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Amzie Moore: the Biographical Roots of the Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi Jay Driskell

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Amzie Moore: the Biographical Roots of the Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi Jay Driskell The Human Tradition in America 01 /\ RI.F.S W. C A LHO UN Series Ed itor Dq1artment of History, East Carolina University The Human Tradition Tlw nineteenth -cen tury English author Thomas Carly le once remarked that "histor y is the essence of innume rabl e biographies." In this concep tion of the past, Carly le came closer to modern notions that see the lives of all kinds of people, high and low, pow ­ in the Civil Rights erf ul and weak, known and unknown, as part of the mosaic of human history, each contributi ng in a large or small way to the unfolding of the human tradition. This idea for ms the foundation for this series of books on the human tradition in America. Each Movement volum e is devoted to a particular period or topic in Amer ican history and each consists <>fm inibiographies of persons whose lives shed light on that period or topic. By bri nging the stu dy of history down to the level of the individual, these sketches re­ vea I not only the diversity of the American people and the complexity of their interac­ tion but also some of the commo nalities of sentiment and experience that Americans Edited by Susan M. Glisson have share d in the evo lution of their culture. Our hope is that these exp lorations of the lives of "rea l people" will give readers a deepe r understanding of the human tradition in Amer ica. ChM le•sW. Calhoun, ed., The Human Tradition in America from the Colonial Era through I<cconstruction Cha des W. Calhoun, ed., The Human TI·aditionin America: 1865 to the Present Nancy L. Rhod en and Ian K. Steele, eds., The Human Tradition in ColonialAmerica Na ncy L. Rhoden and Ian K. Steele, eds ., The Human Tradition in the Am erican l~evof1tlion Michae l A. Morrison, ed., The Human Tradition in Antebellum America Stcw n E. Woodworth, ed. , The Human Tradition in the Civil War and Reconstruction Ballard C. Campbe ll, ed ., The Human Tradition in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era Dona ld W. Whisenhunt, ed., The Human Tradition in America between the Wars, I 920-1945 1\11.ik<>lm Muir Jr., ed ., The Human Tradition in the World War II Era [),1vicl I.. Anderson, ed. , The Human Tradition in America since 1945 U,wid L. Ander son, ed., The Human Tradition in the Vietnam Era Ni11il M j;1gkij. ed ., Portraits of African American Life since 1865 Krisll' L.indenm eye r, ed., Ordinary Women, Extraordinary Lives: Women in American I fislory R,>g,·r Bik s, ed ., T/11:H1-111 ,an Trndition in Urban Americn l·:,·i,· !\ r,ws,·n, t'd., T/ic H111111111Traditio n in A111ericonLabor History llt-11s,>11' li>11)~ ;rnd Regan A. Lutz, ed s., '/'/11· Hw11a11Tradition in the American West Ty ( ',1slii11n.ind k s t',s r. cl,· l:1 ·rt•ja, (•ds., Tl,,· f-/111111111Tmdition i11 Texas C l.ir k I l.ivi s .11,d I l,1vid li·,l,·r. ,·d s .. 'th, · I /11111,111'frr11/ili1111 i11C, 11ifim1in l,1111<·,: ( Kl,,tl<'r. .-d .. 'f'l1,· I /111111111·1;-,11/ili o11i11 t/1,· ()f <f Suut/i l,11,w, ( . i([(\ lft•/ , ,·,I., n,,· J /11111,111'/i11,li/11111 i11 l/1,· N.·111 .',1111//1 1,0WM ,\N i,. I ITTl .l' F ll ·: I.IJ l' Ull .l.l S II FRS , IN C. ~ ll \ ,,II J rvl. { ;ljf;1 ,tH l , t·d., ') /J1' f f lll/Jil// 'fr u i/J/ 11111Ill f/J1' ( 'f<1i/ f~j,\/,f :, J\llm11'/l/1' /f / lmi/111111• Hi>11l,/1·r • N,·u, York • '/hr.,JflO • Urfi,nl ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. For JuneGlisson, Published in the United States of America who taught me to value everyone by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group , Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard , Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowmanlittlefield.com PO Box 317 Oxford OX29RU, UK Copyright© 2006 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , Inc. Chapter 1, "Abraham Galloway: Prophet of Biracial America," by David Cecelski from DemocracyBetrayed : The Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 and Its Legacy, ed. David S. Cecelski and Timothy B. Tyson. Copyright © 1998 by the University of North Carolina Press. Reprinted with permission. All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical , photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The human tradition in the civil rights movement I edited by Susan M. Glisson. p. cm. - (The human tradition in America) ISBN-13: 978-0-7425-4408-6 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-7425-4408-7 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-7425-4409-3 (pbk.: alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-7425-4409-5 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. African American civil rights workers-United States-Biograph y. 2. Civil rights workers-United States-Biography . 3. African Americans-Civil rights-History-19th century. 4. African Americans-Civil rights-History- 20th century. 5. Minorities-Civil rights-United States-History-20th century. 6. Civil rights movements-United States-History-19th century. 7. Civil rights movements-United States-History-20th century. 8. Social change-United States-History-19th century. 9. Social change-United States-History-20th century. 10. United States-History-(1865-)­ Biography. I. Glisson , Susan M., 1967- II. Series. E185.96.H86 2006 323.092'273-dc22 [BJ 2006015180 Printed in the United States of America @)TMThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requir eme nts of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Perm anence of l\ 1pcr for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO 239.48-1992. 7 Amzie Moore: The Biographical Roots of the Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi Jay Driskell Amzie Moore was one of the key leaders of the black freedom struggle in Mis­ ..:issippi in the years prior to what we understand as the civil rights movement. It was Moore who would identifyan illiterate sharecropper named Fannie Lou /lamer and see in her the potential to lead the entire movement. Moore would also meet Bob Moses, the first field secretary that the Student Nonviolent Co­ urdinating Committee (SNCC) sent into the Magnolia State. With decades of urganizing experience under his belt, Moore would introduce the young ac­ t iuists from SNCC to an older generation of black freedomfighters in the Delta. !\ccording to SNCC veteran Sam Block, "Amzie Moore was really the father of the movement" in Mississippi. However, before he could do this, Moore first /111d to understand himself as a leader. A deeply religious man, Moore did not initially believe that civil rights were 111 God's plan for African Americans. However, his experiences as a soldier in H11rma and India during World War II transformed his religious beliefs. He , 011/d no longer believe he was a simple subject of God's will. Moore returned Ir, 1111 the war on a religious mission to continue the fighthe had begun against 1110· supremacy abroad. 1v1ost importantly, he kept the fightfor civil rights alive in the wake of the re­ , ,,r,sion that followed the Supreme Court's 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of l·tlurntion. At a time when every other local leader had fallen to an assassin's /•111/1·! orfled the state, Moore stood his ground-even though it cost him his mar- 1111:,:1·. his business ventures, and probably his health. His experiences during t Iii'::,· ym,·s mdicalized Moon'. !I'd to his break with fhe National Association for I.I'> 130 Jay Driskell Amzie Moore 131 the Advancement of ColoredPeople (NAACP) , and transformedhis notion <I} 1,,the extensive network of activists that he himself helped to bui ld. In so do ­ who was capableof leadership.The leadershipof the movement in Mississi11pl ing, he would pass the torch on to the next generation of freedom fighters. would no longer reflectjust the blackmiddle class, but rather the full range o/ l\dore he would be able to do so, he would first have to kindle that flame blackexperience in the state. within himself. Moore's story is not only that of the development of a grass­ '"ots political leader struggling to overcome white supremacy ; it is also the II G od must love white people; they must be His choice .. His s~wi-Il'll •.1nry of his liberation from that electrified cage into which he was born . people," he though t.1 Each time the young Amzie Moore enter1•d11 , 13ornin 1912, Moore grew up on the Wilkin Plantation in Grenada County, whit e household he invariably compared it with his own. Wha t espedu ll\• Mississippi . Though the separation of his parents and the death of his struck him was that all the wh ite people he knew growing up in Missis:4il'111 , , ,other left Moore impoverished, his parents may not have started out poor. had indoor plumbing, while many of his black friends and family still Ii ml I 1 >the late nineteenth century, Moore claimed, his grandfather owned about in shacks without electricity, let alone bath fixtures . He recalled walkli11i idO acres of land and had saved somewhere in the neighborhood of twenty "three to five miles to church, and [having] . .. to get out of the road wl1111 11tousand dollars by the time he died. Nonetheless, Moore's family, like somebody [white] passe[d ] in a car," but he did not feel "bitter or fruslr;d1,1l 1n,my others, went bankrupt during the agricultural recession that swept th e because here I thought that God had so designed for a specific reason.
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