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Plant Systematics-Embryophytes (Land Plants)

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Plant Systematics-Embryophytes (Land Plants) Plant Systematics-Embryophytes (land plants) Division Bryophyta Mosses -Non-vascular -Homosporous -Gametophyte: dominant and free-living generation, leafy, multicellular rhizoids, most cells have multiple chloroplasts, many produce gemmae, protonema stage (filamentous) in Sphagnum, some species have leptoids (food-conducting cells) and nonlignified hydroids (water- conducting cells) -Sporophyte: small and nutritionally dependent on gametophyte; unbranched; consists of foot, long seta, sporangium; phenolic materials in epidermal cell walls, has stomata -Water required for sperm to swim to eggs -Examples: Polytrichum (haircaps), Sphagnum (peat moss) D. Marchantiophyta Liverworts -Non-vascular -Homosporous -Water required for sperm to swim to egg -Gametophyte: dominant and free-living generation, thalloid and leafy genera, pores in some thalloid types, unicellular rhizoids, most cells have multiple chloroplasts, protonema stage in some, gametangia can be elevated on tree-shaped gametophores, in some gemmae for vegetative reproduction -Sporophyte: small and nutritionally dependent on gametophyte, unbranched, lacks stomata, little more than sporangium in some and foot, short seta, sporangium in others -Examples: Marchantia (common thalloid liverwort) D. Lycopodiopsida Lycophytes-spike moss, quillworts, club moss -Seedless, vascular plant, differentiated into roots, stems, leaves -Homosporous or heterosporous: Lycopodiaceae (club moss)-homosporous, Selaginellaceae (resurrection plant) and Isoetaceae (quillworts)-heterosporous -Highly characteristic microphyll leaves -Protostele -Sporangia-on or in axils of sporophylls--arranged in strobili -Water required for sperm to swim to eggs -Sporophyte is dominant generation but gametophyte is free-living -Examples: Lycopodium Lycopodium Equisetum D. Polypodiopsida Horsetails and Ferns -Seedless, vascular plants differentiated into roots, stems, leaves Horsetails -Homosporous -Water required for sperm to swim to eggs -Eustele-like siphonostele—vascular tissue between bundles -Sporangia on sporangiophores (umbrella-shaped) in strobili at apex of stem (fertile stem for those species with distinct fertile and vegetative stems) -Arthrophytes (jointed plants)-jointed stems: small, scale-like, microphyll (by reduction) leaves whorled at nodes; internodes ribbed and strengthened with siliceous deposits in epidermal cells (“scouring rushes”) -Sporophyte is dominant generation but gametophyte is green and free-living -Examples: Equisetum (only living genus) Ferns -Generally homosporous -Megaphyll leaves -Protostele or siphonostele -Water required for sperm to swim to egg -Sporophyte: dominant generation; horizontal stems (rhizome) with large, compound leaves (fronds) divided into leaflets and adventitious roots; fiddlehead: curved young leaves = circinate vernation; sporangia on sporophylls, some clustered in sori -Gametophyte (prothallus): flat, heart-shaped, membranous structure with rhizoids on lower surface, dies after sporophyte detaches itself -Examples: Pteridium D. Spermatopsida (Seed Plants) ?C. Ginkgophyta Ginkgo -Gymnosperm -Deciduous -Fan-shaped leaves with dichotomous pattern of veins -Ovules and microsporangia in strobili on different individuals -Male gametophyte forms extensively branched system that develops from initially unbranched pollen tube, basal end develops into saclike structure that ruptures, releasing 2 large, multi-flagellated sperm that swim to eggs -Fleshy-coated seeds -Example: Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba is only extant species) ?C. Cycadophyta Cycads -Gymnosperm -Palmlike leaves; functional leaves cluster at top of stem -True secondary growth from vascular cambium; large pith in central portion of trunk -Often highly toxic (neurotoxins, carcinogens) -Insects are important pollinators -Reproductive units: reduced leaves with loosely attached sporangia, large pollen and ovulate cones on different plants, male gametophyte forms unbranched pollen tube-basal end ruptures and 2 multiflagellated sperm swim to eggs -Examples: Cycas ?C. Pinophyta Conifers -Gymnosperm -Vascular tissue: xylem-tracheids with torus in bordered pit pairs; phloem-sieve cells -Woody-secondary growth from vascular cambium (xylem to inside, phloem to outside); periderm replaces epidermis -Microsporangia and megasporangia in separate cones but on same plant - Wind-pollinated; pollen tube conveys non-motile sperm directly to eggs -needlelike leaves: thick cuticle, sunken stomata, 1-2 vascular bundles, resin ducts in mesophyll -Pines: specific number of leaves in bundles (fascicles, determinate growth); ovulate cones on upper branches above microsporangiate cones; two year life cycle; female gametophyte provides food for embryo; winged pollen grains -Other conifers: lack needle clusters, one year life cycle, yew-solitary ovules surrounded by fleshy aril -Examples: Pinus (pine), yew, fir, redwood, cypress, sequoia, juniper Yew ?C. Magnoliophyta Angiosperms Vascular, flowers, fruit, dominant sporophyte generation with dependent gametophyte, double fertilization ?sC. Magnoliids Arose before monocots and dicots. Pollen with single aperture. Magnolia, laurel, pepper, spicebush families. F. Magnoliaceae Magnolia Family -Woody trees and shrubs -Leaves: simple, alternate -Flowers: perfect, actinomorphic, large, distinct parts attached to elongated receptacle, 3 sepals, 6 petals in 2 whorls, many helically arranged stamens, many helically arranged simple pistils -Examples: Magnolia, tulip tree ?C. Eudicotyledons Dicots Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5, triaperturate pollen, two cotyledons, netlike leaf venation, stem primary vascular bundle in ring, secondary growth (w/vascular cambium) common, taproot F. Ranunculaceae Buttercup Family -Herbs -Leaves: alternate compound -Flowers: actinomorphic, perfect, hypogynous, distinct parts, 5 sepals, 5 petals each with gland at base, many helically arranged stamens and simple pistils on an elongated receptacle -Fruit: follicles or berries -Examples: Ranunculus (buttercup) F. Rosaceae Rose Family -Trees, shrubs, herbs -Leaves: alternate, simple or compound -Flowers: perfect, actinomorphic, perigynous, contains a hypanthium, 5 sepals, 5 petals, infinite stamens, 1 to many carpels that can be joined -Fruit: akenes, follicles, pome, drupe -Examples: Rosa (Rose), Prunus (plums, cherries, peaches, apricots) F. Fabaceae Pea Family -Herbs, shrubs, trees -Leaves: alternate, compound -Flowers: papilionaceous, zygomorphic, 10 stamens (grouped 9 + 1diadelphous), 1 carpel -Fruit: legume -Examples: Pisum (Pea), snapdragon, legumes F. Malvaceae Mallow Family -Herbs (shrubs and trees in tropical regions) -Leaves: alternate, simple, palmately veined -Flowers: 5 sepals, 5 petals (overlapping, attached to stamens), numerous monadelphous stamens, one pistil with 3 to many carpels. Often conspicuous bracts -Fruit: capsule (cotton, seeds covered with fibers) or schizocarp -Examples: Gossypium (cotton), Hibiscus (not in IBO) F. Euphorbiaceae Spurge Family -Herbs, shrubs, or trees, often with milky juice and sometimes succulent -Leaves: usually simple and alternate, sometimes reduced to spines -Flowers: Imperfect, usually monoecious, commonly in cymes. Staminate flowers variable, often reduced to a single stamen. Pistillate flowers: single pistil with 3 carpels. -Euphorbia flowers: inflorescence may resemble a single flower (cyathium), has glands with nectar and sometimes petal-like appendages -Fruit: capsule or schizocarp -Often poisonous -Examples: Euphorbia (includes poinsettias), spurge F. Moraceae Mulberry Family -Trees or shrubs, with milky sap -Leaves: alternate, simple, stipulate -Flowers: imperfect, small, no petals, may have 4-5 tepals. Female flower: pistil of 2 carpels, one usually abortive. Male flower: often four stamens. -Fruit: akene or drupe, surrounded by fleshy perianth, often as a multiple fruit -Examples: Ficus (figs), mulberry, breadfruit, F. Cactaceae Cactus Family -Succulent, fleshy, photosynthetic stems -Leaves: spines -Flowers: solitary, perfect, actinomorphic, epigynous, infinite and not clearly differentiated sepals and petals (tepals), infinite stamens, 1 compound pistil of many carpels -Fruit: berry -Examples: Opuntia (prickly pears) F. Brassicaceae Mustard Family -Herb -Leaves: alternate -Flowers: hypogynous, actinomorphic, distinct parts, 4 sepals; 4 petals; 1 compound pistil of 2 carpels; 2 short stamens, 4 long stamens (tetradynamous) -Fruit: silique or silicle -Examples: Brassica (cabbage, mustards, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, turnip), Arabidopsis F. Myrtaceae Myrtle Family -Trees and shrubs, all woody, found in tropics/subtropics/temperate Australia -Leaves: evergreen, often have oil glands, mostly opposite, simple with entire margin -Phloem located on both sides of xylem, not just outside -Flowers: actinomorphic, 4-5 sepals, 4-5 petals, many prominent stamens, single compound pistil of 2-5 carpels. Inferior ovary. Fruit: berry or loculicidal capsule Examples: Eucalyptus (Bark may exude sap when broken, sepals and petals fused to form operculum cap, copious oil from glands), guava, allspice, clove Operculum F. Lamiaceae Mint Family -Aromatic herbs -Square stems -Leaves: opposite, simple -Flowers: zygomorphic, bilabiate, fused calyx of 5 sepals; corolla-fused 2 lobed upper, 3 lobed lower; 2 or 4 (2 long and 2 short) stamens attached to corolla; 1 compound pistil of 2 carpels -Fruit: 4 1-seeded nutlets -Examples: Lamium (Dead nettle), lavender, peppermint, spearmint, sage, thyme F. Solanaceae Nightshade/Potato Family -Herbs, occasionally woody -Stems
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