N., site unknown.Royal Chapel of St Brigid, Irishin ruins 1585 Academy 1954, 140–43). Temporarily removed to new premises in 1860 (see next entry). (Archdall, 800). St Brigid’s Hospital for the infirm, in ruins 1672 (Lynch, De 32 girls, 2 infants 1868 (Primary education returns, 147). National school 1871 praesulibus, ii, 213). Abbey of St 1837 (Lewis, ii, 648). Obliterated by (OS). Unnamed 1877 (Val. 3). Mission house 1892 (TH 5.11.1892). Plunket House building of railway in mid-19th cent. (see 17 Transport). 1892, 1927; Prospect House 2007 (OS). Private residence 2009. See also 19 Health: Cemetery: former cemetery, human remains discovered before 1839 (O’Donovan, 31); Protestant female asylum. human remains found in 19th cent. (Alcock et al., 332). Temporary school, Galway Rd, site unknown. Opened for pupils displaced by burning of Dispensary, Circular Rd S. Founded by Archbishop Beresford in 1813; affording relief to Christian Brothers’ school (see previous entry) in 1860 (TH 21.1.1860). 5,000 people annually 1824 (Pigot); 1837 (Lewis, ii, 648), 1881 (Slater). Dispensary Free school, R.C., location unknown. Founded in c. 1820 (Pigot). 1839 (OS), 1846 (Slater), 1855 (Val. 2), 1892 (OS), 1894 (Slater), 1927 (OS). London Hibernian Society school, Galway Rd, site unknown, possibly same as girls’ school Closed in 1968 (TH 1.6.1968). Demolished in 1971 (local information). (see below). 88 pupils 1821 (HC 1824, xxii, 324–5). Fever hospital, Dublin Rd W., adjoining Union Workhouse (see 13 Administration). Free Model School, Bishop St S., possibly same as Terence and Margaret Foley’s free Built in 1848 (Murray, J.P., 78). Workhouse hospital 1867 (TH 9.11.1867), 1891 school (see below). Opened in 1823; jointly supported by archbishop and Dublin (TN 11.12.1891). Unnamed 1892 (OS). Closed in 1921; demolished in 1969 (TH Bible Society 1824 (Pigot). 2 school rooms with private apartments for master and 3.12.1921, 9.8.1969). mistress 1822 (Sirr, 124). Bible schoolhouse 1830 (CJ 21.1.1830). Free Model Temporary fever hospital, Liam Mellows St S., in former Tierboy Barracks (see 12 School of Tuam Diocesan Education Society, 44 boys, 35 girls 1835 (Publ. instr. rept Defence). Opened in 1849 (TH 15.12.1849). Closed in 1850 (Mercy archive). 2, 71d). Model school 1837 (Lewis, ii, 648). School house 1838, 1839 (OS). Bishop Cholera hospital, location unknown, perhaps same as previous entry. Opened in 1849 Plunkett’s free school, Edward and Maria Lawlor 1846 (Slater). Parochial school (Murray, J.P., 79). house 1855 (Val. 2). George and Maria M’ 1856 (Slater). Unnamed 1863 Protestant female asylum, Ballygaddy Rd E., in Christian Brothers’ school (see 20 (Bourke map). School 1892 (OS). Protestant school 1894 (Slater). In commercial Education). 1863 (Bourke map). use by 1926 (local information); 2009. Beech and Alice Sandford’s pay school, Dublin Rd W., in Beech House (see 22 Residence). 20 Education Beech Sandford’s academy 1824 (Pigot). Beech and Alice Sandford’s pay school School, Cloonfush, Galway Rd N., 3 km W. of town. Said to have been founded by St (C. of I.), good slated house, 23 boys, 22 girls 1826 (Ir. educ. rept 2, 1206–7). Day Jarlath in 6th cent. (Ware, 603). Temple Jarlath 1871 (OS). Ruins extant 1985 school, Mrs Sandford, 3 boys, 3 girls 1835 (Publ. instr. rept 2, 72d). (Alcock et al., 303). Charles and Catherine O’Callaghan’s pay school, R.C., The Mall, site unknown. 1824 School, in precinct of Temple Jarlath monastery (see 11 Religion), site unknown. Implied (Pigot). Charles and Catherine O’Callaghan’s pay school, good cottage, 12 boys, 20 by lector 1097 (AFM, ii, 954). girls 1826 (Ir. educ. rept 2, 1206–7). TUAM 17

Francis Ryan’s pay school, R.C., Fraser’s Lane, site unknown. Francis and Isabella Ryan’s (Bourke map). 230 boys 1868 (Primary education returns, 147). Christian Brothers’ pay school, 14 boys, 20 girls 1826 (Ir. educ. rept 2, 1206–7). Day school, Francis schools 1881 (Slater), 1892 (OS), 1894 (Slater). New primary school opened in Ryan, 21 boys, 20 girls 1835 (Publ. instr. rept 2, 72d). 1941; secondary school opened on adjacent site in 1980 (local information). Francis Slattery’s pay school, R.C., Tullinadaly Rd, site unknown. ‘Bad thatched cabin’, 60 Monastery closed in 1990 (wall plaque). Parochial centre, oratory 2009. boys, 15 girls 1826 (Ir. educ. rept 2, 1206–7). Tuam boarding and day school for young ladies, location unknown. Miss Cooke 1861 (TH Nicholas and Eliza Lynatt’s pay school, R.C., Vicar St, site unknown. ‘Good cabin’, 36 5.1.1861). boys, 39 girls 1826 (Ir. educ. rept 2, 1206–7). Sisters of Mercy school, Dublin Rd E., associated with Sisters of Mercy convent (see Patrick and Bridget Murray’s pay school, R.C., The Mall, site unknown. Thatched cabin, 11 Religion). Opened to accommodate 300 pupils in 1867 (Mercy archive). 10 boys, 20 girls 1826 (Ir. educ. rept 2, 1206–7). Schoolhouse 1863 (Bourke map). 70 pupils 1868 (Primary education returns, 147). Patrick Hopkins’s pay school, R.C., Bishop St, site unknown. Cabin, 56 boys, 12 girls 1826 ‘Pension school’ at primary level 1877–82 (Waldron, 164). Sisters of Mercy school (Ir. educ. rept 2, 1206–7). 1881 (Slater). Schools 1892 (OS). Sisters of Mercy school 1894 (Slater). School Terence and Margaret Foley’s free school (C. of I.), Bishop St, site unknown. Possibly 1927, 2007 (OS). Sisters of Mercy school 2009. same as Free Model School (see above). ‘Very good’ slated house, 40 boys, 35 girls Primary school, Bishop St, site unknown. 2 boys, 5 girls, 7 infants 1868 (Primary education 1826; supported by Archbishop Trench 1826 (Ir. educ. rept 2, 1206–7). returns, 147). Tuam Boarding School, R.C., The Mall, site unknown. Opened by Mrs Duffy in Primary school, Tullinadaly Rd, site unknown. 21 boys, 3 girls, 2 infants 1868 (Primary 1826; transferred to Rosanna Lodge (see 22 Residence) in 1832 (CJ 10.8.1826, education returns, 147). 5.11.1832). Mrs Thomas Egan’s school for young ladies, Chapel Lane W. (34552135). English, French, Widow Flinn’s pay school, R.C., Bishop St, site unknown. ‘Very bad’ cabin, 15 boys, 2 arithmetic, music 1872 (TN 13.12.1872). girls 1826 (Ir. educ. rept 2, 1206–7). St Brigid’s Sisters of Mercy boarding school, Dublin Rd E. (38201750). Opened in 1884 Mr Gilmore’s boarding and day school, Church View, site unknown. Opened in c. 1833; 8 (Mercy archive). Closed in 2000 (local information). boarders, 26 day scholars 1835 (Publ. instr. rept. 2, 71d); 1835 (CJ 31.12.1835). Presentation convent boarding school, Bishop St S. (36602015). Presentation convent Girls’ school, location unknown, possibly same as London Hibernian Society school (see boarding school opened, on site of former alms house (see 22 Residence: St Joseph’s above). Girls’ school, 60 pupils 1833 (Belton, 121). Alms House), with 5 boarders in 1892; 3 houses in Eastland Row purchased in James Sheridan’s school, R.C., location unknown. Opened in c. 1835; 15 boys, 5 girls 1835 1897; extended to incorporate archbishop’s house (see 22 Residence), c. 80 (Publ. instr. rept 2, 72d). boarders, in early 20th cent. (Scully, 114–15). Boarding school closed in 1990 (local Thomas Jackson’s day school, R.C., Galway Rd, site unknown. Opened in c. 1835; 15 information). boys, 5 girls 1835 (Publ. instr. rept 2, 72d); 1859 (TH 8.7.1916). Tuam Episcopal Library, location unknown. Established by Archbishop de Burgo in c. James Gilligan’s day school, R.C., location unknown. 72 boys, 25 girls 1835 (Publ. instr. 1647 (Burke, 150–51). rept 2, 72d). James Hurley’s school, R.C., location unknown. Average daily attendance c. 25 1835 21 Entertainment, memorials and societies (Publ. instr. rept 2, 72d). Burial mound, Bishop St N. (36801950). Excavated, no remains, in 1979 (Arch. Survey, John McNamara’s day school, R.C., location unknown. Opened in 1835; 27 boys, 4 girls GA029-203). See also 1 Name: derivation. 1835 (Publ. instr. rept 2, 72d). Freemasons’ lodge, location unknown. Freemasons’ lodge, opened in 1734; closed in 1813 Miss Morris’s day school, location unknown. 5 boys, 6 girls 1835 (Publ. instr. rept 2, (Masonic archive). 71d). Freemasons’ lodge, location unknown. Freemasons’ lodge, opened in 1773; opened in 1814 Mrs Hackett’s boarding and day school, location unknown. 10 boys, 30 girls 1835 (Publ. (Masonic archive). instr. rept 2, 71d). Masonic lodge, Bishop St N., on site of former Ormsby’s hotel (see 16 Trades and services). Mrs King’s day school, location unknown. 11 boys, 2 girls 1835 (Publ. instr. rept 2, 72d). Masonic lodge, opened in c. 1869; masonic hall 1869–94 (Masonic archive). Mrs Lally’s day school, R.C., location unknown. 10 boys, 10 girls 1835 (Publ. instr. rept Masonic lodge 1892 (OS). 2, 72d). Cock pit, location unknown, associated with Garrauns racecourse (see below). 1767 Patrick Carroll’s day school, R.C., Bishop St, site unknown. 20 boys, 7 girls 1835 (Publ. (Faulkner’s DJ 1.8.1767). instr. rept 2, 72d), 1846 (Slater). Cock pit, location unknown. Mid-19th cent. (TH 15.7.1916). Patrick McDermott’s day school, R.C., location unknown. 50 boys, 22 girls 1835 (Publ. Garrauns racecourse, Dunmore Rd N., S., 2.5 km N.E. of town. 6-day meeting 1767 instr. rept 2, 72d). (Faulkner’s DJ 1.8.1767). Race course 1812 (Jones). Racing resumed as 3-day Patrick Shaughnessy’s day school, location unknown. Opened in 1835; 66 boys, 14 girls meeting in 1849 (TH 25.8.1849); stand erected in 1866 (TH 4.8.1866). Temporarily 1835 (Publ. instr. rept 2, 72d). transferred to Thomastown in 1869 (Melvin, 62). Race course 1871 (OS). Revived Presentation convent school, Bishop St S., adjacent to Presentation convent (see 11 at Garrauns in 1875 (TH 31.7.1875). Last race meeting held in 1904 (TH 30.7.1904); Religion). Opened, average attendance over 300 girls, in 1835 (Presentation racing transferred to Parkmore in 1905 (see 14 Primary production). See also below, archive). Girls transferred from Christian Brothers’ school (see above) in 1837 (NS Gaelic Athletic Association football pitch. Registers; Jordan, 4–8). School house 1838, 1839 (OS). Pupils transferred to new Bull ring, Vicar St W., at shambles (see 16 Trades and services). Bull-baiting late 18th cent. building in 1853 (see next entry). (TCM 29.7 1873). Presentation convent school, Chapel Rd W. (37001985). Pupils transferred from former Theatre, location unknown. With gallery 1801 (Firebrace and Rawlings, 36). premises (see previous entry) in 1853 (Presentation archive). Female school house Theatre, location unknown. ‘Small theatre recently erected’ 1872 (TN 9.8.1872). 1855 (Val. 2). School house 1863 (Bourke map). 138 pupils 1868 (Primary education Reading room, Market Sq., in market house (see 16 Trades and services). Reading room returns, 147). Presentation convent free school (girls’) 1881 (Slater). School 1892 1824 (Dutton, 327), 1837 (Lewis, ii, 646). Subscription reading room 1846, 1856 (OS). Presentation convent (girls’) school 1894 (Slater). Primary school pupils (Slater); 1863 (TCM 5.1.1863). News room 1871 (TH 11.2.1871), 1877 (Local govt transferred to new premises in 956 (TH 10.11.1956); secondary school pupils inq., 166), 1881; supported by Catholic Temperance Society 1894 (Slater). transferred to new premises in 1972 (local information). Secondary school teachers’ Reading room, Bishop St, site unknown. Reading room 1882 (TCM 1.5.1882). Membership centre 1977 (TH 8.10.1977). Accommodation for sisters 1997 (local information); transferred to Town Hall in 1885 (see 13 Administration). 2009. Tuam Commercial News Room Society premises, location unknown. 1838 (TH Thomas Collins’s day school, R.C., location unknown. Opened in 1835; 9 boys, 6 girls 29.12.1838). 1835 (Publ. instr. rept 2, 72d). Billiard room, in market house (see 16 Trades and services). Billiard room 1824 (Dutton, Thomas Dowling’s day school, R.C., location unknown. Average daily attendance 50 pupils 327), 1837 (Lewis, ii, 646). 1835 (Publ. instr. rept 2, 72d). Billiard rooms, 2, High St N. (34301960). 1864 (TH 5.3.1864). Classical and Mathematical Academy, The Mall, site unknown. Mr McAllister 1838 (TH Billiard room, in Town Hall (see 13 Administration). Billiard room 1885 (TCM 5.1.1885), 21.7.1838). 1894 (Slater). National school (C. of I.), The Mall E. Infant school c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS); Mary Ball court, Bishop St S. c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS), 1859 (Presentation archive). Disused Copley 1846 (Slater). Female industrial school house 1855 (Val. 2); Mrs Collins 1878; floor visible 1952 TH( 25.5.1878, 20.9.1952). 1856 (Slater). School house 1863 (Bourke map); 21 pupils 1868 (Primary education Brennan’s circulating library, location unknown. 1839 (CJ 12.8.1839). returns, 147). Bishop Bernard’s free school, Francis Mills 1881 (Slater). 50 pupils O’’s circulating library, Shop St, site unknown. 1839 (CJ 12.8.1839). 1890 (National education returns, 210). National school, Amy Bradshaw 1894 Tuam Agricultural Society showground, Liam Mellows St S., in Tierboy Barracks (Slater). School 1892, 1927 (OS). Closed in 1960 (Ó Murchú, 23). In commercial square (see 12 Defence). Opened in 1841 (Rules TAS, 4). Closed in c. 1844 (TH use 2009. 20.10.1860). English and Classical School, Bishop St, site unknown. Mr M’Nally 1839 (TH Tuam Agricultural Society showground, in shambles (see 16 Trades and services). 23.3.1839). Reopened in 1860 (TH 20.10.1860). Pension day school for young ladies,Irish R.C., Dublin Rd E.,Historic in Sisters of Mercy convent (see TownsTuam Cricket Club field, Atlas Vicar St E., adjacent to Grove House (see 22 Residence). 11 Religion). Opened in 1846; reopened in c. 1882 (Mercy archive). Acquired from Tuam, Killala and Achonry diocesan school (see 20 Education) in House of Mercy, Dublin Rd E., on site of later Christian Brothers’ schools (see below). 1867 (TH 6.4.1867). Transferred to new site in 1869 (see next entry). Sisters of Mercy school 1856 (Slater). Moved to nearby site in 861 (see next Tuam Cricket Club field, Sun St E. Transferred from former site (see previous entry) in entry). See also 16 Trades and services: public laundry. 1869 (Claffey, Glimpses, 92). Venue for Tuam sports 1871 (TH 29.7.1871). To be Orphanage, Dublin Rd E. (38151750). Opened,Royal transferred from former Irishpremises (see Academy let 1890 (TCM 11.3.1890). previous entry) in 861 (TH 10.8.1861). Asylum of Mercy 1863 (Bourke map). Harriers’ kennels, location unknown. Opened in c. 1869 (Claffey, Glimpses, 63–4). Cloth manufactory added in 1866 (see 15 Manufacturing); destroyed by fire in Choral Union premises, Liam Mellows St S., in Tierboy Barracks (see 12 Defence), 1880; rebuilt in c. 1883 (Mercy archive). Orphanage 1892, 1927 (OS). Closed in associated with auxiliary workhouse (see 13 Administration). Choral Union 1871; 1945 (Mercy archive). concert hall 1873 (TH 20.5.1871, 6.12.1873). Workhouse national school, Dublin Rd W., in Union Workhouse (see 13 Administration). Catholic Temperance Club room, Market Sq., in market house (see 16 Trades and services). Sisters of Mercy poor school, 200 workhouse children 1847–50 (Mercy archive). Catholic Temperance Club room 1887 (TN 21.1.1887). Billiard and reading rooms Workhouse national school 1854 (O’Connell, 1950, 88–9). 41 boys, 38 girls 1868 c. 1894 (TH 20.9.1952). (Primary education returns, 147). 43 pupils 1890 (Nat. ed. returns, 206). Lawn Tennis Club premises, Ballymote Rd W. Lawn Tennis Club 1888 (TN 24.8.1888). TH .6.1850). Mrs Comins’s school, Galway Rd, site unknown. 1850 ( 1 Moved to Athenry Rd, Ballymote; closed in c. 1960 (Tuam Annual, ii, 27). Mission Station of the Irish Society school, Galway Rd, site unknown. Mr Seymour’s Gaelic Athletic Association football pitch, Dunmore Rd N., S., in Garrauns racecourse (see school, opened in c. 1852 (Connaught Watchman 1.8.1852). Mission Station of the above). Opened in 1889; closed in early 20th cent. (O’Donoghue, 75). Irish Society 1856 (Slater). School 1856–67 (Agency books). Tuam Club premises, Dublin Rd W. (36201850). Opened in 1889 (TH 7.7.1962). Extended David M’Mahon’s day school, Chapel Lane, site unknown. 1856 (Slater). School held in by 1890 (Val. 3). Tuam Club 1892 (OS). Billiard room 1893 (TH 18.11.1893). Tuam kitchen of thatched house 1859–61 (O’Connell, 1950, 86; TH 22.7.1916). Club 1894 (Slater). Club 1927 (OS). Closed in 1962 (TH 7.7.1962). In commercial Julia and Bridget Gannon’s school, Circular Rd N. (35901830). 1856 (Slater). Miss use 2009. Gannon’s Academy (TH 3.5.1873). Primary school, 4 boys, 19 girls, 6 infants 1868 Foresters’ Club premises, Circular Rd S. (35601830). Opened in 1896 (TH 17.1.1931). Hall (Primary education returns, 147). Bridget Gannon 1881 (Slater). School, Julia and demolished in c. 1962 (TH 7.7.1962). Bridget Gannon, thatched cottage, resident students kept in loft, closed in 1880s Tuam gymnasium, location unknown. Opened in c. 1895; 1897 (TH 25.9.1897). (O’Connell, 1950, 87–8). Miss Plunket’s servants’ training school, location unknown. Miss Plunket’s schools 1857 (Banner, 2.1857). Miss Plunket’s servants’ training school, 5 girls 1859 (Fund 22 Residence Single and paired houses relief, 10). Archbishop’s house, location unknown, possibly Dublin Rd E. Archbishop’s armoury, Pat Nicholson’s school, Bishop St, site unknown. c. 1859 (TH 21.5.1951). Cal. doc. Ire., 1285–92 Hansberry’s school, Dublin Rd, site unknown. c. 1860 (TH 8.7.1916). buttery or pantry, kitchen, stables, wardrobe 1288 ( , 180– Christian Brothers’ schools, Dublin Rd E. (38701660). Opened, on site of former House 81). House of archiepiscopal court of Tuam, collapsed in 1447 (Cal. papal letters, of Mercy (see above), in 1861 (TH 9.11.1861). Christian Brothers’ monastery 1863 1447–55, 333–4). Archbishop’s castle, probably abandoned by 1574 (Nolan, 109– 23). Ruined archiepiscopal palace restored, with elegant hall, in mid-17th cent. 18 IRISH HISTORIC TOWNS ATLAS

(Lynch, De praesulibus, ii, 256). Implied by Gortnecaslane 1720 (Morris). Ruinous Church View House, Church View S. (33601595). Church View (House) 1835 (CJ castle 1723 (RD 38/191/23927). 31.12.1835). Unnamed c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). Church View 1846 (Slater). Archbishop’s palace, Vicar St E., site unknown, traditionally believed to be on site of later Unnamed 1855 (Val. 2), 1892 (OS). Church View House 1894 (TN 23.11.1894). Grove House (see below). Archbishop’s palace, built in 1678 (Ó Murchú, 42). Burnt Unnamed 1927, 2008 (OS). Egan House, European Centre for Travellers 2009. in 1691 (Bagwell and Mulloy, 514–15). Gold Cave Cottage, location unknown, possibly same as Gold Cave Lodge (see below). Archbishop’s palace, Bishop St N. Built, partly on site of Wonderful Castle (see 12 1835 (CJ 15.1.1835). Defence) by Archbishop Synge in c. 1720 (Synge accounts). Unnamed 1777 (Taylor Cornfield House, Dublin Rd E. Cornfield House 1838, 1839 (OS). Converted to Sisters of and Skinner, 78). ‘Old-fashioned’ 1787 (Beaufort 2, 20). Unnamed 1808 (Larkin 1). Mercy convent in 1846 (see 11 Religion). Palace 1824 (Pigot). Palace, aviary, pigeon house, pump 1838; palace, pump 1839 Eastland House, Dublin Rd E. (37151835). Unnamed 1839 (OS). Dr Bodkin’s new (OS). Archbishop’s palace 1846, 1856 (Slater). Bishop’s palace 1863 (Bourke map). house 1839 (TH 12.1.1839). Unnamed 1863 (Bourke map). Eastland House 1892; Palace 1881 (Slater), 1892 (OS), 1894 (Slater), 1927 (OS). Acquired by Galway unnamed 2007 (OS). Named to commemorate Dr Bodkin’s earlier years in the East County Council in 1951 (TH 7.7.1951). In commercial use 2009. (TH 27.9.1969). Demesne grounds: episcopal demesne laid out on former Knockanhagard or Hill Park Fair View, Ballygaddy Rd S. (32502390). Unnamed 1839; Fair View 1892, 1927; (see 14 Primary production) in 18th cent. (Bowe); gardens 1787 (Beaufort 2, 20); demolished by 2007 (OS). first opened to public in c. 1819 (Sirr, 97); archbishop’s demesne 1819 (Larkin 2); St John’s, Vicar St E. (35651870). Unnamed 1839 (OS). St John’s 1846 (Slater), 1892 ‘handsome demesne, excellent gardens’ 1824 (Dutton, 327); archbishop’s demesne, (OS). Converted to constabulary barrack by c. 1898 (see 13 Administration). aviary, milestone, waterfall 1839 (OS); episcopal demesne 1846 (Parl. gaz., iii, Mall Cottage, location unknown. 1846 (Slater). 401); demesne, bridge, 2 footbridges, summer house, sun dial 1863 (Bourke map); Protestant orphan house, Galway Rd S. (33451900). 1855 (Val. 2). milestone, rockeries, sun dial, summerhouse 1892 (OS); ‘a beautiful and finely St Joseph’s Alms House, Bishop St S. Opened by Presentation Sisters ‘for poor aged wooded demesne’ 1881, 1894 (Slater); acquired by in 1951 females’ in 862 (Presentation archives). Closed, reopened as St Joseph’s Alms (TH 7.7.1951). House, accommodation for c. 15 orphan girls by c. 1882 (Scully, 114); closed, Domestic quarters: 1 of 2 squares of offices (see also next sub-entry) completed by 1808 converted to Presentation convent boarding school by 1892 (see 20 Education). (Beresford cert.); unnamed 1892–1927 (OS); converted to community centre in Hermitage, Dublin Rd W. (37401760). Hermitage 1892, 1927; unnamed 2007 (OS). In 1956 (TH 11.2.1956); unnamed 2007 (OS). commercial use 2009. Stables: 1 of 2 squares of offices (see also previous sub-entry) completed by 1808 Gold Cave Lodge, Bermingham Rd N., 3 km E. of town. Gold Cave Lodge 1894 (Slater). (Beresford cert.); stable yard c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS); farm yard 1863 (Bourke Demolished in 1980 (local information). See also above, Gold Cave Cottage. map); unnamed 1892 (OS); demolished by 2001 (local information). Ice house: demolished in 1869 (TH 30.1.1869). Rows and terraces Waterslade Place, Tullinadaly Rd E. (35152165). Waterslade Place, row of 4 3-storey slated houses 1846–94 (Slater); 1892–2007 (OS). Waterslade Place/Plás Waterslade 2009 (nameplate). Eastland Row, Dublin Rd E. (36901850). Row of 4 3-storey slated houses, built in 1850s (Claffey, Glimpses, 91). Eastland Row 1856 (Slater), 1892 (OS). Demolished in 1950s (local information). Named to commemorate Dr Bodkin’s earlier years in the East (TH 27.9.1969). Fosters Place, Ballygaddy Rd S. (34902145). New row of 6 2-storey slated houses 1859 (CP 17.3.1860). Foster Row 1889 (TCM 1.7.1889). Foster Place 1892–2007 (OS). Fosters Place/Plás Foster 2009 (nameplate). Named by Bishop Plunket after John Foster, last speaker of Irish (TH 24.11.1928).

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY AND KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS (Other abbreviations are explained on the back cover.)

Agency books Agency books, 1856–67. Society of Irish Church Missions Archive, Dublin. ALC The Annals of Loch Cé: a chronicle of Irish affairs from A.D. 1014 to A.D. 1590. Ed. W.M. Hennessy. 2 vols. London, 1871. Alcock et al. Alcock, Olive, de hÓra, Kathy, and Gosling Paul (eds). Archaeological inventory of , ii. Dublin, 1999. Andersen Andersen, Jorgen. ‘Romanesque heads in Teampall Jarlath, Tuam’. In Archbishop’s palace, Bishop St N., c. 1870 GAHS, xxxiv (1974–5), pp 98–100. Ann. Clon. The Annals of , being annals of Ireland from the earliest Grove House, Vicar St E. Traditionally believed to have been built on site of earlier period to A.D. 1408, translated into English, A.D. 1627, by Conell archbishop’s palace (see above). The Grove, built in 1782 (RD 347/70/231093). Mageoghagan. Ed. Denis Murphy. Dublin, 1896. ‘Large well looking house’ 1787 (Beaufort 2, 20). The Grove 1819 (TH 8.6.1968). Ann. Conn. Annála Connacht: the Annals of Connacht (A.D. 1224–1544). Ed. A.M. Grove 1819 (Larkin 2). Grove House 1838 (OS). Unnamed c. 1839 (Val. 1). Grove Freeman. Dublin, 1944. House 1839 (OS), 1846, 1856 (Slater). Newly built 1860 (TH 12.5.1860). In use as Ann. Inisf. The Annals of Inisfallen (MS Rawlinson B 503). Ed. Seán Mac Airt. diocesan school 1860–82 (see 20 Education: Tuam, Killala and Achonry diocesan school). Grove House 1863 (Bourke map), 1892 (OS), 1899 (Slater), 1927 (OS). Dublin, 1951. Bon Secours Hospital, opened in 1945 (Ó Murchú, 43). Hospital 2007 (OS). Vacant Ann. Tig. The Annals of Tigernach. Ed. Whitley Stokes. Facsimile reprint from 2009. See also 13 Administration: stamp office; 21 Entertainment, memorials and Revue Celtique, xvi–xviii (1895–7). 2 vols. Lampeter, 1993. societies: Tuam Cricket Club field. Arch. Survey Record files ofthe Archaeological Survey of Ireland. National Monument Gardens: Mrs Cheevers’ garden wall 1809 (RD 632/266/433071); gardens 1829 (CJ Service Archive, Ely Place, Dublin 2. 9.3.1829), 1860 (TH 12.5.1860). Bagwell and Mulloy Bagwell, Richard and Mulloy, Sheila. ‘Hugh Balldearg O’Donnell’. In Mall House, The Mall E. (34651850). Built by Archdeacon Burton in 1782 (Claffey, 2004, ODNB, xli, pp 514–15. 24). Unnamed c. 1839 (Val. 1). Section of market cross (see 11 Religion) removed Bank returns Returns of all banking establishments in Ireland, with all branch banks from kitchen fireplace in 1853 (Claffey, 2004, 24). Unnamed 1863 (Bourke map), and places where established, in the years ending January 1826 and 1892 (OS). In commercial use 2009. 1836, respectively; with the amount of notes in circulation. HC 1836, Archbishop’s house, Bishop St S. ‘Lately erected handsome house’ 1824 (Dutton, 327). xxxvii. R.C. bishop’s house 1837 (Lewis, ii, 646), 1838 (OS), c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS), Banner The Banner of truth. London, 1955–. 1846 (Parl. gaz., iii, 401). Archbishop’s palace 1863 (Bourke map). R.C. bishop’s Beaufort 1 Beaufort, Daniel. ‘Journal of a tour through part of Ireland begun August house 1892 (OS). Incorporated in Presentation convent boarding school as dormitory 26th, 1789’. TCD, MS 4026, ff 44–50. in 1905 (see 20 Education). Repository of diocesan archives 2009. Beaufort 2 ‘Daniel Beaufort’. In Cornelius Kelly, The grand tour of Galway. Cork, Palace View, Bishop St S. ‘Large well looking house’ 1787 (Beaufort 2, 20). Converted to 2002, pp 19–22. hotel by 1885 (see 16 Trades and services: Palace View Hotel). Belton Belton, William. The angler in Ireland or An Englishman’s ramble Glebe House, Dublin Rd W. Built in 1792 (Lewis, ii, 648). Unnamed 1808 (Larkin 1). through Connaught and Munster during the summer of 1833. London, Irish Historic Towns1834. Atlas Improved in 1813 (Lewis, ii, 648). Glebe House 1824 (Pigot), c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839 (OS). Glebe house 1846 (Parl. gaz., iii, 400), 1871; rockery 1892; 1927 (OS). Glebe Beresford cert. ‘A certificate made to Archbishop Beresford by the lord lieutenant re House or deanery, demolished in c. 1965 (Ó Murchú, 14). See also 14 Primary various improvements, 1808’. TCD MS 4797/3. production: Revd Robert Warren’s Glebe. Berry Berry, H.F. ‘The records of the feltmakers’ company of Dublin, 1687– Lodge: 1892, 1927 (OS); demolished in 1976Royal (local information). Irish Academy1841: their loss and recovery’. In RSAI Jn., xli (1911), pp 26–45. Birmingham’s Fancy, Bishop St S., on site of later Old College (see 20 Education). Bk Leinster The Book of Leinster, formerly Lebar na Núachongbála. Ed. R.I. Best, Birmingham’s Fancy, built in c. 1797 (Ó Murchú, 18). Converted to Ffrench’s Bank Osborn Bergin, M.A. O’Brien, and Anne O’Sullivan. 6 vols. Dublin, in 1804 (see 16 Trades and services). 1954–83. St John’s, Circular Rd S. (36701750). St John’s Abbey 1813 (TH 1.6.1968), 1824 (Pigot). Bourke Bourke, U.J. The life and times of the Most Rev. John Mac Hale. Dublin, Unnamed 1839 (OS). St John’s Abbey 1846–81 (Slater), 1892, 1927 (OS). St John’s 1882. 1970 (Ó Murchú, 15). Rebuilt in 1990 (local information). Bourke map Bourke, John. Map of the city of Tuam. Scale 5 feet to one statute mile. Bridge House, Shop St E. (35602105). Unnamed c. 1819 (TH 8.6.1968; RD 718/554/491289), Dublin, 1863. c. 1839 (Val. 1), 1839; Bridge House 1892 (OS), 1894 (Slater). Unnamed 2007 Bowe Bowe, Patrick. ‘The park of the palace of Tuam, Co. Galway — design (OS). In residential use 2009. and conservation’. Unpublished typescript, 1988. Ardgannon, Tullinadaly Rd E. (35252280). Mount Potter 1819 (TH 8.6.1968), 1824 (Pigot), Browne Browne, John. Map of ‘Conaught and ’, 591. TCD, MS 1834 (CJ 20.3.1834). Unnamed 1839 (OS). Ardmullen 1875 (TH 10.4.1875). 1209 (68). Reproduced in J.H. Andrews, ‘Sir Richard Bingham and the Ardgannon 1892, 1927; unnamed 2007 (OS). In residential use 2009. mapping of western Ireland’, in RIA Proc., ciii C (2003), plate V. Presbytery, Ballygaddy Rd N. Slated house, built by parishioners in 1825 (State of Ir. rept, Burke Burke, O.J. The history of the Catholic archbishops of Tuam. Dublin, 327). Presbytery 1838, 1839 (OS), 1863 (Bourke map), 1877 (Val. 3), 1892, 1927 1882. (OS). Closed in 1971 (local information). Unnamed 2007 (OS). In residential use Cal. pat. rolls Ire., Irish patent rolls of James I: facsimile of the Irish record commissioners’ 2009. Jas 1 calendar prepared prior to 1830. IMC, Dublin, 1966. Waterslade House, Tullinadaly Rd E. Waterslade House 1827 (CJ 31.5.1827), 1838, 1839 C.B. archives Christian Brothers’ general archives. Via della Maglianella, Rome. (OS), 1846, 1856 (Slater), 1863 (Bourke map), 1877 (Val. 3), 1892, 1927 (OS). In C.B. house annals House annals of the Christian Brothers, Tuam. CBS Provincial commercial use 2009. Residence, Griffith Ave, Dublin 9. Lodge: unnamed c. 1839 (Val. 1); lodge 1892–2007 (OS); demolished by 2007 (local CJ Connaught Journal. Galway, 1791–1840. information). Claffey, 1980 Claffey, J.A. Five generations of milling. Tuam, 1980. Rosanna Lodge, The Mall, site unknown. Rosina Lodge 1829 (CJ 13.8.1829). Rosanna Claffey, 1986 Claffey, J.A. The Cathedral of the Assumption, Tuam. Tuam, 1986. Lodge, converted to boarding school in 1832 (see 20 Education: Tuam Boarding Claffey, Glimpses Claffey, J.A. (ed.). Glimpses of Tuam since the famine. Tuam, 1997. School). Claffey, 1997a Claffey, J.A. ‘The restoration of St Mary’s Cathedral, 1863–78’. In Beech House, Dublin Rd W. (36901825). Beech House 1835 (Publ. instr. rept 2, 72d), 1892 Claffey, Glimpses, pp 79–88. (OS). In commercial use 2009. See also 20 Education: Beech and Alice Sandford’s Claffey, 1997b Claffey, J.A. ‘The Tuam diocesan school’. In Claffey, Glimpses, pp pay school. 89–97. TUAM 19

Claffey, 2003 Claffey, J.A. ‘A very puzzling Irish missal’. In GAHS, lv (2003), pp Dublin, 1749. 1–12. Higgins, Jim and Buchner, Daniel. ‘Excavations near St Mary’s Claffey, 2004 Claffey, J.A. ‘The letters of Archdeacon Edmund Burton, dean of Cathedral’. In Tuam Annual, iv (1993), unpaginated. Killala’. In JOTS, i (2004), pp 22–7. Higgins and Parsons Higgins, Jim and Parsons, Aisling (eds). St Mary’s Cathedral — an Claffey, 2005 Claffey, J.A. ‘The city of Tuam’. In JOTS, ii (2005), pp 4–7. architectural, archaeological and historical guide. Tuam, 1995. Clyne, Miriam. ‘Excavations at St Mary’s Cathedral, Tuam, Co. Hy Many The tribes and customs of Hy Many, commonly called O’Kelly’s Country. Galway’. In GAHS, xli (1987–8), pp 90–103. Ed. John O’Donovan. Dublin, 1843. Reprinted Cork, 1976. Comerford Comerford, W.J.V. ‘Some notes on the borough of Tuam and its records, Ir. educ. rept 2 Second report of the commissioners of inquiry into education in Ireland, 1817–22’. In GAHS, xv (1929), pp 97–120. appendix 22. HC 1826–7 (12), xii. Comerford, W.J.V. ‘Recollections of Tuam, 1912–16’. In Claffey, Ir. prisons rept 1 Inspector general’s first report on general state of prisons of Ireland, Glimpses, pp 178–91. 1823. HC 1823 (342), x, p. 48. The compossicion booke of Conought. Ed. A.M. Freeman. IMC, Dublin, Ir. prisons rept 9 Inspector general’s ninth report on general state of prisons of Ireland, 1936. 1831. HC 1831 (172), iv, p. 38. Connaught Watchman Connaught Watchman. Ballina, 1851–63. Ir. prisons rept 10 Inspector general’s tenth report on general state of prisons of Ireland, Costello, 1902 Costello, T.B. ‘Temple Jarlath, Tuam, Co. Galway’. In RSAI Jn., xxxii 1832. HC 1832 (152), xxiii, p. 38. (1902), p. 414. Irish Times The Irish Times. Dublin, 1859–. Costello, 1902–04 Costello, T.B. ‘Tuam raths and souterrains’. In GAHS, ii (1902), pp Jones Jones, J.A. ‘Map of part of the bogs in the district of Lough Corrib, in 109–16; iii (1903–04), pp 1–10. the County of Galway … 1812’. NLI, MS 16/D/11, plate XI, no. 2. Costello, T.B. ‘Some antiquities of Tuam district’. In RSAI Jn., xxxiv Jordan Jordan, Vincent. ‘The Franciscan Brothers in Tuam, 1836–50’. In (1904), pp 254–6. Claffey, Glimpses, pp 1–8. Costello, 1934 Costello, T.B. ‘Old Graveyard, Tuam’. In Journal of the Irish Memorials JOTS Journal of the Old Tuam Society. Tuam, 2004–. Association, xiii, no. 1 (1933–4), pp 13–30. Kelly, M.T. ‘Short annals of Tuam’. In Journal of the Cork Historical Costello, 1936 Costello, T.B. ‘Tuam’. In Souvenir and programme, thirty-third annual and Archaeological Society, iii (1897), pp 66–74. Catholic truth conference. Tuam, 1936, pp 7–47. Kelly, 1901 Kelly, R.J. ‘St Jarlath of Tuam’. In GAHS, i (1900–01), pp 98–108. Coulter Coulter, Henry. The west of Ireland. Dublin, 1862. Kelly, R.J. ‘The cross of Tuam’. In Dublin Penny Journal, 7 June CP Connacht Patriot. Tuam, 1859–64; 1865–69. 1902. Cronin Cronin, D.A. A Galway gentleman in the age of improvement, Robert Kelly, R.J. ‘Antiquities of Tuam and district’. In RSAI Jn., xxxiv (1904), French of , 1716–90. Dublin, 1995. pp 257–60. Cross photograph Photographs c. 1860. (1) Tuam high cross; (2) Tuam high cross base. Kelly, R.J. ‘The old borough of Tuam: its laws, privileges and RIA C/24/5/A, photo series 15, box 1. constitution’. In GAHS, iv (1905–06), pp 233–9; v (1907–08), pp Crumlish, Richard. ‘Excavations of an enclosure at Tuam, Co. Galway’. 60–64. In GAHS, l (1998), pp 214–17. Kelly, R.J. ‘Printing in Tuam’. In The Irish Book Lover, xv (Jan., 1925), Cunningham, B. Cunningham, Bernadette. ‘From warlords to landlords: political and p. 7. social change in Galway, 1540–1640’. In Gerard Moran (ed.), Galway, Kennedy, P.J. ‘An executor’s accounts in 1751’. In The Galway Reader, history and society. Dublin, 1996, pp 97–129. ii (1950), pp 179–202. Cunningham, J. Cunningham, John. St Jarlath’s College, Tuam, 1800–2000. Tuam, Kirkfleet Kirkfleet, C.J. The white canons of St. Norbert. A history of the 1999. Premonstratensian order in the British Isles and America. West de Pere, Day Day, Angélique (ed.). Letters from Georgian Ireland: the correspondence 1943. of Mary Delaney, 1731–68. Belfast, 1991. Knox, H.T. Knox, H.T. Notes on the early history of the diocese of Tuam, Killala De hÓra De hÓra, Kathy. ‘Recent archaeological excavations in Tuam’. In Tuam and Achonry. Dublin, 1904. annual, iv (1993), unpaginated. Knox, W.J. Knox, W.J. Decades of the Ulster Bank, 1836–1964. Belfast, 1965. Depositions Depositions etc. relating to the years 1641–53. TCD, MSS 809–41. Laheen, 2002 Laheen, Maurice. ‘The construction of Tuam Town Hall and aspects of Dix, 1911 Dix, E.R. McC. ‘Printing in Tuam, 1774–1825’. In The Irish Book its chequered history’. Unpublished report, 2001–02. Lover, ii (1910–11), pp 101–2. Laheen, 2004 Laheen, Maurice. History of Ballymote burial ground. Tuam, 2004. Dix, 1915 Dix, E.R. McC. ‘Printing in Tuam, 1774–1825’. In The Irish Book Laheen, 2007 Laheen, Maurice. ‘Murphy’s shop, High St, Tuam’. In JOTS, iv (2007), Lover, vii (1915–16), pp 40–41. pp 85–6. Doherty, Charles. ‘The monastic town in early medieval Ireland’. In Lanigan Lanigan, John. An ecclesiastical , from the first Clarke and Simms, i, pp 45–75. introduction of Christianity among the Irish to the beginning of the Dunning Dunning, P.J. ‘The Arroasian order in medieval Ireland’. In IHS, iv thirteenth century. 4 vols. Dublin, 1822. (1944–5), pp 297–315. Larkin 1 Larkin, William. Map of the mailcoach road, Ballinasloe to Westport, Dutton Dutton, Hely. A statistical and agricultural survey of the county of 1808. NLI, MS 15/A/12 (165). Galway, with observations on the means of improvement. Dublin, Larkin 2 Larkin, William. Map of County Galway. 1819. Scale 4 inches to one 1824. Irish mile. NLI, MS 16/H/3. Ed. Endowments Educational Endowments (Ireland) Commission correspondence, LBM Minutes of the proceedings of the trustees of the linen manufacture in Galway. NAI 999/622. Ireland. Dublin, 1784–1826. Edwards Edwards, R.D. ‘Ecclesiastical appointments in the province of Tuam, Legg Legg, Marie-Louise. ‘Martin Andrew O’Brennan and the Connaught 1399–1477’. In Archivium Hibernicum, xxxiii (1975), pp 91–100. Patriot’. In Claffey, Glimpses, pp 67–72. Egan, 1953 Egan, P.K. ‘Ballinasloe town and parish, 1585–1855’. In The Galway Leigh Leigh’s new pocket road-book of Ireland. 3rd ed. London, 1835. Reader, iv, no. 1 (1953), pp 89–101. Local govt inq. Report of local government and taxation of towns inquiry (Ireland), pt Egan, 1960 Egan, P.K. The parish of Ballinasloe. Dublin, 1960. 3, HC 1877 [1787], pp 14–15, 165–72; appendix 11, pp 362–3. Endowed schools rept Report of the commissioners for enquiring into the endowed schools in Lynch, De praesulibus Lynch, John. De praesulibus Hiberniae potissimis catholicae religionis Ireland. HC 1857–8 [2336], xxii, pt iv; 1881 [2831], xxxv, pt i. in Hibernia, serenade, propagandae, et conservandae authoribus. Ed. Etchings ‘Thirty six etchings of Irish antiquity’. RIA, MR16/C/12. Unpublished, J.F. O’Doherty. 2 vols. IMC, Dublin, 1944. 1830. Lynch, Pii ant. icon Lynch, John. Pii antistitis icon or the life of Francis Kirwin, bishop of Excavations Excavations 1969: summary accounts of archaeological excavations in Killala. St Malo, 1669. Reprinted Dublin, 1951. Ireland [etc]. Dublin and Bray, 1969–76, 1985–. Also available at www. Lyttleton Lyttleton, James. ‘Loughpark “crannog” revisited’. In GAHS, l (1998), excavations.ie (31 Mar. 2009). pp 151–83. Falkland Scott, J.R. Parliamentary representation: being a political and critical Mac Aodha, B.S. ‘Áiteanmneacha an Dúin Mhóir ar léarscáil Phetty: review of all the counties, cities and boroughs in the Iarthar na Gaillimhe. In Ainm, Bulletin of the Ulster Place-Name with regard to the state of their representation. By Falkland. Dublin, Society, v (1991–3), pp 37–51. 1790. Mac Aodha, Pádraig. Naomh Iarlaith. Galway, 1936. Faulkner’s DJ Faulkner’s The Dublin Journal. Dublin, 1726–. Mac Lochlainn, Alf. ‘Some place-names in Larkin’s 1819 map of Fenning, Hugh. ‘The parish clergy of Tuam, 1712–1809’. In Collectanea Galway’. In GAHS, l (1998), pp 210–13. Hibernica, nos 39–40 (1997–8), pp 155–75. Mac Niocaill, 1984 Mac Niocaill, Gearóid. ‘Medieval Galway: its origins and character’. Firebrace and Firebrace, John and Rawlings, Alan. His Majesty’s Fraser Fencible In Diarmuid Ó Cearbhaill (ed.), Galway, town and gown. Dublin, 1984, Rawlings regiment of foot,Irish 1794–1802. 1993. Historic Townspp 1 –9.Atlas FitzGerald, Lord Walter. ‘St Jarlath’s churchyard, Tuam’. In Journal of Mahony, Edmund. The Galway Blazers, memoirs. Galway, 1979. the Association for the Preservation of the Memorials of the Dead in Mart. Don. The martyrology of Donegal. Ed. John O’Donovan, J.H. Todd and Ireland, iv (1899), pp 60–64. William Reeves. Dublin, 1864. Fund relief ‘Thirteenth account of theRoyal fund for the relief of converts andIrish children of AcademyMasonic archive Archives, Grand Lodge of A.F. and A. Masons of Ireland. Freemasons Connemara from 3rd April 1859 to 3rd April 1860’. Durham University Hall, Molesworth St, Dublin 2. Library, MS G/18/1/76. Melvin Melvin, Patrick. ‘John Dennis (1800–1869) and the sporting tradition of GAHS Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society. Galway, Tuam’. In Claffey, Glimpses, pp 59–66. 1900–. Mercy archive Sisters of Mercy western province archive. 47 Forster St, Galway. Galway Free Press Galway Free Press. Galway, 1832–5. Mohr, Paul. John Birmingham, Esq. Tuam and Ireland’s new star. Galway inquisitions OS inquisitions for Co. Galway. 4 vols. RIA, MS 14/D/5. Galway, 2002. GE The Galway Express. Galway, 1853–1920. , Christy. Milltown sketches. [Tuam], 1995. Giraldus Giraldus Cambrensis. Expugnatio Hibernica: the conquest of Ireland. Moran Moran, P.F. History of the catholic archbishops of Dublin since the Ed. A.B. Scott and F.X. Martin. Dublin, 1978. reformation. Dublin, 1864. Glassford Glassford, James. Notes of three tours in Ireland in 1824 and 1826. Moran MS Moran, Malachy. ‘Lists of Irish Catholic priests of the period 1735– Bristol, 1830. 1835, arranged by diocese’. NLI, MS 1548. Gorton Gorton, John. A topographical dictionary of Great Britain and Ireland. Morris Morris, James. ‘Ancient map of Tuam in 1720. Reduced from the 3 vols. London, 1833. original [now lost] kept in St Mary’s Cathedral, Tuam, by John Bourke Gosling Gosling, Paul. ‘Tuam’. In Anngret Simms and J.H. Andrews (eds), More … 1863’. Scale 20 Irish perches to an inch. Inset to Bourke map. Irish country towns. Cork, 1995, pp 119–31. Mulveen Mulveen, Jack. ‘Galway goldsmiths, their marks and ware’. In GAHS, Greaney Greaney, James. History of Dunmore. Dunmore, 1984. vi (1994), pp 43–64. Grose Grose, Francis. The antiquities of Ireland. 2 vols, London, 1791–5. Murray, G.J. Murray, G.J. ‘The Cross of Cong and church metalwork from Guerin Guerin, Deirdre. ‘Computer-drawn monument distribution for Co. Romanesque Ireland’. 3 vols. University College, Cork, Ph.D. thesis, Galway: some preliminary results’. In GAHS, xli (1987–8), pp 13–14. 2007. GV Galway Vindicator and Connaught Advertiser. Galway, 1841–99. Murray, J.P. Murray, J.P. Galway: a medico-social history. Galway, 1994. Hall Hall, S.C. Ireland: its scenery, character, &c. by Mr. & Mrs. S. C. Hall. Murtagh, Harman. ‘Galway and the Jacobite war’. In The Irish Sword, London, 1841–3. xii (1975–6), pp 1–14. Harbison Harbison, Peter. The high crosses of Ireland: an iconographical and Nat. ed. returns Returns from all schools receiving grants from the commissioners of photographic survey. 3 vols. Bonn, 1992. national education in Ireland. HC 1892 (32), lx. Hardiman Hardiman, James. The history of the town and county of the town of Nation The Nation. Dublin, 1842–1900. Galway from the earliest period to the present time. Dublin, 1820. Neary Neary, James. ‘On the history and antiquities of the parish of Dunmore’. Harris Harris, Walter. The history of the life and reign of William and Mary. In GAHS, viii (1913–14), pp 94–128. 20 IRISH HISTORIC TOWNS ATLAS

Nicholls Nicholls, K.W. ‘Visitations of the dioceses of Clonfert, Tuam and Sayles Sayles, G.O. (ed.). Documents on the affairs of Ireland before the king’s Kilmacduagh, c. 1565–67’. In Analecta Hibernica, xxvi (1970), pp council. IMC, Dublin, 1979. 144–57. Scully Scully, M.C. ‘Galway schooling and the Presentation Sisters, 815– Nicholls, K.W. ‘A list of monasteries in Connacht, 1577’. In GAHS, 1973’. University College, Cork, M.Ed. thesis, 1973. xxxii (1973), pp 28–43. Sheehy Sheehy, M.P. (ed.). Pontificia Hibernica: medieval papal chancery Ní Mhuiríosa, Máirín. ‘Seán Mag Fhlainn agus an Tuam News’. In documents concerning Ireland, 640–1261. 2 vols. Dublin, 1962–5. Claffey, Glimpses, pp 154–61. Simington, 1962 Simington, R.C. (ed.). Books of survey and distribution: being abstracts Nolan Nolan, J.P. ‘Galway castles and owners in 1574’. In GAHS, i (1901), pp of various surveys and instruments of title. iii, County of Galway. 109–23. Dublin, 1962. NS Registers Registers, National Schools, Co. Galway, vol. i. NAI D 2/17, f. 3. NAI Simington, 1970 Simington, R.C. (ed.). The transplantation to Connacht, 1654–58. ED/2, Registers, 1832–1963. Dublin, 1970. O’Brien, G. O’Brien, George. The Bank of Ireland, 1783–1946. Dublin, 1949. Simms Simms, J.G. ‘Connacht in the eighteenth century’. In IHS, xi (1951), pp O’Brien, P.V. O’Brien, P.V. ‘Pages from the history of St Jarlath’s College’. In Iarlaith 116–33. (St Jarlath’s College Past Pupils Union magazine) (1955), pp 83–91. Sirr Sirr, J.D. A memoir of the Honourable and Most Reverend Power le O’Connell O’Connell, J.A. ‘Some notes on Tuam in olden days’. In The Galway Poer Trench, last archbishop of Tuam. Dublin, 1845. Reader, i, no. 3 (1948), pp 23–9; i, no. 4 (1949), pp 46–51; ii, nos 1 and Stalley Stalley, Roger. ‘The Romanesque sculpture of Tuam’. In Alan Borg and 2 (1949) pp 50–60; ii, nos 3 and 4 (1950), pp 171–9; iii, nos 1 and 2 Andrew Martindale (eds), The vanishing past. Oxford, 1981, pp 179–95. (1950), pp 82–9; iii, no. 3 (1951), pp 92–8; iv, no. 1 (1953), pp 82–5; iv, State of Ir. rept Second report from select committee on state of Ireland. HC 1825, viii. nos 3 and 4 (1954), pp 140–43. Swan Swan, Leo. ‘Monastic proto-towns in early medieval Ireland: the O’Connor, Gabriel. ‘The development of local government in the town evidence of aerial photography, plan analysis and survey’. In Clarke of Tuam from earliest times to the Government of Ireland Act of 1920’. and Simms, i, pp 77–102. National University of Ireland Maynooth, M.A. thesis, 1994. Synge accounts Personal and household accounts of Archbishop Synge, 1717–22. NLI, O’Connor, G. O’Connor, Gabriel. ‘Cloonfois, Co. Galway’. In Ó Dálaigh, Denis Cronin and Paul Connell (eds), Irish townlands. Dublin, 1998, pp 69– MS 2173. 92. TCM Tuam Town Commissioners’ minute books, 1843–. Town Hall, Tuam. O’Connor, Gabriel. ‘A comparative study of local government in Tuam Tuam Diocesan and Parish Magazine. [Dublin], 1877. and Armagh’ 1840–1940’. National University of Ireland Maynooth, TG Tuam Gazette. Tuam, 1824. Ph.D. thesis, 2004. TH Tuam Herald. Tuam, 1837–78, 1883–1923, 1927–. O’Connor, J. O’Connor, Jimmy. ‘Aspects of Galway postal history, 1638–1984’. In TN Tuam News. Tuam, 1871–73, 1884–96. GAHS, xliv (1992), pp 119–94. Tuam Annual Great Tuam Annual. Tuam, 1990–94. ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Ed. H.C.G. Matthew and B.H. Val. 1, 2, 3 Records of the General Valuation Office relating to Tuam. (1) Manuscript Harrison. 61 vols. Oxford, 2004. Also available at www.oxforddnb.com town plan, c. 1839. (2) Printed tenement valuation, Tuam, 1855. (31 Mar. 2009). Manuscript town plans, scale 1:1056, 856 (with later annotations). O’Doherty O’Doherty, D.J. ‘Students of the Irish College Salamanca (1619–1700)’. (3) Manuscript revision books and related maps, 1877–96. Valuation In Archivium Hibernicum, ii (1913), pp 1–36; iii (1914), pp 87–112. Office, Dublin. O’Donoghue O’Donoghue, Noel. Proud and upright men. Tuam, [1987]. Waldron, J.J. ‘The re-establishment of Tuam C.B.S’. In Claffey, O’Donovan O’Donovan, John. Letters containing information relative to the Glimpses, pp 23–8. antiquities of the county of Galway, collected during the progress of the Waldron, J.J. ‘Tuam and the , 1914–15’. In Claffey, Ordnance Survey in 1839. Dublin, 1928. Glimpses, pp 192–203. O’Flaherty O’Flaherty, Roderic. A chorographical description of West or H-Iar Waldron Waldron, Kieran. Out of the shadows: emerging secondary schools in Connaught, 1684. Ed. James Hardiman. Dublin, 1846. the archdiocese. Tuam, 2002. Ó Héideáin Ó Héideáin, Eustás. The Dominicans in Galway, 1241–1991. Galway, Ware Harris, Walter (ed.). The whole works of Sir James Ware concerning 1991. Ireland, revised and improved, i, Dublin, 1739. O’Meara O’Meara, John. ‘The Athenry and Tuam railway’. In Journal of the Irish Watson Watson, John. The gentleman’s and citizen’s almanac. Dublin, 1761. Railway Record Society, xvii (1989), pp 22–37. Ó Murchú Ó Murchú, D.S. Tuam. Tuam, 1970. O’Neill O’Neill, Henry. Illustrations of the most interesting of the sculptured NOTE ON MAP 2 crosses of ancient Ireland. London, 1857. O’Neill, Marie. ‘The Republican courts in Tuam’. In Claffey, Glimpses, Map 2, Tuam in 1839, is derived from the Ordnance Survey 1:1056 manuscript plan of Tuam pp 204–9. (1839), the published 1:10,560 Ordnance Survey maps of Co. Galway, first edition, sheets 29, O’Sullivan, M.D. Old Galway. Cambridge, 1942. 43 (surveyed 1838) and the 1:1056 manuscript valuation plan of c. 1839. The reconstruction OS Ordnance Survey. Maps of Co. Galway, scale :10,560, manuscript has been adjusted to the planimetry of the published 1:1056 plan (surveyed in 1892). Solid lines ‘fair plan’ 1838 (NAI, OS 105/B269); sheets 29, 43, printed 1840 represent features still extant in 1892, while dotted lines indicate that, since the feature had by (surveyed 1838). Large-scale maps of Tuam: scale 1:1056, manuscript, then disappeared, its exact position cannot be determined. 1839 (NAI, OS 140); printed, 1892. Maps of Co. Galway: scale 1:2500, sheets XXIX.15, 16; XXIII. 3, 4, printed 1892, revised 1930 (surveyed 1927); scale 1:2500, 1:1000, revised 1926–2003 (unpublished 2003). Acknowledgements Otway, Caesar. A tour of Connaught. Dublin, 1839. Petrie papers Petrie papers. RIA, MS 12/N/4. Since welcomed into the ‘atlas family’ by Anngret Simms in August 2003 I have been assisted Petty Petty, William. Hiberniae delineatio quoad hactenus licuit perfectissima by many persons and institutions in the production of this essay and topographical information. … . [London], 1685; 2nd ed., [Dublin], c. 1730–34. A large corpus of relevant knowledge was at my disposal in the files of the Tuam Herald, Pigot The commercial directory of Ireland, Scotland and the four most which included numerous articles on Tuam by the late J.J. Waldron; likewise in the Journal northern counties of for 1820–21 & 22. Manchester, 1820. Plummer Plummer, Charles (ed.). Vitae sanctorum Hiberniae … . 2 vols. Oxford, of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society where the late T.B. Costello deposited 1910. some of his great store of knowledge on ancient Tuam. The Old Tuam Society has given me Poor law com. returns Returns respecting the poor law commission, Ireland. HC 1843 (275) encouragement and help, in particular Gabriel O’Connor and David Burke, the outgoing and xlvi. current presidents, also Maurice Laheen whom I frequently consulted on details of local history Presentation archive Presentation Convent archive, Tuam. and Ann Tierney who digitally accessed relevant archives and photographs. I am deeply indebted Qualification rolls Catholic qualification rolls, 1778–90. NAI, 2/446/23. to Ann Mohr for her expertise in deciphering medieval Latin, to Riana O’Dwyer for glossarial Refaussé Refaussé, Raymond. Church of Ireland records. Dublin, 2000. help, to the Sisters of the Presentation and Mercy convents for archival and other information, Rept select ed. comm. Report … from the select committee on the new plan of education in to Very Revd A. Grimason, dean of Tuam, for the use of the Bourke map, to Jarlath Canney Ireland; together with the minutes of evidence, an appendix and index. for providing photographs of the town and to Maitias Ó Gormaile for topographical insights. HC 1837 (543–I), viii, p. 75. Gerarda McHugh and Ray Ryan also helped with illustrative material. The National Archives Room Room, Adrian. A dictionary of Irish placenames. Belfast, 1986. of Ireland, National Library of Ireland, Registry of Deeds, Trinity College Library and Map Royal visitation Royal visitation, Tuam diocese, 1615. RIA, MS 23/F/1. Library and the Valuation Office have all been indispensable sources of information. Special Rules TAS Rules, proceedingsIrish and report of theHistoric Tuam Agricultural Society. Tuam, Townsthanks must go to the very helpfulAtlas staff of Tuam branch library, of Special Collections, James 1841. Hardiman Library, NUI Galway, of the Representative Church Body Library and of the Royal Ryan, John. Ó Conchubair, 1088–1156. Dublin, 1966. Irish Academy Library. Peter Harbison, RIA, generously shared his extensive knowledge with Rynne Rynne, Etienne. ‘A fourth high cross at Tuam’. In GAHS, xl (1985–6), me and the others involved in the project on many occasions; the observations of Keith Lilley, pp 125–9. QUB, on the morphology of Tuam were exceptionally useful. Bernadette Cunningham, Miriam Sarsfield-Vesey Documents relating to Sarsfield-VeseyRoyal family and their estatesIrish in Dublin, AcademyMoffitt, Nollaig Ó Muraíle and Roger Stalley gave helpful advice on particular sections of the Kildare, Wicklow and Carlow: court testamentary and miscellaneous topographical information, and Mary Davies provided editorial comments on the text. Sincere including maps, surveys, charters, inquisitions and correspondence, thanks must also go to Marie Mannion, Heritage Officer, for facilitating a grant from Galway 17–19th cents: correspondence, no. 149. NAI. County Council towards the publication of this fascicle.

Borough seal Archbishoprick seal