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Porto Delle Nebbie E Luoghi Chimici. Marghera, Etnografia Della Città Post

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Porto Delle Nebbie E Luoghi Chimici. Marghera, Etnografia Della Città Post UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI VERONA DIPARTIMENTO CULTURE E CIVILTÀ SCUOLA DI DOTTORATO INTERATENEO IN STUDI STORICI GEOGRAFICI E ANTROPOLOGICI DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN SCIENZE STORICHE E ANTROPOLOGICHE XXVIII CICLO Porto delle nebbie e luoghi chimici. Marghera, etnografia della città post industriale. COORDINATORE: Prof. Gian Maria Varanini SUPERVISORI: Prof. Francesco Vallerani Prof. Gianluca Ligi DOTTORANDA: Valentina Bonello S.S.D. M/DEA 01 Sommario. Fondata su una prospettiva fenomenologica questa tesi esplora la dimensione dell’abitare quotidiano nei termini dell’interazione tra attori sociali e paesaggio urbano post industriale nel contesto di Marghera, terraferma di Venezia. Qui, il lascito dell’epoca industriale consiste in una sorta di company town, divisa tra una vasta area industriale dismessa inquinata e una città giardino. La dismissione industriale, a partire dagli anni Duemila, porta con sé la necessità di bonifiche, riconversione economica e rigenerazione urbana. Fondata su una ricerca di campo di tipo etnografico questa tesi esplora il tema della rigenerazione urbana della periferia industriale in termini di costruzione sociale del paesaggio dal punto di vista degli abitanti, in chiave storica e, con riferimento al contesto attuale, attraverso due casi studio. Alla scala macro delle aree industriali il progetto del Palais Lumière, presentato nel 2012 per una città verticale di 260 metri con vista mozzafiato sulla Venezia storica; alla scala micro della città giardino, il progetto di recupero del parco Emmer tra il 2013 e il 2015. Questi due progetti, sebbene molto differenti tra loro per scopo e impatto, sono espressione del fenomeno emergente della così detta Do It Yourself city da parte degli abitanti, e possono quindi essere considerate come l’affermazione di un rinnovato diritto alla città. Abstract. Grounded in a phenomenological perspective this thesis explores the dwelling dimension in terms of interaction between social actors and post-industrial urban landscape of Marghera, Venice inland. Here the industrial legacy consists of a sort of company town, splitted into a vast discarded and polluted industrial area, and a garden city. From the 2000s industrial discard brought along the necessity to reclaim brownfields, economic reorganisation and urban regeneration. Grounded on ethnographic fieldwork this thesis explores the urban regeneration issue in terms of social construction of landscape. I make this from an historical point of view, and through two recent case studies. At the macroscale of the industrial area I examine the Palais Lumière project, presented in 2012: it consisted of a vertical city of 265 mt. with a breathtaking view on Venice lagoon; at the microscale of the garden city, I deal with the Emmer park renewal project, ongoing between 2013 and 2015. These projects, though very different in aim and scale, express the emerging phenomenon of the so-called Do It Yourself City from dwellers’ point of view, and in this sense they can be considered as the assertion of a renewed right to the city. Indice. Introduzione. p. 9 L’approccio antropologico alla città. p.15 La ricerca di campo. p.24 I materiali di campo. p.30 Struttura della tesi. p.36 Parte Prima. Il “problema Venezia”. p. 41 Capitolo 1. Il porto di terraferma. p. 41 1.1 La convenzione del 1917. p.45 1.2 Il progetto di Coen Cagli. p.47 1.3 Porto Marghera. p.50 1.4 Il secondo dopoguerra. p.58 1.5 La penisola della chimica. p.60 1.6 La crisi di Porto Marghera. p.68 Capitolo 2. Quello che resta. p.70 2.1 Un paesaggio “chimico”. Il SIN di Porto Marghera. p.72 2.2 Cartografia della chimica? p.79 2.3 Deserto rosso e nuvole ocra. p.83 Capitolo 3. Il visibile e l’invisibile. p.90 3.1 L’invisibilità della chimica. p.91 3.2 Il visibile e l’invisibile del porto industriale. p.98 3.3 Due momenti a Porto Marghera. p.107 3.3.1 Piccolo trekking a Porto Marghera. p.108 3.3.2 In gita al Petrolchimico. p.114 Capitolo 4. Una questione di paesaggio. p.119 4.1 Abitare e costruire. p.119 4.2 Il paesaggio e la mappa. p.133 4.3 Il paesaggio non racconta una storia: è una storia. p.138 4.4 Il paesaggio come taskscape. p.141 4.5 Il paesaggio invisibile. p.146 Parte Seconda. Il secondo “problema Venezia”. p.155 Capitolo 1. Marghera: nascita del quartiere urbano. p.157 1.1 La città giardino. p.160 1.2 Fuori dal piano: i villaggi di casette ultra-economiche. p.169 1.3 La Rana e Cà Emiliani. p.170 1.4 Il secondo dopo guerra. p.175 1.5 Marghera operaia. p.179 Capitolo 2. Quello che resta. p.182 2.1 Una Marghera verde? p.182 2.2 La norma e il modello. p.190 2.2.1 La norma. p.191 2.2.2 L’igienismo a Venezia. p.200 2.2.3 Il modello. p.204 2.3 Marghera: una città a forma di giardino. p.219 Parte Terza. Il Porto e il quartiere in conflitto. p.225 Capitolo 1. Il processo a Montedison. p.233 1.1. Il processo al Petrolchimico. p. 241 1.2. L’incidente della Dow Chemicals. p.252 1.3. Gli anticorpi di Marghera. p.257 1.4 Il referendum postale del 2006. p.262 Parte Quarta. La periferia abita la città. p.267 Capitolo 1. Il paradigma centro-periferia. p.273 1.1 Il porto industriale oggi: il ritorno della tabula rasa?. p.280 1.1. Centro e periferia alla prova della città diffusa. p.290 1.3 Marghera, il Bronx. p.299 Parte quinta. Riqualificare, rigenerare, ricucire. I mille ri- della periferia. p.319 Capitolo 1. Il progetto del Palais Lumière e la rigenerazione del porto industriale. p.326 1.1 Questioni di dismisura. Il Palais Lumière e l’età dei megaprogetti. p.334 1.2 Acque agitate. p.340 Capitolo2. Rigenerare/riqualificare la periferia dal basso. Il gruppo Sì-Amo il Palais Lumière. p.348 2.1 Riqualificare Ca’ Emiliani: il gruppo Vivi-Amo parco Emmer. p.364 2.2 L’età della partecipazione. p.378 2.3 Da NIMBY a DIY. p.386 2.4 Il diritto alla città: esperienze di piccolo potere. p.389 Conclusioni. p.399 Bibliografia. p.403 Sitografia. p.421 Filmografia. p.423 Apparati. p.425 Appendice 1:materiali prodotti dai GIPS (Protezione Civile). p.425 Appendice 2: materiali relativi al Palais Lumière. p.427 Appendice 3: materiali relativi al gruppo Vivi-Amo Parco Emmer. p.437 Introduzione. Questa tesi intende ricostruire attraverso i materiali prodotti dalla ricerca di campo il paesaggio urbano di Marghera, sottolineando, accanto alle componenti tecniche che hanno prodotto questo specifico spazio urbano, le componenti sociali che costruiscono il luogo Marghera come orizzonte quotidiano dell’abitare. L’obbiettivo è quello di dimostrare, attraverso un approccio etnografico, quanto la città non possa essere ridotta entro modelli spaziali predefiniti o concetti euristici, ma debba essere compresa come declinazione locale di specifici processi culturali, espressione appunto di un abitare che non è un semplice stare in città, né si riduce al costruire spazi urbani, ma è costante ridefinizione del rapporto tra il luogo e gli individui, e dei rapporti tra gli attori sociali stessi attraverso la mediazione delle forme fisiche del luogo. Il farsi e il disfarsi della città è dunque anche un processo sociale che si articola attraverso pratiche condivise, narrative, costruzione di immaginari, manipolazione degli spazi. Il luogo in cui questa ricerca ha preso forma è Marghera, municipalità di terraferma di Venezia. Questa parte della città nasce a tavolino esattamente un secolo fa, nel 1917, quando, per trovare soluzione ai limiti che l’irrimediabile insularità della città storica poneva (e pone), venne progettata questa sua estensione ai bordi della laguna. Marghera nasce fin da subito organizzata razionalmente secondo piani e modelli di insediamento: da una parte la grande area industriale e portuale, dall’altro lato il quartiere urbano progettato come una città giardino, una company town, sostanzialmente, che associava in maniera funzionale e razionale spazi del lavoro e spazi dell’abitare, la città fabbrica e la città abitata. Con Marghera Venezia si estende al di là dell’acqua, assumendo le forme della città moderna e al contempo cominciando la propria corsa allo sviluppo industriale. La storia specifica di questa città ha l’andamento di una parabola: Marghera consuma in fretta la propria storia, e, in meno di un secolo, si trasforma da soluzione al problema Venezia nel problema di Venezia. Ciò che resta, dopo i fasti industriali della seconda metà del Novecento, è un paesaggio fortemente compromesso dall’inquinamento e in progressivo abbandono. Allo stesso tempo questo paesaggio è motivo di tensione e di contrasto a livello sociale: cosa farne di Marghera, dopo Marghera? vari progetti, differenti narrazioni del luogo, futuri possibili vengono immaginati e quasi subito 9 ereditati, alternandosi da tempo nel dibattito pubblico, senza che nessuno riesca a prendere il sopravvento. Una sorta di annebbiamento avvolge Marghera: si sa che c’è, si conoscono i problemi che la attraversano, ma in quale direzione andare esattamente non sembra molto chiaro. Se guardata dall’esterno e dall’alto Marghera è facilmente riassunta dal concetto, e dalla conseguente immagine, di periferia industriale dismessa. Essa è quello spazio urbano pieno di capannoni, hangar, impianti industriali, aree degradate e progressivamente abbandonate alle porte di Venezia. A questo contribuiscono anche le rappresentazioni tecniche, la cartografia normativa: Marghera è un SIN, Sito di Interesse Nazionale, per via della nefasta eredità ambientale lasciata dall’industria chimica; essa è tutta compresa entro il perimetro rosso che isola questo pezzo di città sottolineandone l’eccezionalità e al contempo lo condizione di urgenza. È rispetto a questa immagine e all’etichetta di periferia industriale che nel 2012 viene proposto il Progetto Palais Lumière come possibile fattore di rigenerazione urbana.
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