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T.C. Ankara Üniversitesi Türk Inkilâp Tarihi Enstitüsü T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ TÜRK İNKILÂP TARİHİ ENSTİTÜSÜ DEMOKRAT PARTİ DÖNEMİ TÜRK-YUNAN İLİŞKİLERİ (1950-1960) Yüksek Lisans Tezi Öğrencinin Adı Derya SEVİNÇ Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Oğuz AYTEPE Ankara-2012 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ TÜRK İNKILÂP TARİHİ ENSTİTÜSÜ DEMOKRAT PARTİ DÖNEMİ TÜRK-YUNAN İLİŞKİLERİ (1950-1960) Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Oğuz AYTEPE Tez Jürisi Üyeleri Adı ve Soyadı İmzası …………………………………………………. ……………………………. …………………………………………………. ……………………………. …………………………………………………. ……………………………. Tez Sınavı Tarihi ……………………….. Prof. Dr. Temuçin F. ERTAN Enstitü Müdürü ÖZET İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonunda savaştan galip gelen Amerika ve Sovyetler Birliği gibi iki büyük ülkenin gölgesi altında soğuk savaş dönemi başlamıştır. Yaklaşık yirmi yıl kadar süren bu dönemde Dünya, Doğu ve Batı olmak üzere iki bloğa ayrılmıştır. Dünya sahnesinde süper güç olarak bilinen Amerika komünizmi reddeden tüm ülkelerin koruyuculuğunu üstlenirken Sovyetler Birliği de komünizmi tüm dünyaya yaymak için çaba harcamıştır. Tıpkı coğrafi anlamda doğu ve batı olmak üzere iki zıt tarafta yer alan Amerika ve Sovyetler Birliği, ideoloji konusunda da birbirinin tam tersi istikamette yol almışlardır. Türkiye, 1939-1945 yılları arasında, savaşın tüm cephelere yayıldığı altı yıl boyunca saldırıya açık jeostratejik konumuna rağmen izlediği denge politikasıyla savaşın dışında kalmayı başarmıştır. Bu durum, ekonomik ve siyasi anlamda kendini koruyamayacak olan Türkiye için bir avantaj olduğu gibi savaş sonrası kendisini cephe açmaya çağıran milletlerin küskünlüğü nedeniyle savaş sonrasında kendisini derin bir yalnızlığın içinde bulması da gecikmemiştir. Türkiye’nin bu yalnızlığı Sovyet Rusya’nın da dikkatini çekmiş ve Türkiye’nin doğu illerindeki toprak arzusu ile Boğazlarda üs talepleri de gündeme gelmiştir. Türkiye, Sovyet Rusya’nın bu revizyonist istekleri karşısında Amerikan himayesine sığınmış ve Amerika’nın da direktifleri doğrultusunda Balkanlarda güvenlik ittifakı arayışına girmiştir. Yunanistan ise İkinci Dünya Savaşı boyunca uğradığı işgaller ve kendisine savaş içinde savaşı yaşatan kendi iç meselelerinin çözümü ile uğraşmaktan yorgun düşmüştür. İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası, 1946-1949 yıllarında yaşadığı iç savaşta, komünist çetecilere yardım ettiği ortaya çıkan Sovyet uydusu devletlerle olan sorunları nedeniyle bölgede istikrarlı bir güvenlik çözümü aramıştır. Amerika, Batı bloğunun savunması için önemli olduğuna inandığı ve Sovyetler Birliği ile onun uyduları olan devletlerin tehdidi altındaki Türkiye ve Yunanistan’a yaptığı Truman ve Marshall yardımlarının yanı sıra bu iki ülkede sağ i partilerinin iktidarda olmasını destekleyerek, onları doğu bloğunun komünizm tehlikesinden uzak tutmaya çalışmıştır. Nitekim 1950-1960 döneminde, Yunanistan’da Aleksandros Papagos’un sağ merkezli Elinikos Sinagermos (Yunan Teyakkuzu) Partisi ile Konstantinos Karamanlis’in Etniki Rizospastiki Enosis (Radikal Ulusal Birlik) Partisi, Türkiye’de ise Adnan Menderes’in sağcı Demokrat Partisi iktidarda kalmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye ile Yunanistan arasında Demokrat Parti Dönemi’nde, iki ülkenin NATO’ya üyeliği ve Balkan Paktı ile kurulan dostluk ilişkilerinin Kıbrıs sorunu ile bozulması ve sonrasında gelişen olaylar incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Demokrat Parti, Kıbrıs, Soğuk Savaş, Türkiye, Yunanistan. ii ABSTRACT The cold war era had begun under the shadow of two great nations such as United States and Soviet Union that got the victory at the end of the Second World War. During this twenty years lasting period, the world was divided into two blocks as East and West. While America, known as superpower on world scene, assumed the guardianship of all countries that reject communism, Soviet Union endeavored to spread communism throughout the world. Just as they are located in contrasting areas in geographical sense as east and west, they are also in opposite direction of each other regarding the ideology. Turkey, between the years 1939-1945, managed to stay out of the war by the help of its balance policy during the six years war spread to all fronts despite its vulnerable geostrategic position. Although this situation is an advantage for Turkey as it didn't have the enough power for economic and political self-protection, after the war the resentment of the other countries that requested Turkey to open fronts didn't delay too much and it made Turkey to feel deep solitude. The loneliness of Turkey aroused the attention of Soviet Union and their land desire in Turkey's eastern provinces and base demands in Bosporus became agenda. Turkey took refuge in the U.S. in the face of these revisionist wishes of Soviet Russia and set off on a quest about security alliance in the Balkans under the auspices of the United States. Greece exhausted because of dealing with solution of internal affairs which makes Greece feel another war in a war and invasion. After the Second World War, Greece looked for a stable security solution due to its problems with satellite states of Soviet Union which assisted communist gangs during the civil war between the years 1946 – 1949. Besides, America believed as important for the defending of West Block and its financial support named Truman and Marshall to Turkey and Greece, the countries which were under the threat of Soviet Union and its satellite states. America tried to keep off these countries from the risk of communism of East Block by supporting rightist political parties to be in power. iii Thus, during the period 1950 and 1960, the right winger Elinikos Sinagermos (Greek Vigilance) of Aleksandros Papagos and Etniki Rixospastiki Enosis (Radical National Union) of Konstantinos Karamanlis in Greece, right winger Demokrat Parti (Democrat Party) of Adnan Menderes were in power. In this study, friendship relations between Greece and Turkey which came up with membership of both countries to NATO and Balkan Pact and breaking of this friendship due to Cyprus problem and events after this incident have been tried to be investigated. Key Words: Cold War, Cyprus, Democrat Party, Greece, Turkey. iv ÖNSÖZ Bu çalışmada, İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında galip gelen Amerika ile Sovyet Rusya’nın çıkar çatışmasının ürünü olan soğuk savaş döneminde, Balkanlardaki genel durum hakkında bilgi verilmeye çalışılmıştır. Soğuk Savaş Dönemi’nde Sovyetler Birliği ve uydularının işgal tehdidiyle karşı karşıya kalan ve doğu bloğu içine çekilmek istenen Türkiye ile Yunanistan’ın Batı bloğu içindeki güvenlik arayışlarının sebepleri ortaya koyulmuştur. Daha sonra Amerika’nın, bu iki ülkeyi Doğu Bloğu’nun komünizm tehlikesinden uzak tutmak için yaptığı ekonomik yardımlar ile sağ merkezli siyasi partilere verdiği destek anlatılmıştır. Son olarak Türkiye ile Yunaistan’ın Demokrat Parti Dönemi’ndeki ilişkileri üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu tez çalışmasında öncelikle, literatür taraması yapılarak basılı kitap ve makaleler incelenmiştir. Daha sonra Fener Rum Patrikhanesi’ne yazılı müracaatta bulunularak patrikhane arşivinde araştırma izni çıkarılmış; buradaki Yunanca gazete ve kitaplardan büyük ölçüde yararlanılmıştır. Selanik’teki Aristoteles Üniversitesi ve Makedonya Universitesi kütüphane arşivlerinden faydalanılmıştır. Yine Aristoteles Üniversitesi’nde bulunan açık kaynak arşivi taranmış, döneme ilişkin basında çıkan gazeteler incelenmiştir. 1953 Balkan Paktı çerçevesinde, Başbakanlık Cumhuriyet Arşivi belgeleri arasında araştırma yapılarak, çalışmaya dahil edilmesi uygun bulunan belgelerden faydalanılmıştır Ayrıca, 1952-1960 yılları arasında Türk basınında önde gelen gazete ve dergilerde çıkan haberler, makaleler, yorumlar da dikkate alınarak dönemin havası yansıtılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu tez çalışmasında, çok uluslu Osmanlı İmparatorluğu içinde birbirlerine karşı verdikleri mücadelelerle ulus devlet olma özelliği kazanmış Türkiye ve Yunanistan’ın, Demokrat Parti Dönemi (1950-1960) siyasi, askeri, iktisadi ve kültürel ilişkileri incelenmeye çalışılacaktır. Bu döneme ait ilişkilerin, Yunan penceresinden de görülebilmesi için Yunanca yazılmış orijinal kaynaklara başvurulmuştur. Bu amaçla, İstanbul’da bulunan Fener Rum Patrikhanesi’nin kütüphanesinden yararlanmak için Patrik Bartelemeos’un yazılı izni alınmıştır. Kütüphanede 1950-1960 dönemine ait v gazetelerin makro çekimleri tarafımca yapılmıştır. Döneme ait kitaplardan da yararlanılmıştır. İstanbul Rum Patrikhanesi’ndeki Yunanca gazete arşivine başvurulmasındaki asıl neden; Türkiye’deki hiçbir kütüphanede, Yunanca gazete arşivinin günümüze kadar sürekliliğinin olmamasıdır. Söz konusu gazete yönetimlerinin, yayın hayatının başlangıcından sonuna kadar yayınladıkları her gazetenin bir nüshasını patrikhaneye günlük olarak gönderme sorumlulukları, buradaki arşivi zengin kılmıştır. Apoyevmatini (Akşam), Elefteria (Özgürlük), Embros (İleri) ve Tahidromos (Postacı) gazeteleri 1950-60 dönemi içindeki yayın sürekliliği bakımından tercih edilmiştir. Yayın hayatı sürekliliği bakımından en çok tercih edilen gazete olan Apoyevmatini (Akşam) gazetesi, ilk defa 12 Mayıs 1925 tarihinde İstanbul’da bulunan Beyoğlu İstiklal Caddesi’ndeki Suriye Pasajı’nda çıkarılmıştır1 ve yayın hayatına günümüzde de devam etmektedir. Embros (İleri) gazetesi yayın hayatına yine Beyoğlu’nda 1952 yılında başlamıştır. 6-7 Eylül 1955 olayları sırasında yayın hayatına ara verilen gazete, 1964 yılından, 1974 Kıbrıs Harekatı’na kadar yayınlanmaya devam etmiştir. Tahidromos (Postacı) ise 1955 yılında İstanbul’da günlük olarak çıkarılan bir gazetedir.2 Demokrat parti döneminde (1950-1960) yayınlanan Türkçe gazetelerden Cumhuriyet gazete arşivine İstanbul’da
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