ASPECTS OF THE PAKISTAN MOVEMENT SIKANDAR HAYAT National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research Centre of Excellence, Quaid-i-Azam University (New Campus) Islamabad, Pakistan 2016 ASPECTS OF THE PAKISTAN MOVEMENT Third Revised, Expanded Edition NIHCR Publication No. 172 Copyright 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing from the Director, National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research (NIHCR). Enquiries concerning reproduction should be sent to NIHCR at the address below. National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, Centre of Excellence, Quaid-i-Azam University, (New Campus) P.O. Box No.1230, Islamabad - 44000, Pakistan. First Edition 1990 Second Revised Edition 1998 Third Revised, Expanded Edition 2016 Email: [email protected] , [email protected] Website: www.nihcr.edu.pk Published by Muhammad Munir Khawar, Publication Officer. Printed at M/s Roohani Art Press, Blue Area, Islamabad, Pakistan. Price Pak Rs. 500/= SAARC Countries Rs. 800/= ISBN: 978-969-415-114-4 US $ 20 For My Parents CONTENTS Preface Preface to the Second Edition Preface (First Edition) 1. Origins and Development of the Pakistan Movement 1 2. Hindu-Muslim Communal Tangle in British India 35 3. Muslims and System of Representative Government in 60 British India 4. Devolution of British Authority and its Impact upon the 86 Muslim Crisis in British India 5. The Failure of Traditional Muslim Political Leadership in 103 British India 6. The Lahore Resolution and its Implications 141 7. Jinnah, Muslim League, and Political Strategy for the 180 Achievement of Pakistan 8. Jinnah’s Acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan 222 9. Emergence of Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah as 240 the Charismatic Leader of Muslim India Bibliography 271 Index 299 PREFACE Originally seven articles, published in various national and international journals over the years, as indicated in Preface to the first edition, this third, revised and expanded edition of the book offers two more articles/chapters entitled, “Why did Jinnah Accept the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946?: A Note of Critical Reappraisal”, Asian Profile Vol. 31, No. 3 (June 2003) and “Charisma, Crisis and the Emergence of Quaid-i-Azam” in Historicus, Quarterly Journal of Pakistan Historical Society, Vol. L, No1 & 2 (January-June, 2002). The importance of these two aspects of the Pakistan Movement hardly needs an emphasis. The Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946, its acceptance and then rejection by Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League, is a watershed in the Muslim struggle for Pakistan. 3 June Partition Plan and the ultimate partition of India and the creation of Pakistan in August 1947 is an inevitable consequence of the rejection of the plan. The charismatic nature of Jinnah’s political leadership is a relatively new and important aspect of the Pakistan Movement. This has indeed been the subject of my recent, exhaustive work, The Charismatic Leader: Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah and the Creation of Pakistan, second edition, published by the Oxford University Press Pakistan in 2014. A distinguished American historian, Dr. Roger D. Long, noted that this “analysis of Jinnah as a charismatic figure fills an important lacuna in the field.” Both articles have been thoroughly revised and expanded, and their titles have been modified accordingly. Titles of some old chapters have been modified too. While most of the material used here has come from early publications, including the aforementioned book, and there may be some overlapping in few chapters, the book, as a whole, is self-sufficient, and covers virtually all the major, important aspects of the Pakistan Movement, starting with an introductory chapter, “Origins and Development of the Pakistan Movement”, which will be helpful for the beginners, especially for students at the post-graduate level. Hopefully, the book will be relevant and useful for all teachers, researchers, and students interested in the subject and perhaps willing to engage with the arguments developed here. Engagement, of course, is the missing link in our historiography, indeed South Asian historiography. (Literature review, at best, is a partial engagement, unless its contents or discussion is purposefully carried viii Aspects of the Pakistan Movement forward into the main text). Generally, historians write without engaging with other writers on their arguments, angularities, or perspectives on the subject. They work in silos. I hope this book will help change that a bit. I am grateful to Professor Dr. Sayed Wiqar Ali Shah, Director of the National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, and a former colleague at the Department of History, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, for agreeing to publish this revised, expanded edition of the book. I also appreciate Dr. Sajid Mahmood Awan and Syed Umar Hayat’s (Office Incharge of the institute) kind offer to re-print the book in the first instance. However, I thought it was better to revise, expand, and update it into the next edition. I am thankful to Muhammad Munir Khawar, Publication Officer, and his staff for making it possible. I thank my friends and colleagues, Dr. Saeed Shafqat, Director, Centre for Public Policy and Governance and Dr. Grace Clark, Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, and indeed all my colleagues at History Department of the FC College University, Lahore, Professor Dr. Arfa Sayeda Zehra, Dr. Yaqoob Khan Bangash, Khizar Jawad, Saadia Sumbal, and Umber Ibad for their support. I am also thankful to my Rector, Dr. James A. Tebbe, for encouraging research on the campus. I am grateful to Mohammad Irfan for meticulously typing several drafts of the manuscript before it was finalized and brought into a book form. I also acknowledge Rhymer Roy’s help with various chores necessary for the completion of a book project. Of course, I alone am responsible for all the facts and their interpretation in the book. Finally, I must express my gratitude to my family – my wife Samina, our children, Tina, Umar and Ali, our son-in-law, Nauman, and our two grandchildren, Ayaan and Emaad, for their love, care, and understanding. The book is dedicated to the memory of my parents for their boundless love and affection. May their souls rest in eternal peace. Amen! Lahore Sikandar Hayat 1 September 2015 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION This book brings together articles on various aspects of the Pakistan Movement, published in major national and international journals in the late 1980s. The first edition of the book was published in May 1991 (Lahore, Progressive Publishers). Apart from minor editing, the articles were presented in their original form. A detailed preface explained their contents and significance which is reproduced here in the subsequent pages for the benefit of new readers. There are no substantial changes in this second edition except that the opportunity has been availed to improve the presentation and to correct misprints and errors. In addition, titles of a few chapters have been modified. However, the terms and tone of analysis remains unaltered. I have not eliminated anything of any substance. It is hoped that scholars interested in the subject will find the discussion useful. The students will be encouraged to know more about the Pakistan Movement, especially now that Pakistan is fifty years old and can look back to its origins with satisfaction and pride. Indeed, it would be most rewarding if the book provides stimulus to further study and thought. I am grateful to Dr. M. Naeem Qureshi for providing guidance in the preparation of this edition. Dr. M. Rafique Afzal read the whole text and offered several useful suggestions for its improvement. I am deeply indebted to him. I am also indebted to Dr. Rizwan Malik and (late) Dr. Agha Hussain Hamadani for accepting the book for publication under the auspices of the National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research. My special thanks go to Mr. Shafqat Amin and his staff at the Institute for the help in compiling the index and carrying the book through all its stages of publication. Finally, a word of gratitude to my wife and three children. Without their constant encouragement and support, this work would not have been completed. Islamabad Sikandar Hayat 18 June 1998 PREFACE (FIRST EDITION) The book is a collection of seven articles which deal with salient aspects of the Pakistan Movement. Written over the past few years and published in national and international journals, these articles have been brought together in one volume, with slightly modified titles, for reference and utilization by teachers, researchers and students who may have an abiding interest in the subject. Even though these chapters do not make a continuous narrative, there is a rough chronological sequence underlying their arrangement. It is hoped that the facts, analyses and interpretations given here will stimulate further study and research in this very important field of political history of British India. The first chapter, “Origins and Development of the Pakistan Movement” 1, traces the flow of events, political actors and interactions from the 1857 ‘War of Independence’ and the subsequent role of Syed Ahmad Khan to the demand for Pakistan and its ultimate fulfillment under the able leadership of Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. Almost all significant milestones in this journey towards freedom have been briefly analyzed in