623 British Centipedes Text
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
TEST VERSION 2010 Keys to the adults of Seed and Leaf Beetles of the British Isles. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae, Orsodacnidae, Megalopodidae & Chrysomelidae) By David Hubble ii The accurate identification of specimens is a fundamental part of most forms of biological fieldwork. Although the 'popular' groups, such as wild flowers and butterflies, are well- served by numerous aids to identification, many of the other groups are neglected. Unfortunately, even in those cases where guides are available, they may be inappropriate or inapplicable. The Field Studies Council's AIDGAP project (Aids to Identification in Difficult Groups of Animals and Plants) aims to provide clearly written and illustrated guides to enable the non-specialist to identify specimens in the field and lab. Although written and edited by specialists, all AIDGAP guides are extensively 'tested' before final publication. This ensures that the keys are subjected to extensive field tests by beginners and people with little or no experience in the groups being covered. Keys to the adults of Seed and Leaf Beetles of the British Isles This new AIDGAP key to Seed and Leaf Beetles is being tested over the summer. Please try the key out and see how easy you find it to use. Feedback from testers is a critical part of the AIDGAP project, we value all your comments on the keys accuracy, ease of use etc, whether these are critical or otherwise. The author will revise the final version in light of this feedback; so all comments are potentially useful, no matter how trivial they may appear. Figure numbering in the final version will be sequential Please either email your comments to [email protected] or post it them to: FSC Publications, The Annexe, Preston Montford, Shrewsbury, SY4 1DU Thank you for your support of the AIDGAP project, Dr Rebecca Farley Test Version 2010 © FSC 2010 Keys to the adults of Seed and Leaf Beetles of the British Isles - Test Version iii CONTENTS Introduction 1 Glossary 2 Checklist 4 Glossary 10 Keys to the identification of British Seed and Leaf Beetles: 12 Key to Subfamilies and Small Families 13 Keys to Genera and Species 15 Bruchinae, Key A 15 Zeugophorinae, Key B 19 Donaciinae, Key C 20 riocerinae, Key D 25 Cryptocephalinae, Key E 27 Lamprosomatinae 34 Eumolpinae 34 Orsodacninae, Key F 35 Chrysomelinhae, Key G 36 Galerucinae, Key H 46 Cassidinae, Key I 85 References 89 Appendix A. Plant families mentioned in the text 92 Keys to the adults of Seed and Leaf Beetles of the British Isles - Test Version 1 INTRODUCTION The species covered include the Bruchidae (seed beetles, 15 species) and Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles, 216 species including 2 now placed in the Orsodacnidae and 3 in the Megalopodidae). The listing follows Duff (2008) and the brief ecological notes are adapted from Cox (2007) . Where possible, simple keys which lead to species level identification by use of a hand lens are given. In many cases, finer examination is required using a binocular microscope. If this approach remains insufficient for identification to species (e.g. in cases where dissection is required) , existing references are given . Where length measurements are given, these are from British references where available, otherwise from further afield. Note that size ranges do vary between authors (possibly due to genuine variation in sizes from different areas) and so should be treated as guidelines rather than being absolutely definitive. A species described as ‘2.5 – 3.5 mm’ could reasonably be found as a 2.4 mm or 3.6 mm specimen, but not 5.0 mm. TYPICAL MORPHOLOGY The figures below show the main features used in this key. palp antenna enlarged eye head femur scutellum pronotum tibia femur tibial tibia spur tarsi elytron tarsus (striate) tarsal claw Figure B. Dorsal view of leg tarsal (Phyllotreta ) claws elytron (random suture punctures) Figure A. Generalised dorsal view Figure C. Filiform Figure D. Serrate antenna ( Psylliodes ) antenna ( Bruchidius ) 2 D. H UBBLE GLOSSARY Sclerites . Chitinous plates that make up the exoskeleton (tergites, sternites, etc.). Seta (pl.setae). A bristle or hair-like structures, not to be confused with the more stout spines of Lithobius species which have both setae and spines. Aedeagus – male genital structure, sometimes considered the equivalent of the penis, although they are not strictly analagous structures. Apica l – relating to the tip i.e. away from the point of attachment (cf. basal). Basal – relating to the area near the point of attachment (cf. apical). Bicolorous – with two distinct colours. Bilobed – with two lobes. Concave – curved inwards. Concolorous – the same colour. Convex – curved outwards (if very convex, could be called ‘domed’). Disc – the main surface area of a body part (pronotum or elytra) away from edges, corners etc. Dorsal – relating to the upper surface. Elytra (sing. elytron) – wing cases. Epimere – the rear half of the side wall of a thoracic segment. Epipleura – reflexed (folded back) sides of the elytra. Femur (pl.femora) – the 3rd segment of the leg, and often the largest (the first two are small and so the femur is the first long one to project from the body). Filiform – thread-like Interstices – of the elytra, the spaces between straie. Labrum – the ‘upper lip’, a movable plate on the front of the head forming part of the mouthparts. Lateral – relating to the side/s. Longitudinal – running from front to back. Margin – edge. Maxilla (pl. maxillae) – one of the two components of the mouthparts just behind the jaws. Maxillary palp – a leg-like structure arising from the maxilla. Metasternum – rear thoracic segment seen ventrally; directly in front of first abdominal segment. Keys to the adults of Seed and Leaf Beetles of the British Isles - Test Version 3 Montane – relating to mountains or similar uplands. Procoxa (pl. procoxae) – basal segment of the front leg where it attaches to the body. Pronotum – the dorsal plate between the head and elytra. It is the dorsal plate of the 1st thoracic segment. Pubescent – with short fine hairs. Pygidium – last dorsal segment of the abdomen. Quadrate – forming a rectangle or similar shape. Rostrum – Beak-shaped structure Scutellum – the small, usually triangular or rounded plate just bhind the pronotum where the bases of the elytra meet. Serrate – toothed. Sinuate – curved/wavy. Stenophagous – eating only a restricted range of food plants. Stria (pl. striae) – line of punctures on the elytra. Suture – the line where the elytra meet; may include the margins. Tarsus (pl. tarsi) – the ‘foot’, attached to the tibia and consisting of several segments. Tibia (pl. tibiae) – the 4th segment of the leg, the secong long one projecting from the body. Transverse – wider than long. Trapezoidal – forming a trapezium e.g. with the front edge shorter than the rear edge and so having angled sides. Truncate – cut off, blunt. Unicolorous – single-coloured. Ventral – relating to the lower surface. Ventrite – lower plate. CODES FOR SCARCE OR RARE SPECIES Any species listed in the relevant Red Data Book (RDB) are considered rare and/or threatened and are given an RDB code in the text. Any species considered scarce and therefore Nationally Notable (N) are similarly given an N code. These codes are explained as follows: RDB1: Endangered. These species are in danger of extinction (or are believed, but not yet known, to be extinct) and are unlikely to survive if factors affecting them continue to do so. They include species known only from a single 10km grid square, species only found in especially vulnerable habitats, species which have declined rapidly and continuously and are found in no more than five 10km grid squares, and species believed to be extinct but which would need protection if rediscovered. 4 D. H UBBLE RDB2: Vulnerable. These species are likely to become Endangered if factors affecting them continue to do so. They include species declining throughout their range, in vulnerable habitats and/or whose populations are low. RDB3: Rare. These species have small populations and are at risk. They are found in no more than fifteen 10km grid squares. RDBI: Indeterminate. These species are considered to be in one of the categories RDB1 – 3, but there is not enough information to determine which. RDBK: Insufficiently Known. These species are suspected of being in one of the categories RDB1 – 3 but there is not enough information to know for certain. They may be recently discovered/recognised in Britain; others may be known from few locations but poorly recorded or of questionable native status. Na: These species do not fall into an RDB category but are uncommon and believed to occur in no more than thirty 10km grid squares. Nb: These species do not fall into an RDB category but are uncommon and believed to occur in between 31 and 100 10km grid squares. BAP: UK Biodiversity Action Plan. These species are known to require priority conservation action and have been listed within the UK BAP. CHECKLIST (FROM DUFF 2008) Family MEGALOPODIDAE Latreille, humeralis Latreille, 1804 1802 lineola (Panzer, 1795) non (Fabricius, Family author: M.L. Cox 1781) Subfamily ZEUGOPHORINAE Böving & Family CHRYSOMELIDAE Latreille, 1802 Craighead, 1931 Family author: M.L. Cox ZEUGOPHORA Kunze, 1818 Subfamily BRUCHINAE Latreille, 1802 flavicollis (Marsham, 1802) subspinosa ( Fabricius, 1781) BRUCHUS Linnaeus, 1767 turneri Power, 1863 MYLABRIS Geoffroy, 1762 LARIA sensu auctt. non Scopoli, 1763 Family ORSODACNIDAE Thomson, atomarius (Linnaeus, 1761) C.G., 1859 fahraei Gyllenhal, 1839 Family author: M.L. Cox viciae sensu Fowler, 1890 non Olivier, 1795 ORSODACNE Latreille, 1802 ervi Frölich, 1799 ORSODACNA Latreille, 1804 loti Paykull, 1800 cerasi (Linnaeus, 1758) pisorum (Linnaeus, 1758) pisi Linnaeus, 1767 Keys to the adults of Seed and Leaf Beetles of the British Isles - Test Version 5 rufimanus Boheman, 1833 DONACIA Fabricius, 1775 affinis sensu auctt.