before Robert Adam: A sketchy understanding

Fig. 1. Culzean Castle from north: a drone view showing approximate viewpoints of the three sketches reproduced in Figs 2-4, June 2017 (Copyright National Trust for Scotland).

Culzean Castle before Robert Adam: estate of Culzean, comprising 228 hectares, A sketchy understanding was given to the NTS in 1945.² The castle still Derek Alexander (National Trust for Scotland) forms the focal point for the entire country Culzean Castle is best known as Robert park and it is easy to see why - Robert Adam’s Adam’s cliff-top romantic masterpiece. The late 18th century picturesque creation has image of the castle – really the 18th and 19th certainly made the most of the dramatic century country house – adorns Scottish setting. It was, however, precisely this same banknotes, postcards and has recently made landscape that made it an excellent defensive it on to the ‘Mayfair’ spot of the site and ideal for the construction of a version of Monopoly! The picturesque view medieval castle. The headland is defended by from the folly or ruined arch gateway, looking cliffs on the north-west and around its north- along the viaduct approach over the terraced eastern end, while the south-eastern side was walled gardens, is well-known. Perhaps less protected by a natural hollow. This hollow well-known is the fact that the old tower was originally deeper than it appears today; house is partly encased within the late 18th it was infilled in the 17th century to create a century structure. walled garden and then raised again in the The understanding of the history of the 19th century to form the Fountain Court. Kennedy family at Culzean, and especially the Perhaps the easiest approach to the site may transformation of the estate by Robert Adam, have been from the south-west. is covered in detail in Michael Moss’s book While defended both from the land and the and in the research work of former National sea, there were still good beaching points for Trust for Scotland (NTS) employee, Debbie boats at the north-eastern end at Gas House Jackson.¹ The core of the Kennedy family Bay or at the south-western end at Culzean

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 57 JOURNAL NO. 34 Culzean Castle before Robert Adam: A sketchy understanding Harbour, although, due to outlying rocky to his younger brother, Thomas Kennedy of outcrops offshore, any approach by boat Colean, in 1569. The original site of Colean was would have to have been done carefully. But inland from , further south, but when perhaps the most important factor in the Thomas was granted what was previously choice of the headland for a settlement was known as Coif Castle or the House of Cove, it the presence of two sets of caves at the foot began to be referred to as Collean or Culzean.⁶ of the cliff. These caves are known as the This is most clearly seen on Gordon’s 1650s Culzean Coves – the Castle Cave and the map of Ayrshire where both are marked, one Stables Cave – and it was these features that as ‘Koif C[astle].’ the other as ‘Cuillien’.⁷ It was gave their name to the medieval castle above. probably this Sir Thomas Kennedy who was Before it became Culzean, the site was known responsible for the construction of the L-plan as Coif or Coffe Castle – both of which are Old tower house, of which more anon. English versions of the name for ‘cave’. It is Given the defensive nature of the site, it is likely likely that the name is of late 7th century date to have been used as a castle long before the and is one of a number, including nearby mid-16th century, and indeed the Kennedy and Turnberry, that relate to the family can trace their ancestry back to the 1100s. Northumbrian expansion into South-West Unfortunately, there are no structural remains Scotland.³ It is interesting that archaeological on the cliff top that have been dated to this investigations in the Castle Cave recovered period. However, excavation of trial trenches disarticulated human skeletal remains, one of across a wide circular enclosure ditch in a field which provided a radiocarbon date in the at High Whitestone, 1km east of the castle on 8th-9th century AD.⁴ the east of the Glenside Burn, was found to date Excavation in the Castle Cave has also dated to 1290 –1410 AD (SUERC-33081), a date which a midden deposit to 135-325 cal AD (SUERC- is also supported by a small assemblage of 78964) in the Roman Iron Age, and there is 13th-14th century cooking pots. Until large- also evidence from the top of the cliff that the scale excavation is carried out on the cliff top headland the castle sits on was also occupied at Culzean, however, our understanding of at this time. Excavation of a small trench at even the later medieval occupation of the site the north-eastern end of the promontory, in has to rely largely on informed guesswork. We the Gazebo Courtyard, uncovered the know that so much of the castle and the hilltop foundations of a wall, built of large rounded was dramatically changed during the building boulders with courses of flat stone in works of the late 18th century,⁸ but, as a between. This wall had collapsed onto a layer preliminary contribution towards improving of animal bones, some of which were our understanding of the earlier castle layout, identified as red deer, one of which produced this paper uses the limited drawn record, in the a radiocarbon date of 40BC – 130AD (SUERC- form of sketches of the castle and a 1755 estate 10771). It is clear, therefore, that Culzean plan. Castle was preceded by an Iron Age defended Sketches of the pre-Adam castle site, perhaps a possible fort similar to what The partial outline of the old tower at Culzean still survives on the Heads of Ayr or can be seen in Robert Adam’s plan of the Drumadoon Point, Arran, today.⁵ castle where it is discernible in the core of the The name Culzean only came to the site when house.⁹ Both the interior and exterior of the it was granted by Gilbert, 4th Earl of Cassillis, house were so altered during the renovation

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 58 JOURNAL NO. 34 Culzean Castle before Robert Adam: A sketchy understanding

Fig. 2. (Sketch 1) Culzean Castle from south-west, probably by Robert Adam, 1776 (Reproduced with the kind permission of Sir John Soane Museum, London) works in the 1770-90s, however, that the only Maid’s walk. The location of the artist appears part of it that it remains clearly evident is the to be above the sea and perhaps close to the thick wall between the armoury and the position of the timber Mast House, at the drawing room on the ground floor. south-west end of the Battery, as the south- Thankfully, there are a number of sketches eastern face of the main tower is visible. This dating from before Robert Adam’s work that path leads to a doorway (B), a postern or show the tower house from a variety of angles sea-gate in a straight section of curtain wall. which help with understanding the mid-18th This wall and the angular wall that is located century (and presumably earlier) layout of the to the south-west of it appears to have a castle. These sketches are drawn from the slightly crenellated wallhead. The difference south-west, the east and the north-east.¹⁰ in height and the vertical line in the middle of Examining each sketch in turn provides a 270° the latter section of wall could indicate a panorama around the castle in an anti- bastion (C), set at an angle to the tower; there clockwise direction, with only a view from the is certainly no indication of a roof-line or north-west, that is from the sea, missing. chimneys at this point that would indicate a building. At the external angle of the bastion, Sketch 1 (Fig. 2)¹¹ outside the barmkin wall, there is a small This drawing from the south-west, which is roofed structure (D), aligned north-south, thought to have been drawn by Robert Adam with a single window in its gable. There is a himself and is part of the collection of his smaller lean-to building (E) at the foot and papers held in the Sir John Soane Museum, against the south-east side of the exterior of shows a pathway leading up from where the the angled bastion, which has an opening, Dolphin House now is and follows the line of possibly a door, in its south-west gable. the overgrown path (A) known as Laundry Beyond this is a structure, perhaps the end

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 59 JOURNAL NO. 34 Culzean Castle before Robert Adam: A sketchy understanding view of tower (F) with at least two levels, terraced garden that lay downslope. Above divided by a possible string course, and these trees the gentle pitch of the pedimented topped with a crow-stepped gable. At the roof (J) of the gatehouse into the farm court inside edge (on the north-west side) of this can be seen. This building would later be building there appears to be a chimney stack. topped with a castellated parapet by Robert Inside the barmkin enclosure the main tower Adam to form the clock-tower, but the line of block (G) is aligned south-west to north-east, the old pediment can still be seen its north- and has three rows of windows on the south- eastern façade. east side. There are two windows on the On the opposite, north-western, side of the south-west gable which probably light the tower a gable can clearly be seen of a building attic space and a small window on the floor (K) which appears to butt up against the jamb. below. As the ground floor is hidden below It is at least two storeys high, has a large single the line of the barmkin wall it appears that window in its south-western gable and has at the main tower consisted of a ground floor, least three chimneys. This is likely to have with three floors and an attic above. The roof been the kitchen block. of the tower slopes to the eaves and there is The final building (L) visible in this view from no indication of battlements. There is a the south-west, is much clearer and seems to chimney at each gable and possibly a third in stand alone on the cliff edge and at a slight the middle of the north-east-facing wall. angle to the rest of the main buildings. It is of There is a square jamb (H) attached to the two storeys, has a pitched roof with four north-east side of the main tower at its evenly spaced chimneys along its length and northern end. The pitched roof runs at right has two rows of seven sea-facing windows on angles to that of the main tower and is its north-western side. There may be another possibly slightly higher. It has two chimneys, chimney at the opposite end of the building one at the north-west gable and another at on the north-western, cliff edge flank. the junction with the main tower. There is a Sketch 2 (Fig. 3)¹³ small dormer window in the roof. The south- west façade of the jamb has a horizontal line This drawing from the south-east is a view above the third floor which might suggest that from the cliff top above the sandy bay where the roof was heightened by an inserted floor. the Gas House is now located. It clearly shows A structure which is marked on the wall face how the land dropped on the landward side below this line and descends two storeys of the castle, which was one of its defensive could be a corbelled-out stair-turret features. On the far left-hand side of the sketch is a two-storeyed house (M) with What appears to be a square, flat roofed, stair pitched roof and three chimneys, known as tower (I) occupies the re-entrant angle between ‘Holehouse’ where Thomas Kennedy stayed the main tower and the jamb. From a distance in 1747 to avoid having to stay in the castle this square tower within the re-entrant angle is with his mother, Lady Kennedy.¹⁴ Unfortu- reminiscent of that at, for example, nately, the walled garden is obscured by trees neighbouring Killochan Castle near .¹² and must have occupied the dip between On the south-east side of the tower there Holehouse and the castle. appear to be a number of trees between it On the southern end of the castle hill is a and the barmkin wall which might be some of two-storeyed rectangular tower with a gabled the fruit trees that were planted as part of the roof (F). There are two windows facing south-

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 60 JOURNAL NO. 34 Culzean Castle before Robert Adam: A sketchy understanding there was an L-shaped block (J and Q) forming a half-court arrangement on the north-west. On the south- eastern side, the wing (J) was built into the slope and an arrangement of four arches must have been for cart-sheds. At the corner of these L-shaped wings the roof is slightly heightened to give the impression of small towers. The roof is hipped and it is perhaps this that appears Fig. 3. (Sketch 2) Culzean Castle from east, probably 1776 on Sketch 1 over the trees rather but of uncertain authorship. than the roof of the gatehouse. This eastwards over the garden and a string course complex of buildings acted as the between the floors. This tower appears to castle or mains farm, and must have been match the one visible on Sketch 1, and its constructed around the mid-1760s. It does position appears to line up with the north- not appear on the estate plan of 1755; eastern face of the main tower block (G). indeed, there are no buildings at this end of From the inner corner of this outer tower a the castle hill on that plan, perhaps length of barmkin wall (N) appears to run suggesting that any older buildings had been diagonally from south to north and there is demolished under the instructions of Sir an arched gateway (O) towards its northern Thomas Kennedy prior to 1766 when ‘part of end. The lighter shading around the entrance the masons…went to clearing the rock for might indicate that this section of wall faced laying the foundation of the Office houses in to the south-east. This must have been the the East and to hew stone for the building’.¹⁵ main gateway into the courtyard surrounded A single isolated small structure (R) with a by the barmkin wall. sloping roof is shown as the northernmost The barmkin wall may have then turned at right building on the castle hill. This sits above the angles and appears to have joined the gable of cliff face and is likely to be an earlier version a building (K), which appears to be aligned of the latrine block that is located there north-east to south-west and with a roof line today. Two outlet chutes in the wall face are which appears to continue beyond the end of visible from the beach. the jamb of the main tower. It has a chimney on Sketch 3 (Fig. 4)¹⁶ the north-eastern gable and a larger chimney Viewing the castle from the north-east, on the south-eastern side, facing into the where the artist was down at sea-level courtyard. This is likely to have been the kitchen looking across Gas House Bay, this etching block which also appears in Sketch 1. shows many of the buildings already To the north-east of the main castle and discussed in the previous two sketches. At barmkin this sketch shows the open C-shaped the far left, Holehouse Farm (M) is again arrangement of what is now known as the visible as a two storeyed, four-bayed Clock Tower courtyard. The gate tower (P) building, with a gabled roof and two with its pedimented roof sits in the centre of chimneys. The main focus of the drawing is the complex. On either side of the gateway the farm building complex with the central

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 61 JOURNAL NO. 34 Culzean Castle before Robert Adam: A sketchy understanding

Fig. 4. (Sketch 3) Culzean Castle from north-east, undated etching by John Clerk of Eldin (1728- 1812), Robert Adam’s brother-in-law (Reproduced with the kind permission of The National Galleries of Scotland). gate tower (P) with its pedimented roof, two 1 and 2 (Figs. 2-3) the artist has shown wall windows and high arched gateway. The walks on both the tower and jamb and heightened corner of the wing (J) to the south possible bartizans at the corners, perhaps of the gate stands out clearly, but the north artistic licence or a reflection of the fact that wing (Q) is less clearly defined. Of note here is this sketch was undertaken before ‘all the the central feature on top of the pediment of roofs and turrets of the old castle were the gate tower (P), possibly a chimney, which stripped and the walls heightened’ in 1766? was also visible on Sketch 2. This feature does Puzzlingly, however, the farm courtyard (J, P, not appear on Sketch 1 which may support the Q) and the ‘slant’ block on the cliff edge (L) argument that it is the gable of the southern appear to be finished. wing tower (J) that is shown on that illustration The kitchen block (K) and the ‘slant’ block (L) rather than the gate tower pediment (P). are shown to the right of the jamb (H) on this Three patches of white above the tree line sketch. The former is just a shadowy outline might represent an enclosing wall (S) on the with two possible chimneys while the gable north-eastern end of the farm courtyard. of the latter and possibly four chimneys can be picked out. The top two storeys of the gable of the main tower (G) are shown with two windows on 1755 Estate Map each floor. The roof is steeply pitched with a A fourth illustration of the castle before Robert chimney at each end. Likewise, the top two Adam’s alterations from 1777 onwards is storeys of the jamb (H) have two windows on provided by an estate map which is held in the each floor, and its steeply pitched roof, at Castle Office at Culzean and was drawn in 1755 right angles to the main tower, also seems to by John Foulis, recruited as the overseer for have a chimney at each end. Unlike Sketches Culzean and the surrounding land by Thomas

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 62 JOURNAL NO. 34 Culzean Castle before Robert Adam: A sketchy understanding

Fig. 5. Map of Culzean Castle and Estate by John Foulis, 1755: enlarged and rotated extract showing the castle and its immediate surroundings (Copyright, National Trust for Scotland). Kennedy. Fig. 5 is an enlarged extract from this eastern end of this open space that the farm map which focuses on the castle precincts and complex with its pedimented gate tower (P) has been rotated to align north to the top. was built in the 1760s. Perhaps the most clearly defined building To the south-east of the tower there are four marked on the map is Holehouse (M) at the parallel walls which must represent three bottom right which has a chimney at each garden terraces that were part of a 17th- gable matching the representations of it on century landscaping scheme, the north-east- Sketches 2 and 3 (Figs. 3-4). ern third of which was extended in 1750. As with Holehouse, most of the buildings Unfortunately the map has been damaged marked on the map are depicted as black slightly along the line of the uppermost rectangles. The exception to this convention terrace wall. Below the terraces the area is the castle itself which is shown side-on in a which is now known as Fountain Court was a schematic diagram which includes two walled garden and is shown planted with ten buildings (both here depicted upside down in large beds. The southern corner of this this rotated view), the main tower (G and H) garden was located and recorded archaeolog- shown as two storeys with three chimneys ically during insertion of new drains in Foun- and a lower single-storeyed block (possibly tain Court and the northern wall flanking the the kitchen, K) closer to the cliff edge. There entrance drive was located during previous appears to be an inner court around the tower ground works there.¹⁷ house with a large open space to the north- To the south-west of the tower, there is a east, enclosed by a wall and thus forming an clear L-shaped building which appears to outer court. It was to be at the far north- match up with the angled bastion feature (C)

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 63 JOURNAL NO. 34 Culzean Castle before Robert Adam: A sketchy understanding visible on Sketch 1 (Fig. 2). Perhaps this was sets of caves below the castle. The south- defending the easiest approach to the site western building (U) represents the position from the south-west. Although no roof lines of the entrance to the Castle Cave and the are visible on the sketch it is possible that this north-eastern one (V) represents the entrance building represents a series of lean-to to the Stables Cave. buildings built against the inside face of the Culzean Caves barmkin wall. While the kitchen block (K) was Culzean Caves consist of two complexes, remodelled and enlarged in 1750, including a which are known as Castle Cave and Stables new oven of 2,000 bricks,¹⁸ other ancillary Cave and are an integral part of the history of structures were reported to be in a poor state settlement on this site (Fig. 6). The two sets of repair in 1753. It was stated that the of walls which block off seaward access to the bakehouse would not stand much longer, the Castle Cave are clearly pre-Adam in date, and brewhouse had had its thatch patched, the now constitute the most substantial visible high school where the men slept was worse remains of the late medieval castle (Fig. 7). and the laigh (low) school had already blown Both sets of caves are statutorily protected as down.¹⁹ It sounds as though these buildings a Scheduled Monument and have recently were separate from the kitchen block and it been the subject of archaeological recording seems that some of them may have been built and excavation.²² against the barmkin wall at the southern The Castle Cave complex is located immediately corner of the site. below the drum tower of the mansion castle. To the north of the L-shaped block (C) on the It consists of three main chambers, A-C, that 1755 map there is another small rectangular are all conjoined and divided from each other building (T) aligned south-west to north-east. by stretches of built walling. Chamber A is It appears to stand on the inside of the fronted by a low arched entrance piercing a barmkin wall and is located where Robert masonry wall that is a further two storeys high. Adam in 1779 replaced the old laundry tower Access is via a three-metre long vaulted with his circular brewhouse complex.²⁰ It is entrance passageway that leads into the lowest thus possible that this building is the ‘old part of Chamber A, which is about 20m long by laundry’. It is also possible that a kink in the 10m wide. On either side of the entrance barmkin enclosure wall to the north-east of passage there is a small square aumbry, building (T) might represent ‘Japie’s House’ perhaps for holding lanterns. Above the vaulted located on the cliff edge to the north-west of entrance passage there was a small chamber the castle. Demolished in 1750, its stones which may have had a wooden south-eastern were retained for building the stables wall and must have been accessed by a timber complex to the north-east in 1751. It remains stair or ladder. This first-floor chamber was lit unknown who ‘Japie’ was, although the name by a single window above the main entrance. sounds Dutch.²¹ A timber second floor would have provided Further to the north-east there are two access to a defensive box machicolation above buildings (U and V) which are aligned north- the entrance with a window to one side. There west to south-east and appear to have their was a small latrine with an external chute in the north-western ends on the foreshore. These south-western corner on this second floor. two structures appear to relate to the At the back of Chamber A, on the eastern side, position of the stone walls that front the two there is a small side chamber that is partly

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 64 JOURNAL NO. 34 Culzean Castle before Robert Adam: A sketchy understanding

Fig. 6. Castle Cave: plan showing the main chambers, wall faces and the location of a trench on the cliff face which indicated the position of a possible stair to the cellars below the kitchen block (Copyright, National Trust for Scotland)

screened off by a loosely built rubble wall. From also appears to have functioned as a latrine, Chamber A, a narrow pathway leads up built against the sloping bedrock: it contains westwards to a doorway with a left-hand jamb. a box latrine and an aumbry. There is a There is a small slit window immediately south window in the northern wall and another of this jamb. The doorway was checked narrow window high up in the western wall (rebated) on the western side and was clearly which faces up the cliff face to the south-west. intended to block access from the lower Next to the passageway down to the latrine Chamber A into the higher Chamber B beyond. but at a higher level (about 1m higher – In Chamber B there are two rubble–built probably at a third floor level when viewed squared pillars holding up elements of the from outside) is the upper, arched, entrance. bedrock roof. At the southern end of the The western jamb and arch of this entrance chamber is a 3.5m-long rubble wall with a are of similar rough construction to the two central lintelled doorway leading through to pillars in the inside and are likely to date to a Chamber C. At the northern end of Chamber re-modelling of the cave, perhaps in the 18th B, a narrow doorway leads down into a small century, during the works by Robert Adam. room, which is approximately at the same The eastern jamb appears to be of sandstone level as the second floor of the rooms above similar to the rest of the older masonry and the entrance to Chamber A. This small room is rebated for a door.

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 65 JOURNAL NO. 34 Culzean Castle before Robert Adam: A sketchy understanding the late 18th century, it is clear that the doorway reflects an earlier tradi- tional route down to the caves but one which, apparently, quickly went out of use in the 19th cen- tury. Although there are a number of sketches and paintings of Culzean Castle from the sea, only a couple show any hint of the caves and there is certainly no indication of any access down the cliff face.²⁴ Direct access down to the caves from the castle above is suggested by the account of Sir William Bre- reton who visited Culzean in 1634. He describes going down with one of Kenne- dy’s sons who, along with ‘servants and others, took a candle, and conducted us to the cave’ … [which] ‘hath many narrow pas- sages and doors, galleries Fig. 7. Castle Cave: masonry frontages in cliff face incorporating also, and a closet and divers entrances and windows, and showing possible route to the castle, rooms hewed with mighty 2008 (Copyright, National Trust for Scotland) labour out of a hard lime- This doorway must have led out onto a stone rock’.²⁵ The juxtaposition of the entrance timber platform which in turn led to a now- to the Castle Cave and the kitchen on the cliff- vanished wooden stairway that may have top above is surely not just chance, and it seems provided access up the cliff face to the castle entirely reasonable to suppose that the caves above. Excavation on the cliff face, undertaken would have been used for storage of goods by an archaeologist with roped access skills, brought in by boat. showed that the bedrock here had been fash- William Brereton also provides one of the ioned into broad steps upon which a timber few descriptions of the interior of Culzean stair could have been founded.²³ This also Castle of which he says he ‘found there no explains why there is a doorway exiting onto hall, only a dining-room or hall, a fair room the cliff-top from the cellars on the north side and almost as large as the whole pile, but of the drum tower above. While these cellars very slatternly kept, unswept, dishes, tren- and the drum tower were designed and built in chers and wooden cups thrown up and down,

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 66 JOURNAL NO. 34 Culzean Castle before Robert Adam: A sketchy understanding

Fig. 8. Culzean Castle: plan showing pre-Robert Adam buildings and features A-Y and the approximate viewpoints of the three sketches reproduced in Figs 2-4 (based on an Ordnance Survey digital map reproduced with the permission of HM Stationery Office, Crown Copyright NTS licence No. 100023880. All other data Copyright, National Trust for Scotland) and the room very nasty and unsavoury.’²⁶ building, destruction and rebuilding in the This could be the first-floor hall in the tower preceding centuries. which is also described in the 1744 inventory Archaeological investigations on the cliff top of the castle from which it might be possible and in the caves below have started to tease to get a better understanding of the layout out some of this longer chronological span, of the pre-Adam L-shaped tower, but that taking it back over 2,000 years, but the high must await another paper.²⁷ medieval period at Culzean still remains a Conclusion mystery. Perhaps larger-scale excavations What visitors to Culzean Castle see today is around the periphery of the site, where largely a result of the work of Robert Adam deposits were pushed down slope, or piled from the 1770s onwards and of later behind garden terrace walls, might be able to additions throughout the 19th century. While locate remains associated with the use of the it can be difficult to convince them that the site from the 12th to the 16th centuries. Some site was once a medieval castle, a better of the areas that could be targeted might be understanding of the earlier castle can be indicated by the schematic layout of buildings gained by examination of the topography, presented in the final illustration (Fig. 8). the defensive location and the details that It is also clear that all of the upstanding are visible on the sketches. However, it is structures at Culzean would benefit from a clear that these sources show the castle only detailed historic building survey similar to the in its immediate, pre-Adam phase, and there study that the NTS commissioned for Brodick are likely to have been other phases of Castle on Arran.²⁸

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 67 JOURNAL NO. 34 Culzean Castle before Robert Adam: A sketchy understanding

Notes and references 1. Michael Moss, The ‘Magnificent Castle’ of Culzean 10. Moss, op. cit., pages 70-1; Jane Gilchrist, and the Kennedy Family (Edinburgh, 2002); Debbie Alexander Nasmyth’s paintings of Culzean Castle: M Jackson, A History of Culzean Castle Gardens, the relationship between the landscape and Ayrshire, 1597-1846 (University of St Andrews, architecture (University of Edinburgh, History of M.Litt in Museum/Gallery Studies, 2000, available Art and Architectural History, unpublished online at: honours dissertation, n.d.). Copy given to NTS https://www.academia.edu/597479/A_History_of 11. Sir John Soane’s Museum, London, SM Adam _Culzean_Castle_Gardens_Ayrshire_1597_1846 ) Volume 21/6, available online at and The Building of Culzean Castle, Ayrshire http://collections.soane.org/THES87990 and (University of St Andrews, Museum & Gallery reproduced in Moss, op. cit., page 70 Studies, Extended Essay, revised October 2002, 12. Illustrated in Moss, op.cit., page 29. Dateable by an available online at: inscription to 1586, the stair-tower at Killochan https://www.academia.edu/1522569/The_Building houses what may be one of the earliest scale-and- _of_Culzean_Castle_revised_Oct2002). platt stairs in the country (see John G Dunbar, The A full architectural description and analysis is also Historic Architecture of Scotland (London, 1966), contained in Rob Close and Anne Riches, Ayrshire pages 68, 74 and 78) and Arran (The Buildings of Scotland, New Haven 13. Reproduced in Moss, op.cit., page 71 and London, 2012), 245-58. 14. Ibid., page 37 2. National Trust for Scotland (NTS) Guidebook, Culzean Castle (Edinburgh, 2003); see also, David 15. Ibid., page 61 Learmont and Gordon Riddle, Culzean Castle and 16. National Galleries Scotland, P 2355.6 C, available Country Park (NTS, 1996) online at https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art- 3. Daphne Brooke, Wild Men and Holy Places: St Ninian and-artists/161853/culzean-castle and the Medieval Realm of Galloway (Edinburgh, 17. Claire Williamson and Joss Durnan, Fountain 1994), page 53 Court, Culzean, : Archaeological 4. Derek Alexander, ‘Culzean Castle – Castle Cave, trial Mitigation, Data Structure Report (NTS, 2017) trenching’, Discovery and Excavation in Scotland, 18. Moss, op.cit., page 42 new series, volume 5 (2004), pages 121-2 19. Ibid., pages 48-50 5. Historic Environment Scotland (HE) online record at 20. Ibid., page 70 https://canmore.org.uk/site/40929/heads-of-ayr and: 21. Ibid., pages 41-2 https://canmore.org.uk/site/39199/arran-drum- 22. HES, Scheduled Monument SM 10364 at: doon-the-doon http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designatio n/SM10364, noting, inter alia, measured surveys 6. Moss, op.cit, page 6; NTS Guidebook carried out by Bob Heath in 1989. Invited to inspect 7. National Library of Scotland, Maps by Robert and the cave interiors in 1989, the Royal Commission James Gordon 1636-1652, ‘Cuningham’ Adv. on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of MS.70.2.10 (Gordon 60), available online at Scotland (RCAHMS) noted that the surviving https://maps.nls.uk/rec/47 dressed stone surrounds were wrought with 8. NTS Guidebook, page 16; Moss and Jackson, op cit., chamfers and appeared to be of 17th-century passim character (Geoffrey Stell, pers.comm.). 9. NTS Guidebook, page 16; see also the annotated For recent archaeological recording and excava- ground plan based on Robert Adam’s 1785 tion, see: Derek Alexander, ‘Culzean Castle – proposals for redeveloping the old castle in Arthur Castle Cave, laser scanning survey’, Discovery and T Bolton, The Architecture of Robert and James Excavation in Scotland, new series, volume 4 Adam (London, 1922), pages 263-77 at 264 (2003), page 122, ‘Culzean Castle – Castle Cave, trial trenching’, Discovery and Excavation in Scot-

THE CASTLE STUDIES GROUP 68 JOURNAL NO. 34 Culzean Castle before Robert Adam: A sketchy understanding

land, new series, volume 5 (2004), pages 121-2, and most celebrated cave with a direct connec- Culzean Caves: Archaeological Survey and Evalu- tion to a medieval superstructure is Wogan ation – Project Design and Written Scheme of Cavern beneath Pembroke Castle, Wales Investigation (NTS, 2017), Culzean Caves – Desk- 26. Moss, op. cit., page 12 based Assessment (NTS, May 2017), Culzean Caves, Trial Trenching, Data Structure Reports 27. Moss, op. cit., page 31, citing National Records (NTS, 2018 and 2019), and with Ian McHardy, of Scotland, Family Papers, ‘Castle and Caves, Trial trenching’, Discovery and GD25/9/79, inventory of Sir John Kennedy, 1744 Excavation in Scotland, new series, volume 10 28. Tom Addyman, Brodick Castle Historic Building (2009), page 171 Survey (NTS, five volumes, 2007) 23. Alexander and McHardy, loc.cit. 24. Gilchrist, op cit., catalogue numbers 12, 23 and 24 25. Moss, op. cit., page 12; see also, P Hume Brown (ed.), Early Travellers in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1891), page 157. In the British Isles, the largest Table - Feature codes for Figs 2-5 and 8 Code Feature description Sketch 1 Sketch 2 Sketch 3 Map A Pathways Yes No No No B Doorways in barkin wall Yes No No No C Angled structure/bastion? Yes No No Yes D Building close to barmkin Yes No No No E Lean-to hut Yes No No No F Tower with crow-stepped gable Yes Yes No No G Main Tower Yes Yes Yes Yes H Jamb Yes Yes Yes No I Square stair tower Yes No No No J S wing of stable block 1751 Yes Yes Yes No K Kitchen block 1750 Yes Yes Yes Yes L Slant block/accommodation 1766 Yes No Yes No M Holehouse No Yes Yes Yes N NE barmkin wall No Yes No No O NE gate in barmkin wall No Yes No No P Gate tower of stable block 1751 No Yes Yes No Q North wing of stable block 1751 No Yes Yes No R Latrine block 1751 No Yes Yes No S Stable block courtyard wall No No Yes No T Old Laundry? No No No Yes U Castle Cave entrance No No No Yes V Stable Cave entrance No No No Yes W Garden Terraces No No No Yes X Walled garden No No No Yes Y Kink in wall - site of Japie’s House? No No No Yes

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