Strateška Lega Zgornje Pivke in Presihajočih Jezer Po Uveljavitvi Rapallske Pogodbe
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ACTA CARSOLOGICA 34/3 9 768-783 LJUBLJANA 2005 COBISS: 1.02 STRATEŠKA LEGA ZGORNJE PIVKE IN PRESIHAJOČIH JEZER PO UVELJAVITVI RAPALLSKE POGODBE THE STRATEGIC POSITION OF UPPER PIVKA AND THE INTERMITTENT LAKES AFTER IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RAPALLO TREATY MARTINA ČUČEK1 1Vilharjeva ulica 4, SI-6257 Pivka, Slovenija e-mail: [email protected] Prejeto/Received: 19. 9. 2005 Martina Čuček: Strateška lega Zgornje Pivke in presihajočih jezer po uveljavitvi Rapallske pogodbe Izvleček Abstract UDK: 341.222(450:497.1) / 94(450:497.1) UDC: 341.222(450:497.1) / 94(450:497.1) Martina Čuček: Strateška lega zgornje Pivke Martina Čuček: The strategic position of up- in presihajočih jezer po uveljavitvi rapallske per Pivka and the intermittent lakes after pogodbe implementation of the rapallo treaty Zgornja Pivka je že večkrat v zgodovini Its strategic position has given Upper Pivka odigrala pomembno vlogo prav zaradi svoje (Zgornja Pivka) an important role in history on strateške lege. Nazadnje se je to pokazalo po prvi several occasions. The last of these occurred af- svetovni vojni, ko je z uveljavitvijo Rapallske ter the implementation of the Rapallo Treaty at pogodbe pripadla Italiji in tako postala mejno the end of the First World War, when the area ozemlje. Prek meje se je vzpostavil kontrabant. was annexed to Italy and turned into borderland. Čez Pivško kotlino je potekala druga linija Across the border the ‘Kontrabant’ developed. Alpskega zidu, mogočnega obrambnega Through the Pivka Basin (Pivška kotlina) ran sistema, ki naj bi branil vzhodno mejo pred the second line of the Alpine Wall, which was Jugoslavijo. Naravni prehod v smeri sever-jug, a mighty defence system build to protect Italy’s dobra preglednost nad kotlino ter dobri pogoji eastern border with Yugoslavia. The natural za oskrbo vojaških enot so bili glavni razlogi north-east passage, a good view of the valley, za izgradnjo utrdb na Primožu, kjer je bil hkrati and good conditions for supplying military units komandni center za okoliške bunkerje. Za were the main reasons for building fortifications vojaške potrebe so zgradili vodne zbiralnike, on the Primož hill. The command centre for the ceste, mostove, smodnišnico, letališče, regulirali nearby bunkers was also located there. For mili- strugo reke Pivke in pogozdili burji izpostavljene tary purposes, water reservoirs, roads, bridges, predele. Vojska je trenirala na Petelinjskem in a powder magazine, and an airfield were built; Palškem jezeru. Tu sta bila vojaška poligona the bed of the Pivka river was regulated, and že iz časa Avstro-Ogrske. Na jezerih je izvajala the parts most exposed to strong winds (“bur- vojaške manevre tudi Jugoslovanska ljudska ja”) were forested. Lakes Petelinjsko jezero and armada, ki je za razliko od italijanske vojske Palško jezero were used as training fields by the povzročila veliko večjo škodo. Dno Palškega army. The two military fields had already been jezera so 1990. leta sanirali in lastnikom zemljišč in service in Austro-Hungarian times. The Yu- izplačali odškodnino, medtem ko najdemo na goslav People’s Army also used the lakes for Petelinjskem jezeru še vedno luknje od granat, its manoeuvres and did much more damage to topovska gnezda in strelski jarek. them than the Italian army had done previously. The bottom of Palško jezero was reconstructed in 1990, and the owners were compensated. On Petelinjsko jezero, however, bomb craters, gun- nests, and a trench can still be seen. Ključne besede: Pivška kotlina, Pivška jezera, Key words: Pivka basin, Pivka lakes, Rapallo rapallska meja, Alpski zid, utrdbe, Slovenija. border, Vallo Alpino, fortifications, Slovenia. 769 Acta carsologica, 34/3 (2005) UVOD INTRODUCTION Območje Pivških jezer je zaradi svoje Its geographical position turned the area geografske lege že večkrat v zgodovini around the Pivka lakes into a busy frontier area predstavljalo mejno, prehodno ozemlje. Tukaj je on several occasions in history. It first divided potekala meja med Iliri in Rimskim imperijem, the Illyrians and the Roman Empire, and later kasneje med vzhodnim in zahodnim rimskim the Eastern and Western Roman Empires. The cesarstvom. Ponovno se je meja zarezala v demarcation line cut into the territory once pokrajino v 20. stoletju. Prek Javornikov in again in the 20th century. This time it was the Snežnika je stekla rapallska meja, ki je med Rapallo line, which ran across the plateaus of drugim razdelila slovensko narodno telo Javorniki and Snežnik and split the Slovene na- med dve državi. Območje Zgornje Pivke in tion between two countries. The area of Upper presihajočih jezer je pripadlo Kraljevini Italiji in Pivka and the intermittent lakes became part of tako postalo mejno ozemlje, na katerem se je v the Kingdom of Italy and was turned into a bor- zelo kratkem času skoncentriralo veliko število derland in which numerous Italian troops were italijanskih vojakov. Da bi zavarovala mejo pred soon concentrated. In order to protect its border Jugoslavijo, je Italija pričela z gradnjo Alpskega with Yugoslavia, Italy began constructing the zidu in ostale vojaške strukture. To ozemlje je Alpine wall and other military infrastructure. med obema vojnama zaznamoval fašizem, The period between the wars was marked by ki ga je spremljalo potujčevanje, nasilje nad fascism, the deprivation of national rights, vio- domačini, ilegalno prehajanje v Jugoslavijo. lence against the local people and illegal bor- Gospodarska kriza pa je povzročila množično der-crossing. Because of the economic crisis, odseljevanje v tujino in prepovedan način people emigrated en masse, and a new form trgovanja – kontrabant (Čuček 2004). of illegal trade appeared – the “Kontrabant” (Čuček 2004). ZGORNJA PIVKA DO KONCA PRVE SVETOVNE VOJNE UPPER PIVKA BEFORE THE END OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR Ugoden strateški položaj Zgornje Pivke so spoznali že predzgodovinski prebivalci. Prehistoric settlers were already aware of Območje je bilo naseljeno že v kameni dobi Upper Pivka’s favourable strategic position. (Parska golobina, Pod Črmukljo). Prav tako so The area was settled as early as in the Stone Age ohranjena gradišča iz železne dobe (Gradišče (Parska golobina, Pod Črmukljo). Remains of nad Slavino, Primož, Kerin in Šilentabor). Iron Age ancient fortifications have also been Zgradili so jih Japodi, ki so se že takrat zavedali discovered (Gradišče over Slavina, Primož, pomembnih strateških poti, ki so vodile tukaj Kerin, and Šilentabor). These were set up by mimo. Prvo cesto, ki je potekala med Primožem the Japods, who were well aware of the impor- in Šilentabrom ter povezovala Javornike s tance of the strategic routes leading through the Košansko dolino, so zgradili Rimljani. Tu area. The first road, which ran between Primož je potekala vojna krajina med vzhodnim in and Šilentabor and connected Javorniki with zahodnim delom cesarstva, tako imenovana the valley of Košanska dolina, was built by the Claustra Alpium Iuliarum. Iz fevdalne dobe so Romans. This was the borderland between the ostanki gradov: grad v Prestranku, Šilentabor in eastern and the western parts of the Empire, grad Kalc pri Zagorju. Razporeditev naselij se the so-called Claustra Alpium Iuliarum. From je že v 15. stoletju v glavnih potezah ujemala z feudal times, the remains of the following cas- današnjo (Horvat 1975; Urleb 1975). tles can be found: the castles in Prestranek and Šilentabor, and the Kalc castle in Zagorje. The 770 Martina Čuček: Strateška lega Zgornje Pivke in presihajočih jezer po uveljavitvi Rapallske pogodbe Poljedelstvo je bilo nekoč glavna position of the settlements has remained more gospodarska panoga. Kasneje, ko je začelo or less the same since early in the 15th century primanjkovati njivskih površin, so si ljudje iskali (Horvat 1975; Urleb 1975). dodatnega zaslužka tudi v drugih dejavnostih. Razvile so se ovčereja, gozdarjenje, oglarstvo In earlier times, agriculture was the main in prevozništvo – furmanstvo. V Trst so economic activity. Later, when tillable land vozili les, seno in led. Furmanstvo je za seboj grew scarcer, people began to look for addition- potegnilo tudi druge domače obrti od gostiln al sources of income in other activities. Sheep in sedlarjev do čevljarjev. Pomemben mejnik v farming, forestry, charcoal-burning and cartage razvoju je pomenila Južna železnica, ki je zavrla services (“furmanstvo”) developed. Wood, hay, furmanstvo, pospešila pa je gozdarstvo in lesno and ice were transported to Trieste. Along with obrt (Perko 2001). transport services, other cottage industries de- veloped, from inns and saddlers to cobblers. Pokrajina ob Pivških jezerih je bila najprej v An important milestone was the arrival of the posesti oglejskega patriarha, kasneje je prišla pod Southern railway line, which retarded the de- oblast Devinskih gospodov. Šele v 14. stoletju velopment of road transport, but spurred the de- je bila priključena Kranjski, takrat so namreč velopment of the forestry and timber industries to posest dobili Habsburžani. Zgornja Pivka je (Perko 2001). spadala v Notranjsko in dolga stoletja, z izjemo Francozov v času Ilirskih provinc, ostala pod The province around the Pivka lakes first vplivom Avstrijcev. Do ozemeljskih sprememb belonged to the Patriarch of Aquilea; later, it je prišlo šele po koncu prve svetovne vojne, ko came under the jurisdiction of the Seigniors of je to območje upravno pripadlo Kraljevini Italiji Devin. It was annexed to Carniola only in the (Cvirn et al. 1999; Ferenc 1994). 14th century, when the estates were taken over by the Hapsburgs. Upper Pivka was part of Inner Carniola and remained under Austrian influence OBDOBJE MED OBEMA VOJNAMA for centuries with the exception of a period of French rule at the time of the Illyrian provinces. Leta 1920 sta z Rapallsko pogodbo celotna Further, territorial changes came only after the Primorska in del Notranjske pripadli Kraljevini First World War, when the province came un- Italiji. Usoda tukaj živečih Slovencev je bila der the administration of the Kingdom of Italy zapisana že v Londonskem sporazumu iz leta (Cvirn et al. 1999; Ferenc 1994). 1915, ko sta Francija in Velika Britanija obljubili Italiji del slovenskega ozemlja v zameno za vstop Italije v vojno na strani antante (Čermelj 1965).