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Malaysian Journal of Veterinary Research Volume 10 No. 1 (January 2019)

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Malaysian Journal of Veterinary Research Volume 10 No. 1 (January 2019) VOLUME 10 NO. 1 JANUARY 2019 • pages 1-9 MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH STATUS OF ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE IN SMALLHOLDER GOAT FARMS IN IPOH, PERAK BETWEEN 2013 AND 2014 PREMAALATHA B.1*, CHANDRAWATHANI P.2, JAMNAH O.1, RAMLAN M.2, QUAZA NIZAMUDDIN H.N.2 AND KHADIJAH S.3 1 Veterinary Research Institute, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400, Ipoh, Perak. 2 Department of Veterinary Services, Putrajaya. 3 Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu. * Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Helminth infection has been INTRODUCTION recognised as the most important cause of mortality and morbidity in small ruminants in Anthelmintic resistance in sheep and goats Malaysia. In this study, nematode faecal egg in Malaysia was reported in early 1990s and count reduction tests after treatment with helminthiasis has been recognised as a major benzimidazole, imidazothiazole, macrocyclic problem causing diseases and production lactone and salicylanilide, were conducted losses till now. There have been a number on eight free grazing smallholder goat farms of studies on anthelmintic resistance in Ipoh, Perak from 2013 to 2014. Many of conducted in Malaysia. the farms were found resistant to three or Dorny et al. (1994) reported four types of anthelmintic drugs. Major benzimidazole resistance in 33 out of 96 worm populations identified from these goat farms using egg hatch assay method. farms were Haemonchus contortus (55.5% Pandey V.S. et al. (1994), found to 76.4%), Trichostrongylus colubriformis high benzimidazole resistance levels (8.8% to 20.0%) and Oesophagostomum sp. (albendazole, oxfendazole, fenbendazole) (5.8% to 13.0%). Closantel and levamisole for Haemonchus contortus on the same farm. were found to be effective in the control of Closantel, levamisole and ivermectin in three these worms in certain studied farms. The other farms were found susceptible towards recommendation is to control helminths the worms. using alternative approaches such as cut- Another study was conducted on 39 and-carry feeding, herbal medication sheep farms and nine goat farms located in using neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) and peninsular Malaysia and the results showed rotational grazing. Awareness on the correct that 50% of sheep farms and 75% of goat use of anthelmintics is advocated. farms had resistance to levamisole, closantel Keywords: anthelmintic resistance, and ivermectin (Chandrawathani et al., 1999). goats, smallholder, faecal egg count The eastern Malaysian state of Sabah reduction test, Perak had high-levels of stock losses due to infections with H. contortus for several years. Five government small ruminant breeding farms in Sabah had conducted anthelmintic 1 MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH VOLUME 10 NO. 1 JANUARY 2019 efficacy using faecal egg count reduction count in H. contortus and T. colubriformis test (FECRT) and the test showed total failure (Chandrawathani et al., 2013). towards benzimidazole, imidothiazole, Anthelmintic resistance tested macrocyclic lactone and salicylanilide groups in six farms in Perak, found that three of anthelmintics (Chandrawathani et al., farms had resistance to all four groups of 2004). anthelmintic drugs used and the major In 2006, Khadijah et al., (2006a, worm population in these farms were 2006b) performed two different studies on H. contortus (49.75%), Trichostrongylus anthelmintic resistance. In the first, tests colubriformis (47.71%) and Cooperia sp. were conducted in eighteen small ruminant (2.53%). Two farms had resistance to three private farms in Peninsular Malaysia and all groups of drugs except levamisole, and the the farms had resistance to salicylanilides highest worm population was Haemonchus closantel, thirteen farms had resistance to contortus followed by Trichostrongylus sp., oxfendazole, eight farms had resistance Oesophagostomum sp. and Cooperia sp. Only to imidazothiazoles and four farms had one farm had resistance to benzimidazole resistance to moxidectin. In the second, and suspected resistance to three other five government small ruminant farms groups of drugs (Premaalatha et al., 2014). (Kedah, Perak, Selangor, Terengganu and In another study by Thongsahuan et Johor) had resistance to all anthelmintics al. (2014), FECRT was conducted on local tested. Haemonchus contortus (78%) was goats in Ipoh, and tested with levamisole the most prevalent species, followed by for resistance against strongyles. Ten Trichostrongylus spp. (22%). The animals from animals were treated with levamisole and six the farms may have been grazing on grass animals were used as control in this study. contaminated with helminth larvae. Results showed that the strongyle worm In 2011, another study reported that population was resistant to levamisole all farms exhibited resistance towards with percentage reduction of 75%. The benzimidazole and closantel while only two main worm population in this farm were H. farms were still susceptible to levamisole and contortus (71%), Oesophagostomum sp. (18%) one farm suspected resistance to ivermectin. and followed by Trichostrongylus sp. (11%). Four farms exhibited resistance to all Two goat farms from Terengganu were anthelmintics tested (Nor-Azlina et al., 2011). tested and both farms revealed resistance of In 2012, five farms had resistance nematode to albendazole, levamisole, and to albendazole, ivermectin and closantel, ivermectin. No information on nematode only levamisole was found to be the most resistance to anthelmintic drugs in effective anthelmintic in Kelantan (Basripuzi Terengganu was previously reported then. et al., 2012). The farms were probably exposed to the Two goat farms tested for anthelmintic parasite due to the climatic condition of the resistance using four drugs and found environment and pasture that favour their resistance to all the drugs with high worm prevalence (Faisal Abubakar et al., 2015). 2 VOLUME 10 NO. 1 JANUARY 2019 MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH From all these studies, anthelmintic using ivermectins and some farms were resistance in small ruminants in Malaysia unclear as no records were kept. is the main problem causing diseases in ruminants and production losses in Malaysia. Laboratory tests The main objective of this study was to deduce the efficacy of four drug groups for Animals were divided into five groups. the effective control of helminthiasis based Four groups of 10-15 animals each were on analysis of faecal culture (third stage treated according to the manufacturers’ larvae, L3) in order to determine the status of recommended dosage based on individual anthelmintic resistance in local smallholder body weight. The fifth group, the control farms in Ipoh. group, was not given any treatment. Rectal faecal samples were collected from each MATERIALS AND METHOD animal before treatment. 10 to 14 days after treatment, rectal faecal samples were Animals and Management collected again (H.S.M.O., 1986). Faecal culture method was conducted to identify This study was carried out in eight local the species of nematodes in all the farms smallholder goat farms located around by collecting the faecal samples for pre- Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. The goats used were treatment and post-treatment according Boer, Katjang, Angelo and mixed breeds. Six to the drug groups. The samples were farms reared the goats with semi-intensive cultured for five to seven days and the management on oil palm land and with larvae identified using taxonomy keys in grazing around their pen. Two other farms the Manual of Veterinary Parasitological adopted intensive management where the Laboratory Techniques (H.S.M.O., 1986). goats were kept inside pens only. Goats of all the farms were fed with napier grass Anthelmintic treatment (Pennisetum purpureum) and guinea grass (Panicum maximum). Seven farms provided Four types of anthelmintics: benzimidazoles commercial concentrate pellets to the (albendazole, Vetpharm Laboratories (S) goats when put in shed. Two farms were Pte. Ltd.), imidazothiazoles (levamisole, using oil palm fronds, demerara sugar and Bovet Pharmaceutical Ltd.), salicylanilides soya as feed. Animals in the shed were (closantel, Janssen Pharmaceutical Ltd.) and given water ad libitum, and salt or mineral macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin, Kela N.V.) blocks. Mortality rate was between one to were given to treat 10 to 15 animals per four animals a month due to free grazing group. in oil palm oil land and farm management. Deworming was carried out by two farms Data analysis (Farm 1 and Farm 5) once or twice a year, five farms only when needed and one farm (Farm The data was analysed using calculations 2) had never. Most of the farmers recorded outlined by Coles et al. (1992), resistance was 3 MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH VOLUME 10 NO. 1 JANUARY 2019 considered when the reduction in faecal except salicylanilide (99%, 100%). Farm 2 egg count was less than 95% and the 95% had resistance to two types of drugs and confidence interval was less than 90%. susceptible to imidazothiazole (98%) and The status was considered as ‘suspected salicylanilide (96%). Three farms (Farm 3, 5 resistance’ when only one of the two criteria and 8) were found to have resistance to all was met. If the reduction in faecal egg four types of drugs used in this study. The count was more than 95% and the lower result was resistance to benzimidazole (52%, confidence limit was more than 90%, the -120%, 50%), imidazothiazole (levamisole) status was considered as ‘susceptible’. (90%, 25%, 89%), macrocyclic lactone (57%,
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