University of Pardubice Faculty of Arts and Philosophy Types Of
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University of Pardubice Faculty of Arts and Philosophy Types of Appositions in Journalistic Texts Kateřina Vostruhová Thesis 2011 1 2 3 Prohlašuji: Tuto práci jsem vypracoval samostatně. Veškeré literární prameny a informace, které jsem v práci vyuţil, jsou uvedeny v seznamu pouţité literatury. Byl jsem seznámen s tím, ţe se na moji práci vztahují práva a povinnosti vyplývající ze zákona č. 121/2000 Sb., autorský zákon, zejména se skutečností, ţe Univerzita Pardubice má právo na uzavření licenční smlouvy o uţití této práce jako školního díla podle § 60 odst. 1 autorského zákona, a s tím, ţe pokud dojde k uţití této práce mnou nebo bude poskytnuta licence o uţití jinému subjektu, je Univerzita Pardubice oprávněna ode mě poţadovat přiměřený příspěvek na úhradu nákladů, které na vytvoření díla vynaloţila, a to podle okolností aţ do jejich skutečné výše. Souhlasím s prezenčním zpřístupněním své práce v Univerzitní knihovně. V Pardubicích dne 23. 6. 2011 Kateřina Vostruhová 4 Acknowledgements I would like to thank to my supervisor PhDr. Šárka Jeţková, Ph.D. for her straightforward supervising, valuable consultations and worth advices throughout the diploma paper writing. Thanks belong also to Mgr. Anna Kavalírová. I would like to appreciate my family, partner and friends, especially my mentor during the clinical year, for their sincere support, encouragement and patience during the diploma paper writing and previous years of study. 5 Abstract The aim of this diploma paper is the research of various appositions in journalistic texts. The theoretical part elucidates individual types of apposition, their distribution, function, formal realization and features. Moreover, the basic features of the journalistic style are described. The practical part is divided into two sections – quantitative and qualitative analysis. Two hypotheses based on the studied literature and researched corpus (newspaper articles) are proved in the quantitative analysis. The qualitative analysis concerns individual types of appositions, discussion of particular corpus findings and their possible communicative effect on reader in comparison with relative clause.. Key words apposition, restrictive, non-restrictive, equivalence, attribution, inclusion, noun phrase, postmodification, formal features, journalistic style Název Typy apozicí v novinářských textech Souhrn Cílem této diplomové práce je výzkum různých apozicí v novinářských textech. Teoretická část vysvětluje jednotlivé typy apozicí, jejích rozmístění, funkcí, formálního vyjádření a rysů. Základný rysy ţurnalistického stylu jsou také popsány. Praktická část je rozdělena do dvou sekcí – kvantitativní a kvalitativní analýza. V kvantitativní části je prokazováno dvě hypotézy zaloţené na studované literatuře a zkoumaném korpusu (novinové články). Kvalitativní analýza se soustředí na jednotlivé typy apozicí, rozbor určitých nálezů z korpusu a jejich moţným komunikačním vlivem na čtenáře v porovnání se vztaţnou větou. Klíčová slova apozice (přístavek), restriktivní, nerestriktivní, ekvivalence, přiřazení (atribut), zahrnutí (inkluze), jmenná fráze, postmodifikace, formální znaky, ţurnalistický styl 6 Contents Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….1 1 Apposition ................................................................................................................ 2 1.1 Definitions of Apposition ................................................................................... 2 1.2 Formal Features of Apposition ........................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Appositional Relationship of More than Two Members............................. 5 1.2.2 Full vs. Partial Apposition .......................................................................... 6 1.2.3 Defining and Defined Appositives .............................................................. 8 1.2.4 Strict vs. Weak Apposition – Form of Apposition ...................................... 8 1.2.5 Restrictive vs. Non-restrictive Apposition .................................................. 9 1.3 Indicators of Apposition ................................................................................... 10 1.4 Syntactic Functions of Apposition ................................................................... 11 1.5 Apposition vs Relative Clause.......................................................................... 11 1.6 Summary .......................................................................................................... 12 2 Restrictive Apposition ........................................................................................... 15 2.1 Concrete Apposition ......................................................................................... 16 2.2 General Apposition ........................................................................................... 17 2.3 Of-apposition .................................................................................................... 17 2.4 Common Noun Phrases vs Proper Nouns in Restrictive Apposition ............... 18 2.5 Geographical Names in Apposition ................................................................. 18 2.6 Other Word Classes in Apposition ................................................................... 19 2.7 Summary .......................................................................................................... 20 3 Non-restrictive Apposition ................................................................................... 21 3.1 Equivalence ...................................................................................................... 22 3.1.1 Appellation ................................................................................................ 23 3.1.2 Identification ............................................................................................. 23 3.1.3 Designation ............................................................................................... 24 3.1.4 Reformulation ........................................................................................... 24 3.2 Attribution ........................................................................................................ 26 3.3 Inclusion ........................................................................................................... 27 3.3.1 Exemplification ......................................................................................... 27 3.3.2 Particularization ........................................................................................ 28 7 3.4 Summary .......................................................................................................... 28 4 Journalistic Style ................................................................................................... 29 4.1 Definition of Newspapers ................................................................................. 30 4.2 Form of Newspapers ........................................................................................ 31 4.2.1 Syntactic Structures of Journalistic Style .................................................. 31 4.3 Functions of Journalistic Style ......................................................................... 32 4.4 Language Figures in Journalistic Style............................................................. 33 4.4.1 Apposition in Newspapers ........................................................................ 33 4.5 Summary .......................................................................................................... 35 5 The Analytical Part ............................................................................................... 36 5.1 Hypotheses ....................................................................................................... 36 5.2 Corpus and Markers Description ...................................................................... 37 5.2.1 Corpus Description ................................................................................... 37 5.2.2 Three Sings System ................................................................................... 38 5.2.3 Apposition Differentiation Key ................................................................ 39 5.2.4 Form of Realization Specified in Analysis ............................................... 39 5.2.5 Syntactic Function Specified in Analysis ................................................. 40 6 Quantitative Analysis ............................................................................................ 41 6.1 Differences in the Distribution of Appositions in Various Newspaper Pages . 41 6.2 The Statistics on Appositional Findings in Journalistic Style .......................... 44 6.2.1 Comparison with Culture Pages ................................................................ 47 6.2.2 Comparison with Sport Pages ................................................................... 49 6.2.3 Comparison with News Pages ................................................................... 50 6.2.4 Comparison with Other Pages ................................................................... 50 7 Qualitative Analysis .............................................................................................. 52 7.1 Concrete Apposition ......................................................................................... 52 7.2 General Apposition ..........................................................................................