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Free Space Optics for 5G Backhaul Networks and Beyond Wael G

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Free Space Optics for 5G Backhaul Networks and Beyond Wael G Free Space Optics for 5G Backhaul Networks and Beyond Thesis by Wael G. Alheadary In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia July, 2018 2 EXAMINATION COMMITTEE PAGE The thesis of Wael G. Alheadary is approved by the examination committee Committee Chairperson: Professor Mohamed-Slim Alouini Committee Members: Professor Boon Ooi, Professor Taous-Meriem Laleg-Kirati, Professor Chengshan Xiao. 3 © July 2018 Wael G. Alheadary All Rights Reserved 4 ABSTRACT Free Space Optics for 5G Backhaul Networks and Beyond Wael G. Alheadary The exponential increase of mobile users and the demand for high-speed data services has resulted in significant congestions in cellular backhaul capacity. As a solution to satisfy the traffic requirements of the existing 4G network, the 5G net- work has emerged as an enabling technology and a fundamental building block of next-generation communication networks. An essential requirement in 5G backhaul networks is their unparalleled capacity to handle heavy traffic between a large number of devices and the core network. Microwave and optic fiber technologies have been considered as feasible solutions for next-generation backhaul networks. However, such technologies are not cost effective to deploy, especially for the backhaul in high-density urban or rugged areas, such as those surrounded by mountains and solid rocks. Addi- tionally, microwave technology faces alarmingly challenging issues, including limited data rates, scarcity of licensed spectrum, advanced interference management, and rough weather conditions (i.e., rain, which is the main weather condition that affects microwave signals the most). The focus of this work is to investigate the feasibility of using free-space-optical (FSO) technology in the 5G cellular backhaul network. FSO is a cost-effective and wide-bandwidth solution as compared to traditional backhaul solutions. However, FSO links are sensitive to atmospheric turbulence-induced fad- ing, path loss, and pointing errors. Increasing the reliability of FSO systems while still exploiting their high data rate communications is a key requirement in the de- ployment of an FSO backhaul network. Overall, the theoretical models proposed in this work will be shown to enhance FSO link performance. 5 In the experimental direction, we begin by designing an integrated mobile FSO system. To the best of our knowledge, no work in the literature has addressed the atmospheric path loss characterization of mobile FSO channels in a coastal envi- ronment. Therefore, we investigate the impact of weather effects in Thuwal, Saudi Arabia, over FSO links using outdoor and indoor setups. For the indoor experiments, results are reported based on a glass climate chamber in which we could precisely control the temperature and humidity. 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I want to give thanks to God, the most merciful and the most gracious for providing me the health and strength to accomplish this thesis. Without his blessing and guidance this work will not be completed. He deserves lasting thanks. I ask God that I would get benefit of this work and be beneficial to others as well. I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Mohamed-Slim Alouini, for giving me the chance to be part of his research group and for encouraging me all the way to me to accomplish the Ph.D. milestones. In addition, he provided me with a wonderful research environment. I am grateful to him for unlimited encouragement and his kind guidance throughout the journey of this work. Further, my deep gratitude also goes to Dr. Kihong Park for his continued sup- port, availability and fruitful advices. He strengthened me all the time to achieve all the Ph.D. requirements at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). I am also grateful to my family for their continuous support and encouragement during this mission. Last but not the least, I would like to extend my gratitude to the Ph.D. exami- nation committee for accepting to review my thesis and for their time and efforts to improve this work. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Examination Committee Page 2 Copyright 3 Abstract 4 Acknowledgements 6 List of Abbreviations 11 List of Symbols 13 List of Figures 14 List of Tables 17 1 Introduction 18 1.1 Background and Motivation . 18 1.2 The 5G Requirements . 19 1.3 Free-Space Optical (FSO) Communications . 21 1.3.1 FSO Limitations . 25 1.4 Related and Previous Works . 28 1.5 Thesis Contributions . 32 1.6 Thesis Outline . 34 1.7 Chapter Summary . 35 2 Free-Space Optical Communications System and Channel Models 36 2.1 Introduction . 36 2.2 System and Channel Model . 36 2.2.1 Classification of FSO Systems Based on Detection Techniques 36 2.2.2 Channel Model . 38 2.3 Path Loss and Channel Statistics . 38 2.3.1 Path Loss . 38 8 2.3.2 Atmospheric Turbulence Models . 39 2.3.3 Pointing Error Model . 40 2.3.4 Composite Atmospheric Turbulence-Pointing Error Model . 44 2.4 Non-Adaptive and Adaptive Transmission . 45 2.4.1 Non-Adaptive Transmission . 45 2.4.2 Adaptive Transmissions over Fading Channels . 47 2.5 Chapter Summary . 53 3 Performance Analysis of Subcarrier Intensity Modulation and het- erodyne detection Using Rectangular QAM over Malaga Turbulence Channels with Integer and Non-Integer Beta 54 3.1 Introduction . 54 3.2 System and Channel Model . 54 3.3 Non-Adaptive SIM System . 55 3.3.1 BER of R-QAM in Malaga Channels . 56 3.3.2 Asymptotic BER . 56 3.4 Adaptive SIM System . 57 3.4.1 Achievable Spectral Efficiency . 58 3.4.2 BER of R-QAM Based on Adaptive SIM . 59 3.4.3 Asymptotic BER . 60 3.4.4 Ergodic Capacity . 61 3.4.5 Outage Probability . 65 3.5 Numerical Results . 66 3.6 Chapter Summary . 72 4 Bit Error Rate Analysis of Free-Space Optical Communication over General Malaga Turbulence Channels with Pointing Error 73 4.1 Introduction . 73 4.2 System and Channel Models . 73 4.2.1 Unified PDF of the Received SNR . 74 4.3 Bit Error Rate Analysis . 75 4.3.1 Non-Adaptive Modulation System . 75 4.3.2 Adaptive Modulation . 77 4.4 Numerical Results . 79 4.5 Chapter Summary . 82 9 5 Performance Analysis of Multi-hop Heterodyne Free-Space Opti- cal Communication over General Malaga Turbulence Channels with Pointing Error 83 5.1 System and Channel Models . 84 5.2 CSI-Assisted Relys Performance Analysis . 87 5.2.1 Statistics of End-to-End Received SNR . 87 5.2.2 Moments of End-to-End SNR . 89 5.2.3 Bit Error Rate Analysis over CSI-Assisted Relaying . 90 5.2.4 Ergodic Capacity . 93 5.2.5 Exact Ergodic Capacity . 94 5.2.6 Asymptotic Ergodic Capacity . 94 5.2.7 System Beamwidth Design . 95 5.3 M-hop Malaga Approximation Using Mixture Gamma Performance Analysis . 96 5.3.1 Mixture Gamma Turbulence Model . 97 5.3.2 BER Error Rate Analysis . 100 5.4 Fixed-Gain Relays Performance Analysis . 101 5.4.1 Statistics of End-to-End Received SNR . 101 5.4.2 Bit Error Rate Analysis over Fixed-Gain N-hop Relaying . 103 5.5 Numerical Results . 107 5.5.1 CSI-Assisted Numerical Results . 108 5.5.2 Numerical Results of Mixture Gamma Approximation . 112 5.5.3 Numerical Results of Fixed-Gain Relaying . 113 5.6 Chapter Summary . 116 6 Free-Space Optical Channel Characterization and Experimental Val- idation in A Coastal Environment 118 6.1 Introduction . 118 6.2 Dependence of Link Attenuation with Respect to Temperature and Humidity . 118 6.2.1 Meteorological analysis . 118 6.2.2 FSO Attenuation Coefficient Dependence with Respect to Tem- perature . 120 6.2.3 FSO Attenuation Coefficient Dependence with Respect to Rel- ative Humidity . 121 6.3 Experimental setup . 121 10 6.3.1 Outdoor Experimental Setup . 123 6.3.2 Indoor Experimental Setup . 123 6.4 Experimental Results and Analysis . 125 6.4.1 Outdoor Experimental Results and Analysis . 126 6.4.2 Indoor Experimental Results and Analysis . 128 6.5 Chapter Summary . 136 7 Conclusion and Future Works 137 7.1 Conclusion . 137 7.2 Future Works . 139 7.2.1 Theoretical Work . 140 7.2.2 Experimental Work . 140 References 141 Appendices 152 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 157 11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Description AC Alternating Current AF Amplify-and-Forward ASE Achievable Spectral Efficiency AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise BER Bit-Error Rate BS Base Station CF Compress-and-Forward CDF Cumulative Distribution Function CSI Channel State Information D Destination DF Decode-and-Forward FSO Free-Space Optics FOV Field-of-View IM/DD Intensity Modulation with Direct Detection LO Local Oscillator MGF Moment Generating Function MMW Millimeter-Wave M-PSK M-ary phase shift keying MG Mixture Gamma NGN Next-Generation Network OFC Optical Fiber Cable OP Outage Probability OWC Optical Wireless communication PD Photo-Diode PDF Probability Density Function R Relay RH Humidity R-QAM Rectangular Quadrature Amplitude Modulation RF Radio Frequency QoS Quality of Service 12 S Sender SIM Subcarrier intensity modulation SNR Signal to Noise Ratio T Temperture TD Temperature of Dew Point VLC Visible Light Communication 13 LIST OF SYMBOLS Symbol Description IE[x] Expected value of the random variable x IE[xn] The nth moment value of random variable x erf(:) Error function erfc(:) Complementary error function fx( · ) PDF of random variable x Fx( · ) CDF of the random variable x 2F1(a; b; c; x) Gaussian hypergeometric function (0;1;0;0) 2F1 (a; b; c; x) Low-order differentiation of Gaussian hypergeometric function with respect to parameter b m n G p q (a; b|·) Meijer's G-function Mx(s) MGF of random variable x Γ(·) Gamma function Γ(a; b) Incomplete Gamma function h Channel fading coefficients In(·) Modified Bessel function of the first kind with order of n Kν(·) νth-order modified Bessel function of the second kind (·) Digamma function 14 LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Summary of the key requirements for 5G [1].
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