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Estudio De La Familia Salticidae (Aracnida)

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Estudio De La Familia Salticidae (Aracnida) UNIVERSIDAD DE JAÉN Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales Trabajo Fin de Grado Estudio de la familia Salticidae (Aracnida) en Andalucía Alumno/a: Laura Alcalá Caravaca Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales Junio, 2021 0 UNIVERSIDAD DE JAÉN Trabajo Fin de Grado Estudio de la familia Salticidae (Aracnida) en Andalucía Alumna: Laura Alcalá Caravaca Jaén, Junio, 2021 1 ÍNDICE: 1. RESUMEN-ABSTRACT………………………………………………....4 2. INTRODUCCIÓN…………………………………………………...........5 2.1 . Diversidad del orden Araneae………………………............... 6 2.2 . Características anatómicas…………………………………… 6 2.3 . Ciclo biológico y reproducción……………………….................9 2.4 . Ecología y hábitat.……………………………………............... 10 3. OBJETIVOS………………………………………………………………11 4. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS……………………………………………... 11 5. FAMILIA SALTICIDAE………………………………………….......... 12 6. GÉNEROS Y ESPECIES…………………………………................. V14 6.1 Género Aelurillus (Simon, 1884)……………………………… 15 5 6.1.1 Aelurillus luctuosus (Lucas, 1846)……............... 15 514 6.2 Género Afraflacilla (Berland & Millot, 1941)………………………. 16 6.2.1 Afraflacilla tarajalis (Miñano & Tamajón, 2017)…. 175 5 6.3 Género Ballus (C.L. Koch, 1850)……………………………… 18 6.3.1 Ballus chalybeius (Walckenaer, 1802)…………... 18 6.4 Género Bianor (Peckham & Peckham, 1886)………………. 520 5 6.4.1 Bianor albobimaculatus (Lucas, 1846)…………… 20 6.5 Género Cyrba (Simon, 1876)…………………………………. 225 6.5.1 Cyrba algerina (Lucas, 1846)…………………….. 522 6.6 Género Euophrys (C. L. Koch, 1834)………………………... 23 6.6.1 Euoprhys petrensis (Koch, 1837)………………… 524 6.7 Género Evarcha (Simon, 1902)………………………………. 255 5 6.7.1 Evarcha arcuata (Clerck, 1757)…………………… 25 6.8 Género Heliophanus (C. L. Koch, 1833)…………………….. 275 5 6.8.1 Heliophanus cupreus (Walckenaer, 1802)………. 27 6.8.2 Heliophanus kochii (Simon, 1868)……………….. 285 6.9 Género Icius (Simon, 1876)…………………………………… 530 6.9.1 Icius hamatus (C. L. Koch, 1846)……………….... 530 V 6.10 Género Menemerus (Simon, 1868)…………………………... 31 225 V 6.10.1 Menemerus semilimbatus (Hahn, 1829)……….... 32225 6.11 Género Myrmarachne (Macleay, 1839)…………………….... 33V225 V 2 6.11.1 Myrmarachne formicaria (De Geer, 1778)………. 33 V 6.12 Género Pellenes (Simon, 1876)………………… ……………. 35 6.12.1 Pellenes arciger (Walckneaer, 1837)…………..... 35V 6.13 Género Philaeus (Thorell, 1869)……………………………… 36 V 6.13.1 Philaeus chrysops (Poda, 1761)………………….. 37 6.14 Género Phlegra (Simon, 1876)……………………………….. 38 6.14.1 Phlegra bresnieri (Lucas, 1846)………………….. 38V 6.15 Género Salticus (Latreille, 1804)……………………………… V39 V 6.15.1 Salticus mutabilis (Lucas, 1846)…………………. 40 6.15.2 Salticus propinquus (Lucas, 1846)………………. V41 6.15.3 Salticus scenicus (Clerck, 1757)…………………. 42 V 34 6.16 Género Synageles (Simon, 1876)………………………......... 44V V 6.16.1 Synageles venator (Lucas, 1836)……………….... 44V V 7. CONCLUSIONES………………………………................................ 4614 V 8. AGRADECIMIENTOS…………………………………………………. 47 V 9. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS.…………………………………. 48 V 225 225 225 3 1. RESUMEN: Este trabajo, está dedicado al estudio de la diversidad de las arañas saltarinas o saltadoras, pertenecientes a la familia Salticidae (Orden Araneae) en la península ibérica, concretamente en Andalucía. En este se muestra una breve introducción al Orden Araneae y familia Salticidae, de la cual se ha realizado una selección de 19 especies de 16 géneros distintos, resumidos en un estudio basado en su morfología, ecología, hábitat, diversidad a nivel global y centrado principalmente, en la diversidad en las 8 provincias de Andalucía. De las especies seleccionadas, las más diversificadas en las provincias andaluzas son: Phlegra bresnieri, Aelurillus luctuosus, Cyrba algerina e Icius hamatus. Las especies que se ubican en un menor número de provincias son: Evarcha arcuarta, seguida por Myrmarachne formicaria. La provincia con mayor diversidad de especies es Cádiz seguida por Granada, Málaga y Jaén. Por el contrario, con una menor diversidad de especies, Córdoba y Sevilla. ABSTRACT: This work is dedicated to the study about diversity of jumping spiders, belonging to the Salticidae family (Order Aranaea), in the Iberian peninsula, specifically in Andalusia. This shows a short introduction about the Order Araneae and family Salticidae, with the realization of a selection of 19 species from 16 different genera, summarized in a parcial revision, based on their morphology, ecology, habitat, global diversity and mainly the diversity of the 8 provinces of Andalusia. The most diversified species in the Andalusian provinces are: Phlegra bresnieri, Aelurillus luctuosus, Cyrba algerina and Icius hamatus. The especies that are located in a smaller number of provinces are: Evarcha arcuata, followed by Myrmarachne formicaria and Synageles venator. The province with the greatest diversity of species is Cádiz, followed by Granada, Málaga y Jaén. However, with a lower diversity of species, Córdoba and Sevilla. 4 2. INTRODUCCIÓN: Según la clasificación taxonómica de las arañas, estas se integran dentro del Filo Artrópodos, Subfilo Quelicerados, Clase Arácnidos y Orden Araneae. Se trata de un grupo cosmopolita, excepto en la Antártida, podemos encontrarlas en cualquier continente, abundan en todos los ecosistemas terrestres, gracias a su gran capacidad de adaptación (Grismado et al., 2014). A su vez, el orden Araneae se divide en tres subórdenes: Araneomorphae, Mesothelae y Mygalomorphae. Aunque muchos investigadores los reconocen como subórdenes diferentes, aún no son evidentes las interrelaciones que existen entre ellos (Coddington et al., 1991). El suborden Araneomorphae comprende la mayor parte de la diversidad actual y se diferencian por la disposición labidognata de los quelíceros y la presencia de cribelo, aunque esta característica se ha perdido en muchos grupos. Mesothelae es el más primitivo, tienen ocho hileras, por lo que se deduce, que esta característica anatómica de las arañas es ancestral y por último, Mygalomorphae que posee rasgos similares a los mesotélidos (Grismado et al., 2014). Las arañas se encuentran entre los primeros grupos de animales que poblaron nuestro planeta, posiblemente desde el Devónico (Dunlop et al., 2012). El fósil más antiguo de arañas es conocido como Attercorpus fimbriunguis, proviene del Devónico Medio y es el taxón hermano de todas las arañas (Coddington et al., 1991). Si nos centramos en la importancia que presentan, desde el punto de vista científico, sus neurotoxinas son empleadas en la investigación neurobiológica y pueden tener un gran potencial como insecticidas (Coddington et al., 1991). Además, estos arácnidos son aprovechados para una gran variedad de servicios ecosistémicos, en posibles avances tecnológicos, farmacia y medicina. También representan un importante control biológico de insectos, ya que parece ser que actúan como buenos bioindicadores. Sin duda alguna, se puede afirmar la numerosa cantidad de aplicaciones y mejoras que estas nos aportan, sin olvidar, el mantenimiento del equilibrio natural que nos proporcionan, debido a la conservación de las cadenas tróficas de los ecosistemas, ya que son excelentes depredadoras (Melic et al., 2015). 5 2.1. Diversidad del orden Araneae: Se trata de uno de los órdenes más diversificados del reino Animal, formado por más de 48.000 especies conocidas aproximadamente con alrededor de 3.500 géneros y 110 familias aproximadamente en todo el mundo (World Spider Catalog, 2019). Concretamente, en la península ibérica, incluyendo las islas Baleares, hay actualmente alrededor de 1.300 especies de arañas (Jiménez-Valverde et al., 2006; Branco et al., 2019), de las cuales 220 especies aproximadamente son endémicas y la familia Dysderidae es la que mayor riqueza endémica presenta, con 58 especies. La familia Linyphiidae es la más diversa en cuanto a especies (302), seguida por Gnanphosidae (181), Salticidae (137) y Theridiidae (118) (Branco et al., 2019). La península ibérica es un punto caliente de biodiversidad, que comparte tanto amenazas naturales como humanas. El desarrollo costero no regulado está provocando pérdida de hábitats, como ocurre en la mayor parte de la costa ibérica, incluyendo las amenazas por incendios forestales. Todos estos factores están ocasionando la pérdida de biodiversidad en la península, afectando gravemente a las arañas, según el taxón y la ubicación que presenten, el nivel de amenaza va a variar (Branco et al., 2019), por lo tanto hay que destacar que el estudio realizado sobre la aracnofauna presente en la península Ibérica es insuficiente y escaso, como señalaron (Melic, 2001) y (Morano, 2004), ya que existe una gran carencia de la bibliografía necesaria para poder llevar a cabo una correcta identificación en el estudio (Jiménez-Valverde et al., 2006). 2.2. Características anatómicas: Las arañas son un grupo bastante reconocible a simple vista, principalmente por presentar el cuerpo dividido en dos partes, el prosoma y el opistosoma, los cuales están unidos por una estrecha estructura denominada pedicelo. La longitud de su cuerpo puede variar desde menos de 1 milímetro hasta 10 centímetros aproximadamente, sin tener en cuenta la longitud de las patas (Grismado et al., 2014). 6 El prosoma, a veces denominado cefalotórax, es el tagma anterior del cuerpo, este no está segmentado y está recubierto por una capa esclerotizada, denominada escudo prosómico. En la zona anterior de dicho escudo se encuentran los ojos, generalmente suelen tener 8 (Melic et al., 2015), aunque existen grupos con 6,4 y 2, e incluso algunas especies que carecen completamente de ojos (Foelix, 2011; Grismado et al., 2014). Los ojos se encuentran
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