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The Foyer and Transitions to Adulthood

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The Foyer and Transitions to Adulthood FOYER TOOLKIT #2 www.homelesshub.ca Foyers and Transitions to Adulthood the Foyer to your In this section, you will learn: IN ADAPTING community, it is important to recognize the degree to which this approach to • Key features of adolescent development; accommodation and support is built on an understanding of the needs of the developing adolescent and young adult. Fidelity to this • Factors that impact on young people’s ability orientation means that the work of the Foyer is not simply to help to obtain and maintain young people become independent and self-sufficient, but to help housing; them successfully transition to adulthood. • Challenges faced by young people leaving care; and The purpose of this toolkit is to draw on our knowledge of youth • Transitions to adulthood homelessness in order to enhance our thinking around the types of and the role of the Foyer. accommodations and supports that best suit young people’s needs. Does age matter? Do we really need specialized services for STRUCTURAL BARRIERS LIMIT ACCESS TO HOUSING: young people who become homeless? SUPPLY, INCOME, EDUCATION AND DISCRIMINATION One of the key arguments in support of Perhaps the key factor that makes available, youth generally do not have the Foyer is the necessity of recognizing solving homelessness a challenge – access to full-time, well paying jobs that the needs of adolescents and young regardless of a person’s age – is the lack would provide them with the necessary adults as unique and worthy of attention. of affordable housing in Canada. In income to pay for housing. The fact that The causes of youth homelessness the almost two decades since Canada homeless and marginalized youth often are different from the causes of adult cancelled its National Housing Strategy, fail to complete high school means homelessness, and as such the solutions the affordable housing supply has that they are not competitive in the should be distinct, as well. So, in not expanded, the cost of housing labour market. Typically, the only type thinking about appropriate models of has increased, and at the same time, of employment available to youth these accommodation and support for young for most Canadians, incomes have days is low paying, part-time and dead people, we really need to understand the stagnated or declined. end work. This explains why so many challenges associated with the transition housed youth continue to live at home to adulthood and how these impact on These problems become even more well beyond their teen years, often the experience of homelessness. acute the younger you are, as one’s punctuated by periods of independent youth can lead to discrimination. In a living followed by moves back to the While the pathways to homelessness tight housing market, for instance “many parental home. are varied and unique, one thing that private landlords (believe) that street- unites all young people in this situation involved youth are a risky investment, is their attempt to secure housing at assuming that young tenants will fail to a very young age, with minimal or no pay rent, damage property, and leave Perhaps the key family support, limited resources and without notice”1. Add to this homeless factor that makes very little experience with independent youth’s poverty and inexperience, living. These challenges become more solving homelessness a and it is clear that these youth are at a complicated the younger one is, and competitive disadvantage when trying challenge – regardless if one faces discrimination based on to rent an apartment. sexual orientation, gender, or because of of a person’s age – is racism, problems become compounded. Even if a young person is in a community the lack of affordable Here, we outline several challenges that where there is some rental housing young people face: housing in Canada. LACK OF INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT FOR YOUNG PEOPLE LEAVING CARE One of the major causes of youth for homeless youth, as mental health homelessness is the unsuccessful issues can be both a cause of, and a transition of young people from consequence of youth homelessness. institutional care to independent living. Furthermore, poor systems planning Research consistently tells us that a sometimes results in the discharge of high percentage of young people who young people from health care facilities Step by Step Crimea Road building (UK) www.stepbystep.org.uk/news-info/prel/UKHousingAwards2012.htm become homeless have had some directly into homelessness. Once on involvement with child protection the streets, accessing appropriate care services, including foster care, group and support can be that much more home placements or youth custodial difficult due to young people’s lack of One of the major centres2. The underlying problem is that family support, financial support and causes of youth many young people who leave care fail to the knowledge required to navigate make a smooth transition to adulthood systems. As a result, the mental health of homelessness is the and independent living because of homeless you can deteriorate. unsuccessful transition underdeveloped life skills, inadequate of young people from education, and lack of supports and Leaving corrections facilities or – for resources (including income) that we younger teens – juvenile detention institutional care to know most young people rely on when centres can also present challenges for independent living. moving into adulthood. Some voluntarily young people seeking employment leave care because of bad experiences in and housing. We know from extensive the system. Other youth ‘age out’* of the research that young people who foster care system and are left to fend for are homeless are, on average, more themselves, not having been adequately criminally involved than housed youth3, prepared for independent living at such and we also know that many of those a young age. Difficult transitions from leaving custody are discharged directly care often result in negative outcomes into homelessness, without adequate such as homelessness, unemployment, planning and support4. When faced lack of educational engagement with this situation, there is the risk that and achievement, involvement with youth will reoffend and / or experience the justice system, lack of skills and enduring homelessness5. potentially, a life of poverty. Young people leaving institutional care – Young people who experience mental whether child protection, corrections or health problems, and are discharged health care – are in need of transitional from mental health inpatient care without supports if we wish to increase their Ladder Hoddle St. Mentoring Photo courtesy of Inner North Community Foundation adequate housing are also at increased life chances and reduce the risk of www.innernorthfoundation.org.au/node/156 risk of homelessness. We do know that homelessness. Youth exiting these the onset of some mental health issues, systems often exhibit high needs in such as schizophrenia, typically begin other areas, including addictions, mental when people are young, and often as health and education, for instance. teens. The problems are often worse * Child Protection legislation is a provincial responsibility, and there are significant jurisdictional differences meaning that the actual age at which the State remains responsible for young people in care varies from province to province. In Ontario, for instance, young people ‘age out’ at 18, but can also voluntarily withdraw from care at the age of 16. BBC Connect and Create program www.foyer.net/level3.asp?level3id=188 CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE TRANSITION TO ADULTHOOD The defining feature of young people certain kinds of autonomous decision forecloses the opportunity to participate who are homeless is in fact their youthful making and actions to occur, and on in the institutions that frame what many age. Age matters for many reasons, what timelines. Typically these changes, would deem to be a successful transition not least of which is their continued which incrementally prepare youth to adulthood, including education, development as adolescents. And for independent living, are supported getting a part time job while living at there are big differences between a by adult supervision and guidance home, and recreational activities. young person who is 16 and homeless, both within and outside the home. and one who is 24. These differences Accompanying this is a commitment Homelessness often thrusts young can be further complicated by gender, to education as a central institutional people into adult roles at an accelerated sexual orientation and ethno-racial support. rate, and the expectation is that they background. seek housing, pursue employment While there is considerable evidence or training (education is usually off Theories of adolescent development that most teens actually move through the table), and learn quickly to make often describe the transition from adolescence without significant good decisions. How, and whether a childhood to adulthood, even in emotional, social or behavioural given young person who experiences relatively stable environments, as one challenges, can we confidently say this homelessness is really able to make that that can be challenging and potentially about homeless youth? Unfortunately, quick transition to living independently problematic6. Whether referring to young people who become homeless are is open to debate. One of the key factors physical, cognitive or social maturation7, typically shut out of the normal process that distinguishes youth
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