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Radiolaria: Keindahan Mahluk Laut Renik Dan Maknanya Dalam Kajian Lingkungan Purba

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Radiolaria: Keindahan Mahluk Laut Renik Dan Maknanya Dalam Kajian Lingkungan Purba RADIOLARIA: KEINDAHAN MAHLUK LAUT RENIK DAN MAKNANYA DALAM KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN PURBA adiolaria merupakan zooplankton yang tergolong dalam Kelas Sarcodina, Filum Protozoa. Hewan ini pada umumnya mempunyai bentuk cangkang Ryang bulat, dengan berbagai variasi struktur simetri radial, atau memencar. Itu sebabnya kelompok ini dinamai Radiolaria. Cangkangnya membentuk pola geometri yang simetris yang menampilkan bentuk yang sangat indah. Apalagi bahan pembentuk cangkangnya itu terbuat dari opal berbasis bahan silika yang di kalangan umum banyak dikenal sebagai bahan pembentuk gelas atau batu mulia. Jalinan kerangka gelas opal ini berbentuk rangkaian yang rumit (delicate), yang menyebabkan tampilannya bagaikan karya artistik yang sangat mempesona. Namun tampilannya yang indah menawan itu tak mudah diamati karena ukurannya yang mikrosopis, tak dapat terlihat dengan mata telanjang. Sel radiolaria umumnya berkisar sekitar 0,1 – 0,2 mm tetapi permukaan selnya dapat mempunyai perlanjutan bagai duri-duri yang memanjang dan memencar yang kompleks. Dengan morfologi seperti itu, total luas permukaan selnya menjadi sangat luas hingga akan sangat membantu daya apungnya (buoyancy) Gambar 1. Berbagai ragam bentuk radiolaria dari ordo untuk hidup sebagai plankton yang Ascidiae. Petikan dari karya Ernst Haeckel (1904) 1 mengambang atau melayang dalam laut. Sebagaimana umumnya hewan protozoa, radiolaria juga mempunyai kaki semu (pseudopodia) yang merupakan bagian protoplasma yang dapat dijulurkan keluar dari cangkangnya untuk bergerak dan mencari makan. Makanan radiolaria sangat beragam, bisa mencakup berbagai grup zooplankton seperti kopepoda, larva krustasea, diatom, dinoflagelata, bakteri dan juga detritus organik. Radiolaria mempunyai sebaran yang meluas di laut, tetapi lebih banyak di perairan tropis, biasanya di perairan lepas pantai dengan salinitas di atas 30 psu. Hewan laut ini terbanyak dijumpai hidup di laut lapisan teratas hingga kedalaman beberapa ratus meter, meskipun ada juga dilaporkan hidup di lapisan yang lebih dalam. Sebaran geografinya, baik di permukaan maupun di bawah permukaan, banyak dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor lingkungan oseanografi setempat, seperti suhu, salinitas dan arus. Karena umumnya radiolaria mempunyai kerangka dari bahan silika yang tidak mudah terurai, maka peninggalannya berupa fossil yang Gambar 2. Radiolaria, ordo Stephoidea. Petikan banyak ditemukan pada sedimen di dari karya Ernst Haeckel (1904) dasar laut, dapat merekam dengan sangat baik kondisi lingkungan bumi dari jutaan tahun lampau. Oleh sebab itu jejak fossil radiolaria banyak dimanfaatkan dalam kajian-kajian lingkungan purba (palaeo-environment). Adalah Ernst Haeckel yang pertama kali mengungkapkan ragam seni dalam alam yang sangat indah yang dituangkannya dalam karya agungnya Kunstformen der Natur (Ragam Seni dalam Alam) yang terbit tahun 1904. Ernst Haeckel adalah seorang ilmuwan Jerman yang banyak kontribusinya dalam biologi dan seni. Ia pendukung teori evolusinya Charles Darwin 2 dan mempopulerkannya di Jerman. Disamping itu Haeckel juga seorang seniman pelukis yang mampu menggambarkan berbagai ragam seni yang ternyata bisa banyak ditemui dalam alam di sekitar kita. Deskripsinya tentang radiolaria yang berukuran renik itu disertai lukisannya yang mengagumkan menyadarkan kita bahwa banyak ragam keindahan dalam alam yang luput dari perhatian kita karena ukurannya yang mikroslopis, tak kasat mata. Di kalangan sebagian masyarakat kita, kerajinan seni dari bahan gelas kristal sangat dihargai tinggi dan telah dikenal sejak lama. Perabot dan hiasan berbahan gelas kristal tergolong benda seni yang sangat indah dan mahal yang dihasilkan dari tangan-tangan para seniman. Tetapi, Gambar 3. Radiolaria ordo Spumellaria, petikan dari karya Ernst hewan renik radiolaria yang tak mempunyai otak Haeckel (1904) setelah dengan sentuhan itu, dapat menghasilkan juga ragam seni kristal komputer (computer enhanced) yang rumit dan sangat halus yang tak mungkin ditiru oleh seniman perupa kita karena reniknya. Informasi mengenai radiolaria di Indonesia relatif masih terbatas, lebih banyak dikaji dari aspek sedimentologinya dari pada kehidupannya sebagai plankton. Paverd & Bjørklund (1989) dalam penelitiannya di Laut Banda misalnya, menemukan kerangka radiolaria terbanyak pada sedimen di kedalaman laut 950-4800 m, sedangkan penelitian oleh Adisaputra (1989) di perairan Samudra Hindia sebelah selatan Nusa Tenggara yang dikenal sebagai Palung Jawa (Java Trench) menunjukkan bahwa sedimennya didominasi oleh radiolaria. Gambar 4. Radiolaria Ordo Cyrtoidea, petikan dari karya Ernst Haeckel (1904) 3 Gambar 5. Salah satu singkapan batulumpur sepanjang Sungai Noil Kolbano, Timor, yang banyak mengandung radiolaria. (Foto: Munasri) Karena tidak mudah terurai, radiolaria yang mengendap sebagai sedimen di dasar laut dapat terpendam sebagai fossil hingga jutaan tahun. Dasar laut itu sendiri tidaklah statis tetapi mengikuti dinamika gerakan kulit bumi seiring aktivitas lempeng tektonik setempat yang bisa menyebabkannya terangkat naik hingga menjadi bagian dari daratan. Oleh sebab itu fossil radiolaria dapat ditemukan dalam berbagai formasi daratan yang berusia tua. Di Pulau Timor (Gambar 5) misalnya terdapat singkapan geologi yang banyak mengandung fossil radiolaria yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk mengkaji lingkungan purba di kawasan itu. Penemuan paling awal tentang adanya radiolaria di Indonesia adalah seperti yang dilaporkan oleh G. J. Hinde. Laporan radiolaria berumur Mesozoikum (selang waktu geologi dari sekitar 252 sampai 66 juta tahun yang lalu) ditemukan di Pulau Buton (1897), di Kalimantan Barat (1900), dan di Sulawesi Tengah (1917). Namun ulasan yang lebih komprehensif dilakukan oleh Tan Sin Hok (1927) atas Gambar 6. Citra SEM (Scanning deskripsi radiolaria dari Pulau Rote. Nama- Electron Microscopy) radiolaria dari batuan dasar berumur Mesozoikum dari nama spesies radiolaria beserta sketsa hasil kawasan Barru, Sulawesi Selatan karya Tan Sin Hok turut menjadi referensi bagi (Munasri, 2013) 4 peneliti radiolaria di dunia. Nama Tan Sin Hok pun menjadi identik dengan radiolaria di Indonesia, namun banyak di antara kita tak mengenalnya. PUSTAKA Adisaputra, M. K. 1989. Plankton foraminifera in recent bottom sediments of the Flores, Lombok and Savu Sea basins, Eastern Indonesia. Neth. J. Sea Res. 24 (4): 465-475. Frazer, J. 2012. Proteus: How radiolarians saved Ernst Haeckel. Scientific American, Jan. 31, 2012. Munasri. 2013. Early Cretaceus radiolarians in manganese carbonate nodule from the Barru Area, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Ris. Geo. Tam. Vol. 23, No. 2: 79-88. Munasri. 2014. Radiolaria perunut batuan bancuh. GeoMagz. Majalah Geologi Populer 16/04/2014. Nontji, A. 2008. Plankton Laut. LIPI Press: 331 hlm. Paverd, F. J. van & K. R. Bjørklund. 1989. Frequency distribution of polycystine radiolarian in surface sediments of the Banda Sea, Eastern Indonesia. Neth. J. Sea Res. 24 (4): 511- 521. ----- Anugerah Nontji 07/08/2017 5.
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