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THE LEWES HOUSE COLLECTION of ANCIENT GEMS Oxford University Press London Edinburgh Glasgow New York

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THE LEWES HOUSE COLLECTION of ANCIENT GEMS Oxford University Press London Edinburgh Glasgow New York The LEJVES HOUSE Co!lection of^U^CIE^TgE-'MS M m By J. D. Beazley K Cthntnt uf llWbsim (6$ks& ^ tt rdp$cJ> front THE LEWES HOUSE COLLECTION OF ANCIENT GEMS Oxford University Press London Edinburgh Glasgow New York Toronto Melbourne Cape Town Bombay Humphrey Milford Publisher to the University THE LEWES HOUSE COLLECTION OF ANCIENT GEMS BY D. BEAZLEY J. STUDENT OF CHRIST CHURCH OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1920 (Ut U IYK (> TO ANDREW GOW *3 PREFACE MY principal debts are on the one hand to Mr. E. P. Warren, for setting me the pleasant task of cataloguing his choice and splendid collection of ancient gems, and for placing his time, his scholarship, and his experience at my disposal ; and on the other to the late Professor Furtwangler, whose great history will be found quoted on every page. Mr. Andrew Gow encouraged me, collaborated in part of the work, read the proofs, and made many useful suggestions. The late Dr. L. W. King wrote, and Dr. Stephen Langdon revised, the account of two Oriental stones with which I was not competent to deal. Mr. Arthur Smith enabled me, at the earliest possible moment, to study the collec- tion of gems at the British Museum, and assisted me in several other ways. Sir Arthur Evans allowed me to consult him on several questions, Mr. G. F. Hill on certain numismatical points, Professor Percy Gardner on another, the late Professor Haverfleld on one or two Roman matters, Mr. J. A. Howe on a geological one, and my colleague, Mr. G. T. Hutchinson, on horses and deer. Permission to publish illustrative pieces was kindly granted by Mr. Arthur Smith, by Mr. C. F. Bell of the Ashmolean, by Dr. L. D. Caskey of the Museum at Boston, and by Miss Richter of the Metropolitan Museum in New York : by Lady Cook, by Lord Southesk, and by Sir Arthur Evans. Mr. De Ridder not viii PREFACE only gave me leave to publish a stone in the Louvre, but sent me his own imprints of two gems in the De Clercq collection. Mr. A. P. Ready furnished me with imprints of the Lewes House gems, and of British Museum gems while the originals were inaccessible. My wife has done me many services. To all these helpers I offer my sincere thanks. The gems are arranged according to period, and, within the period, chronologically as far as possible. In the free Greek period it has been convenient to keep the animals together, and in the Greco-Roman the portraits. Some of the finest gems have been reproduced twice : in their real size ; and with a magni- fication of two diameters. Some of the terms employed in describing beetles are taken from the frontispiece of Petrie's Scarabs and Cylinders. CONTENTS PAGE INTAGLIOS CRETAN AND MYCENEAN I MESOPOTAMIAN ...... 3 PERSIAN 5 PHOENICIAN AND GRECO-PHOENICIAN . 6 10 GREEK : ARCHAIC 3i ETRUSCAN : ARCHAIC .... 4i GREEK : FREE STYLE .... 7i ETRUSCAN ; FREE STYLE : AND ITALIOTE 78 GREEK : HELLENISTIC .... GRECO-ROMAN 88 RENAISSANCE 103 CAMEOS '• 104 112 SUPPLEMENT : INTAGLIOS ADDENDA "5 INDEX 119 DESCRIPTION OF PLATES A AND B 123 ABBREVIATIONS The groups of letter and number immediately following the catalogue number refer to the archives : B. B., Black Book ; G. P., General Pro- visional R., Register ; ; T. L., Temporary List ; Bu. with letter and number after it, to the exhibition of ancient Greek art at the Burlington Fine Arts Club in 1904. Babelon, Traite : Traite des monnaies grecqaes et romaines. Beschreibung : Furtwangler, Konigliche Museen zu Berlin : Beschreibung der geschnittenen Steine im Antiquarium. B. M. Catalogue Arthur Smith, : A Catalogue of the Engraved Gems in the British Museum. B. M Coins (Ionia, &c.) of : British Museum : Catalogue of the Greek Coins of (Ionia, &c). B. M. Finger Rings : F. H. Marshall, Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman, in the Department of Antiquities, British Museum. Brunn-Bruckmann : Denkmdler griechischer und romischer Skulptur. Burlington Catalogue : Burlington Fine Arts Club : Exhibition of Ancient Greek Art, ic/04 : Illustrated Catalogue. F. Furtwangler, : Die antiken Gemmen : Geschichte der Steinschneider- kunst im klassischen Altertum : vol. i, Tafeln ; vol. ii, Erlauterungen ; vol. iii, Geschichte. F. R. : Furtwangler and Reichhold, Griechische Vasenmalerei. F. R. H. : The same, continued by Hauser. Furtwangler, Beschreibung : see Beschreibung. Gardner, Types : Percy Gardner, The Types of Greek Coins. Jahrbuch : Jahrbuch des Kaiserlich Deutschen Archdologischen Instituts. Jahreshefte : Jahreshefte des Oesterreichischen Archdologischen Institutes. J. H. S. : Journal of Hellenic Studies. xii ABBREVIATIONS Southesk Catalogue : Catalogue of the Collection of Antique Gems formed by James, Ninth Earl of Southesk, K.T., edited by his daughter. Lady Helena Carnegie. Vases in America : Beazley, Attic Red-figured Vases in American Museums. : Vives : Antonio Vives y Escudero, Estudio de Arqueologia cartaginesa la Necrdpoli de Ibiza. Wyndham Cook Catalogue : Cecil H. Smith and C. Amy Hutton : Cata- logue of the Antiquities {Greek, Etruscan, and Roman) in the Collection of the late Wyndham Francis Cook, Esqre. : the gems by Miss Hutton. INTAGLIOS CRETAN AND MYCENEAN B. B.37, 7. R. 1304. Bu. O 35. PI. 1. Bought in Athens, 1898, and said to have come from Mycenae. Lenticular. Translucent sard. Ground line. Two lions biting a stag in the throat. All three animals are standing on their hind legs. The heads of the lions frontal and their forelegs stretched straight down. The stag's head is pressed right back, and its tongue lolls out of its mouth : its forelegs are very long. A bull with its head pressed back like our stag's occurs on a lenticular red jasper from Rethymnos in the Evans collection : the period is Late Minoan I—II. G. P. 144, 114. R. 1966. Bu. O 47. PI. 1. Bought in 1900 from Professor R. D. Norton. Lenticular. Sard. A lion attacking a bull. The lion's head is concealed by the in one bull's ; such a design, as where two bodies are conjoined head (F., pi. 3, 23), a motive which, according to Evans, is found in Late Minoan I and is characteristic of Late Minoan II and III. 3 G. P. 301, 2. PI. 1. Sent from Athens, 1904. Lenticular. Murky sard. A lioness standing on a bull and tearing at its foreleg. The the lioness is maned (see number 58) : her head is frontal and face very narrow. 2231 B , 2 INTAGLIOS Somewhat similar stones in Athens, 3137 (F. iii, p. 51, fig. 31) the lenticular and 2573. For the antipodal position, compare onyx from the Vaphio tomb (F., pi. 3, 32). 4 Bought in G. P. 341, 2. Bu. L 14. Pi. 1 . From Mycenae. Paris. Formerly in the Evans collection. Evans, J. H. S. xxi, xviii, p. 156 (enlarged drawing); Von Fritze, Jahrbuch, p. 60, fig. 5, after Evans. Rock-crystal ring with engraving on the convex elliptical bezel. Two ground lines. On either side of a tree, a bull couched tree. with head turned back : behind each, another An example of a not uncommon motive, two animals grouped symmetrically about a tree or pillar : so on two gold rings from Mycenae in Athens (F. iii, p. 42, and F., pi. 3, 25) and another from Enkomi in the British Museum (B. M. Finger Rings, pi. 1, loc. cit., and Jolles, Jahrbuch, xix, number 7) : see Evans, p. 34. A Greek example of the motive on a stone in the Arndt collection, published by Bulle in Zeitschrift des Munchner Altertumsvereins 1903-4 (Antike geschnittene Steine, plate, number 12). 5 G. P. 341, 7. PI. 1. From Crete. Bought in Paris, 191 1. Formerly in the Evans collection. Previously in the possession of the schoolmaster at Chersonesos in Crete. Thin equiconvex cylinder, flattened at the ends ; as Furt- : first found, wangler, Beschreibung , p. 6, number 51 a shape according to Evans, in Middle Minoan III (c. 1850-1600 B.C.). Streaked chalcedony. A cow suckling and licking her calf. A common subject on Mycenean gems : examples in Athens (F., pi. 3, 10, from Mycenae), in Berlin (Furtwangler, Beschrei- bung, pi. 1, number 24), in Munich (Miinchener Jahrbuch, iv, pi. 2, 2), in Boston (Duffield Osborne, Engraved Gems, pi. 2, 20, and pi. 2, 18), in New York, in the British Museum (J. H. S. xvii, pi. 13, 9), and from Crete (Collection d'un archeologue explorateur, pi. 2, 13). : MESOPOTAMIAN The description of numbers 6 and 7 has been written by Dr. L. W. King and revised by Dr. Stephen Langdon. 6 G. P. 323, 4. PL 1. Formerly in the possession of the Rev. James Beck, according to Mr. A. P. Ready. Chalcedony. Amulet in the form of an oblong plaque, the upper end pierced horizontally and grooved below the bore. It was evidently worn on a string, and its upper end, above the groove, may have been mounted in gold. Twin bearded Assyrian gods, wearing horned and spiked head-dresses. They are represented in precisely the same attitude, bearing a rnace in the left hand as a symbol of power, and raising a double-headed axe in the right in an attitude of defence. The twin-gods here represented are invoked in the incantation on the reverse, where they are referred to under the title Mashmash-Mashtabba, ' Mashmash, the twin god '. is «->f >-f- **f-, Mashmash, an ideogram or title of Lugalgirra, a form of Nergal, god of plagues and the lower world. The twin gods are Lugalgirra and Meslamtaea, pest gods and minor forms of the great pest god Nergal. The incantation on the amulet refers to Lugalgirra or Mashmash only. He both sends pestilence and protects against it. The eight-line inscription on the reverse contains a Sumerian incantation en (2) (3) (4) ^ ^ HFF^ HfTA (5) flfc HF-STW&4 (6) (7) » *T & ^IH ' 4 INTAGLIOS '(i) O Lugalgirra, twin-god, (2) defender (?), (3-4) who turnest back the breast of the wicked, (5) by (i.e.
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