DOCSLIB.ORG

Turkmenistan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Turkmenistan CultureGramsTM World Edition 2011 Turkmenistan centuries. Known for their magnificent horsemanship and BACKGROUND bow-and-arrow skills, the Turkmens frequently went on the attack themselves, making invasions into territories as far Land and Climate away as the Byzantine Empire. Turkmenistan lies at the heart of central Asia. Covering Relying on tribal leadership, the Turkmens governed 188,460 square miles (488,100 square kilometers), the themselves through a well-defined hierarchy, where country is bigger than California but smaller than Texas. maslahats (meetings) were convened and decisions made by Ninety percent of Turkmenistan is taken up by the largely aksakals (“white-bearded” elders). However, the tribes did uninhabited Garagum and Gyzylgum deserts. Turkmenistan is not fully unite until, under the pressure of Persian and divided into five wilayets, or regions: Ahal, Lebap, Mary, Russian encroachments, they joined forces under local Balkan, and Dashouz. The capital, Ashgabat, is located a few leaders. The Turkmens initially managed to hold off a 19th miles north of the Koepetdag mountain range, which forms century Russian invasion, but in 1881 they were defeated the border with Iran. The other major cities are decisively at the Battle of Gok Depe. Thousands of Turkmens Türkmenbashy (formerly Krasnovodsk), in the west, and were slaughtered, and by 1885 the whole territory of Turkmenabad (formerly Chärjew), in the east. present-day Turkmenistan was incorporated into the Russian Turkmenistan has a subtropical desert climate with Empire. extreme variations in temperature. In the summer, Following the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917, temperatures in the open desert frequently exceed 131°F pockets of Turkmen resistance emerged, some in cooperation (55°C), while in the winter they often plunge well below with the Bolshevik Army's counterrevolutionary opponents, freezing. Spring and fall are generally mild and pleasant. the White Army. By 1920, they had been defeated by the Bolsheviks, but small bands of fighters, basmachis, continued History to resist the Soviets into the 1930s. The boundaries for the Turkmens trace their origin back to the Oguz people, a Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic were drawn up in 1924. confederation of Turkic tribes who took their name from the From then until 1991, the country was led by the chairmen of leader Oguz Kahn. Possibly with their conversion to Islam, the Turkmen Republican Soviet, who was appointed by and they took on the name “Turkmen,” meaning “pure Turk” or answered to Moscow. “most Turk-line of the Turks.” They settled in their present On 27 October 1991, prior to the Soviet Union's collapse, location in the 11th century. Over the years, the Turkmen Turkmenistan became an independent country. Turkmenistan tribes defended themselves against attacks from outside joined the United Nations in 1992. Saparmyrat Niyazov, who forces, including the Mongols in the 13th century and had been chairman of the Turkmen Soviet since 1985, became neighboring Persians and Uzbeks between the 15th and 18th Turkmenistan's first president upon independence. Niyazov 1 TM CultureGrams Turkmenistan established a strict authoritarian regime and an elaborate cult break from Soviet domination and in part to give Turkmens of personality. Portraits and statues of him were ubiquitous, greater access to technology and the Western world. grandiose public projects took priority over economic development, and no dissent was tolerated. A 1994 Religion referendum extended Niyazov's term for five years without Although post-Soviet Turkmenistan is a Muslim state, the need for an election, and in 1999, Parliament made him institutional religion has never been strong among the president for life. Niyazov died of heart failure in December historically nomadic Turkmens, who have a long tradition of 2006. Niyazov's deputy prime minister, Kurbanguly praying in their homes. Turkmens have preserved their old Berdymukhamedov, succeeded him as president following traditions to a remarkable extent, fusing pre-Islamic customs elections in February 2007. The change in regime was marked with their Islamic practices. For example, Turkmens say by an elimination of the calendar used by the old regime, and Bismillah (a Muslim blessing meaning “In the name of God”) the removal of some gold-plated statues of Niyazov from before beginning any task and tie a pre-Islamic alaja (a prominent locations. woven camel-hair talisman) to the steering wheel of their cars for good luck. Random misfortunes are frequently attributed to the evil eye (a glance believed to be capable of inflicting a THE PEOPLE harmful curse). Certain plants and bread are used as antidotes to evil. A mother might place a piece of bread under the Population pillow of a child afflicted with bad dreams. Turkmenistan's population of about 4.9 million is growing at The Soviet government outlawed many religious an annual rate of 1.1 percent. The population is composed of ceremonies, forcing the Turkmens to practice them in secret. ethnic Turkmens (85 percent), Uzbeks (5 percent), Russians Many have reemerged since independence, and the (4 percent), and small populations of Kazakhs, Kurds, Jews, government now encourages the celebration of religious Ukrainians, and Azerbaijanis. The five largest tribes are the holidays and pilgrimages to holy sites. Muslims constitute 89 Teke, Yomud, Ersary, Gokleng, and Saryk; tribal carpet percent of the population, and there are small representations patterns are represented in the Turkmen flag. Ashgabat is of Eastern Orthodox (9 percent) and Jews. Turkmenistan's largest and most densely populated city. Even there, many Turkmens continue to preserve traditional ways General Attitudes of life. It is not uncommon to see camels and sheep being An essential component of Turkmen social behavior is edep, raised in courtyards next to homes. The Turkmen population which refers to politeness, graciousness, modesty, hospitality, is young, with 29 percent under the age of 15 and only 4 respect toward elders and guests, and responsibility toward percent over age 65. family. Some schools include edep in their curriculum. Turkmens have a great sense of duty to their family Language (especially elders) and community. They value the well-being The official language of Turkmenistan is Turkmen, although of family and community groups over the well-being of the Russian is still used in the capital city. Turkmen is a Turkic individual, and they depend on networks of relatives, friends, dialect, most similar to those spoken in Turkey and and acquaintances for assistance. Azerbaijan. Historically, the Central Asian languages have borrowed from each other a good deal. With the introduction Personal Appearance of Islam, Arabic and Persian terms entered the languages. The Turkmens still wear their centuries-old, brightly-colored style 18th century poet Magtumguly, who wrote in the vernacular of dress. Women wear long, loose-fitting dresses with dialect, is credited with promoting a distinct Turkmen literary hand-embroidered collars (yaka). Most wear long hair under language, which reduced the number of Arabic and Persian dramatically patterned headscarves, which are both terms. However, throughout the Soviet period, official fashionable and indicative of tribal affiliation. Men more business, education, medicine, and science were conducted frequently dress in Western styles, but dons (robes), telpeks almost exclusively in Russian. Since independence, the (sheep fur hats), and tahyars (embroidered skullcaps) can still Turkmen government and the Turkmen Language and be seen. Literature Institute have combated this trend by replacing Shoes are kept polished, hair is tidy, and nails are regularly Russian-based terms with Turkmen words and Russian trimmed. Turkmens have significantly fewer articles of bureaucrats with indigenous Turkmens. clothing than most Westerners and so tend to wear them on The alphabet has also changed with political shifts. The consecutive days. Among the younger generation of Turks' original runic script gave way to a Perso-Arabic script Turkmens, there is a growing trend toward Western-style with the adoption of Islam. In 1928, in the spirit of Soviet dress. Russian and, more recently, Turkish imports are worn cultural development, Turkmens and other Soviet Muslims instead of, or sometimes mixed with, traditional wear. adopted an “internationally oriented” Latin-based script, a Though considered immodest by most Turkmens, revealing symbol for the Soviets of the international spread of items such as mini-skirts are occasionally worn. socialism. Then in 1940, a push toward greater “Sovietization” was marked by the widespread introduction of the Cyrillic alphabet. Then-president Niyazov declared a return to a Latin-based script in 1993, in part to signify the 2 TM CultureGrams Turkmenistan some Turkmens also drink vodka. In accordance with Islamic CUSTOMS AND COURTESIES tradition, Turkmens hold utensils in their right hands; knives are used only rarely as food is generally cooked in bite-size Greetings portions. Some Turkmens eat with their hands. Every meal is Turkmen greetings combine the Muslim Al-salām ʿalaykum accompanied by bread (chorek), which is honored as the or Salām ʿalayk (meaning “May peace be upon you,” source of life. Chorek is never torn with one hand or cut with generally shortened to Salam, meaning “Peace”) with the a knife, but respectfully broken with two hands; all pieces traditional Turkmen Nahili sen? Gowy my? (How are
Load more

Recommended publications
  • TURKMENISTAN Found on the ETF Website
    CONTACT US Further information can be TURKMENISTAN found on the ETF website: www.etf.europa.eu For any additional information OVERVIEW OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION please contact: AND TRAINING AND THE LABOUR MARKET European Training Foundation Communication Department Villa Gualino Viale Settimio Severo 65 UPDATE 2015 I – 10133 Torino E [email protected] F +39 011 630 2200 T +39 011 630 2222 The contents of this paper are the sole responsibility of the ETF and do not necessarily reflect the views of the EU institutions. @ European Training Foundation, 2015 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. TURKMENISTAN OVERVIEW OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING AND THE LABOUR MARKET WORKING PAPER PREPARED BY MILENA CORRADINI, ETF Updated May 2015 COUNTRY PROFILE ............................................................................................................................... 2 PREFACE................................................................................................................................................. 3 1. SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT ............................................................................................................ 5 2. REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT .............................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Ashgabat ......................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Akhal velayat .................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • O. Karataev TITLE of the ANCIENT TURKS: “KAGAN” (QAGAN) and “ZHABGU” (YABGU)
    ISSN 1563-0269, еISSN 2617-8893 Journal of history. №1 (96). 2020 https://bulletin-history.kaznu.kz IRSTI 03.29.00 https://doi.org/10.26577/JH.2020.v96.i1.02 O. Karataev Kastamonu University, Turkey, Kastamonu, е-mail: [email protected] TITLE OF THE ANCIENT TURKS: “KAGAN” (QAGAN) AND “ZHABGU” (YABGU) The Turks managed to create a huge empire. Territory – from the Altai mountains in the east to the Black Sea in the west, from the upper Yenisei in the north to the upper Amu Darya in the south. At the beginning of the VI century, the territory of Kazakhstan came under the authority of the Turkic Kaganate. Turkic Kaganate is the first state in Kazakhstan. Its basis was the union of Turkic-speaking tribes, which was headed by the kagan. The state, based on tribal traditions, was based on military-administrative management. It was part of a system of relations with such major states of the time as Iran and Byzan- tium. China was a tributary of the kaganate. The title in many cultures played the role of an important indicator of the international prestige of the state. As is known, only members of the Ashin clan had the sacred right to supreme power in the Turkic Kaganate. Possession of one or another title, occupation of one or another place in the political and state structure of society, depended on many circumstances, the main of which was belonging to a particular tribe in a tribal union, clan in a tribe, etc. Social deter- minants (titles, ranks, positions), as the most significant components of ancient Turkic anthroponomy, contained complete information about the social status of the bearer of a given name, its origin and membership in a particular layer of society, data on its place in the political structure of society and the administrative structure .
    [Show full text]
  • Central Asia: Confronting Independence
    THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY OF RICE UNIVERSITY UNLOCKING THE ASSETS: ENERGY AND THE FUTURE OF CENTRAL ASIA AND THE CAUCASUS CENTRAL ASIA: CONFRONTING INDEPENDENCE MARTHA BRILL OLCOTT SENIOR RESEARCH ASSOCIATE CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE PREPARED IN CONJUNCTION WITH AN ENERGY STUDY BY THE CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY AND THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RICE UNIVERSITY – APRIL 1998 CENTRAL ASIA: CONFRONTING INDEPENDENCE Introduction After the euphoria of gaining independence settles down, the elites of each new sovereign country inevitably stumble upon the challenges of building a viable state. The inexperienced governments soon venture into unfamiliar territory when they have to formulate foreign policy or when they try to forge beneficial economic ties with foreign investors. What often proves especially difficult is the process of redefining the new country's relationship with its old colonial ruler or federation partners. In addition to these often-encountered hurdles, the newly independent states of Central Asia-- Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan-- have faced a host of particular challenges. Some of these emanate from the Soviet legacy, others--from the ethnic and social fabric of each individual polity. Yet another group stems from the peculiarities of intra- regional dynamics. Finally, the fledgling states have been struggling to step out of their traditional isolation and build relations with states outside of their neighborhood. This paper seeks to offer an overview of all the challenges that the Central Asian countries have confronted in the process of consolidating their sovereignty. The Soviet Legacy and the Ensuing Internal Challenges What best distinguishes the birth of the Central Asian states from that of any other sovereign country is the incredible weakness of pro-independence movements throughout the region.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Turkish People
    June IJPSS Volume 2, Issue 6 ISSN: 2249-5894 2012 _________________________________________________________ History of the Turkish people Vahid Rashidvash* __________________________________________________________ Abstract The Turkish people also known as "Turks" (Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a first language. In the Republic of Turkey, an early history text provided the definition of being a Turk as "any individual within the Republic of Turkey, whatever his faith who speaks Turkish, grows up with Turkish culture and adopts the Turkish ideal is a Turk." Today the word is primarily used for the inhabitants of Turkey, but may also refer to the members of sizeable Turkish-speaking populations of the former lands of the Ottoman Empire and large Turkish communities which been established in Europe (particularly in Germany, France, and the Netherlands), as well as North America, and Australia. Key words: Turkish people. History. Culture. Language. Genetic. Racial characteristics of Turkish people. * Department of Iranian Studies, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Republic of Armeni. A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 118 June IJPSS Volume 2, Issue 6 ISSN: 2249-5894 2012 _________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction The Turks (Turkish people), whose name was first used in history in the 6th century by the Chinese, are a society whose language belongs to the Turkic language family (which in turn some classify as a subbranch of Altaic linguistic family.
    [Show full text]
  • Equestrian Complex of the President of Turkmenistan
    Equestrian Complex of the President of Turkmenistan Divine horses, equine aristocrats, fabled steeds and effulgent diamonds - such flowery epithets have been lavished upon that unique equine breed - the Akhal-Teke. Prized by Alexander the Great, Darius the Great, Genghis Khan, Roman emperors, Marco Polo, and many others, the Akhal-Tekes have served people for over 3,000 years. These are one of the most beautiful, elegant and proud horses in the world. Its endurance and resistance to heat are second to none. The Akhal-Tekes come from the Kara-Kum Desert in Turkmenistan. It is a place for the toughest people and equines. The Turkmens would never have survived without the Akhal-Teke, and vice versa. Turkmens were the first desert people to produce a horse ideal for the tough desert conditions. Akhal-Teke horses are thought to be one of the oldest surviving horse breeds. Today's Akhal-Teke is a race, sports and endurance horse, and a riveting circus performer. The Akhal-Teke takes its name from a Turmen tribe Teke living in the Akhal oasis. The Turkmen horse-breeders have been perfecting the appearance and muscular system of the thoroughbred racers for ages in concordance with traditions and customs of their ancestors. Traditions of selection and feeding, reproduction and training of horses were handed over from generation to generation. A Turkmen has never separated himself from a horse. A horse was a family member; it was cherished and valued higher than one’s own life. A profile of Yanardag, a stallion known for its beautiful appearance and great racing qualities, is in the center of the State Emblem of Turkmenistan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anglo-Russian Rivalry, Russia's Annexation of Merv and The
    The Anglo-Russian Rivalry, Russia’s Annexation of Merv and the Consequences of the Annexation on Turkmens Assist.Prof.Dr. Memet YETİŞGİN∗ Abstract: The annexation of Merv into Russia in 1884 was one of the most important stages in Russian expansionist policies and in the Anglo-Russian rivalry in Turkistan. It brought all the Turkmens—today living in Turkmenistan—under the Russian rule. The British who thought that the Russians had secret plans and goals towards India became extremely alarmed in every Russian move in Central Asia. Because of their fears of Russian expansion, the British sent agents to the region, adopted an adversarial diplomatıc stance via-a-vis Russians and, from time to time, invaded Afghanistan and Iran during the nineteenth century. The Anglo-Russian rivalry that has been called as “the Great Game” reached a stage of open conflict during Russian annexation of Merv. The Turkmens who had suffered under the militaristic and corrupt Russian rule did not immediately change their traditional life style. However, their cities and fertile lands began to be occupied by Russian and other immigrants. When the British and the Russians agreed to draw a border between Turkistan and Afghanistan, some Turkmens were left under Afghan and Iranian domination. Key words: The Turkmen, the Russians, the British, Turkmenistan, Merv, Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, the Turks and the Anglo- Russian Rivalry Few Remarks about Russia’s Invasions in Central Asia: Russian expansion into Central Asia had a long history starting in the late sixteenth
    [Show full text]
  • Turkmenistan – Making the Most of Desert Resources
    Turkmenistan Making the Most of Desert Resources urkmen hospitality is legendary, its roots There is little forested land. In fact, four-fifths of the in the distant past. Beyond the traditional country’s surface is desert—most of it the Karakum Khosh geldiniz (welcome), a host’s sacred (Garagum in Turkmen, the official language). And duty has always been to be hospitable to most of the remaining 20% of land is occupied Tguests, even if they are strangers. The hardship of by steep mountains. At the southwest edge of the life and travel in the desert that makes up most of Karakum, the Kopet-Dag Range rises up along the country is such that finding a friendly refuge Turkmenistan’s southern border. This range forms could be a matter of life or death. Inhospitality to a part of the Trans-Eurasian seismic belt, which is traveler is virtually unthinkable. unstable and has caused violent earthquakes in the country. An Uncompromising Terrain Turkmenistan’s most important river is the Amu Darya, the longest river in Central Asia, which Turkmenistan, the second largest Central Asian emanates from the Pamir mountains and flows country, covers 488,100 square kilometers, northwesterly through Turkmenistan. Much of its measuring about 1,100 kilometers from east to water is diverted to the west for irrigation via the west and 650 kilometers from north to south, Karakum Canal. Other major rivers are the Tejen, Upper: The Yangkala Canyon in northwestern Turkmenistan. Lower: The between the Caspian Sea in the west and the the Murgab, and the Atrek. Mausoleum of Turkmenbashi in Ahal Amu Darya River in the east.
    [Show full text]
  • De-Persifying Court Culture the Khanate of Khiva’S Translation Program
    10 De-Persifying Court Culture The Khanate of Khiva’s Translation Program Marc Toutant Despite the expansion of Turkish-speaking populations and the efforts of several Turko-Mongol dynasties to promote the use of Chaghatai Turkish after the thir- teenth-century era of the Mongol Empire, Persian remained a favored language all over Central Asia in chanceries and belles-lettres till as late as the nineteenth century.1 Only a small proportion of the literature created in Central Asia was in Chaghatai Turkish (hereafter simply called Turkish), and Persian was the ma- jor medium of learned expression in all parts of the region, as Devin DeWeese’s chapter 4 in this volume reminds us. And as Alfrid Bustanov’s chapter 7 shows, even in distant Tatar villages of the Russian Empire, where there were no native speakers of Persian, the classics of Persian ethical literature were widely copied in local madrasas, where some students even tried to compose their own literary works in Persian. Nevertheless, the status of Persian as lingua franca did not remain unchal- lenged in Central Asia. Over the course of the fifteenth century, cultural patronage under the Timurid rulers brought about the composition of numerous Turkish texts in diverse fields of learning. At the court of the last great Timurid ruler, Husayn Bayqara (r. 1469–70, 1470–1506), one of the most important corpora of Central Asian Turkish literature was written by Mir ‘Ali Shir Nawa’i (1441–1501). Albeit largely based on Persian models, the works of Nawa’i can be regarded as an attempt to forge a culture that was specific to his Turkophone audience.
    [Show full text]
  • Siposjános Angol Karacsáj.Indd
    János Sipos – Ufuk Tafkul KARACHAY-BALKAR FOLKSONGS János Sipos – Ufuk Tafkul KARACHAY-BALKAR FOLKSONGS Institute for Musicology of the Research Centre for the Humanities of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences – L’Harmattan Budapest, 2015 The fi eldwork lasting 10 years were supported by the Stein-Arnold Exploration Fund of the British Academy (2010), the Mellon Fellowship for Research in Turkey (2005, 2011) and the Hungarian Scientifi c Research Fund (OTKA K-42461, K-67997) The publication of the book was supported by the Hungarian Scientifi c Research Fund (OTKA PUB 113373) Photos made by: János Sipos and Ufuk Tavkul English translation by Judit Pokoly © János Sipos, 2015 © Institute for Musicology of the Research Centre for the Humanities, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2015 © L’Harmattan, 2015 ISBN 978-963-414-083-2 L'Harmattan France 5-7 rue de l'Ecole Polytechnique 75005 Paris T.: 33.1.40.46.79.20 Email: [email protected] L'Harmattan Italia SRL Via Degli Artisti 15 10124 TORINO Tél : (39) 011 817 13 88 / (39) 348 39 89 198 Email: [email protected] L’Harmattan Hungary: L’Harmattan Könyvesbolt Párbeszéd Könyvesbolt 1053 Budapest, Kossuth L. u. 14–16. 1085 Budapest, Horánszky utca 20. Tel.: 267-5979 www.konyveslap.hu [email protected] www.harmattan.hu Editor in chief: Ádám Gyenes Design: Gábor Kardos, cover design: László Kára Printed and bound by Séd Nyomda, general director: Szilvia Katona CONTENTS PREFACE . 7 INTRODUCTION . 7 IN THE WAKE OF THE EASTERN CONNECTIONS OF HUNGARIAN FOLK MUSIC . 11 Report on my fi eldwork series in researching folk music .
    [Show full text]
  • Folksongs of the Turkic World
    Journal of Literature and Art Studies, November 2016, Vol. 6, No. 11, 1343-1370 doi: 10.17265/2159-5836/2016.11.008 D DAVID PUBLISHING Folksongs of the Turkic World János Sipos Institute for Musicology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary The long-term goal of my research has been to systematize and compare by musical criteria the folk songs of Turkic groups and ethnicities living around them. Here I rarely touch on instrumental folk music, the repertoire of professional or semi-professional performers, the most recent strata, seldom or just occasionally discuss art music and the cultural, social and anthropological implications of music are only sporadically considered, too. There are close connections between the languages of Turkic groups but their musical stocks are fundamentally different. Actually, that is not surprising, because these people are, at least in part, Turkified, and through their substrata (that is people absorbed by them) they are in genetic and cultural relations with several non-Turkic peoples. My research therefore has repercussions; apart from the Turkic-speaking peoples tied by culture, language and history, upon their neighbors and partly absorbed other peoples, creating the foundation for an even broader future comparative ethnomusicological research of Eurasian groups. This paper is aimed to provide a very short summary about the findings of my field researches into the folk music of different Turkic-speaking people between 1987 and 2015. I introduce the sources, the collecting work and the methods of processing and analyzing the songs. I also give an analytical introduction to the folksong of Anatolian Turks, Azeris, Turkmens, Uzbeks (and Tajiks), Karachay-Balkars, Kazakhs, Kyrgyzs, a Sufi Turkish community in Thrace and the area of the Volga-Kama-Belaya region.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phonosemantic Research of Azerbaijani and Turkish in the Aspect of Literary Language and Dialect
    International Academy Journal Web of Scholar ISSN 2518-167X THE PHONOSEMANTIC RESEARCH OF AZERBAIJANI AND TURKISH IN THE ASPECT OF LITERARY LANGUAGE AND DIALECT PhD. Teymurlu Z. M. Department of the Azerbaijani Language and Literature Baku Engineering University, Azerbaijan, Baku DOI: https://doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_wos/28022020/6915 ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Received: 14 December 2019 Discovering and categorizing phonetic, morphological and lexical units Accepted: 19 February 2020 related to different languages in any language, studying the factors and Published: 28 February 2020 forms of language connections are still among trending issues nowadays. Special importance has been attached on dialect lexicon of languages, KEYWORDS historical-comparative study of literary language and finding out various language elements in the paper. Some researchers support that as Turkic the Azerbaijani language, peoples have been formed as independent or semi-independent nations the Turkish language, completing ethnosocial differentiation process since the late Middle literary language, Ages, their languages differ from one another to some extent. The dialect, emergence of different Turkic states has led to the appearance of phonosemantics common and various features in the peoples and their languages who experienced public-political differentiation. In this case if the existing analogical features are proof for the closeness of these languages, distinct features are indeed the confirmation of peculiar development direction of each language. The research work provides some vision about common and distinctive features of the Azerbaijani language dialects and the Turkish language. The characteristics of languages’ mutual influence are reflected in language material. Citation: Teymurlu Z. M. (2020) The Phonosemantic Research of Azerbaijani and Turkish in the Aspect of Literary Language and Dialect.
    [Show full text]
  • Distinguished Minister, Permanent Observer of the State of Palestine on Behalf of Group 77 and China
    statement by the Delegation of Turkmenistan General Debate Financing for Development Forum Dear Madam President, Ladies and Gentlemen, Turkmenistan aligns itself with the statement made by the distinguished Minister, Permanent Observer of the State of Palestine on behalf of Group 77 and China. Further, I would add the following remarks at the national capacity. Turkmenistan is committed to addressing the problem of financing sustainable development and creating an enabling environment for these at all levels in the spirit of global partnership. We acknowledge the important role of the United Nations and the Bretton Woods institutions in the follow-up process on financing for development, including through the creation of the Inter-Agency Task Force on Financing for Development and the holding of annual forums on follow-up development measures. We understand that there is a need to expand the range of financial instruments, including the application of innovative methods of mobilizing financial resources for sustainable development, including blended funding, combining public and private resources. Turkmenistan has been already implementing a systemic modernization and structural reforms of its economy and diversification of its sectors aimed at fulfilling SDGs. Complex measures targeted to increase the efficiency of the national economy have been timely taken, which strengthen the competitiveness of different sectors of the economy, establish new workplaces. Reforms, being implemented in fiscal, monetary, external economic and pricing areas, facilitate structural transformations and enable to ensure stability and sustainability of economic development in the country. In order to gain economic growth, Turkmenistan undertakes a stage-by-stage investing and innovative model which stimulates to enhance labour productivity, management efficiency, fixed assets renovation, infrastructure development, and new technology introduction.
    [Show full text]