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El Islam Y Sus Manifestaciones Sociopolíticas Contemporáneas: Breve Introducción / Sergio I

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El Islam Y Sus Manifestaciones Sociopolíticas Contemporáneas: Breve Introducción / Sergio I Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Estudios Generales Sección de Historia de la Cultura Consejo Editorial de Cuadernos de Historia de la Cultura Dr. Mauricio Menjívar Ochoa (coordinador) Dra. Erika Gólcher Barguil M. Sc. Carolina Mora Chinchilla Dra. Carmen Fallas Santana Licda. Valeria Morales Rivera Magister William Elizondo Calderón M. Sc. Javier Agüero García Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Estudios Generales Sección de Historia de la Cultura Sergio I. Moya Mena Cuadernos de Historia de la Cultura 30 2016 297.27 M938i Moya Mena, Sergio I. El Islam y sus manifestaciones sociopolíticas contemporáneas: breve introducción / Sergio I. Moya Mena. –1. ed.– San José, C. R.: Editorial UCR, 2016. xiv, 113 p. : il. col. –(Cuadernos de historia de la cultura; 30) A la cabeza de la port.: Universidad de Costa Rica. Escuela de Estudios Generales. Sección de Historia de la Cultura ISBN 978-9968-46-593-9 1. ISLAMISMO. 2. ISLAMISMO Y POLÍTICA. 3. PAÍSES ISLÁMICOS – POLÍTICA Y GOBIERNO. I. Título. II. Serie. CIP/3015 CC/SIBDI.UCR Edición aprobada por la Comisión Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Primera edición: 2016. La EUCR es miembro del Sistema de Editoriales Universitarias de Centroamérica (SEDUCA), perteneciente al Consejo Superior Universitario Centroamericano (CSUCA). Corrección filológica: María Balbina C. • Revisión de pruebas: María Benavides G. Diseño: Daniela Hernández C. • Diagramación: Leila Calderón G. Diseño de portada: Boris Valverde G. • Control de calidad: Wendy Aguilar G. © Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, Costa Rica Apto. 11501-2060 • Tel: 2511-5310 • Fax: 2511-5257 • [email protected] www.editorial.ucr.ac.cr Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial. Todos los derechos reservados. Hecho el depósito de ley. Impreso bajo demanda en la Sección de Impresión del SIEDIN. Fecha de aparición: junio, 2016. Universidad de Costa Rica. Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio. · Para Alicia · · CONTENIDO · INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................................................................................... xiii 1 El Islam como religión ............................................................................................................................................ 1 Muhammad y la revelación ................................................................................................................................. 1 El Corán ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 2 El Dios único ........................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Los deberes del musulmán .................................................................................................................................. 4 La sharia o ley islámica ............................................................................................................................................ 5 La yihad .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 La idea del ser humano en el Islam........................................................................................................... 12 La mujer en el Islam ...................................................................................................................................................... 13 El Islam y las otras religiones abrahámicas .................................................................................. 17 El Islam y la tolerancia ............................................................................................................................................... 18 Las ramas del Islam ....................................................................................................................................................... 20 El Islam: una realidad marcada por la diversidad ................................................................. 23 2 El Islam y la política ................................................................................................................................................... 29 El gobierno ................................................................................................................................................................................. 32 La comunidad o ummah ......................................................................................................................................... 33 La shūrā o consulta ........................................................................................................................................................ 36 El califato ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 36 ix El Islam y sus manifestaciones sociopolíticas contemporáneas... · Volumen 30 · El individuo y los derechos .................................................................................................................................. 37 En busca de un modelo ............................................................................................................................................. 40 3 El islamismo .......................................................................................................................................................................... 43 Definición ................................................................................................................................................................................... 43 Los antecedentes del islamismo: “los modernizadores” .............................................. 45 Los pioneros: al-Banna, Mawdudi, Qutb y Khomeini ..................................................... 47 Abul A’la Mawdudi ........................................................................................................................................................ 47 Hasan al-Banna ................................................................................................................................................................... 49 Sayyid Qutb .............................................................................................................................................................................. 51 Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini ............................................................................................................................... 52 El islamismo en movimiento: la Hermandad Musulmana ....................................... 54 Auge y crisis del islamismo ................................................................................................................................. 57 El islamismo a partir de las Revueltas Árabes ......................................................................... 62 El porvenir del islamismo ..................................................................................................................................... 64 4 El reformismo islámico ......................................................................................................................................... 67 La idea de la reforma en el Islam ................................................................................................................. 67 El planteamiento reformista .............................................................................................................................. 69 Contextualismo vs. literalismo ..................................................................................................................... 71 La sharia y los derechos humanos ............................................................................................................. 73 Secularismo, política y democracia ......................................................................................................... 74 Las perspectivas del reformismo ................................................................................................................. 76 5 El salafismo .......................................................................................................................................................................... 77 Orígenes y características ..................................................................................................................................... 78 El yihadismo moderno: definición ............................................................................................................ 83 x · Volumen 30 · El Islam y sus manifestaciones sociopolíticas contemporáneas... Orígenes e ideólogos modernos del yihadismo........................................................................ 84 El enemigo cercano y el enemigo lejano ............................................................................................ 88 Características del yihadismo moderno ........................................................................................... 89 Razones del surgimiento yihadista ..........................................................................................................
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