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The Aneurin Great War Project: Timeline Part 7 - Economic Wars, 1816 to 1869 Copyright Notice: This material was written and published in Wales by Derek J. Smith (Chartered Engineer). It forms part of a multifile e-learning resource, and subject only to acknowledging Derek J. Smith's rights under international copyright law to be identified as author may be freely downloaded and printed off in single complete copies solely for the purposes of private study and/or review. Commercial exploitation rights are reserved. The remote hyperlinks have been selected for the academic appropriacy of their contents; they were free of offensive and litigious content when selected, and will be periodically checked to have remained so. Copyright © 2013-2021, Derek J. Smith. First published 09:00 BST 14th May 2014. This version 09:00 GMT 20th January 2021 [BUT UNDER CONSTANT EXTENSION AND CORRECTION, SO CHECK AGAIN SOON] This timeline supports the Aneurin series of interdisciplinary scientific reflections on why the Great War failed so singularly in its bid to be The War to End all Wars. It presents actual or best-guess historical event and introduces theoretical issues of cognitive science as they become relevant. UPWARD Author's Home Page Project Aneurin, Scope and Aims Master References List BACKWARD IN TIME Part 1 - (Ape)men at War, Prehistory to 730 Part 2 - Royal Wars (Without Gunpowder), 731 to 1272 Part 3 - Royal Wars (With Gunpowder), 1273-1602 Part 4 - The Religious Civil Wars, 1603-1661 Part 5 - Imperial Wars, 1662-1763 Part 6 - The Georgian Wars, 1764-1815 FORWARD IN TIME Part 8 - The War Machines, 1870-1894 Part 9 - Insults at the Weigh-In, 1895-1914 Part 10 - The War Itself, 1914 Part 10 - The War Itself, 1915 Part 10 - The War Itself, 1916 Part 10 - The War Itself, 1917 Part 10 - The War Itself, 1918 Part 11 - Deception as a Profession, 1919 to date The Timeline Items 1816 The British government establishes the Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield Lock, Middlesex. [THREAD = WW1 SMALL ARMS] 1816 The Prussian General Karl von Grolman [Wikipedia biography] insists that one of the most important tasks of a General Staff in peacetime is to draw up detailed plans for possible future conflict scenarios. [THREAD = WW1 ARMIES AND TACTICS] ASIDE - MOBILISATION SCENARIOS IN 1914: The Prussians will learn to do pre- planned mobilisations exceptionally well and it will win them the Franco-Prussian War [=>1870 (19th July)]. The point is that once a particular plan has been activated at the highest level all the contingent lower level orders - and ultimately there are tens of thousands of these - simply come out of cupboards, are signed, and sent off. Unfortunately this gives the operation in question an immediate momentum of its own, because it will take an equivalent number of countermanding orders to bring it to a halt. Moreover, the last to receive any recall order will be the most forward patrols! Indeed a START-STOP-RESTART just such as this will degrade the Schlieffen Plan mobilisation in the run-up to WW1 [=>1914 (3rd August)]. 1816 The American gunsmith Eliphalet Remington II [Wikipedia biography] devises a new procedure for fabricating rifled barrels and founds the Remington and Sons gun factory to capitalise on this new technique. [THREAD = WW1 SMALL ARMS] 1816 [26th April-11th June] Reports of the Select Committee on Madhouses: The British Parliament reviews evidence submitted to it concerning conditions in the nation's lunatic asylums and workhouses. [THREAD = WW1 MILITARY MEDICINE AND COGNITIVE SCIENCE] ASIDE: This material has been further indexed on Andrew Roberts' Mental Health History Timeline at http://studymore.org.uk/mhhtim.htm. 1816 [2nd May] Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld [Wikipedia biography] marries Princess Charlotte of Wales [Wikipedia biography], sole legitimate child of the British Prince Regent [=>1820 (29th January); later King George IV], thereby becoming second-in-line to the British throne after his sister's daughter Princess Victoria [=>1819 (24th May)]. [THREAD = THE SHAPING OF THE MODERN WORLD] ASIDE: As with "Lady Di", the Princess of Wales who was famously killed in a car accident in Paris in 1997, the title "Princess of Wales" does not mean that the person in question has prior Welsh connections, nor that their subsequent involvement with the Principality will be anything more than ceremonial. 1816 [25th May] A commando unit of the Orange Order [1796 (12th July)<=>19th July] bursts into a Catholic church service at Dumreilly, County Cavan, and murders the priest and several of the congregation [continues at 19th July ...]. [THREAD = THE SHAPING OF THE MODERN WORLD] 1816 [14th June] The Quaker philanthropist William Allen [Wikipedia biography] and the clergyman Thomas Harper [no convenient biography] become the founding members of the Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace [usually just "the Peace Society"], to campaign for disarmament and the settlement of international disputes by arbitration. [THREAD = WW1 CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION] ********** "THE YEAR WITHOUT A SUMMER" ********** 1816 [21st June] Around this time the volcanic ash-cloud from the Mount Tabora eruption in Indonesia [<=1815 (10th April)] starts to impair the weather in Europe. There follows a period of depressed grain harvests and high food prices which fosters intense social unrest amongst Britain's working classes. [THREAD = THE SHAPING OF THE MODERN WORLD] 1816 [19th July] The Unlawful Oaths Act, 1816: [ ... Continued from 25th May] Responding to the atrocity at Dumreilly [<=25th May] the Irish Parliament strengthens its Unlawful Oaths legislation, making it illegal for private societies to become oath-bound paramilitary secret societies. The intention is [and in 2014 still is] to prevent the Protestant Orange Order [ 25th May<=>1823 (29th January)] and its Catholic counterparts from waging a war of tit- for-tat local atrocity [continues at 1823 (29th January) ...]. [THREAD = THE SHAPING OF THE MODERN WORLD] 1816 [19th October or hereabouts] The Merthyr Tydfil Riots: Angry at attempts to cut their wages now that the demand for munitions has collapsed, rioting iron workers break into the various Merthyr Tydfil ironworks, bringing production to a halt. The ironmasters on site, among them [Sir]1838 John Josiah Guest [1815<=>1836 (21st June)] and William ("the Iron King") Crawshay II [1810<=>1825] are forced to take refuge in accommodation hardened in advance precisely for this purpose. Troops are soon brought in to restore peace. [THREAD = THE SHAPING OF THE MODERN WORLD] 1817 John Walter [II] [1803<=>1847 (28th July)], the proprietor-editor of The Times appoints the lawyer-journalist Thomas Barnes [Wikipedia biography=>1841 (7th May)] as that newspaper's managing editor. [THREAD = THE BATTLE FOR HEARTS AND MINDS] ********** UTOPIAN SOCIALISM IS CONCEIVED ********** 1817 Robert Owen [1813<=>1820] opens Britain's first ever infants' school at his New Lanark mill complex. Believing that this sort of deliberate social engineering will help reduce poverty, he goes on to propose an even larger experiment, this time with purpose-built "townships", that is to say, integrated living and producing communities, complete with healthcare facilities, factories, shops, parks, etc. He sets out his ideas in "Revolution in the Mind" [Google read online] [continues at 1825 (Orbiston and New Harmony) ...]. [THREAD = THE WW1 WORKING CLASS SOLDIER] 1817 John Macdonald [<=1808] now publishes "A Treatise Explanatory of a New System of Naval, Military, and Political Telegraphic Communication"1 and an associated "Telegraphic Dictionary, Numerically Arranged". A small set of flags is used to transmit decimal numbers, which specify identical dictionary phrases at both the transmitting and receiving stations. Sequences of numbers specify sequences of phrases, allowing longer sentences to be concatenated2. Here are some examples ... 267 = "They would always" 367 = "Things would be better managed" 390 = "The third ship" Around the same time Frederick Marryat [Wikipedia biography] publishes a "Code of Signals" for Britain's merchant shipping which, again by using pre-printed tables of meanings [Wikipedia example]. [THREAD = WW1 SIGNALLING AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS] 1ASIDE: Note the inclusion of "political" signalling as well as tactical. In fact diplomatic and strategic signalling systems and techniques have always existed alongside tactical systems for use in the field or at sea - check out the Companion Resource for examples. 2ASIDE - SENTENCE PRODUCTION: Human language production works in exactly this fashion - check out the Companion Resource (especially Section 4). 1817 [10th February] Frederick William III of Prussia [1813 (21st April<=>d.1840 (7th June)] decrees that his army is to adopt, and take great pride in the use of, a standardised catalogue of Armeemärsche [= army marches]. [THREAD = WW1 ARMIES AND TACTICS] ASIDE: Three categories of Armeemärsche were recognised, namely AM-I = infantry slow march, AM-II = infantry quick march, and AM-III = cavalry march. Frederick the Great's own Hohenfriedberger March [<=1745 (4th June)] is given the Catalogue No. AM-III, 1b [hear it now]. ASIDE - GERMAN BANDS: It will not be long before the Prussian love-affair with martial music is noted abroad, and to this day English rhyming slang uses the word "German(s)" (being short for "German band(s)"), to mean "hand(s)" [hear an example now]. 1817 [31st July] Upon the death of Benjamin Hall I [Wikipedia biography] his estate, including holdings in
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