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Equality of Treatment and Discrimination on the Basis of Origin and Ethnocultural Characteristics

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Equality of Treatment and Discrimination on the Basis of Origin and Ethnocultural Characteristics Equality of treatment and discrimination on the basis of origin and ethnocultural characteristics Status and options for official statistics and research in Switzerland Werner Haug Commissioned by the Service for Combating Racism, Federal Department of Home Affairs Bern, 18.12.2019 Acknowledgements This report would not have been possible without many conversations, suggestions, references and documents. Special thanks go to: Michele Galizia, Eva Wiesendanger, Service for Combating Racism; Marco Buscher, Yvon Czonka, Christoph Freymond, Marcel Heiniger, Jean-Pierre Renfer, Maik Roth, Markus Schwyn, Dominik Ullmann, Anne-Corinne Vollenweider Wyss, Alain Vuille, Federal Statistical Office; Michel Kolly, Federal Social Insurance Office; Robert Fluder, Bern University of Applied Sciences Social Work; Dominique Joye, University of Lausanne; Marlène Sapin, FORS and NCCR LIVES; Martin Schuler, EPFL Lausanne; Philippe Wanner, University of Geneva and NCCR On The Move. About the author Dr. Werner Haug studied sociology and political science in Zurich. Up until 2007 he was Vice Director at the Federal Statistical Office, responsible for Switzerland’s population and social statistics. He chaired the steering group of the National Research Programme ‘Migration and Intercultural Relations’. Between 2008 and 2014 he was Director of the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) in New York and Director of the Regional Office for Eastern Europe and Central Asia in Istanbul. 2 Table of contents List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. 4 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 6 1 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND DIRECTIVES ....................................................... 8 1.1 The UN’s anti-racism convention ........................................................................................... 8 1.2 The recommendations of the CERD on reporting .................................................................. 9 1.3 European Commission against Racism and Intolerance ..................................................... 10 1.4 The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities ................................. 12 1.5 EU race equality directive .................................................................................................... 14 2 DIVERSITY AND EQUAL TREATMENT: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON ............ 15 2.1 Recommendations for the official statistics of the UN and EUROSTAT .............................. 15 2.2 The OECD’s overview of ‘diversity statistics’ ....................................................................... 17 2.3 The situation in EU member states ...................................................................................... 19 2.4 Eurobarometer and the surveys of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights .. 22 3 STATISTICAL AND RESEARCH CONTEXT AND PRACTICE IN SWITZERLAND ......... 25 3.1 Legal and political bases ...................................................................................................... 25 3.1.1 Principles of equality and anti-racism criminal law provision ............................................... 25 3.1.2 Mandate and methods of official statistics ........................................................................... 30 3.1.3 Data protection ..................................................................................................................... 32 3.2 Population and social statistics categories and surveys ...................................................... 33 3.2.1 A look back: The evolution from 1850 to 2000..................................................................... 33 3.2.2 Harmonisation and expansion of statistics on persons and households after 2000 ............ 36 3.2.3 New opportunities and potential of survey and statistical systems ...................................... 37 3.2.4 Challenges and limitations ................................................................................................... 41 3.3 Surveys conducted for social science research ................................................................... 44 4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................... 51 4.1 Results ................................................................................................................................. 51 4.1.1 The international perspective ............................................................................................... 51 4.1.2 The Swiss perspective ......................................................................................................... 52 4.2 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 55 Appendix 1: Examples of new statistical possibilities offered by data linkage and trend analyses ........................ 58 Appendix 2: Population surveys including ethnocultural and/or origin-related characteristics, 1850 to 2010 ........ 61 Appendix 3: Register and sample surveys conducted by official statistics bodies on residents and households with ethnocultural and/or origin-related characteristics, from 2010 ............................................................................... 63 Appendix 4: Selected surveys conducted for social science research and victim support containing ethnocultural and origin-related variables, as of 2019 ................................................................................................................. 70 3 List of abbreviations ALV Labour market/unemployment insurance ANAG Federal Act on the Residence and Permanent Settlement of Foreign Nationals AUPER Computerised registration system AVAM/ASAL System for job placement/unemployment payments BDS Buildings and Dwellings statistic* BER Business and Enterprise Register BEVNAT Statistics on natural population change* CAPI Computer Assisted Personal Interview CATI Computer Assisted Telephone Interview CAWI Computer Assisted Web Interviewing CCO Central Compensation Office OASI/IV/EO CERD Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination CES/UNECE Conference of European Statisticians (United Nations Economic Commis- sion for Europe) COS Statistics on criminal convictions ECHR European Convention on Human Rights ECRI European Commission against Racism and Intolerance EFG Families and generations survey* EFTA European Free Trade Association EGID Federal building identification number EHS European Health Survey ESPOP Annual population statistics ESRK Survey on language, religion and culture* ESS European Social Survey** ESS Swiss Earnings Structure Survey EU European Union EU-MIDIS II Second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey EUROSTAT European Union Statistical Office EVS European Value Study EWID Federal household identification number FADP Federal Act on Data Protection FNA Foreign Nationals Act FNA Foreign Nationals and Integration Act FORS Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences FRB Service for Combating Racism FSO Federal Statistical Office FStatA Federal Statistics Act GESIS Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences HBS Household Budget Survey* ICERD International Convention for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination ILO International Labour Organisation ISSP International Social Science Programme** IV Invalidity insurance LFS Labor Force Survey LIVES NCCR LIVES, Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives MMS Migration and Mobility Survey, NCCR On The Move ** MOSAiCH Measurement and Observation of Social Attitudes in Switzerland** MZB Education and training microcensus* MZVM Mobility and transport microcensus* NCCR Swiss National Center of Competence in Research OASI Old Age and Survivors Insurance OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 4 PAPI Paper and Pencil Interview PKS Police crime statistics RBD Federal Register of Buildings and Dwellings RHA Register Harmonisation Act SAHS Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences SCC Swiss Criminal Code SE Structural survey* SECO State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SEM State Secretariat for Migration SERI State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation SH Social assistance SHP Swiss Household Panel** SHS Swiss Health Survey* SIDOS Swiss Information and Data Archive Service for Social Sciences SILC Statistics on Income and Living Conditions* SLFS Swiss Labour Force Survey* SNSF Swiss National Science Foundation SR Classified Compilation of Federal Legislation SRPH Sampling frame and address list for persons and households STATPOP Population and Households Statistics* UN United Nations Vostra Register of criminal convictions VZ National census ZAR Central Aliens Register ZEMIS Central Migration Information System ZidS Survey on diversity and coexistence in Switzerland* * Brief description in Appendix 2 and/or 3 ** Brief description in Appendix 4 5 Introduction The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the European Convention on Human Rights, and in-depth agreements such as the International Convention on All Forms of Racial Discrimination, as well as European constitutions and laws, all call for the equal treatment of citizens, regardless of sex, age, disability, descent, origin, ethnicity, race or skin colour. But how can we identify equal treatment and discrimination
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