Body Structure

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Body Structure© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER 2 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONPretest NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Multiple Choice. Select the best answer, and write the letter of your choice to the left of each number. To check your answers go to Appendix 11. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1. TheNOT root thatFOR means SALE “cell” ORis DISTRIBUTION a. spher b. aden c. cyt d. gen © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones &2. BartlettThe process Learning, of body cell division LLC is called NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEa. separation OR DISTRIBUTION b. segregation c. mitosis d. gestation 3. A compound that speeds up the rate of a metabolic © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC reaction is a(n) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a. vitamin NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b. enzyme c. salt d. lipid © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 4. The© substanceJones &that Bartlett makes up Learning,the cell’s genetic LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION materialNOT isFOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a. DNA b. mineral c. base d. neurons © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones &5. BartlettChemicals: Learning,cells: tissues: ______: LLC systems: NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEorganism. OR What DISTRIBUTION belongs in the blank? a. genes b. enzymes c. nuclei d. organs © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 6. In humans, dorsal is another© Jones term &for Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a. lateral NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b. central c. anterior d. posterior 7. The root brachi/o refers to the © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC a.© head Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b.NOT spinal FOR cord SALE OR DISTRIBUTION c. leg d. arm 8. The prefix supra- means © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartletta. above Learning, LLC b. near NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEc. behind OR DISTRIBUTION d. below

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 38 12/11/19 5:19 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Learning ObjectivesNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION After careful study of this chapter, you should be able to:

1 List the simplest to the most complex levels of a living 7 Locate the dorsal and ventral body cavities. P54 organism. P40 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 8 Locate and© Jonesname the & nine Bartlett divisions andLearning, four quadrants LLC of 2 DescribeNOT FOR and locate SALE the main OR par DISTRIBUTIONts of a cell. P40 the abdomen.NOT FORP54 SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 3 Name and give the functions of the four basic types of 9 Describe the main body positions used in medical tissues in the body. P43 practice. P55 4 Define basic terms pertaining to the structure and function 10 Define basic terms describing body structure. P57 © Jones & Bartlettof body tissues. Learning, P44 LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT 11FOR Use SALEword parts OR pertaining DISTRIBUTION to body organization and 5 Define the main directional terms used in anatomy. P52 structure. P57 6 Describe division of the body along three different 12 Identify and analyze medical terms and abbreviations in planes. P53 chapter case studies. PP39, 70 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTCase FOR Study: SALE Zachary’sOR DISTRIBUTION Self-Diagnosis NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Chief Complaint Examination © Jones & BartlettZachary isLearning, a second-year LLC medical Zachary tells© the Jones physician & heBartlett feels he hasLearning, a metabolic LLC student who, until recently, has disorder. He thinks he might have an adenoma, a glandular NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION done well in school. Lately, he tumor that is disrupting homeostasis, his normal metabolic finds that he is always tired and state. The physician takes a complete history and orders var- unable to focus in class. He decides ious blood tests to assist with the diagnosis. He completes a to self-diagnose and begins with physical examination that reveals no abnormalities. a review of systems (ROS). He notes that he is not hav- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesClinical & Course Bartlett Learning, LLC ing any cardiovascular, lymphatic, or respiratory system NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTThe FOR blood SALE glucose OR levels, DISTRIBUTION complete blood count (CBC), symptoms, such as tissue swelling, coughing, or shortness and thyroid function tests are all normal. Nothing in the of breath. He also has not noticed any changes in urinary tests indicates anything physically wrong with the Zach- system functions. He realizes that he has gained some ary. There is no indication that any further cytologic or weight recently and has also been a little constipated histologic tests are necessary. The physician tells Zachary but has no other problems with his digestive system. He © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCthat he is sleep deprived from© all Jones his studying & Bartlett and that hisLearning, LLC rules out anything concerning his musculoskeletal system NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONweight gain can be explainedNOT by his FORpoor food SALE choices OR in DISTRIBUTION because he has no muscle cramps, joint pain, or weakness. the university cafeteria. In addition, the physician advises He thinks his skin is drier than usual. He worries that this Zachary to schedule some exercise into his daily routine. is an integumentary system sign of hypothyroidism and Lastly, he reminds Zachary that although he is studying becomes concerned about his endocrine system function. to be a physician, self-diagnosis at this point in his career Unable© toJones perform & anyBartlett imaging Learning, studies or laboratory LLC tests © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC could be inaccurate and cause undue anxiety. on hisNOT own, FORhe makes SALE an appointment OR DISTRIBUTION to see a campus NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION health services physician. Case Study Revisited: Once you complete this chapter, please review the case follow-up on p. 61. Ancillaries At-A-Glance © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORVisit SALE the web OR resource DISTRIBUTION to access the following resources. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Chapter 2 ■ Body Structure 39

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 39 12/11/19 5:19 PM 40 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones Learning& Bartlett Resources Learning, LLC NOT FOR■ ■ SALEeBook OR DISTRIBUTION NOT■ FOR■ TestPrep SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ■■ A&P Module with Heart & Lung Sounds ■■ Animations ■■ Image Bank ■■ Audio Pronunciation Glossary

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Introduction Chemicals All organisms are built from simple to more complex levels Cell (FIG. 2-1). Chemicals form the materials that make up cells, which© are Jones the body’s & Bartlett basic structural Learning, and functional LLC units. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC GroupsNOT of cells FOR working SALE together OR DISTRIBUTIONmake up tissues, which in NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION turn make up the organs, which have specialized functions. Tissue Organs become components of the various systems, which together comprise the whole organism. This chapter dis- cusses the terminology related to basic body structure, lead- © Jones &ing Bartlett to the study Learning, of all the individual LLC organ systems in Part II.© Jones & BartlettOrgan Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE(stomach) OR DISTRIBUTION The Cell The cell is the basic unit of living organisms (FIG. 2-2). Cells Organ accomplish all the activities and produce all the components © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC system © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC of the body. They carry out metabolism, the sum of all the (digestive) body’s physical and chemicalNOT FOR activities. SALE They OR provide DISTRIBUTION the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION energy for metabolic reactions in the form of the chemical adenosine triphosphate (ATP), commonly described as the energy compound of the cell. The main categories of organic Body as compounds contained in cells are: a whole © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ■■ ProteinsNOT, FORwhich SALEinclude ORthe enzymesDISTRIBUTION, some hormones, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and structural materials.

■■ Carbohydrates, which include sugars and starches. The main carbohydrate is the sugar glucose, which circulates in the blood to provide energy for the cells.

© Jones &■■ BartlettLipids, which Learning, include fats. LLC Some hormones are derived© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEfrom lipids, OR andDISTRIBUTION adipose (fat) tissue is designed to storeNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION lipids.

Within the cytoplasm that fills the cell are subunits called organelles, each with a specific function (see FIG. 2-2). The main cell structures© are Jones named and& Bartlett described Learning,in BOX 2-1. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Diseases may affect specific parts of cells. Cystic fibrosis and diabetes, for example, involveNOT FORthe plasma SALE membrane. OR DISTRIBUTION Other NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION disorders originate with mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lysosomes, or peroxisomes. The nucleus is the control region of the cell. It contains the chromosomes, which carry genetic information (FIG. 2-3). Each© human Jones cell, & aside Bartlett from theLearning, reproductive LLC (sex) cells, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC containsNOT 46 FOR chromosomes. SALE OR These DISTRIBUTION thread-like structures NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION compose a complex organic substance, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which is organized into separate units called genes. Genes control the formation of proteins, most par- ticularly enzymes, the catalysts needed to speed the rate FIGURE 2-1 Levels of organization. The body is organized from © Jones &of Bartlettmetabolic reactions.Learning, To helpLLC manufacture proteins, the© Jonesthe simple & Bartlettlevel of chemicals Learning, to the most LLC complex level of the whole NOT FORcells SALE use a ORcompound DISTRIBUTION called ribonucleic acid (RNA), whichNOT organism. FOR SALE The organ OR shown DISTRIBUTION is the stomach, which is part of the is chemically related to DNA. Changes (mutations) in the digestive system.

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 40 12/11/19 5:19 PM Chapter 2 ■ Body Structure 41

Plasma© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC membraneNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Vesicle 2 Rough endoplasmic Peroxisome ©reticulum Jones (ER) & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Ribosomes Mitochondrion

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONCentriole Golgi apparatus Lysosome

Cytosol FIGURE 2-2 Generalized© animal Jones cell &(sectional Bartlett view). Learning, The main organelles LLC are shown. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION FOR YOUR REFERENCE BOX 2-1 Cell Structures

Name© Jones & Bartlett Learning,Description LLC Function© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

plasmaNOT membrane FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONouter layer of the cell, composed mainly of enclosesNOT FOR the cell SALE contents; OR regulates DISTRIBUTION what (PLAZ-mah) lipids and proteins enters and leaves the cell; participates in many activities, such as growth, reproduction, and interactions between cells © Jones & microvilliBartlett Learning, LLC short extensions of the cell© membrane Jones & Bartlett absorb materials Learning, into the LLCcell NOT FOR SALE(mi-kro-VIL-i OR) DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION nucleus large, membrane-bound, dark-staining contains the chromosomes, the hereditary units (NU-kle-us) organelle near the center of the cell that direct all cellular activities

nucleolus small body in the nucleus makes ribosomes (nu-KLE-o-lus) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC cytoplasm NOT FORcolloidal SALE suspension OR DISTRIBUTION that fills the cell from site of many cellularNOT activities; FOR consists SALE of cytosol OR DISTRIBUTION (SI-to-plazm) the nuclear membrane to the plasma and organelles membrane

cytosol fluid portion of the cytoplasm surrounds the organelles (SI-to-sol© Jones) & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network of membranes within the rough ER modifies, folds, and sorts proteins; (en-do-PLAZ-mik re-TIK-u-lum) cytoplasm; rough ER has ribosomes smooth ER participates in lipid synthesis attached to it; smooth ER does not

ribosomes small bodies free in the cytoplasm or manufacture proteins © Jones & (BartlettRI-bo-somz )Learning, LLC attached to the ER, composed© Jones of RNA and & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONprotein NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

(continued)

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 41 12/11/19 5:19 PM 42 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

Name Description Function © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Golgi apparatus layers of membranes modifies proteins; sorts and prepares proteins (GOL-je) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION for transport to otherNOT parts ofFOR the cell SALE or out ofOR DISTRIBUTION the cell

mitochondria large organelles with internal folded convert energy from nutrients into ATP (mi-to-KON-dre-ah) membranes © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC lysosomes small sacs of digestive enzymes digest substances within the cell (LI-so-somzNOT FOR) SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

peroxisomes membrane-enclosed organelles containing break down harmful substances (per-OKS-ih-somz) enzymes © Jones & vesiclesBartlett Learning, LLCsmall membrane-bound sacs© Jonesin the & Bartlettstore materials Learning, and move LLCmaterials into or out of (VES-ih-klz) cytoplasm the cell in bulk NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION centrioles rod-shaped bodies (usually two) near the help separate the chromosomes during cell (SEN-tre-olz) nucleus division

surface projections structures that extend from the cell move the cell or the fluids around the cell © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC cilia short, hair-like projections from the cell move the fluids around the cell (SIL-e-ah) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

flagellum long, whip-like extension from the cell moves the cell (flah-JEL-um)

FIGURE 2-3 Human chromosomes. There are 46 chromosomes in each human cell, except the sex cells (egg and sperm). © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 42 12/11/19 5:19 PM Chapter 2 ■ Body Structure 43 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Centrioles genes or chromosomes are the source of hereditary diseases, NOT FORInterphaseI nSALEterpha sORe cellce DISTRIBUTIONll NOTas FOR described SALE in Chapter OR DISTRIBUTION 16. Nucleus When a body cell divides by the process of mitosis, the chromosomes are doubled and then equally distributed to Nucleolus the two daughter cells. The stages in mitosis are shown in FIGURE 2-4. When a cell is not dividing, it remains in a stage © Jones & BartlettDNA Learning, LLCcalled interphase. In cancer, cells© Jones multiply & without Bartlett control Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONcausing cellular overgrowth andNOT tumors. FOR Reproductive SALE OR cells DISTRIBUTION (eggs and sperm) divide by a related process, meiosis, that ProphaseProphase MITOSIS halves the chromosomes in preparation for fertilization. 2 The role of meiosis in reproduction is further explained in Centrioles Chapter 15. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Tissues Cells are organized into four basic types of tissues that per- Chromosomes form specific functions: MetaphaseMetaphase © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Spindle fibers © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT■ FOR■ Epithelial SALE (ep-ih-THE-le-al OR DISTRIBUTION) tissue, as shown in FIGURE 2-5, covers and protects body structures and lines organs, vessels, and cavities. Simple epithelium, composed of cells in a single layer, functions to absorb substances from one system to another, as in the respiratory and digestive © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCtracts. Stratified epithelium,© Joneswith cells &in Bartlettmultiple layers, Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONprotects deeper tissues, as inNOT the mouth FOR and SALE vagina. OR Most DISTRIBUTION AnaphaseAnaphase Separating chromosomes

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Simple NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION epithelium Plasma membrane TelophaseTelophase divides the cell © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & BartlettA Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Stratified © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCepithelium © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC TwTwo newnew cellscells inin interphaseinterphase NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © BJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION FIGURE 2-5 NOTEpithelial FOR tissue. SALE The cells OR in simpleDISTRIBUTION epithelium FIGURE 2-4 The stages in cell division (mitosis). When it is not (A) are in a single layer and absorb materials from one system to undergoing mitosis, the cell is in interphase. The cell shown is for another. The cells in stratified epithelium (B) are in multiple layers illustration only. It is not a human cell, which has 46 chromosomes. and protect deeper tissues. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 43 12/11/19 5:19 PM 44 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Nucleus Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) Adipose Osteocytes cell (bone cells) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Stored fat AB C FIGURE 2-6 Connective tissue. Examples of connective tissue are adipose tissue (A), which stores fat; cartilage (B), which is used for protection© Jones and reinforcement; & Bartlett and bone Learning, (C), which makes LLC up the skeleton. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of the active cells in glands are epithelial cells. Glands are also called voluntary muscle. Skeletal muscle is dis- described in more detail in Chapter 9. cussed in greater detail in Chapter 6.

■■ Connective tissue supports and binds body structures ■■ Cardiac muscle forms the heart. It functions without © Jones & Bartlett(FIG. 2-6). It Learning, contains fibers LLC and other nonliving material© Jones conscious& Bartlett control Learning, and is described LLC as involuntary. between the cells. Included in this category are blood Chapter 10 describes the heart and its actions. NOT FOR SALE(Chapter OR 10), DISTRIBUTION adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage, and boneNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ■■ Smooth or visceral muscle forms the walls of the (Chapter 5). abdominal organs; it is also involuntary. Many organs ■■ Muscle tissue (root: my/o) contracts to produce move- described in later chapters on the systems have walls ment (FIG. 2-7). There are three types of muscle tissues: made of smooth muscle. The walls of ducts and blood vessels also are composed mainly of smooth muscle. ■■ Skeletal muscle ©moves Jones the &skeleton. Bartlett It hasLearning, visible LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC cross-bands, or striations,NOT FOR that SALE are involved OR DISTRIBUTION in con- ■■ Nervous tissue (root: neur/o)NOT makes FOR up theSALE brain, OR spinal DISTRIBUTION traction. Because it is under conscious control, it is cord, and nerves (FIG. 2-8). It coordinates and controls

Connective Nuclei tissue © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

A B C FIGURE 2-7 Muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle (A) moves the skeleton. It has visible bands (striations) that produce contraction. Cardiac muscle (B) makes up the wall of the© heart. Jones Smooth & muscle Bartlett (C) makes Learning, up the walls LLCof hollow organs, ducts, and vessels.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Cell body

© Jones & Bartlett Learning,Nucleolus LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCGray matter NOT FOR SALE OR inDISTRIBUTION nucleus NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Bundles White Neuron of neuron matter fibers fibers

© Jones &A Bartlett Learning, LLC BC© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORFIGURE SALE 2-8 OR Nervous DISTRIBUTION tissue. The functional cell of the nervous systemNOT is FORthe neuron SALE (A). Neuron OR fibersDISTRIBUTION join to form nerves (B). Nervous tissue also makes up the spinal cord and brain (C), where it is divided into gray matter and white matter.

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 44 12/11/19 5:20 PM Chapter 2 ■ Body Structure 45

Biopsy is the removal and examination of living tissue to de- procedures and experiments done in the laboratory, as com- termine a diagnosis. The© Jonesterm is also & applied Bartlett to the Learning, specimen LLCpared to studies done in living© organisms. Jones In& situ Bartlett means “in Learning, LLC itself. Biopsy comes fromNOT the FORGreek wordSALE bios ,OR meaning DISTRIBUTION “life,” its original place” and is used toNOT refer to FOR tumors SALE that have OR not DISTRIBUTION plus opsis, meaning “vision.” Together they mean the visualiza- spread. tion of living tissue. In toto means “whole” or “completely,” as in referring to a Some other terms that apply to cells and tissues come structure or organ removed totally from the body. Postmortem 2 from Latin. In vivo means “in the living body,” as contrasted literally means “after death,” as in referring to an autopsy per- with in vitro, which literally means “in glass,” and refers to formed to determine the cause of death. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

body responses by the transmission of electrical impulses. special senses, with emphasis on the ear and the eye. The basic cell in nervous tissue is the neuron, or nerve This system receives and processes stimuli and directs cell. The nervous system and senses are discussed in responses. © Jones & BartlettChapters 7 Learning,and 8. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ■■ Endocrine system, consisting of individual glands that NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORproduce SALE hormones. OR DISTRIBUTION

■■ Cardiovascular system, consisting of the blood, heart, MEMBRANES and blood vessels.

A membrane (MEM-brane) is a simple, very thin, and pli- ■■ Lymphatic system, organs, and vessels that aid circula- able sheet of tissue. Membranes© Jones may & coverBartlett an organ, Learning, line a LLCtion and help protect the body© Jones from foreign & Bartlett materials. Learning, LLC cavity, or separate one NOTstructure FOR from SALE another. OR Some DISTRIBUTION secrete NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION special substances. Mucous membranes secrete mucus, a thick fluid that lubricates surfaces and protects the under- lying tissue, as in the lining of the digestive tract and respiratory passages. Serous membranes, which secrete a thin, watery© fluid,Jones line & Bartlettbody cavities Learning, and cover LLCorgans. These © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC include the membranes around the heart and lungs. Fibrous NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Mouth NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONPharynx membranes cover and support organs, as found around the bones, brain, and spinal cord. Esophagus The study of tissues is histology (his-TOL-o-je), based on the root hist/o, meaning “tissue.” BOX 2-2 describes some terms used in histology. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Organs and Organ Systems Tissues are arranged into organs, which serve specific functions, and organs, in turn, are grouped into individual sys- Stomach tems. FIGURE 2-9 shows© the Jones organs &of Bartlettthe digestive Learning, system LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC as an example. AlthoughNOT all bodyFOR systems SALE are OR interrelated, DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION they are listed and described separately here as they appear in this text. Small ■■ Integumentary system, which includes the skin and its intestine associated structures, such as hair, sweat glands, and oil© glands. Jones This & systemBartlett functions Learning, in protection LLC and also © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Large LLC helpsNOT to regulateFOR SALE body temperature. OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONintestine

■■ Skeletal system, which includes the bones and joints. Anus ■■ Muscular system, which moves the skeleton and makes up the walls of internal organs. The muscular system and © Jones & Bartlettskeleton protect Learning, vital body LLC parts. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR■ ■SALENervous OR system, DISTRIBUTION consisting of the brain, spinal cord,NOT FIGURE FOR 2-9SALE Organs OR of DISTRIBUTIONthe digestive tract. Other organs and and nerves, and including the sensory system and glands contribute to digestion, as described in Chapter 13.

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 45 12/11/19 5:20 PM 46 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones ■&■ RespiratoryBartlett Learning, system, which LLC obtains the oxygen ■■ The male and female reproductive systems concerned NOT FOR SALEneeded forOR metabolism DISTRIBUTION and eliminates carbon diox- NOT FORwith productionSALE OR of DISTRIBUTIONoffspring ide, a byproduct of metabolism. Each of the body systems is discussed in Part II. How- ■■ Digestive system, which takes in, breaks down, and ever, bear in mind that the body functions as a whole; no absorbs nutrients and eliminates undigested waste. system is independent of the others. They work together ■■ Urinary system, which© Joneseliminates & soluble Bartlett waste Learning, and LLCto maintain the body’s state© of Jones internal & stability, Bartlett termed Learning, LLC balances the volume NOTand composition FOR SALE of body OR fluids. DISTRIBUTIONhomeostasis (ho-me-o-STA-sisNOT). FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Terminology Key Terms © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC TheNOT terms FORlisted below SALE are OR emphasized DISTRIBUTION in this chapter. Knowing them will helpNOT you FOR organize SALE and prioritizeOR DISTRIBUTION your learning. These boldface terms are also found, collectively, with all chapter key terms in the Glossary. Cells to Organ Systems adenosine triphosphate (ATP) The energy compound of the cell that stores energy needed for cell activities ah-DEN-o-sene tri-FOS-fate © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEcarbohydrates OR DISTRIBUTION The category of organicNOT compounds FOR that SALE includes OR sugars DISTRIBUTION and starches kar-bo-HI-drates

cell The basic structural and functional unit of the living organism, a microscopic unit that sel combines with other cells to form tissues (root: cyt/o) chromosome © Jones & ABartlett thread-like Learning, body in a cell’s LLC nucleus that contains genetic information© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC KRO-mo-some NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION cytology Study of cells si-TOL-o-je

cytoplasm The fluid that fills a cell and holds the organelles SI-to-plazm © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) The genetic compound of the cell, makes up the genes de-ok-se-ri-bo-nu-KLE-ikNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

enzyme An organic substance that speeds the rate of a metabolic reaction EN-zime

gene A hereditary unit composed of DNA and combined with other genes to form the © Jones &jene Bartlett Learning, LLC chromosomes © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION glucose A simple sugar that circulates in the blood, the main energy source for metabolism (roots: GLU-kose gluc/o, glyc/o)

histology Study of tissues his-TOL-o-je © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC homeostasis A steady state, a condition of internal stability and constancy ho-me-o-STA-sis NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

lipid A category of organic compounds that includes fats (root: lip/o) LIP-id

membrane A simple, very thin, and pliable sheet of tissue that might cover an organ, line a cavity, or MEM-brane© Jones & Bartlett Learning,separate LLC structures © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

metabolismNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONThe sum of all the physical and chemical reactionsNOT FOR that occur SALE within OR an organismDISTRIBUTION meh-TAB-o-lizm

mitosis Cell division mi-TO-sis

© Jones &mucus Bartlett Learning, LLC A thick fluid secreted by© cellsJones in membranes & Bartlett and glands Learning, that lubricates LLC and protects tissues NOT FOR SALEMU-kus OR DISTRIBUTION (roots: muc/o, myx/o);NOT the adjective FOR is SALEmucous OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 46 12/11/19 5:20 PM Chapter 2 ■ Body Structure 47

nucleus The cell’s control center; directs all cellular activities based on the information contained in NU-kle-us its chromosomes (roots: nucle/o, kary/o) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC organ A part of the body with a specific function, a component of a body system OR-gan NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION organelle A specialized structure in the cytoplasm of a cell 2 OR-gah-nel

protein A category of organic compounds that includes structural materials, enzymes, and some PRO-tene© Jones & Bartlett Learning,hormones LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

ribonucleicNOT FORacid (RNA) SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONAn organic compound involved in the manufactureNOT FOR of proteins SALE within OR cells DISTRIBUTION ri-bo-nu-KLE-ik

tissue A group of cells that acts together for a specific purpose (roots: hist/o, histi/o); types include TISH-u epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Word Parts Pertaining to Cells, Tissues, and Organs See TABLES 2-1 to 2-3. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Table 2-1 Roots for Cells and Tissues

Root Meaning Example Definition of Example morph/o form polymorphous having many forms © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCpol-e-MOR-fus © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC cyt/o,NOT -cyte FOR SALEcell OR DISTRIBUTIONcytologist NOTone FORwho studies SALE cells OR DISTRIBUTION si-TOL-o-jist nucle/o nucleus nuclear pertaining to a nucleus NU-kle-ar kary/o nucleus karyotype picture of a cell’s chromosomes organized © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC KAR-e-o-tipe© Jones & Bartlettaccording Learning, to size (FIG. LLC 2-10) NOT FOR hist/o,SALE histi/o OR DISTRIBUTIONtissue histocompatibilityNOT FOR SALEtissue OR similarity DISTRIBUTION that permits transplantation his-to-kom-pat-ih-BIL-ih-te fibr/o fiber fibrosis abnormal formation of fibrous tissue fi-BRO-sis reticul/o network reticulum a network © Jones & Bartlettreh-TIK-u-lum Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC aden/o NOTgland FOR SALE ORadenoma DISTRIBUTION tumor (-oma) ofNOT a gland FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ad-eh-NO-mah papill/o nipple papilla projection that resembles a nipple pah-PIL-ah myx/o© Jones & Bartlettmucus Learning, LLCmyxadenitis © Jonesinflammation & Bartlett (-itis) of a mucus-secretingLearning, LLCgland miks-ad-eh-NI-tis NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION muc/o mucus, mucous mucorrhea increased flow (-rhea) of mucus membrane mu-ko-RE-ah somat/o, -some body, small body chromosome small body that takes up color (dye) (chrom/o) KRO-mo-some © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 47 12/11/19 5:20 PM 48 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

© Jones & Bartlett Learning,FIGURE LLC 2-10 Human karyotype. The© Jones 46 chromosomes & Bartlett are in 23 Learning,pairs arranged LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONaccording to size. The XY sex chromosomes,NOT the FOR 23rd pairSALE at the ORlower DISTRIBUTIONright, indicate that the cell is from a male; a female cell has XX sex chromosomes.

Exercise 2-1© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Complete the exercise. To check your answers go to Appendix 11.

Fill in the blanks. Use the phonetics to pronounce the words in the exercises. 1.© Cytogenesis Jones & ( si-to-JEN-eh-sisBartlett Learning,) is the formation LLC (genesis) of ______© Jones & cellsBartlett Learning, LLC. 2.NOT A fibril FOR (FI-bril SALE) is a smallOR DISTRIBUTION______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 3. A histologist (his-TOL-o-jist) studies ______. 4. A dimorphic (di-MOR-fik) organism has two ______. © Jones & Bartlett5. Karyomegaly Learning, (kar-e-o-MEG-ah-le LLC ) is enlargement (-megaly)© Jones of the& Bartlett______Learning, LLC . NOT FOR SALE6. Nucleoplasm OR DISTRIBUTION (NU-kle-o-plazm) is the substance thatNOT fills FORthe______SALE OR DISTRIBUTION . 7. Adenitis (ad-eh-NI-tis) is inflammation (-itis) of a(n) ______. 8. A papillary (PAP-ih-lar-e) structure resembles a(n) ______. 9. A myxoma (mik-SO-mah© Jones) is &a tumorBartlett of tissue Learning, that secretes LLC ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning,. LLC 10. A reticulocyte (reh-TIK-u-lo-siteNOT FOR SALE) is a cell OR that DISTRIBUTION contains a(n) ______NOT FOR SALE OR .DISTRIBUTION 11. The term mucosa (mu-KO-sah) is used to describe a membrane that secretes______. 12. Somatotropin (so-mah-to-TRO-pin), also called growth hormone, has a general stimulating effect on the ______. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC UseNOT the suffix FOR -logy SALE to build OR a wordDISTRIBUTION with each of the following meanings.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 13. The study of form______14. The study of cells ______© Jones & 15.Bartlett The study Learning, of tissues ______LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 48 12/11/19 5:20 PM Chapter 2 ■ Body Structure 49

Root Meaning Example Definition of Example blast/o, -blast immature cell, productive cell, histioblast a tissue-forming cell embryonic cell HIS-te-o-blast gen ©origin, Jones formation & Bartlett Learning, LLCkaryogenesis formation© Jones of a nucleus& Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONkar-e-o-JEN-eh-sis NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION phag/o eat, ingest autophagy self (auto)-destruction of a cell’s aw-TOF-ah-je organelles 2 phil attract, absorb basophilic attracting basic stain ba-so-FIL-ik © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC plas formation, molding, development hyperplasia overdevelopment of an organ or NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION hi-per-PLA-ze-ahNOT FOR SALEtissue OR DISTRIBUTION trop act on, affect chronotropic affecting rate or timing (chron/o) kron-o-TROP-ik troph/o feeding, growth, nourishment atrophy tissue wasting © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesAT-ro-fe & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The roots in TABLE 2-2 are often combined with a simple appear as word endings are simply described and used as noun suffix (-in, -y, or -ia) or an adjective suffix (-ic) and suffixes in this book. Examples from the above list are: used as word endings. Such combined forms that routinely -phagy, -philic, -plasia, -tropic, and -trophy.

Complete the exercise. To check your answers go to Appendix 11.

Match the following terms in the following sets, and write the appropriate letter to the left of each number.

© 1.Jones phagocyte & Bartlett (FAG-o-site Learning,) LLC a. overdevelopment© Jones of tissue & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2. histogenesis (his-to-JEN-eh-sis) b. study of heredity 3. leukoblast (LU-ko-blast) c. formation of tissue 4. genetics (jeh-NET-iks) d. cell that ingests waste © Jones & Bartlett 5. hypertrophy Learning, (hi-PER-tro-fe LLC ) © e.Jones immature & Bartlett white blood Learning, cell LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 6. neoplasia (ne-o-PLA-ze-ah) a. attracting color 7. gonadotropin (gon-ah-do-TRO-pin) b. pertaining to the body 8. aplasia (ah-PLA-ze-ah) c. substance that acts on the sex glands © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 9. somatic (so-MAT-ikNOT FOR) SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONd. new formation of tissue NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 10. chromophilic (kro-mo-FIL-ik) e. lack of development

Identify and define the root in the following words.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Root © Jones & MeaningBartlett of Learning,Root LLC 11.NOT genesis FOR (JEN-eh-sis SALE) OR DISTRIBUTION ______gen NOT ______FOR SALEorigin, formation OR DISTRIBUTION 12. esophagus (eh-SOF-ah-gus) ______13. normoblast (NOR-mo-blast) ______© Jones & 14.Bartlett aplastic Learning, (ah-PLAS-tik LLC) © Jones______& Bartlett______Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE15. dystrophy OR DISTRIBUTION (DIS-tro-fe) NOT______FOR SALE______OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 49 12/11/19 5:20 PM 50 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

Word Part Meaning Example Definition of Example Suffixes -ase ©enzyme Jones & Bartlett Learning,lipase LLC enzyme that digests© Jones fat (lipid) & Bartlett Learning, LLC LI-pase NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION -ose sugar lactose milk sugar LAK-tose Roots hydr/o water, fluid hydration addition of water, relative amount of water © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLChi-DRA-shun © Jonespresent & Bartlett Learning, LLC gluc/oNOT FOR SALEglucose OR DISTRIBUTIONglucogenesis NOTproduction FOR SALE of glucose OR DISTRIBUTION glu-ko-JEN-eh-sis glyc/o sugar, glucose normoglycemia normal blood sugar level nor-mo-gli-SE-me-ah sacchar/o sugar polysaccharide compound containing many simple sugars © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC pol-e-SAK-ah-ride© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR amyl/oSALE OR DISTRIBUTIONstarch amyloid NOT FOR SALE ORresembling DISTRIBUTION starch AM-ih-loyd lip/o lipid, fat lipophilic attracting or absorbing lipids lip-o-FIL-ik adip/o fat adiposuria presence of fat in the urine (ur/o) © Jones & Bartlett Learning,ad-ih-po-SUR-e-ah LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC steat/o NOTfatty FOR SALE OR steatorrheaDISTRIBUTION discharge (-rhea)NOT of fatty FOR stools SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ste-ah-to-RE-ah prote/o protein protease enzyme that digests protein PRO-te-ase © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Exercise 2-3

Complete the exercise. To check your answers go to Appendix 11. © Jones & FillBartlett in the blanks. Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE1. A disaccharide OR DISTRIBUTION (di-SAK-ah-ride) is a compound thatNOT contains FOR two SALE ______OR DISTRIBUTIONsugars . 2. The ending -ose indicates that fructose is a(n) ______. 3. Hydrophobia (hi-dro-FO-be-ah) is an aversion (-phobia) to ______. 4. Amylase (AM-ih-lase© Jones) is an enzyme& Bartlett that digests Learning, ______LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,. LLC 5. Liposuction (LIP-o-suk-shunNOT FOR) SALEis the surgical OR DISTRIBUTION removal of ______NOT FOR SALE OR .DISTRIBUTION 6. A glucocorticoid (glu-ko-KOR-tih-koyd) is a hormone that controls the metabolism of ______. 7. An adipocyte (AD-ih-po-site) is a cell that stores ______.

Identify© Jones and define & Bartlett the root inLearning, the following LLC words. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Root Meaning of Root 8. asteatosis (as-te-ah-TO-sis) ______9. lipoma (li-PO-mah) ______© Jones & 10.Bartlett hyperglycemia Learning, (hi-per-gli-SE-me-ah LLC ) © Jones & Bartlett______Learning, ______LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 11. glucolytic (glu-ko-LIT-ik) ______

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 50 12/11/19 5:20 PM Chapter 2 ■ Body Structure 51

The terms listed below expand on the key terms to increase your knowledge of this chapter topic.

amino acids The nitrogen-containing compounds that make up proteins ah-ME-no © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC anabolism NOTThe FOR type SALEof metabolism OR inDISTRIBUTION which body substances are made; the buildingNOT phase ofFOR metabolism SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ah-NAB-o-lizm catabolism The type of metabolism in which substances are broken down for energy and simple compounds 2 kah-TAB-o-lizm collagen© Jones & BartlettA fibrous Learning, protein foundLLC in connective tissue © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC KOL-ah-jenNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION cortex The outer region of an organ KOR-tex glycogen A complex sugar compound stored in liver and muscles and broken down into glucose when needed GLI-ko-jen for energy © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC interstitial Between parts, such as the spaces between cells in a tissue NOT FOR SALEin-ter-STISH-al OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION medulla The inner region of an organ, marrow (root: medull/o) meh-DUL-lah parenchyma The functional tissue of an organ par-EN-kih-mah © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC parietal NOTPertaining FOR SALE to a wall, OR describes DISTRIBUTION a membrane that lines a body cavity NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION pah-RI-eh-tal soma The body SO-mah stem cell An immature cell that has the capacity to develop into any of a variety of different cell types, a © Jones & Bartlettprecursor Learning, cell LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION visceral Pertaining to the internal organs; describes a membrane on the surface of an organ VIS-er-al

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORThe SALE Body OR DISTRIBUTION as a Whole NOTRadiologic FOR SALE technologists, OR DISTRIBUTION for example, must be able to posi- All healthcare professionals must be thoroughly familiar tion a person and direct x-rays to obtain suitable images for with the terms used to describe body locations and positions. diagnosis, as noted in BOX 2-3.

Radiologic technologists help in the diagnosis of medical dis- They are also required to keep patient records and maintain orders© Jones by taking & x-ray Bartlett images (radiographs)Learning, of LLC the body. They equipment. Radiologic© Jones technologists & Bartlett must Learning, minimize radiation LLC alsoNOT use CTFOR scans SALE and other OR imaging DISTRIBUTION technology to perform hazards by usingNOT protective FOR SALE equipment OR for DISTRIBUTION themselves and examinations on patients to aid in diagnosis. Following insti- patients and by delivering the minimum possible amount of tutional safety patient mobilization procedures; they must radiation. They wear badges to monitor radiation levels and prepare patients for radiologic examinations, place patients in keep records of their exposure. appropriate positions; and then adjust equipment to the cor- Radiologic technologists may specialize in a specific rect angles, heights, and settings for taking the x-ray or other imaging technique such as bone densitometry, cardiovascu- © Jones & Bartlettdiagnostic image.Learning, They must LLC position the image receptors© Joneslar-interventional & Bartlett radiography, Learning, computed LLC tomography, mam- NOT FOR SALEcorrectly OR and, DISTRIBUTIONafter exposure, remove and process the images.NOT mography, FOR SALE magnetic OR resonance DISTRIBUTION imaging, nuclear medicine,

(continued)

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 51 12/11/19 5:20 PM 52 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

and quality management. Some of these will be described in tee on Education in Radiologic Technology accredits most of later chapters. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCthe education programs. The American© Jones Registry & ofBartlett Radiologic Learning, LLC The majority of NOTradiologic FOR technologists SALE OR work DISTRIBUTION in hos- Technologists (ARRT) offers a nationalNOT certificationFOR SALE examina OR- DISTRIBUTION pitals, but they may also be employed in physicians’ offices, tion in radiography as well as in other imaging technologies diagnostic imaging centers (e.g., doing mammograms), and (CT, MRI, nuclear medicine, etc.). ARRT certification is required outpatient care centers. Radiologic technologists must pos- for employment as a radiologic technologist in most U.S. sess a minimum of an associate’s degree to qualify for pro- states. Job opportunities in this field are currently good. The fessional certification. A higher degree is necessary for a American Society of Radiologic Technologists has information supervisory© Jones or teaching& Bartlett position. Learning, The Joint Review LLC Commit- on this career© at Jones asrt.org. & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

DIRECTIONAL TERMS In describing the location or direction of a given point in sides with palms forward, and feet parallel. In this stance, © Jones &the Bartlett body, it is Learning,always assumed LLC that the subject is in the ana-© Jonesthe terms & Bartlett illustrated Learning,in FIGURE 2-11 LLC and listed in BOX 2-4 are NOT FORtomic SALE position OR, DISTRIBUTIONthat is, upright, with face front, arms at theNOT used FOR to designateSALE OR relative DISTRIBUTION position.

Superior © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Anterior Posterior (ventral) (dorsal) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTDistal FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Lateral

Inferior © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC FIGURE 2-11 Directional© Jones terms. & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 52 12/11/19 5:20 PM Chapter 2 ■ Body Structure 53

Term Definition © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC anterior (ventral) toward or at the front (belly) of the body NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION posterior (dorsal) toward or at the back (dorsum) of the body 2 medial toward the midline of the body

lateral© Jones & Bartletttoward Learning, the side of theLLC body © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC proximalNOT FOR SALE ORnearer DISTRIBUTION to the point of attachment or to a given referenceNOT point FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION distal farther from the point of attachment or from a given reference point

superior above, in a higher position

caudal toward the lower end of the spine (Latin cauda means “tail”); in humans, in an inferior direction

superficial (external) closer to the surface of the body © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC deep (internal) NOTcloser FOR to theSALE center OR of the DISTRIBUTION body NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

FIGURE 2-12 illustrates planes of section, that is, directions in passes from front to back and divides the body into right and which© the Jones body can & be Bartlett cut. A frontal Learning, plane, also calledLLC a coronal left portions.© If theJones plane passes& Bartlett through Learning,the midline, it isLLC a mid- plane,NOT is made FOR at right SALE angles toOR the midlineDISTRIBUTION and divides the body sagittal or medialNOT plane. FOR A SALEtransverse OR (horizontal) DISTRIBUTION plane passes into anterior and posterior parts. A sagittal (SAJ-ih-tal) plane horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.

FIGURE 2-12 Planes of division.

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 53 12/11/19 5:20 PM 54 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC DORSAL CAVITY VENTRAL CAVITY BODY CAVITIES NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Internal organs are located within dorsal and ventral cav- Cranial cavity ities (FIG. 2-13). The dorsal cavity contains the brain in the cranial cavity and the spinal cord in the spinal cavity (canal). The uppermost ventral space, the thoracic cavity, is sepa- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCrated from the abdominal cavity© Jonesby the diaphragm & Bartlett, a muscle Learning, LLC used in breathing. There is no anatomic separation between Spinal cavity NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONthe abdominal cavity and theNOT pelvic FOR cavity ,SALE which togetherOR DISTRIBUTION make up the abdominopelvic cavity. The large membrane Thoracic cavity that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs within it is the peritoneum (per-ih-to-NE-um). Diaphragm © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ABDOMINAL© Jones REGIONS & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION For orientation,NOT the FOR abdomen SALE can ORbe divided DISTRIBUTION by imaginary Abdominal lines into nine regions—three medial regions and six lateral cavity regions (FIG. 2-14). The sections down the midline are the: Abdomino- ■■ epigastric (ep-ih-GAS-trik) region, located above the pelvic © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesstomach & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION cavity NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Pelvic cavity ■■ umbilical (um-BIL-ih-kal) region, named for the umbilicus, or navel

■■ hypogastric (hi-po-GAS-trik) region, located below the stomach FIGURE 2-13 Body cavities, lateral view. Shown are the dorsal and ventral cavities with their© Jonessubdivisions. & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Right Left Epigastric hypochondriac hypochondriac Right Left upper upper quadrant quadrant © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC (RUQ) © Jones(LUQ) & Bartlett Learning, LLC Right NOT FOR SALELeft OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Umbilical lumbar lumbar Right Left lower lower quadrant quadrant (RLQ) (LLQ) Right Left © Jones & BartlettHypogastric Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC iliac iliac NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORFIGURE SALE 2-14 OR The DISTRIBUTION nine regions of the abdomen. NOTFIGURE FOR 2-15SALE Quadrants OR DISTRIBUTION of the abdomen. Some organs within the quadrants are indicated.

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 54 12/11/19 5:20 PM Chapter 2 ■ Body Structure 55

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCParietal NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION(crown) NOT FOR SALECranial OR DISTRIBUTION Frontal(forehead) Cephalic (skull) Ocular (eye) Occipital (head) Facial Oral (mouth) (base of skull) (face) Acromial Cervical (neck) Mammary (shoulder) Thoracic (breast) (chest) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesDeltoid & Bartlett Learning, LLC Scapular Axillary (armpit) (lateral shoulder) Brachial NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION(shoulder NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (arm) Antecubital blade) Upper (inner elbow) Lumbar extremity Antebrachial Umbilical (navel) (small of back) 2 (forearm) Inguinal (groin) Sacral (sacrum) Iliac Carpal © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCPubis (pubic) (hip) © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Gluteal LLC (wrist) (buttock) Palmar (palm) NOTManual FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (hand) Phalangeal (fingers) Femoral (thigh) Patellar (knee cap) Popliteal (back of knee) © Jones & BartlettCrural Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Lower (leg) NOT FORe xtremitySALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORSural SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (calf)

Tarsal (ankle) Pedal (foot) Phalangeal Calcaneal Plantar © Jones & Bartlett(toes) Learning, LLC (heel) © Jones(sole & of Bartlett foot) Learning, LLC FIGURE 2-16 Common NOTterms for FOR body SALE regions, OR anterior DISTRIBUTION FIGURE 2-17 Common terms forNOT body FOR regions, SALE posterior OR DISTRIBUTION view. Anatomic adjectives for regions are in parentheses. view. Anatomic adjectives for regions are in parentheses.

The lateral regions have the same name on the left and single horizontal line that intersect at the umbilicus (navel) right sides. They are the: (FIG. 2-15). The sections are the right upper quadrant (RUQ), © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC left upper quadrant© Jones (LUQ), & Bartlett right lower Learning, quadrant LLC(RLQ), ■■ hypochondriac (hi-po-KON-dre-ak) regions, right and NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and left lowerNOT quadrant FOR (LLQ). SALE OR DISTRIBUTION left, named for their positions near the ribs, specifically Additional terms for body regions are shown in FIGURES near the cartilages (root: chondr/o) of the ribs 2-16 and 2-17. You may need to refer to these illustrations as

■■ lumbar (LUM-bar) regions, right and left, which are located you work through the book. near the small of the back (lumbar region of the spine) POSITIONS © Jones &■■ Bartlettiliac (IL-e-ak Learning,) regions, LLCright and left, named for the© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEupper boneOR ofDISTRIBUTION the hip, the ilium; also called the inguinalNOT In FOR addition SALE to the OR anatomic DISTRIBUTION position, there are other stan- (ING-gwih-nal) regions, with reference to the groin dard positions in which the body is placed for special pur- poses, such as examination, tests, surgery, or fluid drainage. More simply, but less precisely, the abdomen can be The most common of these positions and some of their uses divided into four sections by a single vertical line and a are described in BOX 2-5. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION FOR YOUR REFERENCE BOX 2-5 Body Positions

Position Description © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC anatomicNOT FORposition SALE ORstanding DISTRIBUTION erect, facing forward, arms at sides, palmsNOT forward, FOR legs SALE parallel, OR toes pointedDISTRIBUTION an-ah-TOM-ik forward; used for descriptions and studies of the body

decubitus position lying down, specifically according to the part of the body resting on a flat surface, as in left or de-KU-bih-tus right lateral decubitus, or dorsal or ventral decubitus

© Jones & dorsalBartlett recumbent Learning, position LLCon back, with legs bent and separated,© Jones feet & flat; Bartlett used for obstetrics Learning, and gynecology LLC NOT FOR SALEre-KUM-bent OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

(continued)

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 55 12/11/19 5:20 PM 56 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

Position Description © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Fowler position on back, head of bed raised about 18 inches, knees elevated; used to ease breathing and for NOT FORdrainage SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

jackknife position on back with shoulders elevated, legs flexed and thighs at right angles to the abdomen; used to JAK-nife introduce a tube into the urethra

knee–chest© Jones position & Bartlett onLearning, knees, head LLCand upper chest on table, arms crossed© Jones above &head; Bartlett used in gynecology Learning, and LLC NOT FOR SALE ORobstetrics DISTRIBUTION and for flushing the intestine NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION lateral recumbent position on the side with one leg flexed, arm position may vary

lithotomy position on back, legs flexed on abdomen, thighs apart; used for gynecologic and urologic surgery lih-THOT-o-me © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEprone OR DISTRIBUTIONlying face down NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION prone jackknife position on abdomen with bed bent so that the body is in a V with the head and feet below the hips. Used JAK-nife for anorectal surgery

Sims position on left side, right leg drawn up high and forward, left arm along back, chest forward resting on © Jonesbed; & used Bartlett for kidney Learning, and uterine surgery, LLC colon examination, and enemas© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC supinea NOT FORlying faceSALE up OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION SU-pine

Trendelenburg position on back with head lowered by tilting bed back at 45-degree angle; used for pelvic and tren-DEL-en-berg abdominal surgery, treatment of shock © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC aToNOT remember FOR the SALEdifference OR between DISTRIBUTION prone and supine, look for the word up in NOTsupine. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

The terms listed below are emphasized in this chapter. Knowing them will help you organize and prioritize your learning. These boldface terms are also found, collectively, with all chapter key terms in the Glossary. The Body as a Whole © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC abdominal cavity NOT FORThe SALElarge ventral OR cavity DISTRIBUTION below the diaphragm and above the pelvic NOTcavity FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ab-DOM-ih-nal

abdominopelvic cavity The large ventral cavity between the diaphragm and pelvis that includes the abdominal and pelvic ab-dom-ih-no-PEL-vik cavities anatomic© Jones position & Bartlett Learning,Standard position LLC for anatomic studies, in which© theJones body is &erect Bartlett and facing Learning, forward, the arms LLC an-ah-TOM-ik are at the sides with palms forward, and the feet are parallel NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION cranial cavity The dorsal cavity that contains the brain KRA-ne-al

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 56 12/11/19 5:20 PM Chapter 2 ■ Body Structure 57

diaphragm The muscle that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity DI-ah-fram © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC frontal (coronal) plane Plane of section that separates the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions FRUHN-tal NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION pelvic cavity The ventral cavity that is below the abdominal cavity 2 PEL-vik

peritoneum© Jones & Bartlett Learning,The large serous LLC membrane that lines the abdominopelvic© Jones cavity & Bartlettand covers theLearning, organs within LLC it per-ih-to-NE-umNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION sagittal plane Plane that divides the body into right and left portions SAJ-ih-tal

spinal cavity (canal) Dorsal cavity that contains the spinal cord © Jones &SPI-nal Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEthoracic cavityOR DISTRIBUTIONThe ventral cavity above theNOT diaphragm, FOR the SALE chest cavity OR DISTRIBUTION tho-RAS-ik

transverse (horizontal) plane Plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions trans-VERS © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Word Parts Pertaining to Body Structure TABLES 2-4 to 2-6 provide word roots and prefixes pertaining to body structure. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Table 2-4 Roots for Regions of the Head and Trunk

Root Meaning Example Definition of Example © Jones &cephal/o Bartlett Learning,head LLC megacephaly© Jones & Bartlettabnormal Learning, largeness LLC of the head meg-ah-SEF-a-le NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION cervic/o neck cervicofacial pertaining to the neck and face ser-vih-ko-FA-shal thorac/o chest, thorax thoracotomy incision (-tomy) into the chest tho-rah-KOT-o-me abdomin/o ©abdomen Jones & Bartlett Learning,intra-abdominal LLC within the abdomen© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONin-trah-ab-DOM-ih-nal NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION celi/o abdomen celiocentesis surgical puncture (centesis) of the abdomen se-le-o-sen-TE-sis lapar/o abdominal wall laparoscope instrument (-scope) for viewing the peritoneal LAP-ah-ro-skope cavity through the abdominal wall lumb/o© Jones & Bartlettlumbar region,Learning, lower back LLC thoracolumbar © Jonespertaining & Bartlettto the chest Learning,and lumbar region LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONtho-rak-o-LUM-bar NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION periton, peritone/o peritoneum peritoneal pertaining to the peritoneum per-ih-to-NE-al

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 57 12/11/19 5:20 PM 58 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

Complete the exercise. To check your answers go to Appendix 11.

Write the adjective for each of the following definitions. The correct suffix is given in parentheses. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1. Pertaining to (-ic)NOT the chest FOR ______SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONthoracic NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2. Pertaining to (-ic) the head ______3. Pertaining to (-al) the neck ______4. ©Pertaining Jones &to (-al)Bartlett the abdomen Learning, ______LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 5. NOTPertaining FOR to SALE (-ar) the OR lower DISTRIBUTION back ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Fill in the Blanks 6. Peritonitis (per-ih-to-NI-tis) is inflammation (-itis) of the ______. © Jones & Bartlett7. The adjective Learning, celiac ( SE-le-akLLC ) pertains to the ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC . NOT FOR SALE8. A laparotomy OR DISTRIBUTION (lap-ah-ROT-o-me) is an incision throughNOT the FOR ______SALE OR DISTRIBUTION .

Table 2-5 Roots© forJones the Extremities & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Root Meaning Example Definition of Example acro extremity, end acrocyanosis bluish discoloration of the extremities ak-ro-si-ah-NO-sis brachi/o arm antebrachium forearm © Jones & Bartlett Learning,an-te-BRA-ke-um LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC dactyl/oNOT FOR finger,SALE toe OR DISTRIBUTIONpolydactyly havingNOT more thanFOR the SALE normal numberOR DISTRIBUTION of fingers or toes pol-e-DAK-til-e ped/o foot pedometer instrument that measures footsteps pe-DOM-eh-ter pod/o foot podiatric pertaining to study and treatment of the foot © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC po-de-AT-rik © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Exercise 2-5 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Complete the exercise.NOT To check FOR your SALE answers OR go DISTRIBUTION to Appendix 11. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Fill in the blanks.

1. Acrokinesia (ak-ro-ki-NE-se-ah) is excess motion (-kinesia) of the ______. 2.© Animals Jones that & Bartlettbrachiate ( BRA-ke-ateLearning,), suchLLC as monkeys, swing from place© Jones to place & using Bartlett their ______Learning, LLC. 3.NOT A dactylospasm FOR SALE (DAK-til-o-spazm OR DISTRIBUTION) is a spasm (cramp) of a(n) ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 4. The term brachiocephalic (bra-ke-o-seh-FAL-ik) refers to the ______. 5. Sinistropedal (sih-nis-tro-PE-dal) refers to the use of the left ______. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 58 12/11/19 5:20 PM Chapter 2 ■ Body Structure 59

Prefix Meaning Example Definition of Example circum- around circumoral around the mouth ser-kum-OR-al peri- around© Jones & Bartlett Learning,periorbital LLC around the© orbit Jones (eye socket) & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORper-e-OR-bit-al DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION intra- in, within intravascular within a vessel (vascul/o) in-trah-VAS-ku-lar 2 epi- on, over epithelial referring to epithelium, tissue that covers ep-ih-THE-le-al surfaces © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC extra- outside extrathoracic outside the thorax NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONeks-trah-tho-RAS-ik NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION infra-a below infrascapular below the scapula (shoulder blade) in-frah-SKAP-u-lar sub-a below, under sublingual under the tongue (lingu/o) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC sub-LING-gwal© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC inter- between intercostal between the ribs (cost/o) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION in-ter-KOS-talNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION juxta- near, beside juxtaposition a location near or beside another juks-tah-po-ZIH-shun structure para- near, beside parasagittal near or beside a sagittal plane © Jones & Bartlett Learning,par-ah-SAJ-ih-tal LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC retro- behind,NOT backward FOR SALE ORretrouterine DISTRIBUTION behind theNOT uterus FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION reh-tro-U-ter-in supra- above suprapatellar above the patella (kneecap) su-prah-pah-TEL-ar

aAlso indicates degree. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Exercise 2-6

© Jones & CompleteBartlett the Learning, exercise. To LLC check your answers go to Appendix© Jones 11. & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALESynonyms OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Write a word that means the same as each of the following. 1. perioral ______circumoral 2. infrascapular ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 3. perivascular NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4. subcostal ______5. circumorbital ______

Opposites© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC WriteNOT a word FOR that SALE means ORthe opposite DISTRIBUTION of each of the following. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 6. suprapatellar ______infrapatellar 7. extracellular ______

(continued)

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 59 12/11/19 5:20 PM 60 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

Define the following words.

10. paranasal (par-ah-NA-zal© Jones) ______& Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 11. retroperitoneal (NOTreh-tro-per-ih-to-NE-al FOR SALE OR) ______DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 12. supraabdominal (su-prah-ab-DOM-ih-nal) ______13. intrauterine (in-trah-U-ter-in) ______

Refer© Jonesto FIGURES & 2-16 Bartlett and 2-17 Learning, to define the LLCfollowing terms. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 14.NOT periumbilical FOR SALE (per-e-um-BIL-ih-kal OR DISTRIBUTION)______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 15. intergluteal (in-ter-GLU-te-al)______16. epitarsal (ep-ih-TAR-sal)______© Jones & 17.Bartlett intraocular Learning, (in-trah-OK-u-lar LLC )______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE18. parasacral OR DISTRIBUTION (par-ah-SA-kral)______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Terminology© JonesEnrichment & Bartlett Learning, Terms LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The terms listed below expand on the key terms to increase your knowledge of this chapter topic. The Body as a Whole digit© Jones & Bartlett Learning,A finger or LLCtoe (adjective: digital) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC DIJ-itNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION epigastrium The epigastric region ep-ih-GAS-tre-um

fundus The base or body of a hollow organ, the area of an organ farthest from its opening FUN-dus © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC hypochondrium The hypochondriac region (left or right) NOT FOR SALEhi-po-KON-dre-um OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

lumen The central opening within a tube or hollow organ LU-men

meatus A passage or opening me-A-tus © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION orifice The opening of a cavity OR-ih-fis

os Mouth, any body opening septum© Jones & Bartlett Learning,A wall dividing LLC two cavities © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC SEP-tumNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION sinus A cavity, as within a bone SI-nus

sphincter A circular muscle that regulates an opening SFINK-ter © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 60 12/11/19 5:20 PM Chapter 2 ■ Body Structure 61

The abbreviations listed below are emphasized in this chapter. These are also found, collectively, with all chapter abbreviations in Appendix 2.

LLQ Left lower© Jones quadrant & Bartlett Learning, LLCRLQ Right lower quadrant© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION LUQ Left upper quadrant RUQ Right upper quadrant 2

Zachary’s Return to Class Schedule ted. He realized how important exercise is to feeling Following his appointment, Zachary decided to accept energized, upbeat, and more confident in his everyday © Jones & hisBartlett physician’s Learning, advice. He LLC started preparing at least © Jonesactivities. & Bartlett By providing Learning, himself with LLC healthy meals and NOT FOR SALEtwo meals OR a dayDISTRIBUTION at home and often boxed a lunch to NOTroutine FOR exercise,SALE ORZachary DISTRIBUTION was able to sleep better. He eat during the day on campus. The more nutritious also made sure he had at least 8 hours of sleep each meals provided him greater energy; he no longer felt night. Finally, he recognized that a little knowledge is sluggish. He visited the university gym to work out a dangerous thing and that it is not smart to try and at least two to three times a week for 20 minutes and diagnose oneself. hoped to increase that© Jonestime when & hisBartlett schedule Learning, permit- LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 61 12/11/19 5:20 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Review CHAPTER 2

This review tests your understanding© Jones & ofBartlett the content Learning, introduced LLCin this chapter. Follow the instructions© Jones for & each Bartlett exercise Learning, LLC and check your answersNOT in Appendix FOR SALE 11. OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

LABELING EXERCISE DIRECTIONAL TERMS Write© the Jones name of & each Bartlett numbered Learning, part on the LLC corresponding line of the answer© Jones sheet. & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Anterior (ventral) Medial 1 Distal Posterior (dorsal) Inferior (caudal) Proximal Lateral Superior (cranial) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1. 2. 7 3. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 4. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 5. 6. 3 4 7. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 8. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR 8SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

2 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 62 12/11/19 5:20 PM Chapter 2 ■ Body Structure 63

© Jones PLANES& Bartlett OF DIVISION Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORWrite SALE the nameOR DISTRIBUTIONof each numbered part on the correspondingNOT line FOR of the SALE answer sheet.OR DISTRIBUTION

1 2 3

1. 2. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 3. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

BODY CAVITIES, LATERAL VIEW 1 4 Write the name of each numbered part on the © Jones &corresponding Bartlett Learning, line of the answer LLC sheet. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE2 OR DISTRIBUTION Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Spinal cavity (canal) Cranial cavity Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Ventral cavity 3 Dorsal cavity © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR5 SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1. 2. 6 3. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 4. 8 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 5. 7 6. 7. 9 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 8. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9.

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 63 12/11/19 5:20 PM 64 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

© Jones THE& Bartlett NINE REGIONS Learning, OF THE LLC ABDOMEN © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORWrite SALE the nameOR DISTRIBUTIONof each numbered part on the correspondingNOT line FOR of the SALE answer sheet.OR DISTRIBUTION

Epigastric region Right hypochondriac region Hypogastric region Right iliac (inguinal) region Left hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Left iliac (inguinal) region© Jones Umbilical & Bartlett region Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Left lumbar region NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

1. 2. 3. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4. 5. 6. 4 1 5 © Jones &7. Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 8. 9. 6 2 7

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 64 12/11/19 5:20 PM Chapter 2 ■ Body Structure 65 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones TERMINOLOGY& Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION MATCHING Match the following terms, and write the appropriate letter to the left of each number. 1. ATP a. control region of the cell 2. DNA © Jones & Bartlettb. material Learning, that holds LLC the cellular organelles © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 3. nucleoplasmNOT FOR SALE c.OR energy DISTRIBUTION compound of the cells NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4. nucleus d. genetic material 5. cytoplasm e. material that fills the nucleus 2

6. blastocyte a. immature cell © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 7. ribosomes b. organelles that produce ATP NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 8. mitochondria c. organelles that contain RNA 9. mitosis d. small cellular body containing digestive enzymes 10. lysosome e. cell division

© Jones & Bartlett 11. reticular Learning, LLC a. resembling© a Jonesgland & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE 12. ORadenoid DISTRIBUTION b. fibrous tumorNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 13. fibroma c. cell with a very large nucleus 14. megakaryocyte d. pertaining to a network 15. chromosome e. structure that contains genes © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 16. autotroph NOT FOR SALE a.OR resembling DISTRIBUTION a nipple NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 17. papilliform b. having no specific form 18. amorphous c. wasting of tissue 19. atrophy d. pertaining to the body © 20. Jones somatic & Bartlett Learning, e.LLC organism that can manufacture© Jones its own &food Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 21. adiposuria a. presence of fat in the urine 22. proteolytic b. presence of glucose in the urine 23. glucosuria c. treatment using water 24. polysaccharide d. compound composed of many simple sugars © Jones & Bartlett 25. hydrotherapy Learning, LLC e. destroying© or Jones dissolving & proteinBartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 26. macropodia a. circular cut 27. subdermal b. excessive size of the feet 28. macrocephaly c. beneath the skin 29. celiotomy © Jones & Bartlettd. abnormal Learning, largeness LLC of the head © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 30. circumcisionNOT FOR SALE e.OR incision DISTRIBUTION of the abdomen NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Enrichment Terms 31. amino acid a. pertaining to the internal organs © 32. Jones collagen & Bartlett Learning, b.LLC breakdown phase of metabolism© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT 33. visceral FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONc. fibrous protein in connectiveNOT tissue FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 34. cortex d. outer region of an organ 35. catabolism e. building block of protein

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 65 12/11/19 5:20 PM 66 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

© Jones & Bartlett 36. fundus Learning, LLC a. passage or© opening Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE 37. ORmeatus DISTRIBUTION b. circular muscleNOT that FOR regulates SALE an ORopening DISTRIBUTION 38. lumen c. central opening of a tube 39. sphincter d. base of a hollow organ 40. septum e. dividing wall © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC FILL IN THE BLANKS NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Complete the sentence with the correct term(s).

41. The study of tissues is called ______. 42. The© Jones four basic & tissueBartlett types Learning,are ______LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. 43. AllNOT the activitiesFOR SALE of a cell OR make DISTRIBUTION up its ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 44. The systems involved in circulation are the cardiovascular system and the ______. 45. The simple sugar that is the main energy source for metabolism is ______. © Jones & 46. Bartlett A thick cellular Learning, secretion LLC that lubricates and protects ©tissues Jones is called & Bartlett ______Learning, LLC . NOT FOR 47. SALE An organic OR DISTRIBUTION compound that speeds the rate of metabolicNOT reactions FOR is SALE a(n) ______OR DISTRIBUTION . 48. The term dehydration refers to a loss or deficiency of ______. 49. The study of form and structure is called ______.

ADJECTIVES © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Name the body part referredNOT toFOR in the SALE following OR adjectives. DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

50. celiac (SE-le-ak)______51. phalangeal (fa-LAN-ge-al)______52. occipital© Jones (ok-SIP-ih-tal & Bartlett)______Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 53. carpalNOT (KAR-palFOR SALE) ______OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 54. cervical (SER-vih-kal) ______55. brachial (BRA-ke-al) ______

56. laparoscope (LAP-ah-ro-skope)______57. suprapubic (su-prah-PU-bic)______58. infraumbilical (in-fra-um-BIL-ih-kal© Jones & Bartlett)______Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 59. sublingual (sub-LING-walNOT FOR)______SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 60. retroperitoneal (ret-ro-per-ih-to-NE-al) ______61. bipedal (BIP-eh-dal) ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC SYNONYMS NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Write a word that means the same as each of the following.

62. posterior______63. circumocular ______© Jones & 64. Bartlett submammary Learning,______LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 65. ventral ______

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 66 12/11/19 5:20 PM Chapter 2 ■ Body Structure 67

66. microcephaly ______67. deep ______68. proximal ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 69. subscapular ______70. extracellular ______2 71. superior ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ELIMINATIONSNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION In each of the sets below, underline the word that does not fit in with the rest and explain the reason for your choice.

72. umbilical region — hypochondriac region — epigastric region — cervical region — iliac region

74. thoracic cavity — spinal cavity — pelvic cavity — abdominal cavity — abdominopelvic cavity

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC TRUE–FALSE NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Examine the following statements. If the statement is true, write T in the first blank. If the statement is false, write F in the first blank, and correct the statement by replacing the underlined word in the second blank.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC True or False© Jones & Bartlett Correct Learning, Answer LLC 75. A NOT megakaryocyte FOR SALE is a cell OR with DISTRIBUTION a large nucleus. ______T NOT FOR______SALE OR DISTRIBUTION______76. An adipocyte is a cell that stores glucose. ______F ______fat ______77. A whip-like extension of a cell is a flagellum. ______© Jones & 78. Bartlett The cranial Learning, and spinal cavitiesLLC are the ventral ©______Jones & Bartlett Learning,______LLC body cavities. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 79. A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal right ______and left parts. 80. The wrist is proximal to the elbow. ______81. A transverse plane© divides Jones the body& Bartlett into anterior Learning, ______LLC ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC and posterior parts.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 82. The hypogastric region is inferior to the umbilical region. ______83. The right hypochondriac region is in the RUQ. ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 67 12/11/19 5:20 PM 68 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

© Jones WORD& Bartlett BUILDING Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORWrite SALE a word OR for DISTRIBUTION each of the following definitions using NOTthe word FOR parts SALE provided. OR Each DISTRIBUTION word part can be used more than once.

-oid amyl/o muc/o aden/o -ase lip/o leuk/o histi/o blast

84. Like or resembling© a Jonesgland ______& Bartlett Learning, LLC adenoid © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 85. Immature white blood cell______86. Enzyme that digests fat______87. Resembling mucus______88. Cell© Jones that gives & rise Bartlett to tissue Learning,______LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 89. Enzyme that digests starch______90. Resembling starch______

Write a word for each of the following definitions using the word parts provided. Each word part can be used more than once. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEspasm OR DISTRIBUTION cephal -o- dactyl extra- -icNOT infra- FOR syn- SALE thorac OR DISTRIBUTION a- intra- -y poly-

91. cramp of a finger or toe ______92. below the chest ______93. inside the chest ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 94. condition of having extra fingers or toes______95. fusion of the fingers or toes ______96. pertaining to the head and chest ______97. absence© Jones of a &finger Bartlett or toe ______Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 98. within the head ______99. absence of a head ______

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 68 12/11/19 5:20 PM Chapter 2 ■ Body Structure 69

© Jones WORD& Bartlett ANALYSIS Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORDefine SALE each OR of DISTRIBUTIONthe following words, and give the meaningNOT of the FOR word SALEparts in OReach. DISTRIBUTIONUse a dictionary if necessary.

100. homeostasis (ho-me-o-STA-sis) a. homeo ______b. stat (from Greek© Jonesstates) ______& Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION c. -sis ______101. autophagy (aw-TOF-ah-je) 2 a. auto ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC b. phag/o ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION c. -y ______102. acrocyanosis (ak-ro-si-ah-NO-sis) a. acro ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC b. cyan/o ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION c. -sis ______103. antebrachial (an-te-BRA-ke-al) a. ante- ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC b. brachi/o ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION c. -al ______

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 69 12/11/19 5:20 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Additional Case Studies

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Case Study 2-1: Needle Aspiration of Thyroid Tumor Chief Complaint The ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration revealed atypical cells with abundant cytoplasm and prominent Mathew, a 65 y/o male, noticed a lump on the side of his © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC nuclei but no© metastasis.Jones & However, Bartlett the Learning, nuclei showed LLC neck and went to see his physician. He has a history of some morphologic changes. Histologic slides of the left prostateNOT cancer FOR and SALE had a prostatectomy OR DISTRIBUTION 4 years ago. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION thyroid showed clusters of epithelial cells associated with Bilateral lymph node dissection revealed no metastasis. lymphocytes suggestive of lymphocytic thyroiditis. His physician referred him to a surgeon for evaluation of a nodule on the thyroid gland. Clinical Course © Jones &Examination Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesMathew & underwentBartlett Learning,a total thyroidectomy LLC and is healing NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTwell. FOR A follow-up SALE OR CT scan DISTRIBUTION of the neck and chest showed no Dr. Thompson, a general surgeon, examined Mathew and additional nodules or indications of metastatic disease. recommended a needle aspiration of the thyroid gland.

Case Study 2-1 Questions © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Follow the instructionsNOT for each FOR question SALE and OR check DISTRIBUTION your answers against Appendix 11. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Multiple Choice. Select the best answer and write the letter of your choice to the left of each number.

1. The suffix in prostatectomy and thyroidectomy 2. The singular form of nuclei is © Jonesmeans & Bartlett Learning, LLC a.© nucleolusJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTa. FORremoval SALE or excision OR DISTRIBUTION b.NOT nucleoli FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b. incision into c. nucleum c. inflammation d. nucleus d. resembling

© Jones &Identify Bartlett and give Learning, the meaning LLC of the prefixes in the following© words. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Prefix Meaning of Prefix 3. atypical ______4. bilateral ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 5. metastasis (see AppendixNOT FOR 7) SALE OR DISTRIBUTION______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Find words in the case study for the following.

6. A word with a root that means form ______7. A© word Jones with &a root Bartlett that means Learning, tissue ______LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 8. ThreeNOT wor FORds that SALE contain OR a rootDISTRIBUTION that means cell ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 70 12/11/19 5:20 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Case Study 2-2: Emergency Care 2 During a triathlon, paramedics responded to a scene with and frontal head pain; laceration to right temple, superior multiple patients involved in a serious bicycle accident. and anterior to right ear; lumbar pain; bilateral thoracic Patti, ©a 20 Jones y/o woman, & Bartlett lost control Learning, of her bike LLC while pain on inspiration© Jones at midclavicular & Bartlett line Learning, on the right LLC and descendingNOT FORa hill at SALE approximately OR DISTRIBUTION 40 mph. As she fell, two midaxillary lineNOT on FORthe left; SALE dull aching OR painDISTRIBUTION of the poste- other cyclists collided with her, sending all three crashing rior proximal right thigh; bilateral paresthesia (numbness to the ground. and tingling) of distal lower legs circumferentially; varus At the scene, Patti reported pain in her head, back, (knock-knee) adduction deformity of left knee; and poste- chest, and leg. She also had numbness and tingling in her rior displacement deformity of left shoulder. © Jones &legs Bartlett and feet. Learning,Other injuries LLCincluded a cut on her face and© JonesAt & the Bartlett hospital, theLearning, emergency LLC department physician NOT FORon SALE her right OR arm DISTRIBUTION and an obvious deformity to both her NOTordered FOR SALEradiographs OR forDISTRIBUTION Patti. Before the procedure, the shoulder and knee. She had slight difficulty breathing. radiology technologist positioned a lead gonadal shield The paramedic did a rapid cephalocaudal assessment centered on the midsagittal line above Patti’s symphysis and immobilized Patti’s neck in a cervical collar. She was pubis to protect her ovaries from unnecessary irradiation secured on a backboard© and Jones given &oxygen. Bartlett After Learning,her LLCby the primary beam. The technologist© Jones knew & Bartlett that gonadal Learning, LLC bleeding was controlledNOT and herFOR injured SALE extremities OR DISTRIBUTION were shielding is important for femaleNOT patients FOR undergoing SALE OR DISTRIBUTION immobilized, she was transported to the nearest emer- imaging of the lumbar spine, sacroiliac joints, acetabula, gency department. pelvis, and kidneys. Shields should not be used for any During transport, the paramedic in charge radioed examination in which an acute abdominal condition is ahead to provide a prehospital report to the charge nurse. suspected. Her report© Jones included & Bartlettthe following Learning, information: LLC occipital © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 71 12/11/19 5:20 PM 72 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones Case& Bartlett Study Learning, 2-2 Questions LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Follow the instructions for each question and check your answers against Appendix 11.

Multiple Choice. Select the best answer and write the letter of your choice to the left of each number. 1. The term for© the Jones timespan & betweenBartlett injury Learning, and LLC 4. A cervical collar was© placed Jones on &the Bartlett victim to Learning, LLC admission toNOT the emergenc FOR SALEy department OR DISTRIBUTION is stabilize and immobilizeNOT theFOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a. preoperative a. uterus b. prehospital b. shoulders c. pretrauma c. neck d. intrainjury d. pelvis ©2. Jones A cephalocaudal & Bartlett assessment Learning, goes fromLLC 5. The© singularJones form& Bartlett of acetabula Learning, is LLC NOTa. FORfront SALEto back OR DISTRIBUTION a.NOT acetabulum FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b. head to toe b. acetabia c. side to side c. acetab d. skin to bone d. acetabulae © Jones & Bartlett3. The Learning, victim’s injured LLC extremities were © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE immobilizedOR DISTRIBUTION before transport. Immobilized NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION means a. abducted as far as possible b. internally rotated and flexed c. adducted so that the limbs are crossed d. held in place© Jones to prev ent& Bartlettmovement Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH02_Cohen.indd 72 12/11/19 5:20 PM Chapter 2 ■ Body Structure 73

© Jones Draw& Bartlett or shade Learning,the appropriate LLC area(s) on one or both diagrams© Jones for each &question Bartlett pertaining Learning, to the case LLC study. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

6. Draw dots over the areas of the victim’s occipital and frontal head pain. 7. Draw a dash (—) over the area of the right temporal laceration—superior and anterior to the right ear. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 8. Crosshatch the area of lumbar pain. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9. Place an X over the area of thoracic pain at the anterior left midaxillary line. 10. Draw a star at the area of the pain on the right proximal posterior thigh. 11. Shade the area of the bilateral paresthesia of the distal lower legs, circumferentially. 12. Draw an arrow to show the direction of the varus adduction of the left knee. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 13. Draw an arrow to show the direction of the posterior displacement of the left shoulder. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 14. Draw a fig leaf to show the gonadal shield on the midsagittal line above the symphysis pubis. 15. Draw a circle around the area of the sacroiliac joints.

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