DOCSLIB.ORG

The Elamite Cylinder Seal Corpus, C.3500 – 1000 BC

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Elamite Cylinder Seal Corpus, C.3500 – 1000 BC The Elamite Cylinder Seal Corpus, c.3500 – 1000 BC Volume I, Part I K. J. Roach Doctor of Philosophy, (Near Eastern) Archaeology 2008 The University of Sydney Table of Contents Volume I Part I Table of Contents page i Synopsis vi Acknowledgments vii List of figures ix List of tables xi List of graphs xxi 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Glyptic Studies 8 1.1.1. Seals and Sealings 8 1.1.2. The Function of Cylinder Seals 10 1.1.3. Materials of Seals 17 1.1.4. Seal Production 43 1.1.5. Nature of Study: Art History or Archaeology? 43 1.2. Parameters of the current study 45 1.2.1. ‘Elam’ 45 1.2.2. Chronology 48 1.3. Summation 51 2. History, Chronology and Archaeology of Elam, c.3500 – 1000 BC 54 2.1. History and Chronology of Elam 55 2.1.1. Susa II 56 2.1.2. Susa III 57 2.1.3. Susa IV 59 2.1.4. Akkadian and Awan 61 2.1.5. Ur III and Shimashki 66 2.1.6. Sukkalmah 71 2.1.7. Middle Elamite Period 78 2.2. Archaeology 100 2.2.1. Khuzistan 102 2.2.2. Luristan 170 2.2.3. Fars 223 2.3. Summation 242 ECS Corpus, Volume I, Part I i 3. Construction of the Elamite Cylinder Seal Styles Paradigm, the Methodology 261 3.1. Provenance and Stratigraphy 264 3.2. Previous Analyses and Classifications, Literature Review 272 3.2.1. Amiet 276 3.2.2. Pittman 283 3.2.3. Porada 286 3.3. Mesopotamian Cross-Reference and Association 287 3.4. ‘Dated Seals’ 290 3.5. Seriation and Art Historical Progression 302 3.6. The ‘Tehran Sealings’ 308 3.7. Summation 313 Part II 4. The Elamite Glyptic Styles 316 4.1. Susa II Style (STS) 322 4.2. Jemdet Nasr Related Style (JNRS) 339 4.3. Classic Proto-Elamite Style (CPE) 352 4.4. Glazed Steatite Style (GS) 364 4.5. Archaic Geometric Designs (AGD) 375 4.6. Susa III/IV Style (STF) 388 4.7. Susa IV Style (SF) 398 4.8. Late Susa IV Style (LSF) 410 4.9. Akkadian Related Style (ARS) 417 4.10. Popular Elamite (Akkadian/Awan) Style (PEA) 428 4.11. Ur III Related Style (UTRS) 441 4.12. Popular Elamite (Ur III/Shimashki) Style (PEU) 456 4.13. Old Babylonian Related Style (OBRS) 472 4.14. Popular Elamite (Old Babylonian/Sukkalmah) Style (PEO) 483 4.15. Early Middle Elamite Style (EME) 492 4.16. Kassite Related Style (KRS) 509 4.17. Late Middle Elamite Style (LME) 519 4.18. Anshanite Style (AS) 533 4.19. Luristan Provincial Style (LPS) 538 ECS Corpus, Volume I, Part I ii 4.20. Late Geometric Designs (LGD) 549 4.21. No Image 555 4.22. Miscellaneous Styles 558 4.23. Unclassifiable Designs 560 4.24. Not Illustrated 561 4.25. Summation and Conclusion 562 Part III 5. Summary of Style Distribution across the Elamite Sites 577 5.1. Susa 577 5.2. Chogha Mish 585 5.3. Haft Tepe 590 5.4. Choga Zanbil 594 5.5. Tepe Sharafabad 599 5.6. Deh-i Now 601 5.7. Surkh Dum-i-Luri 602 5.8. Kamtarlan 606 5.9. Chigha Sabz 609 5.10. Bani Surmah 612 5.11. Kalleh Nisar 615 5.12. Godin Tepe 617 5.13. Tepe Djamshidi 621 5.14. Tepe Giyan 622 5.15. Chogha Gavaneh 624 5.16. Tal-i Malyan 625 6. Glyptic Function in Elam 630 6.1. Administrative 633 6.1.1. Non-writing administration 634 6.1.2. Writing administration 657 6.1.3. Summation of Administration Function 671 6.2. Symbolic 682 6.2.1. Votive 683 6.2.2. Funerary 695 6.2.3. Summation of Symbolic Function 697 6.3. Other Functions 698 ECS Corpus, Volume I, Part I iii 6.3.1. ‘Palace’ Seals 698 6.3.2. Non-Votive Hoards 699 6.4. Unknown Function 700 6.5. Conclusion and Summation 706 7. Elamite and Mesopotamian Contact and Interaction 712 7.1. ‘Dated Seals’ 713 7.2. Location and Chronology of Elamite-Mesopotamian Seal Style Influence 736 7.2.1. Direction of Elamite-Mesopotamian Seal Style Interaction 739 7.2.2. Location of Elamite-Mesopotamian Seal Style Interaction and Influence 741 7.2.3. Chronology of Elamite-Mesopotamian Seal Style Interaction and Influence 750 7.2.4. Summation 758 7.3. Conclusion – Ethnic Duality, ‘Elamite’ Cycles and Cylinder Seals 759 8. Conclusion 768 8.1. General Conclusion and Summation 768 8.2. Directions for Future Study 774 Bibliography 776 Appendix A 816 Volume II Part I Details of Catalogue page 1 Abbreviations of Elamite Cylinder Seal Corpus Styles 1 Abbreviations of Original Classification (Orig. Class.) Styles 2 1. Susa II Style 3 2 Jemdet Nasr Related Style 87 3 Classic Proto-Elamite Style 128 4 Glazed Steatite Style 175 5 Archaic Geometric Designs 216 6 Susa III/IV Style 261 7 Susa IV Style 305 Part II 8 Late Susa IV Style 327 ECS Corpus, Volume I, Part I iv 9 Akkadian Related Style 330 10 Popular Elamite (Akkadian/Awan) Style 355 11 Ur III Related Style 369 12 Popular Elamite (Ur III/Shimashki) Style 390 13 Old Babylonian Related Style 417 14 Popular Elamite (Old Babylonian/Sukkalmah) Style 436 15 Early Middle Elamite Style 445 16 Kassite Related Style 485 17 Late Middle Elamite Style 494 18 Anshanite Style 520 19 Luristan Provincial Style 521 20 Late Geometric Designs 551 21 No Image 564 22 Miscellaneous Styles 568 23 Unclassified Designs 570 24 Not Illustrated 583 Concordance 588 ECS Corpus, Volume I, Part I v Synopsis The ancient region of Elam (southwestern Iran) has produced a significant assemblage of cylinder seals across a considerable chronological span. Unlike the glyptic material from the related and neighbouring region Mesopotamia, the Elamite cylinder seals have not previously been studied in detailed reference to one another, nor has there been an established paradigm of stylistic development articulated. This study addresses this lacuna by compiling all the published cylinder seals from Elam (as defined here, thus incorporating the historical provinces of Khuzistan, Luristan and Fars), from their earliest appearance (c.3500 BC), throughout the era of their typological dominance (over stamp seals, thus this study departs c.1000 BC). This compilation is presented in the Elamite Cylinder Seal Catalogue (Volume II), and is annotated and described through the annunciation of eighteen chronologically defined developmental styles (with another two non-chronological type classifications and four miscellaneous groups). Through the further analysis of this data, including the newly formulated and articulated styles, several facets and problems of Elamite glyptic material have been addressed (and thus the reliance upon assumed similarity in type and function with the Mesopotamian glyptic material is abandoned). These problems particularly pertain to the function of cylinder seals in Elam and the type and form of the Elamite- Mesopotamian glyptic interaction. In regards to function, a standard administrative function can be discerned, though of varying types and forms across the region and the period of study. Other, non-standard, symbolic glyptic functions can also be demonstrated in the Corpus, including the apparent proliferation of a form known as the ‘votive’ seal, perhaps a specifically Elamite form. The analysis of the style type (whether ‘Elamite’, ‘Mesopotamian Related’ or ‘Shared Elamite-Mesopotamian’), in association with their relative geographical and chronological distribution, has also enabled the discussion of the nature of Elamite-Mesopotamian glyptic interaction, and thereby the constitution of Elamite civilisation (especially in regards to Mesopotamian cultural impact and influence, and thus the testing of several previously presented paradigms [Amiet 1979a; 1979b; Miroschedji 2003]). ECS Corpus, Volume I, Part I vi Acknowledgments In form and structure, the study here presented was a generally solitary undertaking; however, this work would not have been achieved without the significant contribution and support from family, friends and colleagues, to whom I am entirely indebted. Firstly, thanks must be accorded to my family. To Mum, Dad, Tony, Lisa, Jodie and Kimberley, thank you for your love and support, for the numerous coffees, patience, assistance, coffees, understanding, interest, for generally being you and being there, and of course, for the coffees. Sorry for the absolute dominance and saturation of the Elamite cylinder seals in the past few years, culminating especially in the recent Elamite invasion; thanks again for your understanding and patience throughout. Thanks must also be given to my other family, my brothers and sisters at Gymea Anglican Church and Soul Revival. Thankyou for your love, prayers, support, friendship and fellowship, especially (but not solely) your understanding and support throughout my recent self-imposed exile. I look forward prayerfully to many more years of fellowship and friendship as we serve our Lord together. Thank you to my supervisor, Prof. Dan Potts, who indeed initially introduced me to the Elamites as an undergraduate. Thank you for your support, assistance and help, for being an extraordinary font of knowledge and information and for your encouragement. Much thanks, the appropriate words for which I cannot truly express, must be accorded to my unfailing and indefatigable reader, Iona Kat McRae. Thank you not only for your assistance in proofreading and editing (any limitations of which in the preceding study are, of course, my own), but also for your friendship, assistance, feedback, enthusiasm, errands and support. Thank you, thank you, thank you. Thanks also to my comrade-in-arms, Bernadette McCall, and my other friends and colleagues in the Near Eastern Archaeology department at the University of Sydney. To Bernadette in particular (and Di, Negin and Abbas), thank you for being a support at the coalface, a sounding board and source of advice, a friendly face, and a welcome and happy diversion when required.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cuneiform Digital Library Preprints <
    Cuneiform Digital Library Preprints <http://cdli.ucla.edu/?q=cuneiform-digital-library-preprints> Hosted by the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (<http://cdli.ucla.edu>) Editor: Bertrand Lafont (CNRS, Nanterre) Number 6 Title: „Nachdem das Königtum vom Himmel herabgekommen war…“. Untersuchungen zur Sumerischen Königliste. Author: Jörg Kaula Posted to web: 21 November 2016 „NACHDEM DAS KÖNIGTUM VOM HIMMEL HERABGEKOMMEN WAR…“ Untersuchungen zur Sumerischen Königsliste Von Jörg Kaula 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Die Tonprismen der Weld-Blundell-Collection im Ashmolean Museum in Oxford 5 2 Königslisten in der Keilschriftliteratur 6 3 Die Sumerische Königsliste 7 3.1 Die „antediluvian section“ 11 3.2 Die Ur – Isin-Königsliste 12 3.3 Der Kern der Sumerischen Königsliste 12 4 Die SKL in der Forschung 14 5 Die Bedeutung der Zahlen 17 6 Das Umfeld und der Sinn der SKL 22 7 Das Königtum 23 8 Die Genesis der SKL von Naram-Sîn bis zu den Königen von Isin 24 9 Die Rekonstruktion des Weld-Blundell-Prismas 26 10 Die Sumerische Königliste – Transliteration 28 11 Deutsche Übersetzung 44 12 Kommentar zur Rekonstruktionsfassung 54 13 Literaturverzeichnis 69 4 Abstract The duration of the First Dynasty of Kish, 24510 years as provided by the Sumerian King List (SKL), is generally held as a purely mythical account without any historical reliability. However, a careful examination of the SKL’s most complete version in the Weld-Blundell Prism (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, inv. no.WB. 1923.444) not only allows us to reconstruct the text itself by completing lost parts by some other recently published versions of the SKL. Also we get some further insight into the metrological system used by the authors of the SKL.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sumerian King List the Sumerian King List (SKL) Dates from Around 2100 BCE—Near the Time When Abram Was in Ur
    BcResources Genesis The Sumerian King List The Sumerian King List (SKL) dates from around 2100 BCE—near the time when Abram was in Ur. Most ANE scholars (following Jacobsen) attribute the original form of the SKL to Utu-hejel, king of Uruk, and his desire to legiti- mize his reign after his defeat of the Gutians. Later versions included a reference or Long Chronology), 1646 (Middle to the Great Flood and prefaced the Chronology), or 1582 (Low or Short list of postdiluvian kings with a rela- Chronology). The following chart uses tively short list of what appear to be the Middle Chronology. extremely long-reigning antediluvian Text. The SKL text for the following kings. One explanation: transcription chart was originally in a narrative form or translation errors resulting from and consisted of a composite of several confusion of the Sumerian base-60 versions (see Black, J.A., Cunningham, and the Akkadian base-10 systems G., Fluckiger-Hawker, E, Robson, E., of numbering. Dividing each ante- and Zólyomi, G., The Electronic Text diluvian figure by 60 returns reigns Corpus of Sumerian Literature (http:// in harmony with Biblical norms (the www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/), Oxford bracketed figures in the antediluvian 1998-). The text was modified by the portion of the chart). elimination of manuscript references Final versions of the SKL extended and by the addition of alternative the list to include kings up to the reign name spellings, clarifying notes, and of Damiq-ilicu, king of Isin (c. 1816- historical dates (typically in paren- 1794 BCE). thesis or brackets). The narrative was Dates.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    TABLE OF CONTENTS Language Cited: Hamito-Semitic xv Language Cited: Indo-European xv Abbreviations for some Dictionaries and References xvi Grammatical Terminology and Other Abbreviations and Symbols xvii PREFACE 1 CHAPTER ONE HAMITO-SEMITIC LANGUAGE FAMILY 5 1.1 Hamito-Semitic languages 5 1.1.1 Semitic languages 6 1.1.1.1 Acadian 6 1.1.1.2 Canaanite 6 1.1.1.3 Aramaic 7 1.1.1.4 Classical Arabic 7 1.1.1.5 South Arabic 8 1.1.1.6 Ethiopie or Gefez 8 1.1.2 Hamitic languages 8 1.1.2.1 Egyptian 8 1.1.2.2 Berber 8 1.1.2.3 Cushitic 9 1.1.2.4 Chadic 9 1.2 Late PHS sound system 10 1.2.1 Sound correspondences between Semitic and Egyptian 11 1.2.1.1 Stops 18 1.2.1.2 Fricatives 20 1.2.1.3 Nasals 24 1.2.1.4 Laterals 24 1.2.1.5 R-sound 24 1.2.1.6 Glides 25 1.2.1.7 Consonants /s/, /h/ and ImJ 26 1.2.2 Vowels 29 1.2.3 Diphthongs 33 1.3 Hamito-Semitic grammatical system 34 1.3.1 stem I 35 1.3.2 stem II 35 1.3.3 stem III 35 1.3.4 stem IV 36 1.3.4.1 Other HS causative prefixes 36 1.3.4.2 Hamito-Semitic causative affixes and world’s languages 38 1.3.5 stem V 38 1.3.6 stem VI 39 1.3.7 stem VII 39 1.3.8 stem VIII 40 1.3.9 stem IX 40 1.3.10 stemX 41 1.3.11 stem XI 41 1.3.12 stem XII 41 1.3.13 Some other stems 41 CHAPTER TWO SUMERIAN 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.1.1 Sumerian dialects: Emegir and Emesal 44 2.1.2 Sumerian and other languages 48 2.1.3 Typological classification of Sumerian 51 2.1.3.1 Typology and stages of language development 52 2.1.4 Sumerian writing system 54 CHAPTER THREE SUMERIAN AND HAMITO-SEMITIC: SOUNDS AND LEXICONS 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.1.1
    [Show full text]
  • Megillat Esther
    The Steinsaltz Megillot Megillot Translation and Commentary Megillat Esther Commentary by Rabbi Adin Even-Israel Steinsaltz Koren Publishers Jerusalem Editor in Chief Rabbi Jason Rappoport Copy Editors Caryn Meltz, Manager The Steinsaltz Megillot Aliza Israel, Consultant Esther Debbie Ismailoff, Senior Copy Editor Ita Olesker, Senior Copy Editor Commentary by Chava Boylan Rabbi Adin Even-Israel Steinsaltz Suri Brand Ilana Brown Koren Publishers Jerusalem Ltd. Carolyn Budow Ben-David POB 4044, Jerusalem 91040, ISRAEL Rachelle Emanuel POB 8531, New Milford, CT 06776, USA Charmaine Gruber Deborah Meghnagi Bailey www.korenpub.com Deena Nataf Dvora Rhein All rights reserved to Adin Steinsaltz © 2015, 2019 Elisheva Ruffer First edition 2019 Ilana Sobel Koren Tanakh Font © 1962, 2019 Koren Publishers Jerusalem Ltd. Maps Editors Koren Siddur Font and text design © 1981, 2019 Koren Publishers Jerusalem Ltd. Ilana Sobel, Map Curator Steinsaltz Center is the parent organization Rabbi Dr. Joshua Amaru, Senior Map Editor of institutions established by Rabbi Adin Even-Israel Steinsaltz Rabbi Alan Haber POB 45187, Jerusalem 91450 ISRAEL Rabbi Aryeh Sklar Telephone: +972 2 646 0900, Fax +972 2 624 9454 www.steinsaltz-center.org Language Experts Dr. Stéphanie E. Binder, Greek & Latin Considerable research and expense have gone into the creation of this publication. Rabbi Yaakov Hoffman, Arabic Unauthorized copying may be considered geneivat da’at and breach of copyright law. Dr. Shai Secunda, Persian No part of this publication (content or design, including use of the Koren fonts) may Shira Shmidman, Aramaic be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.
    [Show full text]
  • The Elamite Cylinder Seal Corpus, C.3500 – 1000 BC
    The Elamite Cylinder Seal Corpus, c.3500 – 1000 BC Volume I, Part III K. J. Roach Doctor of Philosophy, (Near Eastern) Archaeology 2008 The University of Sydney Chapter 5 – Summary of Style Distribution across the Elamite Sites The purpose of this chapter is to detail and outline the specific glyptic style distribution at each site included in the Corpus. This survey has two main objectives. The first is the summation and discussion of the Elamite styles from each site, and thereby the revision and reassessment of the ‘glyptic material’ survey presented for each site in the initial site survey section (Chapter 2), by detailing the site glyptic material in the terms of the new Elamite stylistic paradigm here presented. The second intention is to provide some of the background information and data, be it contextual, stylistic and chronological, regarding the function of various glyptic items at each site and across Elam, thereby enabling the following discussion on glyptic function (Chapter 6). The style distribution (how many styles and in what proportions) of each site will be presented, and thereby the basic chronological distribution of the glyptic material, with any necessary discussion where this information strongly contradicts the established chronological periodisation of a site, will be outlined. The glyptic material types (seals/sealings) and the specific materials will be presented, as will any information regarding seal function from provenance (that is, grave or temple context etc.) or type (sealing type especially). For the most part, this information may be presented and detailed in graphs, figures and tables. 5.1 Susa As already mentioned and explained, Susa has contributed by far the most items to the Corpus.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyrus the Great As a “King of the City of Anshan”*
    ANTIGONI ZOURNATZI Cyrus the Great as a “King of the City of Anshan”* The Anshanite dynastic title of Cyrus the Great and current interpretations Since its discovery in the ruins of Babylon in 1879, the inscribed Cylinder of Cyrus the Great (fig. 1)1 has had a powerful impact on modern perceptions of the founder of the Persian empire. Composed following Cyrus’ conquest of Babylon in 539 BC and stressing above all his care for the Babylonian people and his acts of social and religious restoration, the Akkadian text of the Cylin- der occupies a central place in modern discussions of Cyrus’ imperial policy.2 This famous document is also at the heart of a lively scholarly controversy concerning the background of Cyrus’ dynastic line. The Persian monarch Darius I –who rose to the throne approximately a decade after the death of Cyrus the Great and who founded the ruling dynasty * This paper was initially presented in the First International Conference Iran and the Silk Road (National Museum of Iran, 12-14 February 2011). A pre-publication ver- sion was kindly hosted by Pierre Briant on Achemenet (Zournatzi 2011, prompting the similar reflections of Stronach 2013). The author wishes to express her appreciation to Daryoosh Akbarzadeh and the other organizers of the Tehran conference for the opportunity to participate in a meeting that opened up important new vistas on the complex interactions along the paths of the Silk Road, for their hospitality, as well as for their most gracious permission for both the preliminary and the present final publication. Thanks are equally due to Judith Lerner for a useful discussion concerning the possible wider currency of Cyrus’ Anshanite title outside the Babylonian domain, and to Michael Roaf, David Stronach, and the two reviewers of the article for helpful comments and bibliographical references.
    [Show full text]
  • From Small States to Universalism in the Pre-Islamic Near East
    REVOLUTIONIZING REVOLUTIONIZING Mark Altaweel and Andrea Squitieri and Andrea Mark Altaweel From Small States to Universalism in the Pre-Islamic Near East This book investigates the long-term continuity of large-scale states and empires, and its effect on the Near East’s social fabric, including the fundamental changes that occurred to major social institutions. Its geographical coverage spans, from east to west, modern- day Libya and Egypt to Central Asia, and from north to south, Anatolia to southern Arabia, incorporating modern-day Oman and Yemen. Its temporal coverage spans from the late eighth century BCE to the seventh century CE during the rise of Islam and collapse of the Sasanian Empire. The authors argue that the persistence of large states and empires starting in the eighth/ seventh centuries BCE, which continued for many centuries, led to new socio-political structures and institutions emerging in the Near East. The primary processes that enabled this emergence were large-scale and long-distance movements, or population migrations. These patterns of social developments are analysed under different aspects: settlement patterns, urban structure, material culture, trade, governance, language spread and religion, all pointing at population movement as the main catalyst for social change. This book’s argument Mark Altaweel is framed within a larger theoretical framework termed as ‘universalism’, a theory that explains WORLD A many of the social transformations that happened to societies in the Near East, starting from Andrea Squitieri the Neo-Assyrian period and continuing for centuries. Among other infl uences, the effects of these transformations are today manifested in modern languages, concepts of government, universal religions and monetized and globalized economies.
    [Show full text]
  • In Custom and Tradition
    IN CUSTOM AND TRADITION THEODOR H. GASTER $2.50 STToTi/MaTirTirTnTi *TT A A 1 i PURIM AND HANUKKAH la Custom and Tradition Feast of Lots and Feast of Lights By THEODOR H. GASTER PURIM AND HANUKKAH the springtime Feast of Lots and the autumn Feast of Lights are two of the merriest yet most puzzling holidays in the Jewish calendar. They are linked together as feasts of liberation. Scholars have long suspected, how- ever, that beneath the veneer of seem- ingly historical explanations there lie the traces of more ancient and primitive festivals, such as are indeed observed by other peoples in many parts of the world. The search for these original forms has led through devious and in- that a triguing paths make fascinating is here retold in a story. That story series of absorbing chapters, describing the celebration of the two feasts in vivid through the ages, recounting, fashion, the quaint legends, customs, and traditions which have gathered around them. Here is all the fun and frolic of Purim the sprightly songs the and the baman- and parodies; pogjpr tasben. And here, likewise, are the lights and games and songs of Hanukkah- the trmdel and the ketowaus. Nor is the more serious side of the includes festivals neglected. The book of the a completely new interpretation Book of Esther and informative dis- on the artistic embellish- quisitions ments of both the Purim Megillah and the Hanukkah Lamp. JUL 1980 , 1J '< S)!Vi ' 'W-. Ofv '"' " !0rn { joy fU^'T A1 -I* ll3^ MAI APR o 1996 MAI DEC 06 1190.
    [Show full text]
  • Assyrian Dictionary
    oi.uchicago.edu THE ASSYRIAN DICTIONARY OF THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO EDITORIAL BOARD IGNACE J. GELB, THORKILD JACOBSEN, BENNO LANDSBERGER, A. LEO OPPENHEIM 1956 PUBLISHED BY THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE, CHICAGO 37, ILLINOIS, U.S.A. AND J. J. AUGUSTIN VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG, GLOCKSTADT, GERMANY oi.uchicago.edu INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER: 0-918986-11-7 (SET: 0-918986-05-2) LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 56-58292 ©1956 by THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Fifth Printing 1995 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA COMPOSITION BY J. J. AUGUSTIN, GLUCKSTADT oi.uchicago.edu THE ASSYRIAN DICTIONARY VOLUME 5 G A. LEO OPPENHEIM, EDITOR-IN-CHARGE WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF ERICA REINER AND MICHAEL B. ROWTON RICHARD T. HALLOCK, EDITORIAL SECRETARY oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu Foreword The present volume of the CAD follows in general the pattern established in Vol. 6 (H). Only in minor points such as the organization of the semantic section, and especially in the lay-out of the printed text, have certain simplifications and improvements been introduced which are meant to facilitate the use of the book. On p. 149ff. additions and corrections to Vol. 6 are listed and it is planned to continue this practice in the subsequent volumes of the CAD in order to list new words and important new references, as well as to correct mistakes made in previous volumes. The Supplement Volume will collect and republish alphabetically all that material. The Provisional List of Bibliographical Abbreviations has likewise been brought a jour.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Interactions Between Prehistoric Societies of the Central
    Herausgeber*innenkollektiv, eds. 2021. Pearls, Politics and Pistachios. Essays in Anthropology and Memories on the Occasion of Susan Pollock’s 65th Birthday: 239–57. DOI: 10.11588/propylaeum.837.c10747. Cultural Interactions between Prehistoric Societies of the Central Iranian Plateau with Residents of the Central Zagros, Fars, and Southwestern Iran during the 5th Millennium BCE HASSAN FAZELI NASHLI,* PARISA NEKOUEI** & ROUHOLLAH YOUSEFI ZOSHK*** The North Central plateau and mountains in eastern Iran, and by the hot and Central Zagros regions during dry Dasht-e-Lut and Dasht-e-Kavir regions the 5th millennium BCE to the south (Badiei 1994, 93). This area, through the Shamshirbor Pass northeast of The North Central Iranian Plateau (see Bastam, includes all of the Gorgan plain, and Fig. 1) is a vast area, with an average some of the southern parts of Turkmenistan elevation of 1200 meters above sea level, and northeastern Iran (Malek-Shahmirzadi which was inhabited by modern humans from 2003, 317). Numerous plains are enclosed ca. 7200 BCE onwards. It is bounded to the by the southern limits of the Alborz, each of north by the Alborz Mountains, the Zagros which has its own cultural history; among the Mountains to the west, at its eastern limit by most important plains are the Tehran, Qazvin, Fig. 1. Map showing the locations of the most important 5th millennium BCE sites mentioned in the text. Map by the authors. * University of Tehran, Tehran (Iran) ** University of Tehran, Tehran (Iran) *** Islamic Azad University of Varamin, Varamin (Iran) Hassan Fazeli Nashli, Parisa Nekouei & Rouhollah Yousefi Zoshk Qom, and Kashan plains.
    [Show full text]
  • Purim Part 1: ● the Authorship of This Book Is Unknown
    Purim Part 1: ● The authorship of this book is unknown. It must have been obviously written after the death of Ahasuerus (the Xerxes of the Greeks), which took place B.C. 465. The minute and particular account also given of many historical details makes it probable that the writer was contemporary with Mordecai and Esther. Hence we may conclude that the book was written probably about B.C. 444-434, and that the author was one of the Jews of the dispersion. This book is more purely historical than any other book of Scripture; and it has this remarkable peculiarity that the name of God does not occur in it from first to last in any form. It has, however, been well observed that "though the name of God be not in it, his finger is." The book wonderfully exhibits the providential government of God. By: M.G. Easton M.A., D.D., Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Third Edition ● Since Purim is a national holiday and is not listed as a holy day in Leviticus 23 or elsewhere, it is not a biblically required observation for those in the Church of God. As Esther 9:27-28 points out it was a Jewish invention for Jews. 1. Esther 1 ● Verses 1-2=At this time you have Israelites scattered from India to Sub-Saharan Africa. Ahasuerus--It is now generally agreed among learned men that the Ahasuerus mentioned in this episode is the Xerxes who figures in Grecian history.) ;[Šušān; Greek: Σοῦσα [ˈsuːsa שׁוּ ָשׁן :Susa (/ˈsuːsə/; Persian: Šuš; [ʃuʃ]; Hebrew ● Syriac: ܫܘܫ Šuš; Middle Persian: Sūš, Šūs; Old Persian: ςρ Çūšā) ​ was an ancient city of the Proto-Elamite, Elamite, First Persian Empire, Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian empires of Iran, and one of the most important cities of the Ancient Near East.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lagash-Umma Border Conflict 9
    CHAPTER I Introduction: Early Civilization and Political Organization in Babylonia' The earliest large urban agglomoration in Mesopotamia was the city known as Uruk in later texts. There, around 3000 B.C., certain distinctive features of historic Mesopotamian civilization emerged: the cylinder seal, a system of writing that soon became cuneiform, a repertoire of religious symbolism, and various artistic and architectural motifs and conven- tions.' Another feature of Mesopotamian civilization in the early historic periods, the con- stellation of more or less independent city-states resistant to the establishment of a strong central political force, was probably characteristic of this proto-historic period as well. Uruk, by virtue of its size, must have played a dominant role in southern Babylonia, and the city of Kish probably played a similar role in the north. From the period that archaeologists call Early Dynastic I1 (ED 11), beginning about 2700 B.c.,~the appearance of walls around Babylonian cities suggests that inter-city warfare had become institutionalized. The earliest royal inscriptions, which date to this period, belong to kings of Kish, a northern Babylonian city, but were found in the Diyala region, at Nippur, at Adab and at Girsu. Those at Adab and Girsu are from the later part of ED I1 and are in the name of Mesalim, king of Kish, accompanied by the names of the respective local ruler^.^ The king of Kish thus exercised hegemony far beyond the walls of his own city, and the memory of this particular king survived in native historical traditions for centuries: the Lagash-Umma border was represented in the inscriptions from Lagash as having been determined by the god Enlil, but actually drawn by Mesalim, king of Kish (IV.1).
    [Show full text]