/OO/f";;L u.s. Department of Justice Bureau of Ju~tice Statistic~
Bureau of Justice Statistics Annual Report Fiscal 1985
Trends in victimization rates for selected crimes, 1973-84 Rate per 1,000 persons or households 140 % change 1973-84
80
60
Crimes of violence 40 (rape. robbery. assault)
20, __Motor ...... vehicle _--- theft ___ _ u.s. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics
..... "' Bureau of Justice Statistics Annual Report
Fiscal 1985
April 1986 NCJ-100182 U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics
Steven R. Schlesinger Director
Benjamin H. Renshaw III Deputy Director
Joseph M. Bessette Deputy Director
Charles R. Kindermann Associate Director
S. S. Ashton, Jr. Assistant Director
Sue A. Lindgren Associate Deputy Director
The Justice Assistance Act of 1984 (Public Law 98-473), Section 810, requires that "Not later than April 1 of each year ... the Director of the Bureau of Justice Statistics ... shall ... submit a report to the President and to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Senate, on [the Bureau's] activities under this title during the fiscal year next preceding such date."
The Attorney General has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the pUblic business required by law of the Department of JuS:i't:e.
ii Bureau of Justice Statistics U.S. Department of Justice
Bureau of Justice Statistics
Office or the Director Wusl:mgtoll, D. C 2053 I
The President of the United States The Speaker of the House of Representatives The President of the Senate
I am pleased to report on the activities of the Bureau of JUstice Statistics during fiscal 1985 as required by the Justice Assistance Act of 1984, Public Law 98-473, 42 USC 378ge.
In addition to summarizing BJS programs and activities, this report presents the latest statistical information on a variety of criminal justice issues. The report also describes BJS eHorts to improve the quality and coverage of data on crime, victims of crime, and the criminal justice system. The final section describes the activities of individual State statistical agencies, which have been supported by BJS and which serve functions for States similar to those served by BJS at the national level.
I hope that the report will be of interest and use to you and your staH.
Respectfully submitted,
Steven R. Schlesinger Director
1985 Annual Report iii r i Contents
Transmittal leiter iii The public response to crime 20 Reporting crime 20 I Introduction 1 Fear of crime 21
BJS reports on ... Public confidence in the criminal I justice system 22 Crime 5 Adjudication and sentencing 23 Crime trends 6 Local prosecution 25 The volume of crime 6 \ Federal prosecution and Violent crime 7 pretrial release 26 i Victims of crime 7 Indigent defense 27 The relationship between Court case loads 28 victim and offender 8 I Appeals and habeas Crime against District of Columbia corpus 28 t residents and Capitol Hill employees 9 Sentencing practices 29 Sentencing outcomes 30 1 Characteristics of various types ! of crime 10 Corrections 32 Correctional populations 34 Rape 10 Prison and jail crowding 35 Household burglary 10 I Prison funding 36 Bank robbery 11 i Time served in prison 36 Automated teller machine loss and Capital punishment 37 r theft 12 Recidivism and career criminals 38 Victim and witness programs 13 Privacy, security, I Drugs, alcohol, and crime 14 and confidentiality of ! criminal justice data 39 [ The cost of crime 17 ! ,t Economic cost of crime I to victims 18 ! I Cost of the justice system 18 Cost to society of illegal drug use 19
f[
iv Bureau of Justice Statistics ..
New initiatives 41 Idaho 74 Illinois 75 National Crime Survey Iowa 77 redesign 42 Kansas 78 Uniform Crime Reporting Kentucky 79 assessment 43 Louisiana 80 Maine 82 National Crime Survey Maryland 83 supplements 45 Massachusetts 84 Police administrative and Michigan 85 management statistics 46 Minnesota 86 Pretrial statistics 47 Mississippi 87 Missouri 88 A national court statistics program 47 Montana 89 Nebraska 90 National assessment of New Hampshire 92 juvenile justice data collection New York 93 efforts 48 North Carolina 96 Federal civil justice data 49 North Dakota 97 Quality of criminal history Ohio 98 data 50 Oregon 99 Pennsylvania 101 Comparative International Puerto Rico 102 statistics on Incarceration 50 Rhode Island 103 National recidivism statistics South Carolina 105 series 51 South Dakota 107 Texas 108 State statistical program 53 Utah 109 Virginia 111 State statistical analysis center Virgin Islands 112 (SAC) narratives 61 Washington 113 Alabama 62 Wisconsin 114 Alaska 63 Wyoming 115 Arizona 64 Arkansas 65 Appendixes California 66 A Sources of narratives on State Colorado 68 activities 117 Connecticut 69 Delaware 70 B Reports isSued by BJS during fiscal District of Columbia 71 1985 123 Florida 72 C Source notes 125 Hawaii 73
1985 Annual Report v r" Contents
I Figures
Trends in victimization rates for selected crimes, 1973-84 cover If Civil and criminal appeals filed, 1973-83 (38 States) 28
A typical 100 sentences in felony court 31 Ii Prisoner population, 1926-84 35 I Tabies
1 Functional activities of State statistical analysis centers . during calendar 1985, by State 54
2 Issues for which State statistical analysis centers produced data or conducted research, calendar 1985, by State 58
vi Bureau of Justice Statistics The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)- BJS reserves to itself the I' "1ction of initial
I) collects, analyzes, publishes, and dis data analysis. This analysis is performed seminates statistical information on crime, by the BJS staff of statisticians, crimi victims of crime, criminal Offenders, and nologists, and social science analysts. BJS operations of justice systems at all levels of maintains this internal analytic capability to government provide the Administration, Congress, the It provides financial and technical support judiciary, and the public with timely and to State statistical and operating agencies accurate data concerning problems of o analyzes national information policy on crime and the administration of justice in such issues as the privacy, confidentiality, the Nation. and security of criminal justice data and the interstate exchange of criminal records. BJS prepared and disseminated 39 reports and data releases during fiscal 1985, a In the 6 years since its creation, BJS has 44% increase over fiscal 1984. developed a program that responds to the diverse requirements of the 1979 Justice BJS Bulletins, begun in 1981, present data System Improvement Act and the 1984 gleaned from its various statistical series. Justice Assistance Act. These acts ad- In a nontechnical format, each BJS Bulletin dressed more than half a century of presents the latest information on particular recommendations calling for an indepen aspects of crime or the administration of dent and objective national center to justice from the Bureau's ongoing statistical provide basic information on crime to the series. President, the Congress, the judiciary, State and local governments, the general BJS Special Reports, begun in February public, and the media. 1983, also are written in nontechnical language and aimed at a broad audience. In meeting its statutory mandate, BJS has Each Special Report focuses on a topic of developed more than two dozen data current public interest and policy debate. collection series using a variety of methods that include household interviews, cen Each BJS Bulletin and BJS Special Report suses and sample surveys of criminal is announced in a press release summariz justice agencies and of prisoners and ing the findings to ensure wide dissemina· inmates, and compilation of adminlsirative tion to policy makers and the public. records. Sometimes to expedite public communica tion, press releases alone are used to BJS collects little raw data itself; rather, it announce new BJS findings. During fisc, I deSigns collection programs and enters 1985, this method was used in April 1985 into agreements to collect data with other for the first release of 1984 victimization Federal agencies (sllch as the U.S. Bureau data and in September 1985 for the of the Census), private associations, and release of midyear prisoner counts. research organizations.
1985 Annual Report 1 Introduction
BJS press releases and reports have BJS also disseminates statistical informa received extensive coverage in the print tion by other methods. It responds to and electronic media. thousands of requests for data, both in writing and by telephone. The requests BJS also prepares and releases detailed come from Federal, State, and local of tabulations from its data series. These ficials, the media, researchers, students, reports, often running over a hundred teachers, and members of the general pages, contain extensive cross tabulations public. The pamphlet How to gain access of the variables covered in the BJS data to BJS data describes the programs of the collection series. They are prepared to Bureau and the availability of various data provide access to the full detail of BJS data &!ements. Each year, the Bureau also to persons for whom it is impractical to publishes Telephone contacts, which lists a work with the data tapes. The reports also wide range of topics in criminal justice and contain a complete discussion of data the names and telephone numbers of the collection methodology, definitions of terms, BJS staff members most familiar with each and copies of any qusstionnaires used. topic.
The agency also publishes BJS Technical To assist persons seeking criminal justice Reports that address issues of statistical data, BJS supports the Justice Statistics methodology and special topics in a more Clearinghouse at the National Criminal detailed and technical format than in a BJS Justice Reference Service; the BJS repre Bulletin or BJS Special Report. Finally, sentative at NCJRS can be reached each year BJS publishes its Sourcebook of through a toll-free 800 telephone number, criminal justice statistics, which presents 800-732-3277 (persons in Maryland and data from close to 100 different sources in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area, a single, easy to use, reference volume. should dial ~01-251-5500).
During fiscal 1985, work began on the BJS distributes its reports through the second edition of Report to the nation on National Criminal Justice Reference Serv crime and justice. The first edition, begun ice (NCJRS). The Reference Service noti in fiscal 1981, was a major effort of BJS fies its mailing list of forthcoming I!. publications, and users return a form during fiscal 1982 and 1983. It was a r requesting copies of desired publications. ! landmark document in that it was the first attempt to describe comprehensively crime Persons can obtain a registration form for ! and the justice system in a nontechnical the Reference Service mailing list or order t format. The first edition is now in its a BJS report by writing to NCJRS, Box second printing, with nearly 75,000 copies 6000, Rockville, MD 20850, or by calling sold or distributed. 800-732-3277 (persons in Maryland and the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area, I should dial 301-251-5500). I t 2 Bureau of Justice Statistics r 1 BJS sponsors the National Criminal Justice Data Archive at the Inter-university Con sortium for Political and Social Research at the University of Michigan. The archive assists users whose needs are not satis fied by published statistics. All BJS data tapes (covering most of the BJS data series) and much other high-quality data are stored at the archive and are dissemi nated via magnetic tapes compatible with the user's computing facility. The archive can be reached by writing the National Criminal Justice Data Archive, Inter-univer sity Consortium for Political and Social Research, P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, (313) 763-5010.
Through BJS funds, a catalog and library of statistical reports produced by the State criminal justice statistical analysis centers is maintained by the Criminal Justice Statistics Association, 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 606, Washington, DC 20001, (202) 347-4608.
BJS also supports the National Clear inghouse for Criminal Justice Information Systems, 925 Secret River Drive, Suite H, Sacramento, CA 95831, (916) 392-2550. The clearinghouse: o operates an automated index of criminal justice information systems maintained by State and local governments throughout the Nation o issues technical publications o provides technical assistance and train ing for State and local government officials.
1985 Annual Report 3 BJS reports on ...
Crime Ihan In the year before that) as a resull of methodological work aimed at publishing the data as close 10 the end of the Because of the importance to public policy reference period as possible. of changes in the crime rate, il is crucial f that the Nation have available to il sound and accurate statistics measuring the In fiscal 1985 BJS released, for the fifth f amount and characteristics of crime over year, an NCS indicator that measures Ihe time. prbportion of American housetlolds touch ed by crime, Households touched by crime, It 1984 (BJS Bulletin, June 1985). This The Bureau's largest statistical series is the National Crime Survey (NCS)-the Nation's Indicator has revealed that victimization by crime Is one of the most common negative only systematic measurement of crime life events that a family can suffer. rates and the characteristics of crime and crime victims using national household surveys. The NCS measures the amount of In September 1985 BJS released findings rape, robbery, assault, personal larceny, from a Congressionally mandated survey of household burglary and larceny, and motor crime victimization of District of Columbia vehicle theft experienced by a represen (DC) residents and Capitol Hill employees. tative sample of the U.S. popelation. It Survey Interviews were conducted by tele provides detailed data about the charac phone with nearly 6,000 DC area residents teristics of victims, victim-offender rela and almost 2,000 employees of Con tionship, and the criminal incident, including gressional agencies located on Capitol Hill. the extent of loss or injury and whether the The survey investigated robberies, as offense was reported to the police. The saults, burglaries, larcenies, and van survey conducts interviews at 6-month dalisms that occurred during the i-year intervals in about 54,000 U.S. households, period from May 1982 through April 1983. asking 114,000 persons who are at least 12 years old what crimes they experienced Topical NCS studies released during fiscal since the last interview. 1985 included Household burglary (BJS Bulletin, January 1985), The crime of rape In April 1985 BJS released findings that (BJS Bulletin, March 1985), and The risk of showed a continued downturn in victimiza violent crime (BJS Special Report, May tion rates in 1984, to the lowest level in the 1985). A total of nine reports on criminal i2-year history of the NCS. This annual victimization were produced in fiscal 1985, report was released 2 months earlier than including several technical and final (de in the previous year (and 5 months earlier tailed findings) reports. Preceding paga blank 1985 Annual Report 5 BJS reports on ...
Crime trends The volume of crime
The 35.5 million criminal victimizations In 1984, the National Crime Survey re recorded in 1984 represented the lowest ported more than 35 million victimizations: level in the 12-year history of the National Crime Survey. The number of victimizations Number 01 Rate per victim- 1,000 in 1984 was about 14% below the 41 .5 Izaliens population million victimizations recorded in the peak year of 198'1. (See graph on front cover.) Personal crimes -of violence 5,!154,00O 31 Rape 180.000 1 Victimization rates for personal theft, Robbery 1,117,000 6 household burglary, and household larceny Assault 4.657,000 24 fell to 12-year lows in 1984: The rate for Aggravated 1.673.000 9 Simple 2.984.000 16 o crimes of personal theft was about 26% below its peak in 1977 -of theft 13.789.000 72 o burglary was 31% below its peak in 1974 Rate per \) household larceny was 26% below its 1,000 peak in 1979. households
Violent crime rates remained basically Household crimes Burglary 5.643,000 64 unchanged between 1983 and 1984, but Larceny 8,750,000 99 they were 12% below their peak in 1981. Motor vehicle theft 1,340,000 15
The 26% of households touched by crime In 1984, 22.8 million households-26% of in 1984 was down from 32% in 1975. all households-were touched by crime.
The recent decline in crime is attributed to Sources: Criminal Victimization 1984. several oossible reasons: Households touched by crime 1984. o decreastn~ size of the teen and young adult population, the most crime-prone age group in society o increasing severity of the criminal justice system that deters criminals o record prison populations incapacitating larger numbers of career criminals than ever before o growth in citizen prevention activities like Neighborhood Watch Programs.
Sources: Criminal victimization 1984. Households touched by crime 1984.
6 Bureau of Justice Statistics -
Violent crime Victims of crime
Each year about 3.2% of all Americans-6 1983 Victimization rates (per 1.000 persons or households) million persons-are victims of violent Personal crime. House- crimes hold Violent crime victims are more likely io ------Violence Thelt crimes be- Sex G men than women (except for the crime Male 40 83 of rape) Female 23 72
I) blacks than whites or members of other Age racial groups 12-15 51 125 395 o Hispanics than non-Hispanics 16-19 65 119 o people with low incomes (less than 20-24 60 119 256 25-34 42 88 $7500 per year) than people in other 35-49 20 73 217 income groups. 50-64 9 44 146 65 and over 6 23 95
The lifetime chances of being murdered are Race much higher for blacks than for whites: White 30 77 183 Black black males have 1 chance in 21 to be 41 79 242 Other 24 51 187 murderedj white males have 1 chance in 131. Origin Hispanic 38 74 247 Non-Hispanic 31 77 187 The risk of violent crime other than homicide is particularly high among males Income less than $7.500 48 70 214 16 to 24 years old and is about the same $7.500-9.999 31 62 179 for whites and blacks in this age group: $10.000-14,999 33 71 201 $15,000-24,999 each year about 1 in 12 are victims of a 27 77 187 $25,000-29,999 30 78 192 violent crime. $30,000-49.999 26 92 184 $50,000 or more 23 105 189 Sources: Criminal vIctimization 1984. The risk of violent crime. Residence Central city 43 92 245 1,000,000 or more 48 90 223 500,000-999,999 48 105 258 250.000-499.999 39 85 261 50,000-249,999 38 90 248 Suburban 29 82 182 Rural 22 58 148
1985 Annual Report 7 BJS reports on ...
In 1984, there were 35.5 million victimiza The relationship between victim tions- and offender II 6 million from violent crime II 13.8 million from personal theft Except for murder, most violent crimes are II 15.7 million of households. committed by persons who are strangers to their victims: Young people are much more likely than the elderly to be victims of crime. Relationship Percent between victim violent and offender crimes Theft rates are highest against people with high incomes ($50,000 or more per year). Total 100% Stranger 58 Acquaintance 33 Rural residents are less likely than city or Relative 7 suburban residents to be victims of crime. Don't know relationship 2 Sources: Criminal victimization in the United States 1983. Criminal victimization Strangers- 1984. Locating CitY. suburban and rural crime. II commit about 24% of the murders in which the victim-offender relationship is known o commit more than three quarters of all robberies II who rape or assault are likely to be lone white males
(iJ who rob are likely to be a pair or group of black males o employ weapons in 4 out of 10 violent crimes they commit.
Men are three times more likely than women to be victimized by violent strangers.
In incidents of family violence- It about 88% are assaults, 10% are rob beries, and 2% are rapes. II more than half of all violent crime committed by relatives involve spouses or ex-spouses. III about three quarters of the spousal attacks involve persons who were divorced or separated.
8 Bureau of Justice Statistics o women are three times more likely than Crime against men to be victimized by family members. District of Columbia residents ft about a third of familial assaults involve and Capitol Hill employees use of a weapon or result in a serious injury. The crime victimization rates of District of o a series of similar victimizations within Columbia (DC) residents were compared the previous 6 months was reported by with those of residents of its Maryland and about a quarter of those violently vic Virginia suburbs. DC residents were more timized by spouses or ex-spouses; such likely to be robbed than suburban residents victims are much more likely than other but were less likely to be victims of victims to experience a series of vandalism. The study found the following victimizations. crime victim rates per 1,000 population:
Sources: Violent crime by strangers. DC Suburban Family violence. ~ residents
Robbery 29 12 Personal vandalism 12 30 Household vandalism 16 35
With one exception, victimization rates did not differ significantly between Capitol Hill employees and other employed people in the DC area. The single exception was larceny without contact, where Capitol Hill employees had a higher overall rate. The following rates were found:
Capitol Other Hill employed employees ~
Violent crime Robbery 14 18 Assault 32 36 Threats 23 23
Property crime Larceny with contact 58 62 Larceny without contact 135 106 Personal vandalism 39 31
Source: Criminal victimization of District o( Columbia residents and Capitol Hill employees: Summary.
1985 Annual Report 9 rr
BJS reports on ...
Characteristics of various Two thirds of all rapes and attempted rapes types of crime occur at night-the highest proportion between 6 p.m. and midnight. Information on the characteristics of com pleted and attempted criminal events can In cases of rape or attempted rape- help the public take actions to avoid crime. s a woman is twice as likely to be attacked For example, many burglaries can be by a stranger as by someone she knows avoided by simply keeping doors locked. o about 15% involve one victim and more than one offender
Many ways to avoid victimization are being I') about half are reported to the police. derived from the wealth of National Crime Survey data on the characteristics of The reasons most often given for not specific types of crime. BJS periodically reporting a rape or attempted rape to the publishes reports on such data. For exam police or other authorities are that- ple, a January 1985 BJS Bulletin focused o the incident was too private or personal on the characteristics of household burgla o the victim felt nothing could be done. ry, and a May 1985 BJS Bulletin focused Source: The crime of rape. on the characteristics of the crime of rape.
Two BJS programs provide data on crimes not covered by the NCS. These include the Household burglary Federal Justice Statistics Program, which produced a report on bank robbery (BJS Burglars commit three-fifths of all rapes Bulletin, August 1984); it is expected that and robberies in the home and a third of all additional reports will be issued on other household assaults. crimes under Federal jurisdiction. Another data series produces data on electronic Someone is at home during 13% of all fund transfer crime, such as automatic burglaries, and 30% of such incidents end teller machine theft and other losses. A in a violent crime. BJS Special Report (March 1985) dis cussed this type of crime. Among all cases of burglary- o a third are forcible entries o in 22%, force is used unsuccessfully in Rape an attempt to gain entry o 43% are unlawful entries in which the Among rape and attempted rape victims intruder has no legal right to be on the e more than 70% are unmarried women premises and no force is used to enter the o 63% are under 25 premises. e 53% are from low-income families. o 81% are white, but compared to their Theft or attempted theft is involved in- proportion in the general population black o 77% of all forcible entries women are significantly more likely than o 82% of unlawful entries where no force white women to be victims. is used to gain entry.
10 Bureau of Justice Statistics Housing units most likely to be burglarized Most bank robbers appear to be un are rented rather than owned and are in sophisticated, unprofessional criminals: multi-unit dwellings containing 3 to 9 units. o 76% of them used no disguise despite the widespread use of surveillance Urban households are more likely to be equipment. victims of forcible entries than suburban or o 86% never inspected the bank prior to rural households. However, for unlawful the offense. entry where force is not used to gain entry, o 95% had no long-range scheme to avoid the rates in urban, suburban, and rural capture and to spend the money without households are very similar. being noticed.
Burglary occurs more often in warmer than The average dollar loss from bank rob in colder months. beries was about $3,300. In 1979, less than 20% of the amounts stolen were When the time of entry is known, victims of recovered. burglary report that about half of the incidents occurred during the daytime and Unlike other crimes, bank robbery is almost half occurred at night. always detected and almost always re ported. About two out of three bank Source: Household burglary. robberies are cleared by arrest.
Of persons prosecuted for bank robbery Bank robbery e most had histories of prior arrest, convic tions, and incarcerations Bank robberies- o 45% had served at least one prior term o jumped from fewer than 500 a year prior in excess of 1 year. to the 1960s to about 8,000 in 1980, increasing at a far faster rate than total Source: Bank robbery: Federal offenses robberies and offenders. o account for about 6% of all commercial robberies reported to Federal, State, and local authorities in 1982.
Of bank robberies investigated by the FBI that were studied- " ~ lightly more than 6% involved violence o injuries occurred in slightly more than 2%
I) death occurred in less than half of 1%.
1985 Annual Report 11 i ~ £ BJS reports on ... ~
Automated teller machine loss and theft
The Nation's banks lost an estimated $70 million to $100 million from automated teller machine (ATM) frauds in 1983.
That year about $262 billion were pro cessed through 2.7 billion teller machine transactions. Of a sample study of 2,700 transactions that prompted an account holder complaint, about 45% appeared to involve fraud.
Of the problem incidents studied, almost two-thirds involved withdrawals, almost a third of which were with a stolen or lost card.
To prevent unauthorized access, most automatic tellers require identification by a card and a personal identification number. According to the card holders, the personal identification number of the cards that were used in ATM loss or theft was-
4) recorded and kept near the card typically in the purse or wallet-in 72% of the cases o written on the card in 6% of the cases o written and kept separate from the card or purse in 7% o not written anyplace in 15% of the cases.
Source: Eleclronic fund transfer fraud.
12 Bureau of Justice Statistics Victim and witness programs By yearend 1983. 39 States, the District of Columbia, and the Virgin Islands had The report of the President's Task Force on enacted laws that provide some compensa Victims of Crime, issued in December tion to victims. 1982, described the needs of victims and witnesses. In general. victim compensation' payments cover medical expenses and lost wages The report proposed a series of programs but not property loss. Funeral and related and policies designed to- expenses are generally covered for victims G improve the status of victims that do not survive. • increase their role in the prosecution and adjudication of criminal offenders. "Good samaritans" injured while trying to prevent a crime or apprehend an offender The States and the Federal Government are also covered under several State victim have begun to address these needs. compensation laws. However, the full development of legislation and new programs requires the availability Restitution is generally available at the of reliable data. discretion of the court, although California and Nevada laws mandate that restitution In response to the need for such data, BJS be made by the offender. continued during fiscal 1985 its efforts to o identify the status of State legislation The Federal Government and a growing relating to victim/witness programs number of States (30 by 1983) require that • analyze the extent to wrich such pro an offender's profit from the sale of grams require the collection of additional materials describing a crime be placed in criminal justice data escrow to cover victims' costs. o determine whether new categories of data are needed to support analysis of By 1983, almost three quarters of the victim/witness programs States required that victims be given the o examine the extent to which collection opportunity to participate in the trial of an and disclosure of data on victims (as offender (generally through submission of a opposed to offenders) might require revi victim-impact statement) or be notified at sions of State information policies. key stages of the prosecution.
Source: VictimiWitness legislation: Relevant excerpts from the State laws are An overview. being maintained on microfiche at the National Criminal Justice Reference Serv ice. Victim/witness legislation: An overview, including tables describing each State's statutes. was released during fiscal 1985.
1985 Annual Report 13 BJS reports on ...
Drugs, alcohol, and crime More than half the State prisoners said they had taken illegal drugs during the Evidence increasingly points to a link month before committing the crime. between drugs and the commission of crime, because crime is a frequent charac Compared to 40% of the general U.S. teristic of the drug business and because it population, 78% of State prisoners and is an activity engaged in by drug users. 75% of all jail inmates reported having o Abundant data from BJS surveys of used drugs at some time in their lives. prison and jail inmates show the extent of Marijuana is the most commonly used drug drug and alcohol use by such inmates at by State prisoners and jail inmates. the time of the offense for which they are incarcerated and at other times in their Habitual offenders and persons convicted lives. of assault, burglary, and rape were more o The Federal Justice Statistics Program likely than other State prisoners to have produced a report on Federal drug law been very heavy drinkers. Alcohol was violators in fiscal 1984. most likely to have been used by jail ~ On August 8, 1985, the Bureau's director inmates convicted of public-order offenses testified before the Joint Economic Com and violent offenses, particularly man mittee, U.S. Congress, concerning illegal slaughter and assault. drug abuse. The testimony drew on BJS data and on data from research not Among State prisoners, drug offenders and supported with BJS funding. burglars were the most likely to have been under the influence of drugs at the lime of Just before committing the crime for Which the offense. Among jail inmates, the most they were imprisoned- likely to have been under such influence • almost a third of State prisoners and a were drug offenders and property quarter of convicted jail inmates reported offenders. that they had drunk very heavily 9 almost a third of State prisoners and a Among prison inmates, whites, males, and quarter of convicted jail inmates said they persons between 18 and 25 years old are had been under the influence of an illegal especially likely to have been very heavy drug drinkers. o three-fifths of the State prisoners who were under the influence of drugs had also Male prison inmates are somewhat more been drinking. likely than female inmates to use drugs. However, the proportion who use heroin is A quarter of the interviewed State prison somewhat greater among women than inmates said that they had drunk very among men. heavily almost every day for the entire year before they were incarcerated.
14 Bureau of Justice Statistics The BJS-sponsored National Survey of A study of Federal offenders found that Crime Severity asked a nationally repre those who use drugs (particularly those sentative sample of persons to rank the who use heroin) tend to- seriousness of 204 criminal events. The o have worse criminal records than other results of that survey demonstrate that the Federal offenders American public views drug trafficking very o commit subsequent crimes, both drug seriously: and nondrug, at a higher rate than Federal o Running a narcotics ring is ranked 10th offenders who do not use illegal drugs. out of 204 crimes, higher than a skyjack ing, a rape requiring hospitalization, the The number of- intentional shooting of a victim, or many o drug law violators convicted in Federal other serious violent crimes. district courts rose from 1,400 in 1964 to o Selling heroin to another person for 8,000 in 1976, declined to 4,700 in 1980, resale ranks 28th, and smuggling heroin and rose to 6,300 in 1982 into the country ranks 32nd, each of which o criminal actions filed against drug vio ranks higher than a husband beating his lators in Federal courts decreased from wife so that she requires hospitalization, a 7,819 in 1978 to 6,678 in 1980 but knife stabbing, an armed bank robbery of increased to 8,149 in 1981 and 9,085 in $100,000, or robbery of a small amount of 1982-a rise of more than 35% in the money in which the victim is injured and number of filings against drug violators hospitalized. between 1980 and 1982. o Each of the six drug trafficking items on the survey ranked in the top 50% of the The typical person accused of a Federal seriousness scale. The lower ranking items drug law violation is a male about 30 years Included trafficking in illegal barbiturates old, most likely to be whib, with a 7% and marijuana. chance of opiate use or addiction and a 14% chance of current or past abuse of Drug use and careers in crime appear to other drugs. Persons charged with drug be related. The more convictions inmates possession tend to be younger than those had on their records, the more likely they charged with the sale of drugs and to be were to have taken drugs in the month less well educated, less often married, less prior to committing the crime for which they wealthy, and less often repeat offenders were incarcerated. than persons charged with other drug o Three-fifths of' State prison inmates in offenses. Illegal drug producers tended to 1979 with five or more prior convictions be the oldest of all. had used drugs in the prior month, compared with two-fifths of those with no The data on Federal drug law violators prior convictions. show that- o The proportion of inmates who had used o of offenders convicted of charges carry heroin in the previous month was three ing a 15-year statutory maximum term, times higher for those with five or more about 85% received sentences of 5 years prior convictions than for those with no or less prior convictions.
1985 Annual Report 15 BJS reports on ...
o on average, drug offenders actually served only 75% of sentence time o the actual time served by incarcerated drug offenders, at least 67% of whom were involved in drug crimes more serious ~han simple possession, averaged slightly more than 3 years o convicted Federal drug law violators received prison terms half as long as convicted bank robbers and served nearly 2 years less lime in prison than the bank robbers.
Sources: Prisoners and alcohol. Prisoners and drugs. The severity of crime. Federal drug law violators. Statement of Steven R. Schlesinger before the Joint Economic Com· mlttee. U.S. Congress, Utica, New York, August 8, 1985. Jail Inmates 1983.
16 Bureau of Justice Statistics The cost of crime Another cost of crime to society is that of operating the criminal justice system. Dur One of the questions most frequently ing fiscal 1985, the first reports on the cost asked of BJS by policy makers, the media, of the criminal justice system and employ and members of the general public is ment In criminal justice-using a revised, "What is the total cost of crime to society?" less expensive methodology-were issued in Justice expenditure and employment In all likelihood, there will never be a 1982 (BJS Bulletin, August 1985). simple answer to this seemingly simple question for a variety of reasons: Two other reports on justice expenditure o Many costs to society of criminal activity and employment were published during the cannot be measured directly. These include year, including a trends report for 1971-79 monies that might have been channeled and a report presenting data for 1980 and into legal purchases if they had not been 1981. Now that the revised methodology is diverted for illegal purposes such as firmly established, the gap between refer gambling, drug purchases, and prostitution. ence date and publication date can be o Organized crime, drug trafficking, and shortened. illegal immigration result in economic losses to society, but these defy direct Preparations have begun for collecting measurement. Also difficult to measure are fiscal 1985 data on costs of the justice the losses from fraudulent 'lctivities that the system with a methodology that will provide victims are embarrassed to report. SUbstantive and geographic data in greater o Some of the costs of crime to society are detail. These data will be similar in content not quantifiable. These include nonmone and coverage to data gathered for tary costs to victims, such as pain and 1971-79. It is expected that this meth suffering from injury, psychological distress, odology will be used to collect these data fear, and similar effects on victims and their at 5-year intervals, supplemented annually families and friends. by the less expensive and more limited methodology. However, BJS is able to measure some components of the cost of crime to society. One source of data is the National Crime Survey, which measures the value of property stolen or damaged through crimi nal incidents and the cost of medical care resulting from victimization.
1985 Annual Report 17 ,
BJS reports on ...
Economic cost of crime to victims Cost of the justice system
Personal crimes of violence and theft and Federal, State, and local spending for all the household crimes of burglary, larceny, civil and criminal justice activities during and motor vehicle theft cost their victims fiscal 1982 was $34.7 billio"n (less than 3% $10.9 billion in 1981. of all government spending in this country): o Nearly 75% of the cost ($8.1 billion) stemmed from household crime, burglary, Government spending by activity household larceny, and motor vehicle theft. Social insurance payments 21.7% o Among the three violent crimes (assault, National defense and international relations 16.6 robbery, rape), the largest loss ($421 Education 13.4 million) was the result of robbery. However, Housing and the environment 7.0 the median loss of rape victims was slightly Public welfare 6.4 Hospitals and health 4.3 greater than that of robbery victims. Transportation 3.6 o The median loss was $80 for a violent Justice 2.8 crime victim and $40 for a personal theft Space research and technology 0.5 victim. Motor vehicle theft gave rise to the highest median loss ($1500) for all crimes. o Local governments spent $21 billion, o Most losses are from theft of property or State governments $11.6 billion, and the cash (92%). Six percent are from property Federal government $3.3 billion, including damage and 2% from medical expenses. both direct and intergovernmental e About 65% of the medical costs result expenditures. from assault, the most common of the o Of every justice dollar, 54<.>: was spent on three violent crimes. police protection. 21 ¢ on the courts and o $3.9 billion (36% of all losses) were other legal activities, and 26¢ on prisons recovered or reimbursed within 6 months and other correctional costs. after the offense. o Less than 1 ¢ of every dollar spent by the o The median losses from personal and Federal, State, and local governments went household crimes were greater for black into operation of the Nation's correctional than for white victims. system, including jails, prisons, probation, Source: The economic cost of crime and parole. to Victims. o Total government spending on civil and criminal justice was $150 per person in 1982. • State and local per capita spending varies greatly by State; West Virginia and Arkansas spend the least (less than $70 per person); the most is spent by New York ($200), Nevada ($254), the District of Columbia ($512), and Alaska ($546).
Source: Justice expenditure and employment. 1982.
18 Bureau of Justice Statistics Cost to society of illegal drug use o Social welfare (disability payments, un employment compensation, workers com On August 8, 1985, the BJS Director pensation, public assistance, food stamps) testified before the Joint Economic Com expenditures resulting from drug abuse mittee of the U.S. Congress about illegal were estimated at $115 million. drug abuse. In preparing data for the o Health care services related to drug hearings, the BJS staff drew on BJS data abuse and drug abuse treatment programs sources as well as on information from cost $1.2 billion. other organizations. • Medicare reimbursements resulting from drug abuse were $100 million. According to data developed by the Re o Reliable estimates of the amount of search Triangle Institute (RTI) for the U.S. money spent In this country for the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health purchase of illegal drugs are not available. Administration, drug abuse cost American Source: Statement 01 Steven R. Schlesinger society an estimated $46.9 billion in 1980. belore the Joint Economic Committee. U.S. Congress. Utica. New York, August 8. 1985, using data Irom: Henrick J. Harwood. Diane Taking into account factors such as inflation M. Napolitano. Patricia L Kristiansen. and and changes in the population, the RTI James J. Collins. Economic cosl 10 soclely study estimated the cost for 1983 at about of alcohol and drug abuse and menIal illness: 1980. Research Triangle Park. Ne; $59.7 billion. Research Triangle Institute. June 1984.
Of the total cost half is In lost productivity by drug users. A third is crime-related (the cost to the criminal justice system and the private security industry attributable to drug-related crimes, property damage by drug users, criminal careers by addicts, and lost employment of crime victims).
Some other economic costs of drug abuse are not included in the above estimates, but the RTI study estimates that- o The value of cash and property lost by personal and household victims of drug addicts as a result of robberies, burglaries, larcenies, and motor vehicle thefts was $1.5 billion. There is no way to estimate losses to victims as a result of forgery, fraud, and other crimes, there being no national estimates of the total volume of such crimes.
1985 Annual Report 19 BJS reports on ...
The public response different polls where the wording or order to crime ing of questions may be different and could influence results. The public's response to crime includes o the decisions of individual victims on whether to report the crime to the police Reporting crime o actions that victims (and their family and friends) take in reaction to crime (such as The criminal justice system deals directly attempting to minimize the risk of future with a very small amount of crime. Only victimizations through changes in behavior, about a third of all crimes are reported to purchase of burglar alarms, and guard the police. dogs) e The most serious crimes in terms of o similar actions taken by strangers who economic loss or injury are the crimes read or hear of crime through media most likely to be reported. Nearly half of all accounts or other sources violent crimes are reported, but only a o an increase (or decrease) in fear of fourth of the personal crimes of theft and a crime third of household crimes are reported. o changes in opinions on the effec CI Excluding murder, the most frequently tiveness, efficiency, and fairness of the reported crimes are motor vehicle theft criminal justice system. (69%) and aggravated assault (58%).
The National Crime Survey measures Generally, demographic characteristics of whether or not victims have reported the victims (sex, age, race) make less victimizations to the police and if not, why. difference in the reporting rates than does the type of crime. Analysis began in fiscal 1985 of measures taken by a national sample of persons to Most crimes are reported by the victim or a protect themselves against crime. Results member of the victimized household: will be published in fiscal 1986. o Of reported personal crimes, 60% are reported by the victim, 13% by another Public opinion polls by organizations such household member, 22% by someone else, as Gallup, ABC News, and the National and 3% are discovered by the police. Opinion Research Center ask questions e Of reported household crimes, 88% are about how fearful people are of crime and reported by a household member, 10% by about their confidence in criminal justice someone else, and 2% are discovered by agencies. Data from these opinion polls are the police. assembled in the annual BJS Sourcebook of criminal justice statistics. Care should be taken in using public opinion poll data, particularly when comparing data from
20 Bureau of Justice Statistics The reason most often given for reporting a In 1982, the ABC News Poll reported the violent crime to the police was to keep the following percentages of respondents being crime from happening again. For both worried about being a victim of- personal theft and household crimes, the reason most often given for reporting was Having your car or property vandalized 45% the desire to recover property. Having your home burglarized 46 Being robbed on the street 31 The reason most often given for not Being injured by a robber on the street 29 reporting was that the crime was not Being injured by a burglar at home 31 important enough to be reported to the Being raped (women only) 45 pOlice. For violent crimes, it was that the Being murdered 22 matter was private or personal. Sources: Gailup Report. Gallup Opinion tndex. and ABC News Pail. as presented In Source: Reporting crimes to the police. Sourcebook of criminat justice statistics. 1984.
Fear of crime
In 1983, 16% of the respondents to a Gallup poll said they felt unsafe when asked, "How about at home at night-do you feel safe and secure, or not?" This percentage has remained about the same when asked in 1972 (17%), 1975 (19%), 1977 (15%), and 1981 (16%).
Feeling unsafe at home at night was more likely to be reported in 1983 by- o females (20%) than by males (11%) o people in large cities than by those in smaller cities and rural areas o blacks and other nonwhites (23%) than by whites (14%).
In that same poll, 45% of respondents said "yes" when asked "Is there any area right around here-that is, within a mile-where you would be afraid to walk alone at night?" This percentage was about the same during the 1970's, but it is an increase over the 34% and 31% reported when the question was asked in 1965 and 1967.
1985 Annual Report 21 BJS reports on ...
Public confidence in the criminal In 1982, the National Opinion Research justice system Center (NORC) asked respondents to a national survey, "In general, do you think In 1982, the ABC News Poll asked a the courts in this area deal too harshly or national sample if someone in their house not harshly enough with criminals?" They hold had called the police in the past year. responded to this question as follows: Of 35% saying yes- Too harshly 3% o 72% said the police responded within a Not harshly enough 86 "short time." About right 8 Oon't know 4 o 22% said the police arrived a "long time" after they were called. Over the decade in which this question was G 4% volunteered a response of asked, a decreasing percentage felt that "somewhere in between." the courts were dealing too harshly with o 2% didn't know. criminals (6% in 1972 to 3% in 1982) and an increasing percentage felt the courts The same poll asked respondents how were not dealing harshly enough (66% in much confidence they had in the police to 1972 to 86% in 1982). prevent crimes such as robberies from happening and how much confidence they had in the police to solve such crimes after Sources: ABC News Poll and National they had happened: Opinion Research Center as presented in Sourcebook of criminal justice statistics, 1984. «:I Confidence in the ability of the police to prevent crimes:
All respondents 100% Great deal 18 Good amount 43 Very little 33 None at all 5 No opinion, refused 1 o Confidence in the ability of the police to solve crimes:
All respondents 100% Great deal 14 Good amount 46 Very little 34 None at all 5 No opinion, refused
22 Bureau of Justice Statistics Adjudication and sentencing lects and analyzes case processing data from some of these jurisdictions. It collects Of particular concern to policy makers and information on case attrition, guilty pleas, to the public is what happens to accused final dispositions, and case processing offenders when charges are brought time. During fiscal 1985, The prevalence of against them and their cases are heard in guilty pleas (BJS Special Report, De court: cember 1984), covering 14 jurisdictions, e Are they released on "technicalities"? was published. Also during the year work
I) Are they allowed to plead guilty to lesser was completed on the final report, charges and thus not receive the full Prosecution of felony arrests, 1980. This measure of legal sanctions due to them for report, published In October 1985, pre the crimes they have committed? sented detailed findings for 28 jurisdictions.
I) Do they delay court proceedings through legal maneuverings that discourage wit A major priority during fiscal 1985 was nesses and victims from continued par continued development of the Integrated ticipation in the prosecution? Federal Justice Data Base under the o Are the sentences received by convicted Federal Justice Statistics Program. This offenders consistent with the seriousness data base traces Federal case processing of the offenses they have committed? from investigation through prosecution, ad judication, and corrections. It includes input The development of nationally represen from the FBI, the Drug Enforcement Ad tative data on the adjudication process is ministration, United States Attorneys, Unit difficult because methods of case process ed States Courts, and Bureau of Prisons. ing and terminology vary across the coun This is the first time that such Federal try. Consequently, much of the information justice data have been brought together in on this phase of the criminal justice a single data series. During the year, process is based on studies of limited Pretrial release and misconduct (BJS Spe numbers of jurisdictions. Of major impor cial Report, January 1985), containing tance during fiscal 1985 was the start of statistics from the Federal data base, was methodological and other work directed released. toward the development of nationally repre sentative adjudication data. These efforts During the year, analysis continued of the are described in the "new initiatives" sec results of the first survey of public defense tion of this report. systems in 10 years. This analysis will CUlminate in more detailed tabulations than One source of data on local prosecution is were presented in Criminal defense sys a computer-based management information tems: A national survey (BJS Special system called PROMIS (Prosecutors Man Report, August 1984). agement Information System), which is operating in a number of jurisdictions around the country. The BJS-sponsored Prosecution of Felony Arrests Project col-
1985 Annual Report 23 BJS reports on __ _
BJS has relied on two methods of develop Data on sentencing and sentence outcome ing national and State-by-State estimates are currently derived from Indirect sources of State and local court caseloads. (such as the prisoner statistics programs o In the first, data have been extracted described in the following section on from documents printed by the States, corrections) or non nationally representative usually by the State Court Administrator or programs (such as those providing data for Chief Justice. Data from these published limited numbers of prosecutors' offices or reports were supplemented by unpublished States). Nonetheless, these sources pro information provided by the States. This duced some provocative statistics on sen methodology, however, did not produce tencing during fiscal 1985. reasonably current data because of the G Felony sentencing in 18 local jurisdic lags between publication at the State level, tions (BJS Special Report, June 1985) the compilation process, and final publica provided insight into case dispositions. It tion of national estimates. reported on the use of different kinds and o A second methodology was initiated in degrees of sanctions for seven major late 1982 to provide more current data felonies for a variety of large jurisdictions through a survey of State Court Admin across the country. istrators. Using this later methodology, • Sentencing practices in 13 States (BJS Case filings in State courts, 1983 was Special Report, October 1984) examined published as a B,'3 Bulletin, October 1984. the sentencing of convicted felons in It presented the numbers of cases filed, by several States with respect to whether or type of case (criminal, civil, juvenile, and not they were sent to prison and the length traffic), and the change in civil and criminal of their sentences. It covered the following filings over the period 1978 to 1983. Also States which were able to respond to a included were the numbers of felony and BJS request for available data: California, other criminal filings for selected States Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Min and appellate filing data. nesota, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Wash The growth of appeals (BJS Bulletin, ington, and Wyoming. February 1985) covers 1973-83. The col o A similar request to the States asked for lection of appellate data in the future will data from Offender-Based Transaction Sta be considered in the context of a re tistics (OSTS) systems which follow offend designed court statistics program. ers from arrest through final dispOSition. In fiscal 1985, the focus of this request was Also published during fiscal 1985 was for data on persons arrested for offenses Supplement to the State court model against children. Six States were able to statistical dictionary. This document up supply data: California, New York, Ohio, dates the dictionary published in 1980 and Pennsylvania, Utah, and Virginia. The re is intended to assist State courts and court sults were presented in Tracking offend administrative offices in reporting nationally ers-The child victim (BJS Bulletin, comparable data. December 1984).
24 Bureau of Justice Statistics o Prison admissions and releases, 1982 The use of guilty pleas in felony cases (BJS Special Report, July 1985) and varies greatly among jurisdictions. Some Prisoners in 1984 (BJS Bulletin, April 1985) jurisdictions have policies that result in a each contained data on sentences received high rate of guilty pleas while others go to and served by prison inmates. trial more frequently.
Of major significance during the year is the Most guilty pleas are to the most serious initiation of several new projects that charge filed by the prosecutor. In 12 of 16 ultimately will produce national sentencing jurisdictions studied, close to 60% or more data. These are described in the "new of the guilty pleas were to the top charge. initiatives" section of this report. Few cases are brought to trial. An average of 4 of every 100 arrests go to trial. Of Local prosecution cases bound over to felony court, only 8% result in a trial. Differences in local laws, agencies, re sources, standards, and procedures result Defendants charged with serious crimes in varying responses to crime in each are more likely to demand a trial than jurisdiction. For example, a study of four those with less serious charges. States found that prosecutors from one State file on 30% of the arrests brou~ht to Most cases that go to trial by jury result in them by the police while prosecutors in conviction. Of 24 jurisdictions studied, an another State file on 97% of the arrests. average of 69% of the cases that went to trial resulted in conviction; the individual Most felony arrests do not result in a trial. jurisdiction rates ranged from 51 % to 85%. From a third to more than a half of all Sources: Prosecution ollelony arrests, arrests are rejected at screening or dis 1980. The prevalence 01 guilty pleas. missed, and most of the rest result in a guilty plea.
Evidence-related deficiencies and witness problems account for more than half of rejections at screening. In most jurisdic tions, evidence and witness problems are also the most common reasons for dismissals.
Guilty pleas rather than trials account for the vast majority of felony convictions (about 45 of every 100 arrests).
1985 Annual Report 25 BJS reports on ...
Federal prosecution The longer a defendant waits for a trial, the and pretrial release greater is the probability of misconduct; ihe likelihood was 10% for Federal defendants In the Federal courts and in the State and free on bail for 90 days, 14% for those on local courts studied, about 85% of the bail for 180 days, and '17% for those on defendants are released pending their trial. bail for 270 days.
Source: Pretrial release and misconduct: Of all Federal defendants released during Federal offenses and offenders, 1979- CI about 50% were on unsecured bond o 23% were on personal recognizance o 14% were on deposit bond o 9% were on surety bond o less than 2% were on collateral bond.
In the Federal courts, the highest bail amounts tend to be imposed on defen dants accused of the most serious crimes who have extensive criminal records and weak social and economic ties.
Of the Federal defendants who are re leased, about 10% are rearrested for new crimes, violate the conditions of their release, or fail to appear for trial. In State and local courts, pretrial misconduct occurs three times as often. This may be at tributed to the large number of white-collar offenders prosecuted in the Federal courts.
During the same bail time period, Federal defendants with serious criminal records are more likely to be rearrested or fail to appear for trial (35%) than defendants with less serious records (20%), or those wilh no records (8%).
26 Bureau of Justice Statistics Indigent defense A growing number of cases are no longer being handled by public defenders, mainly According to the Constitution, a person because of the increasingly strict definition accused of a crime punishable by a term of of what constitutes a conflict of interest and incarceration has a right to an attorney. limits on the number of cases the public The courts have ruled that the defense of defender is able to handle. accused persons must be provided re gardless of the defendant's ability to pay for Of all counties studied, 75% have some such counsel. Therefore, the costs of form of recoupment requiring defendants to indigent defense services are borne by the repay a portion of their defense costs; but public. 25% of the counties that require recoup ment reported that no payments were The Nation spent almost $625 million received in 1982. during 1982 for indigent criminal defense Source: Criminal defense systems: services in about 3.2 million State and A national survey. local court cases.
Spending for indigent defense in 1982 was 44% greater than t~ .: estimated $435 million spent during 1980 and 213% greater than the estimated $200 million spent in 1976.
The average cost of an indigent defense case nationwide was $196, ranging from $567 in Hawaii to $85 in Oklahoma.
Assigned counsel systems that require the appointment of private attorneys dominate service delivery patterns. They are used in 60% of alJ counties, whereas 34% use public defender systems and 6% use contract systems.
Public defender systems are the dominant system in 43 of the 50 largest counties in the United States and serve 68% of the Nation's population.
1985 Annual Report 27 BJS reports on ...
Court case loads Appeals and habeas corpus
More then 80 million cases were filed in the State appeals court cases more than State trial courts of 46 States and the doubled dUring the decade between 1973 District of Columbia in 1983. The large and 1983. majority of these were traffic cases; civil cases accounted for 16% of the filings, Civil and criminal appeals filed, criminal cases, for 13%, and juvenile 1973-83 (38 States) cases, for 1.25%. Number of filin9s
Trial court data were not available from Indiana, Mississippi, Nevada, and Ohio at the time these national estimates were made. Based on data from earlier years, these four States could add as many as 4 million filings to the 1983 estimate of 80 million.
Most crime is a State and local problem. About 98% of all civil and criminal court cases are filed in State and local courts.
1973 1978 1983 Serious crime is only a small portion of the criminal justice system workload. Criminal cases represent less than 13% of the case The increase--114% for civil cases and filings in State courts, and felony filings are 107% for criminal cases-was even greater only a small fraction of the criminal filings than the 90% increase in Federal appeals there. filed in the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.
In 24 States that were able to distinguish Both civil and criminal case loads increased felony cases in their data, those Cl'lses by about 4% during each year since 1978, ranged from 5% to 32% of all criminal not nearly as fast as appellate filings. filings, with a median across the States of 9%. Criminal appeals made up only 10% to 15% of the total appeals until the 1960's, Source: Case filings in State courts. 1983. when a rapid increase occurred. In the past decade, criminal appeals accounted for between 43% and 46% of all appeals.
28 Bureau of Justice Statistics The number of Federal habeas corpus Sentencing practices petitions (in which prisoners challenge the validity of their State convictions after they States vary In the degree of judicial and have exhausted all other appeals) rose parole board discretion in the sentencing nearly 700% between 1961 and 1982. and release decisions provided by law. Currently, the range of State sentencing Only a small number of inmates (1.8%) systems involves- who filed habeas corpus petitions were Indeterminate sentencing. The judge has successful in gaining any type of release. primary control over the type of sentence given, such as prison, probation, or fine, Many of the same prisoners filed suc and the upper and lower bounds of the cessive habeas corpus petitions for State length of prison sentences within statutory and Federal court review of their conviction limits, but the actual time served is andfor detention. determined by the parole board. Determinate sentencing. The judge sets Sources: Case filings in State courts, 1983. The growth of appeals: 1973·83 trends. the type of sentence and the length of Habeas corpus: Federat review of State prison sentences within statutory limits, but prisoner petitions. the parole board may not release prisoners before their sentences (minus good time) have expired. Mandatory prison terms. Legislation re quires the imposition of a prison sentence, often of specified length, for certain crimes and/or certain categories of offenders. Presumptive sentencing. The judge is required to impose a sentence whose length is set by law for each offense or class of offense. When there are mitigating or aggravating circumstances, however, the judge is allowed to shorten or lengthen the sentence within specified boundaries.
Some States have practices that affect sentencing and the actual time served: Sentencing guidelines. The courts set sentences by using procedures designed to structure sentencing decisions, usually based on offense severity and criminal history.
1985 Annual Report 29 BJS reports on ...
Parole guidelines. Parole boards use Sentencing outcomes procedures designed to structure release decisions based on measurable offender Most convicted felons are sentenced to criteria. incarceration. Good-time policies. In nearly all of the States, legislation allows for reduction of a Felons convicted of more serious offenses prison term based on the offender's be are more likely to go to State prison: havior or program participation in prison. Percent of Emergency crowding provisions. Some conVicted States have statutes or policies that relieve felons prison crowding by systematically making sent to Offense ~_n_ certain inmates eligible for early release. Homicide 85% Rape 69 In recent years there has been a move Robbery 65 ment in many States away from sentencing Burglary 46 Aggravated assault 39 systems that give judges and parole Larceny 29 boards great discretion in sentences and Orug trafficking 23 time served to more certain and fixed punishments for crimes through mandatory The risk of imprisonment for serious crime sentences, sentences of fixed length (de has Increased in recent years, but it has terminate sentencing), and the abolition of not yet reached the levels observed 20 to parole boards. 25 years ago.
Prison admissions Beginning with Maine in 1976, nine States per 100 of the most had abolished parole as of 1983. In the 5 Year serious crimes years from 1977 to 1982, the proportion of 1960 6.3 1965 4.5 those released from State prisons by 1970 2.3 parole boards dropped from 72% to 52%. 1975 2.6 1980 2.6 1981 2.9 By yearend 1982, most of the States had 1982 3.5 also enacted mandatory sentences for 1983 4.0 1984 3.9 certain types of offenses or offenders.
Some jurisdictions use jail instead of prison While prison sentence lengths vary among more often as the sanction against con jurisdictions, they are consistently related to victed felons. For example, in Baltimore the seriousness of the crime within City, MD, only 1% of convicted felons are jurisdictions. sentenced to jail while in Hennepin County Sources: Setting prison terms. Sentencing (Minneapolis), MN, about half the convicted practices in 13 States. Felony sentencing in felons receive some sort of jail term. 18 local jUrisdictions. Prison admissions and releases, 1982.
30 Bureau of Justice Statistics A typical 1 00 sentences in felony court
26 jail (average length 9 months) -- 71 i"~'mlioo -( 45 prison (average length 6 years, 10 months) 100 sentences -4-_ 1 other"
28 probationb (average length 3 years, 1 month)
a Other Includes such sentences as reslituMn to the victim or a line b Proballon refers to probation onty and does not Include sentences to a split term oj Incarceration and probation.
Straight probation is required by more than The prison sentence imposed is longer for a fourth of felony sentences. Almost an persons given consecutive sentences (an other fifth of felony sentences are to a term average of almost 19 years) than for those in Jail followed by probation, a sentence given concurrent sentences (an average of referred to as a split sentence. almost 9 years).
The average sentences are longest for A smaller percentage of persons arrested prison sentences and shortest for for crimes against children receive prison probation, sentences of more than a year than do persons arrested for crimes against victims Felons with mUltiple conviction charges of all ages. receive longer sentences. Of those con victed on a single charge, 40% received Offenders against minors are more likely prison sentences, averaging more than 5 than offenders against victims in general to years; in contrast 69% of those convicted be prosecuted and convicted. on four or more charges received prison terms averaging almost 14 years. However, fewer offenders against minors are incarcerated and, when they are, they About 1 in 9 of those convicted of multiple receive shorter prison sentences than do charges and sentenced to prison receive others. consecutive sentences, requiring that sen Sources: Felony sentencing in 18 local tences be served in sequence. The re jurisdictions, Prisoners m 1984, Prison mainder receive concurrent sentences that admissions and releases, 1982. Tracking allow the offender to serve several sen offenders: The child victim. Prisoners in 1985. tences at the same time.
1985 Annual Report 31 BJS reports on ...
Corrections
Few aspects of criminal justice have been the subject of more intense debate over the past several years than that of corrections policy. The growth in prison populations during this decade has led to increased demands on correctional resources.
The BJS corrections statistics program provides systematic data on correctional populations and agency workloads cover ing probation, local jails, State and Federal prisons, parole, and persons under sen tence of death.
The National Probation Reports series provides annual data, by State, on the number of admissions to probation supervi sion and the yearend total of persons under such supervision. The Uniform Pa role Reports P(Ogram, begun in 1965, provides data on the populations and characteristics of persons admitted to and released from parole supervision. This program also gathers information from States annually on legislative and admin istrative changes likely to affect the length of sentences and the time served in correctional institutions.
During fiscal 1985- o The first release of data from the 1983 National Jail Census and National Jail Inmate Survey was made. Additional ana lyses and publications are scheduled for fiscal 1986. o The Census of State Prisons was con ducted, covering 922 State-operated cor rectional facilities. The census covered topics such as facility operations, density
32 Bureau of Justice Statistics and occupancy rates by facility, staffing, The NCRP has been Integrated with expenditures, disorders, and court orders. Uniform Parole Reports to provide a com o The Survey of State Prison Inmates was plete overview of sanctioning across the pretested. Fielded in early 1986, this States from prison entry through termina survey interviewed 15,000 inmates on tion of parole for each offender. criminal history, demographic charac teristics, drug and alcohol use, and so on. The corrections statistics program also reports separately on State prisoners sen The National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) tenced to and awaiting execution. series dates back to 1926. It provides yearend and midyear counts, by jurisdic During fiscal 1985, reports were issued on tion, of prisoners confined in State and correctional populations (BJS Bulletin, April Federal institutions. NPS reports during the 1985, and press release, September 1985), year documented the continued growth in jail populations (BJS Bulletin, November the population of the Nation's prisons: by 1984), capital punishment (BJS Bulletin, June 30, 1985, a record high of 490,041 August 1985), the prevalence of imprison was reached. The increase in the number ment (BJS Special Report, July 1985), and of inmates during the first 6 months of the characteristics of incarcerated offend 1985 (26,000) equals the total increase for ers (BJS Special Report, June 1985). A all of 1984. total of nine statistical reports were pro duced under the corrections program in The first report of data on characteristics of fiscal 1985. persons admitted to or released from prison covered calendar 1981 and was published in September 1984, a report on 1982 admissions and releases was pub lished in July 1985, and a report on 1983 admissions and releases will be published in early 1986. In mid-1983 the new National Corrections Reporting Pros/ram (NCRP) began to acquire such datE! on individual prisoners and parolees as demo graphic characteristics, offenses, sen tences, and time served. With the addition of data on parolees, it will be possible to analyze individual offender records from prison entry through parole discharge, including returns to prison of persons unsuccessfully terminated from parole. In the future, the NCRP will permit linkage of prisoner records with FBI criminal-history data to evaluate post-release recidivism.
1985 Annual Report 33 BJS reports on ...
Correctional populations In 1979, 95% of prison inmates were either convicted violent offenders or had been More than 1.5% of the adult U.S. popula previously convicted of a crime. tion is under some form of correctional supervision on a given day: About half of the 223,551 local jail inmates in 1983 were awaiting or on trial. The other Probation 1,711.190 64% half were convicted offenders who will Parole 268.515 10 Prison 463,866 17 either serve their sentence in jail (usually Jail 233,018 8 for less than 1 year) or will be transferred Total 2,676,589 100 to a State prison.
The number of persons under each type of Because of their dual functions of detention correctional supervision is at an all-time and confinement, jails have a higher high: volume of admissions and releases than G The Nation's adult probation population other correctional facilities. In 1983, there increased by 8% (nearly 128,000 persons) were more than 8 million admissions to in 1984. jails and slightly less than 8 million " The parole population increased by 9% releases. (more than 22,000 persons) in 1984. o The prison population grew by more than 6% during 1984, adding 26,618 more There were 554 deaths among jail inmates prisoners. during the year preceding June 3D, 1983, e Local jail populations including both compared to 611 such deaths in the year convicted and unconvicted inmates in prior to the 1978 jail census; suicide was creased by more than 45% between 1978 the principal cause. and 1984, rising from 76 to 99 jail inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents. About 55% of the adult male deaths, 79% of the adult female deaths, and all seven of Twice as many persons are under correc the juvenile deaths in the 1982-83 period tional superviSion as are employed by the were suicides. All of the juvenile suicides entire criminal justice system. were boys.
Sources: Prisoners in 1984. Probation and Three quarters of those under correctional parole 1984. The 1983 jail census. The supervision are in the community (proba prevalence of imprisonment. Jail inmates 1984. Survey of State Prison Inmates 1979. tion or parole); one quarter are incarce rated (prison or jail).
Based on current incarceration rates, an estimated 3% to 5% of the males born in the United States today are likely to serve a sentence in an adult State prison during some time in their lives.
34 Bureau of Justice Statistics Prison and jail crowding DUring 1984, the prison population in States entirely under court order increased By midyear 1985, a new prison population only 2.9%, compared to an increase of record was set, reaching 490,041 pris 9.2% in States without court intervention. oners. This continued an 11-year trend of increasing prison populations. As of June 30, 1983, a record 223,551 people were being held in jails throughout Prison population, the country, 41 % more than at the time of 1926-84 400.000 the last full jail census in 1978.
About 7,700 inmates, or 3% of the total in 1983, were being heid for other authorities as a direct result of crowding in Federal and State prisons or in other local jails. Such inmates constituted 32% of the jail population in Mississippi, 21 % in Louisiana, and 19% in Maine. The prison population has grown more than Sources: Prisoners in 1984. The 1983 jBlI 40% in the 4 years since 1980. census. BJS press release, September 15, 1985. The States added an estimated 100,000 new prison beds during the past 4 years, but crowding remains a serious problem: o At yearend 1984, the States said they were operating at about 110% of their prison capacity. .., More than 11,000 prisoners were backed up in local jails. o 14 States reported that they had given early release to a combined total of more than 17,000 inmates in 1984 because of crowding.
At yearend 1984, six States and the District of Columbia were operating their entire prison systems under a court order or consent decree concerning overcrowding and other conditions, as was Michigan's system for male offenders. In 25 other States, at least one major prison was under a court order or a consent decree.
1985 Annual Report 35 BJS reports on ...
Prison funding Time served in prison
Less than one penny of every dollar spent Actual time served in prison is generally by Federal, State, and local governments much less than the maximum sentence went into the operation of the Nation's length: correctional system, including jails, prisons, 1982 admissions 1982 releases probation, and parole. Percent Med Ian Percent Median of all sentence of all time In 1981, State governments spent $3.9 prisoners ~ prisoners ~ billion for the operation, maintenance, and (months) (months)
construction of State correctional institu All offenses 100% 51 100% 16
tions. This represented 75% of the States' Murder 5 Life 3 69 total corrections expenditure of $5.2 billion Manslaughter 3 105 4 28 in that year. Rape 3 120 2 36 Robbery 18 78 17 25 Assault 7 48 8 15 In 1982, State spending for corrections Burglary 28 42 28 14 rose to $5.6 billion, of which 75% was for Larceny 10 32 10 10 Auto theft 2 36 13 State correctional institutions. Forgery/fraudl embezzlement 6 33 6 11 Sources: Justice expenditure and employ Drugs 8 43 8 11 ment. 1982. Justice expenditure and em Other 13 13 ployment extracts: 1980 and 1981. Justice expenditure and employment extracts: 1982 and 1983. The median time served in 1982 of 16 months was the lowest recorded since 1926 when data collection began. o Except for the years during World War II, median time served for all first releasees has been in the range of 17 to 21 months. o In 1979 and 1980 it was 19 months and then declined to 17 months in 1981 and 16 months in 1982.
A life sentence rarely means that an offender will spend the rest of his/her life in prison. o The median time served for a life sentence in 1982 was 5 yeilrs and 9 months.
I) Nearly a quarter of those released in 1982 on a life sentence served 3 years or less and nearly three-fifths served 7 years or less.
Source: Prison admissions and releases, 1982.
36 Bureau of Justice Statistics Capital punishment Between 1980 and 1984, there were in the aggregate 16 whites admitted to death row At yearend 1984, 1,405 persons were for every 1,000 arrested for murder or under a sentence of death in State prisons. nonnegligent manslaughter as compared to All had been convicted of murder; 99% 12 blacks admitted to death row for every were males; 57% were white; and the 1,000 arrested for these crimes. median age was 31. o Two-thirds of the inmates on death row During the decade from 1975 to 1984 had prior felony convictions and 1 in 10 2,384 persons were sentenced to death had a prior homicide conviction. and 32 were executed. In the same period, o A fifth of the inmates on death row were there were 204,000 murder and non on parole at the time of their capital negligent manslaughter victims and offense. Nearly another fifth had pending 198,000 persons arrested for those crimes. charges, were on probation, or were prison Source: Capital punishment 1984. inmates or escapees when they committed their capital offense. a Excluding those with pending charges, almost a third of those awaiting execution were under sentence for another crime when the capital offense was committed.
At yearend 1984, 37 States, covering 78% of the U.S. population, had laws authoriz ing the death penalty and 32 Stales held prisoners under sentence of death; 6 States conducted executions dUring that year.
Electrocution (16 States) and lethal injec tion (15 States) were the most common methods of execution permitted by State law. Lethal gas was permitted in 8 States, hanging in 4 States, and a firing squad in 3 States.
The 21 persons executed in 1984 brought the total to 32 persons executed since 1976 when the Supreme Court affirmed the death penalty.
1985 Annual Report 37 BJS reports on ...
Recidivism and career o at the time of their admission, 40% were criminals either on parole or probation for prior offenses Few issues in criminal justice have drawn o about 28% would still have been incarce as much attention as the impact of re rated for earlier crimes if they had served cidivism on public safety and the implica the maximum term imposed by the couft tions of this issue for sentencing policy. on their prior sentence to confinement. Career criminal programs and mandatory or enhanced sentences for repeat offend About half of those who are released from ers are examples of pOlicies designed to State prisons will return within 20 years, reduce the threat recidivists pose to so and 60% of these repeaters will be back by ciety. During fiscal 1985, two BJS reports the end of the third year. Recidivists presented important new findings relevant entering prison for robbery, burglary, or to the contemporary debate on recidivism. euto theft return to prison more rapidly than those who entered for other crimes. The first of these reports, Returning to prison (BJS Special Report, November With some exceptions, the highest risk of 1984), was based on special data supplied returning to prison occurs during the by State authorities in 14 States (Colorado, second half of i:he first release year. Georgia, Iowa, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, New York, North The greater the amount of time a former Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Is prisoner remaim: in the community without land, Washington, and Wisconsin). These reincarceration beyond the first year, the States made available followup data on less is the likelihood that he or she will prison releasees for periods ranging from 1 return to prison. to 18 years. Sources: Examining recidivism. RetUrning to prison. Career pal/ems in crime. The second report, Examining recidivism (BJS Special Report, February 1985), used self-reported data from incarcerated offend ers on their prior convictions and incarcera tions.
Of the persons entering a State prison in 1979- o almost 84% had a record of prior conVictions, including 61 % who had been previously incarcerated as an adult, a juvenile, or both o about 28% had five or more prior convictions for criminal offenses
38 Bureau of Justice Statistics Privacy, security, and the criminal justice information policy se confidentiality of ries, described relevant statutory and case criminal justice data law which affects use and collection of intelligence and investigative data for crimi The increased reliance on criminal justice nal justice purposes. data for public and private sector uses has highlighted the need for accurate, com BJS continued to oversee activities to plete, and timely criminal justice records. ensure confidentiality of statistical and Policies governing the collection and main research data. These activities included the tenance of such data and legislation development and review of appropriate regulating the release of data for different data maintenance and transfer procedures purposes are also of prime concern to the in support of the BJS Federal, State, and criminal justice community. In response to National programs. these concerns, a major part of BJS activity during the year in the area of By 1984, all 50 States had enacted privacy, security, and confidentiality focused legislation to ensure some aspect of data on the issue of data quality. BJS activities quality. on the quality of criminal-history data are discussed in detail in the "new initiatives" Most State legislation (36 States) was section of this report. enacted after promulgation of DOJ Privacy and Security Regulations (28 CFR Part 20) In a related effort, BJS continued to update in 1975. its series of Compendia of State Privacy Statutes. This series, which began in 1979, Almost all States (44) statutorily require includes both relevant sections of State that State and local law enforcement legislation from all 50 States and a series agencies report arrests for serious crimes of tables that classify the legislation ac .to the central repository. cording to 26 subject categories. A lesser number of States require that case disposition data be reported to the central The 1984 compendium update, prepared in repository. fiscal 1985, is more than 1500 pages long and is being maintained on microfiche. An Disposition data are required to be reported overview of the update, containing sum by courts (24 States), correctional agencies mary tables, was published during the (30 States), or prosecutors (13 States). fiscal year as Compendium of State privacy and security legislation, 1984 edition: Over view. Many disposition reporting reqUirements are generally worded and therefore are difficult to enforce. Another report, Intelligence and inves tigative records, was also issued during Source: Compendium of State privacy and fiscal 1985. The report, issued as part of security legislation, 1984 edition: OvelView.
1985 Annual Report 39 New initiatives
BJS strives to monitor and take advantage Projects during fiscal 1985 that show of new technologies to collect and process promise for the future include data with increased efficiency and cost National Crime Survey redesign effectiveness. For example, during the year, Uniform Crime Reporting Program BJS completed major projects to assess assessment and evaluate the methodology used in the National Crime Survey supplements Nation's two most important statistical se Police administrative and management ries on crime, the National Crime Survey statistics (NCS) and the Uniform Crime Reporting Pretrial statistics (UCR) program. A national court statistics program National assessment of juvenile justice BJS also continues to develop new data data collection efforts collection programs to inform policy makers Federal civil justice data in areas where no or only limited data have Quality of criminal history data been available in the past. Comparative international statistics on incarceration National recidivism statistics series.
Each of these projects is described in this section.
Preceding ~age blan~ 1985 Annual Report 41 New inaiatives
National Crime Survey redesign Changes may include- o improvements to the survey instrument The NCS Redesign project was a total to provide more information about the reassessment of the design, administration, characteristics of criminal victimization inci and potential uses of the survey. dents, victims, and long-term con sequences of victimization Begun in 1979, the project was undertaken • a completely revised strategy for eliciting by a consortium of experts in criminology, victim reports of crime incidents, allowing survey design, and statistics, with the greater efficiency in the measurement of active participation of BJS and the Census these events Bureau, which serves as the collection o reliance on telephone interviewing when agent for the NCS. ever possible to reduce field costs
Q adoption of computer-assisted telephone The project was charged with investigating interviewing (CATI) in a centralized inter a wide range of issues which included- viewing facility to provide better monitoring o improving the accuracy of recall for of interviewers and fewer errors in data victimization incidents collection and processing o expanding the scope of crimes covered o implementation of a longitudinal design o increasing cost effectiveness to provide greater sample stability and o enhancing the analytic potential of NCS improved measurement of victimization pat data terns and of the consequences that extend o improving the overall utility of NCS data. beyond one interviewing period o development of weighting procedures to Major features of the NCS design, admin allow use of initial interviews for estimating istrative procedures, and analysis con annual data ventions were examined, and a large body (I development of victimization estimates of material was prepared as a basis for for specific counties for which the survey recommendations on sample design, col provides enough sample cases to yield lection procedures, questionnaire content, significant findings comparability with the Uniform Crime Re o release of aggregated subnational data, ports series, Utilization, and analytic and so that users of such data may examine processing needs. In the course of the victimization patterns for their own or project, four major field tests of proposed similar localities changes to the survey were undertaken, o collection of data on victims' perception and NCS redesign work also contributed to of what happens to them in the crirr.• ;)1 the questionnaire design for the D.C. Crime justice system and how satisfied they are Victimization Survey conducted in 1983. with their treatment.
42 Bureau of Justice Statistics Changes will be made in two stages. Uniform Crime Reporting Modifications judged to be non-rate affect Program assessment ing will be made in fiscal 1986 to provide some needed improvements quickly, while During fiscal 1985, the study of the UCR still maintaining comparability with data Program, undertaken in cooperation with from previous years. the FBI, was completed. This effort, con ducted by a private contractor, was over Major modifications will be made simul seen by a joint BJS/FBI Task Force. The taneously during fiscal 1988. This second contractor was guided by a steering com phase will result in a "break" in the series, mittee made up of police practitioners, making comparisons of data collected researchers, academicians, the media, and before and after the phase-in difficult. representatives of the leading law enforce However, these changes will result in more ment professional organizations. efficient cullection of NCS data, greater accuracy of victimization estimates, and The first phase of the study examined both improved opportunities for analysis of vic the original program (as begun in 1930 timization-related issues. based on the plan of the Committee on Uniform Crime Records of the International Association of Chiefs of Police) and the current program. The second phase exam ined alternative potential enhancements to the UCR system.
A set of recommendations was developed and published in Blueprint for the Future of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program. This report was released in June 1985 with an invitation for public comment. By Sep tember 1985 close to 100 letters had been received, and the overwhelming majority of them endorsed the study's findings. Plan ning for implementation is currently underway.
The major recommendations in the report are to- o Convert the UCR system to a two-level reporting system under which most agen cies report basic offense and arrest infor mation similar to that currently reported (Level I), while a comparatively small
1985 Annual Report 43 New Initiatives
sample of agencies report much more o Continue effort to provide the means for extensive information (Level iI). reconciling UCR and NCS data, evaluating o Convert the entire UCR offense reporting seriousness scoring, and preparing system to unit-record reporting in which periodic publications, special studies, and local law enforcement agencies submit technical documentation. reports on the characteristics of each o Support continued and improved user individual criminal Incident (e.g., location, services, including a user data base with time, presence of weapon). files linked over time, the ability to draw o Convert the entire UCR arrest reporting samples of offenses for analysis either by system to unit-record reporting in which the UCR staff or by outside researchers, local law enforcement agencies submit and response to public queries. reports on the characteristics of each individual arrest. Testing of definitions and procedures will o DistingUish attempted from completed begin in late spring or early summer 1986, offenses. and use of the definitions and procedures o Distinguish among crimes against busi is scheduled to begin in fiscal 1987 on a nesses, crimes against individuals or phased basis. households, and crimes against other entities. G Institute routine, ongoing audits of sam ples of participating UCR agencies in order to establish the extent of error in the system on a continuing basis for both Level I and Leveili. o Develop the UCR, National Crime Sur vey (NCS), and Offender-Based Transac tion Statistics systems as independent programs providing complementary crimi nal justice statistics for multiple purposes. The strengths of each of these data systems should be continued and en hanced, rather than compromised to achieve superficial comparability. o Issue UCR reports at least once a year jointly with a corresponding report from the National Crime Survey, and occasionally issue joint publications.
44 Bureau of Justice Statistics National Crime Survey o police response (the treatment victims supplements receive from the police, victim satisfaction with police followup, and victim decisions to The National Crime Survey has provided report the crime) annual estimates of the extent and charac G self-protection (the extent and effec teristics of crimes against individuals and tiveness of various measures to reduce the households since 1973. It has been a risk of victimization, including measures stable and consistent measure of crime such as burglar alarms, guard dogs, and and various aspects of crime. However, private security). some researchers maintain that it is being underutilized as a data collection vehicle To be considered for funding, applicants because it has not been used to collect will be required to fully articulate the supplemental periodic information of great research questions they propose to be value in policy making but which need not addressed by the supplemental questions be collected annually as a part of the to the NCS, to fully specify the survey ongoing NCS. questions to be added, to describe the sample size to be used, and to describe During the year, the National Institute of the analytic plan to be followed upon Justice and the Bureau of Justice Statistics receipt of survey data. announced a jointly sponsored research program to encourage researchers to con Successful applicants will receive a data sider the widest possible range of research tape containing the survey results of the and analytic interests that can be ad supplement plus grant funds to perform the dressed by adding supplemental questions analysis proposed. It is anticipated that to the NCS. In offering this program, BJS several awards could be made if enough and NIJ affirmed their support for enhance applications of merit are received. ment of the NCS through open solicitation of ideas from the criminal justice The application deadline is June 6, 1986, community. and awards will be made following an intensive review by a panel staffed with The solicitation is open-ended in that personnel from NIJ, BJS, the Bureau of the applicants are free to suggest topics of Census, and experts outside government. interest that can be addressed by supple mental questions to the NCS. However, several topics were offered as illustrative of the themes that could be addressed. These included- o victimization dynamics (why certain crimes occur, why they result in lesser or greater injury, and why they often go unreported to the police)
1985 Annual Report 45 New Initiatives
Police administrative ing fiscal 1985. these recommendations and management statistics formed the basis for a second phase of this effort: Recognizing that very little national-level o an analysis of existing data sets of police police administrative and management data statistics exist. BJS commissioned a study of the o a survey of small police agencies about need for such data along with recommend their data needs ations as to what types of data should be o the development of a survey question collected. naire and handbook for a national collec tion effort The study focused on "input data" (calls for o a diSCUssion of various sampling designs service and crimes reported). "process o a pretest of the proposed survey. data" (number of agencies. functions. per sonnel. expenditures). and "output data" This phase is scheduled for completion in (arrests. clearances. convictions. citizen late spring 1986. attitudes. and use of deadly force). A BJS Special Report. a product of this An extensive literature review was con project. was released in early 1986. The ducted. as were two separate surveys of report examined police expenditures over police agencies to determine the perceived the past four decades. utility of such data. the relative importance of various data items. and the ability of In anticipation that a full survey of police police departments to provide such data. agencies will be conducted. work began during fiscal 1985 to update the mailing list This first phase culminated in a "state of that will be necessary for drawing a sample the art" report that addressed these basic of agencies to produce nationally represen questions: tative data. In addition to obtaining current o What data have been collected in the mailing address information. agency past? characteristics data are scheduled to be o What statistics are available now? collected for the purposes of drawing a o How useful are these data to the police. more efficient. less costly. stratified sample. researchers. and policymakers? o What is the quality. reliability. and com parability of these statistics?
The report concluded with specific rec ommendations for continued planning for a national series of law enforcement man agement and administrative statistics. Our-
46 Bureau of Justice Statistics -
Pretrial statistics A national court statistics program
Little information is available about the The Adjudication Program is undergoing a pretrial phase of the judicial process. To fill major expansion to increase its utility for this void, BJS is sponsoring a study to policy makers and its statistical quality. determine the feasibility of developing a national pretrial data base. Following pre During fiscal 1985, work began to update liminary tests of methodology at 3 sites, 18 the sampling list of general jurisdiction jurisdictions were selected for Implementing courts that is needed to support future data the study. A procedural manual and forms collection efforts aimed at producing na for data collection were developed, four tionally representative court data. I regional training sessions were conducted { for personnel from the participating jurisdic During fiscal 1986, feasibility studies are l tions, and data collection was begun. planned to develup methods that can ! produce annual national felony conviction In each jurisdiction, data are being col counts, supplemented by a defendant lected for a sample of between 100 and based reporting system that will provide 500 defendants who have been released periodic dala on demographic charac pending trial. Sixty percent have been teristics, criminal history, offense informa charged with felonies and the other with tion, and dates and outcomes of key misdemeanors. The data include informa actions such as arraignment, disposition, tion on- and sentencing. Initially, coverage will be o The offense limited to State courts of general jurisdic o The person's prior criminal record tion. To the maximum extent, automated o The type of pretrial release including judiciai information systems will be used. financial and nonfinancial conditions " Failure to appear in court Also during fiscal 1985, a major expansion ., Rearrests while on pretrial release was begun of the project that produced o Disposition and sentencing (for the orig Felony sentencing in 18 local jurisdictions inal charge and for any charges resulting (BJS Special Report, June 1985). That from rearrests). project used court and prosecutor records to collect data on the type and length of Each defendant is tracked for 9 months sentence received by felony defendants for after pretrial release or until disposition. seven offenses. The expansion is expected to provide data for as many as 35 Data collection will be completed in early jurisdictions. spring 1986. The data will be analyzed to assess the feasibility of achieving a na An additional project will collect data on tional pretrial data base. A report on the case processing characteristics and other analysis is expected 10 be issued in relevant variables from a sample of 10,000 summer 1986. ci,,,fendants charged with robbery or burgla ry. Using a survey instrument supple mented by field data collection activities,
1985 Annual Report 47 New Initiatives
court and prosecution records from be National assessment of juvenile tween 40 and 50 local county prosecutors justice data collection efforts will be examined to acquire background Information on local criminal justice policies From the efforts of BJS and Its pre and system operations. This information decessor agency over the past 15 years, will provide the backdrop for Identifying the the Nation Is now close to having a determinants of the outcomes of robbery comprehensive program describing crime and burglary cases processed In their and the adult criminal justice system. respective jurisdictions. The survey instru However, comparable data are not available ments will elicit information that will form on juvenile crime and the juvenile justice the basis of an adjudication data series system. designed to answer such policy-relevant questions as- During fiscal 1985, BJS and the Office of o What is the effect of determinate sen Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Preven tencing on sentence differentials? tion (OJJDP) entered into an Interagency o What are the major factors that lead to agreement. case filings? o How does jail and prison overcrowding A first effort of this Interagency agreement affect sentencing decisions? was for BJS to assume responsibility for • What Impact do organizational and struc the analysis, publication, and dissemination tural dlfferenc{lS have on case outcome? of data from the Children in Custody series, the periodic surveys of juvenile At present, pilot studies are planned at four detention and correctional facilities. BJS sites. and OJJDP will be mutually responsible for selecting topicS for analysis and for ap Collection of caseload counts from State proval of the final documents. BJS is using Court Administrators' annual reports has Its eXisting in-house procedures and pub been suspended. The last report present lication process to speed the public release Ing data from that project was published in of data from these surveys. October 1984. A second component of this cooperative effort Is a comprehensive evaluation of existing data sources on juvenile justice and assessment of the need for new data sources where none currently exist. Plan ning for the evaluation began during fiscal i 985; it will be conducted in fiscal 1986. ! I.
I! I 48 Bureau of Justice Statistics ~ ~ .,
Also during fiscal 1985, discussions began Federal civil justice data between BJS, OJJDp, and the Census Bureau about the development of sample In recognition of the importance of the civil surveys of incarcerated juveniles, similar to component of American law and the Impact the sample surveys BJS conducts of adults of civil case backlog on overall criminal In jails and State prisons. These surveys justice processing, BJS recently launched a provide rich data on characteristics of the project in the area of Federal civil statistics. inmates, offenses for which they are incar The aim of the program is development of cerated, and their criminal histories. If a data base that traces the flow of Federal funding is available, detailed meth civil cases and describes the interface odological development can begin late in between different agencies and organiza fiscal 1986. tional components involved in civil case processing. Particular attention will be directed toward the volume of case flow and identification of issues that affect successful case processing.
The initial effort will be devoted to develop ment of a complete and detailed schematic describing civil case processing. Data will then be collected and interpreted to formu late a Single civil case data base. Analytic reports on relevant topics will be prepared '<:ing statistics from the civil data base.
1985 Annual Report 49 a New initiatives
Quality of criminal history data FBI, and the judiciary, prosecution, and corrections at the State and local levels. To initiate efforts in the area of data quality, The speakers included Deputy Attorney a study was undertaken to identify existing General Lowell Jensen and Assistant At legislative standards and user requirements torney General Lois Haight Herrington. The at the Federal and State levels. A round proceedings of the meeting, which attrae! table was also convened with represen ed 200 participants, will be published by tatives of State and local criminal justice BJS in mid 1986. agencies to determine the extent of data quality problems as viewed by field person nel. On the basis of this study, a report, Comparative international Data quality of criminal history records, statistics on incarceration was prepared during fiscal 1985 for release in October 1985. The report, one in the Cross-national comparisons of prison use BJS series of analytic reports on criminal have shown that incarceration rates are jLlstice information policy, describes consti higher in the United States than in most tutional, statutory, and case law holdings industrialized nations. These studies, that affect the duty to collect, use, and however, have not compared prison use to disseminate accLlrate arrest and conviction crime rates. BJS has started work t'1at will data. The document also discusses com investigate this relationship. mon provisions among State statutes and describes frequently used strategies to Much more information is now available on improve data accuracy. prisons and prisoners, as well as on the flow of persons through the justice system. Further efforts relating to the data quality This information will permit more reliable initiative included a survey of State data estimates of incarceration rates in the repositories to determine the status of data United States and in other countries. automation and the extent of data com Comparisons will be made among the pleteness. State criminal records reposito United States, Great Britain, West Ger ries (BJS Technical Report, October 1985) many, and Canada. was prepared on the basis of the survey. Crime control and criminal records (BJS It is anticipated that the results will be Special Report, October 1985) was pre presented in a BJS Special Report during pared during fiscal 1985. It discussed the fiscal 1986. impact of data resources on new criminal justice strategies (such as career criminal programs and selective incapacitation).
To further emphasize the BJS commitment to data quality, a National Conference on Data Quality was sponsored with speakers representing the Federal justice system,
50 Bureau of Justice Statistics r" .. ~ ...... '".'>-.•...•. --.-.... -.'>.".- ..• - •• ~ •• -.~~
j,
Ix f National recidivism felony-incarceration history with post-re statistics series lease performance. i Recidivism has been of particular concern A major objective of this effort is to develop f to BJS, the Department of Justice, Con for each State an annual report that gress, and the criminal justice community describes recidivism experiences in that for the past several years. During fiscal State and to tracl< a national cohort of ft l 1985, BJS continued development of an offenders over time. Also, a national re annual national statistical series to sys cidivism series will assist in the validation tematically measure recidivism. of prediction and classification models used by corrections and parole authorities. In fiscal 1983, BJS inaugurated a new National Corrections Reporting Program During 1985, FBI criminal-history data were (NCRP) questionnaire designed to combine obtained and matched to the parole rec the former Prisoner Admissions Report, ords of 4,000 persons released from prison Prisoner Release Report, Parole Admission in 22 States during 1978. All persons for Report, and Parole Release Report into a whom such tracking was performed were single, integrated reporting system. The between 18 and 22 years old at the tirne of NCRP covers adult offenders under the prison release in 1978. The post-prison authority of State corrections agencies and rearrest experience of this cohort will be tracks offenders up to a point of uncondi the subject of a report during 1986. In tional release (through discharge or suc addition, the cohort will continue to be cessful completion of conditional release or tracked into the future to obtain information parole). on recidivism as the cohort ages.
Not adequately tracked, however, is further criminal justice activity by those who exit prison. With the help and encouragement of the FBI Identification Division, a program has been designed to link BJS correctional data with FBI criminal-history information and, for the first time, enable BJS to derive a nationally representative sample of per sons released from prison, follow this group for several years, and ultimately produce estimates on the incidence, prevalence, and seriousness of subsequent arrests and dispositions. .
The prison-release and criminal-history data provide an opportunity to examine the relationship between such factors as age, sentence length, time served, and prior
1985 Annual Report 51 State statistical program
The Bureau's State statistical program has "State statistical analysis center"-or a twofold purpose: SAC-is a generic name. However, many o to enhance the capabilities of the States of the agencies responsible for criminal in developing policy-relevant statistical infor justice statistics and information at the mation to meet their own needs State level have a name other than SAC. o to make State-level data available to BJS for national compilations and studies. The responsibilities and functions of these agencies vary widely among the States Through BJS support, 44 State Statistical (table 1). Some State agencies have Analysis Centers (SACs) for criminal jus extensive data collection, analysis, and tice have been established over the years, publication programs; others have more but some no longer exist. They provide limited programs. o statistical services and policy guidance to the Governors, executive branch agen The organizational setting of the State cies, legislators, State and local criminal agencies also varies. Most are in the Office justice agencies, the judiciary, the press, of the' Governor, but SACs may be found in and the public the Office of the Attorney General, the o data to BJS for statistical compilations Department of Public Safety, a crime and analyses. commission, a planning agency, or a public university.
1985 Annual Report 53 State statistical program
Table 1 ,~ Functional activities of State ..0 E statistical analysis centers :::J '0 during calendar 1985 ::; () ,(/l Source: Criminal Justice Statistics Association, Computerized Index to Data Sources (CIDS), 54 Bureau of Justice Statistics ~~~-~~~""_""'''''~I!'1~~~~~'''t.,·,~to''.'·~~'·''''"~''''''''''''''''''.olI_'''''''''''~·~'-""","''"I~·'''''~.1X'~~"" __"""'r.~I"!?o'~~M" ... ".."-"¥.~~(,,,,r;;""'·~I"""~~f~~~~~"'t:"'!!'~':"; 0 e C!I e 0 ell 0 0 0 e 9 G Louisiana 0 0 0 0 0 Maine 0 0 Maryland 0 0 Massachusetts 0 0 Michigan 0 0 0 0 0 (') 0 I\) Minnesota 0 0 0 {) Mississippi 0 0 0 Q 0 (;) 0 Missouri 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (l) G Montana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nebraska 0 0 (;) 0 0 (1) (;) 0 0 New Hampshire 0 0 0 (;) 0 (,) E> 0 0 G 0 0 New York (;) (3 0 0 0 0 0 North Carolina 0 () 0 0 0 o 0 .., 0 0" 9 North Dakota e Ii> 0 0 0 0 o ~ 0 0 Ohio o 0 Ii) (l) Oklahoma o 0 o 0 0 o e Oregon 0 o 0 I\) e o 0 G 0 Pennsylvania 0 0 e Puerto Rico 0 0 o e o 0 Q G 0 Rhode Island .... 0 o 0 (',) o 0 e 0 0 South Carolina ~ o 0 0 0 0 (/) 0 ):. o o o o South Dakota ::J ::J o 0 e 0 0 o 0 o 0 Utah §. 0 0 e 0 o 0 0 o 0 Virginia :0 {g o (;) C!I e 0 Virgin Islands §. o 0 «I 0 \D o E> 0 " Washington (;) o ., <'lI • 0 6) Wisconsin 01 (9 " e 01 e • ., • ® 8 CD Wyoming State statistical program The subjects that the State agencies During fiscal 1985, grants and cooperative collect data on or otherwise study also vary agreements were awarded to 4 States to (see table 2), but some topics stand out as continue development of SACs that had being of particular interest across the been started recently, and partial support States: was given to established SACs in 26 States, primarily for serving as clear Issue Number of States inghouses for criminal justice statistics. BJS also entered into 9 cooperative agree Sentencing 27 ments with individual SACs for specific Police 23 projects in'statistical analysis and research Victims 21 on topics of critical importance to the Juvenile delinquency 19 States. Personnel manage- ment issues 19 The Criminal Justice Statistics Association Overcrowding 19 (CJSA), the national organization of SAC Jail 18 Directors, held a national conference on Probation 16 corrections population increases and policy Recidivism 16 choices for the States. State officials from Parole 14 throughout the Nation participated. Corrections population In conjunction with BJS, CJSA also de projections 11 veloped and now uses a computerized Child abuse 10 index to State statistical data sources. This Crime prevention 10 index aims to provide rapid access to Drunk driving 10 recent applied research and statistics in the Public attitudes 10 States. It is updated through an annual Sexual assault 10 survey of State statistical analysis centers. Substance abuse 10 Some results of that survey for calendar Homicide 9 1985 are given in the tables presented Pretrial release 9 here. Risk assessment 9 Alternatives to incarceration 7 Domestic violence 7 Female crime 7 Plea bargaining 7 Rehabilitation 7 Restitution 5 Source: Criminal Justice Statistics Associa tion. Computerized Index to Data Sources (CIOS). 56 Bureau of Justice Statistics In past years BJS has supported develop Other reports issued during the year based ment of State Uniform Crime Reporting on data provided by the States to the BJS (UCR) systems in some 40 States to State Statistical Program were Sentencing improve the coverage and quality of data practices in 13 States (BJS Special Report, submitted to the FBI by local police October 1984) and Returning to prison agencies. During the year, awards were (BJS Special Report, November 1984). made to 4 States to help them continue I) The former covered the States of Califor effective operation of systems already in nia, Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, place but lacking adequate State funding. Minnesota, New York, North Carolina, Support also was provided for a national Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Wash UCR conference at the FBI Academy. ington, and Wyoming. o The latter report relied on data provided An important recent development is analy by the District of Columbia and the sis by BJS of Offender-Based Transaction following States: California, COlorado, Con Statistics (OBTS) data provided by the necticut, Delaware, Georgia, Iowa, Mary States. With OBTS, offenders are tracked land, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, through the criminal justice system, from Mississippi, Nebraska, New Jersey, New arrest to final disposition. A report, Tracking York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, offenders: The child victim (BJS Bulletin, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, December 1984) was prepared and pub Washington, and Wisconsin. lished dUring fiscal 1985 using OBTS data o The results of these studies are pre from 6 States (California, New York, Ohio, sented in the sections of this report titled, Pennsylvania, Utah, and Virginia). The "BJS reports on ... Adjudication and sen results of that study are presented in the tencing" and "BJS reports on '" Recidivism section of this report titled, "BJS reports on and career criminals." ... Adjudication and sentencing." Additional States are expected to provide data for a report on a different topic to be published in the coming year. 1985 Annual Report 57 State statistical program Table 2 .~ Issues for which State .0 E statistical analysis centers :J (5 produced data '5 () II) C\l .H or conducted research, C\l 0 '0 C\l C\l "0 t5 C\l II) ~ II) °E ~ •C\l t.l E C\l c: OJ t5 .~ II) C\l :J calendar 1985 C\l c: ~ c: ~ 'c "0 'iii 0 II) -'"II) 0 ,g 0 '0 .0 N C\l c: C\l '§ 0 ~ .c c: C C\l C\l ~ "iii (5 0 Cii iii OJ C\l C\l ~ OJ « « ~ Alternatives to Incarceration C 0 Child abuse & 0 Corrections population projections 0 Crime prevention 0 0 0 Domestic violence 0 0 Drunk driving G e GI C Female crime (special studies) 6) Homicide (special studies) 0 0 0 0 Jail 0 0 Juvenile delinquency 0 0 C 0 0 0 Personnel/management issues 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Overcrowding 0 0 0 0 Parole 0 I) 0 Plea bargaining Il:I 0 0 Police 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pretrial release 0 () ., 0 Il:I Probation G 0 0 e Public attitudes (;) 0 0 Sexual assault 0 0 0 Recidivism 0 0 0 0 G 0 (\) Rehabilitation 0 Ii? Restitution Risk assessment 0 0 0 (!) Sentencing Q 0 0 0 e 0 9 Substance abuse 0 0 0 0 Victims 0 0 () 0 0 0 (.) 0 • Issue oriented projects In criminal justice were not a function performed by the Florida agency during the period, 58 Bureau of Justice Statistics ~-...... ,-<~"'--... ~,...... ---~~~~"'~~~~~". lif.t" "~l~~~'&1~... "-~""'~~~""""'~"'~~.;o;~~, -,-,-,-- '. b'g> 0 It e G e G 0 0 C9 C9 Q o 0 0 0 0 G Q (j) 0 G 0 Louisiana 36< "00 s.~ 0 0 0 Maine CD :::,0 0 0 G Maryland ~ ::J. e 0.3 al?!.-s' (3 G Massachusetts CDc... xc 0 0 Michigan _Ill 020= o 0 0 0 0 0 0 Q 0 0 0 Minnesota ~cn 0 0 0 Mississippi ~~ (l) c=.0'" 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri o CD'"a ",;p 0 0 0 Q 0 0 0 0 Montana ~'" 0'"_0 0 0 (5) 0 0 0 Nebraska Ql~• ci" G 0 (;) 0 New Hampshire ? 0 0 0 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 New York 0 (;) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 North Carolina o 0 0 0 0 0 0 North Dakota 0 0 0 8 0 0 «) 0 ,0 0 0 0 Ohio o 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 Oklahoma 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oregon 0 0 o 0 G 0 0 Pennsylvania - 0 0 0 0 0 Puerto Rico o 0 0 G 10 0 0 0 Rhode Island G 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 South Carolina i (!) 0 G 0 0 South Dakota ):. e ;:, ;:, 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 Utah [ o 0 0 0 0 0 Virginia :n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Virgin Islands ~ ~. 0 0 0 Washington 0 0 0 (5) Ii) • Cl) ti.) 0 0 G Q Wisconsin 01 0 (0 0 0 0 o 0 '" _,YI'yoming ,- t" ,. -. "H_~'"""""""",'"m""'~"_"W'W"~,,"rr'm~"."~~~"""""~·".",='m~'''~"=.~,,~·~~,,~,"",,~~''~''''''''''~''='_''''''''''''''''''''''''_ I ~ ~ State statostical analysis center t (SAC) narratives !/. I \ ~ i" This section presents narrative discussions For this section, each State agency was of State statistical activities for the period invited to submit a short narrative about its October 1, 1984, to September 31, 1985. activities. Narratives from the States that responded were edited only for consistency BJS provides financial support to State of style. criminal justice statistical agencies as de scribed in the preceding section, but many States and territories that are not listed such agencies operate largely without either had no statistical analysis agency (or Federal funding. Consequently, many of the its equivalent) during the period or did not activities cited below were accomplished submit a narrative. The names, addresses, without Federal support. These narratives and telephone numbers of the State of are included to give an overview of criminal ficials who supplied the narratives are justice policy analyses and data resources listed in Appendix A. These officials can be available at the State level. contacted for additional information. 1985 Annual Report 61 State narratives Alabama The most far-reaching project for the Alabama Statistical Analysis Center during fiscal 1984-85 was the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) Committee. Alabama was one of the first States to act on the Department of Justice's proposed enhance ments for the UCR system. The UCR committee was made up of representatives from small, medium, and large police departments and sheriff's of fices; the Alabama Chiefs of Police Asso ciation; the Alabama Sheriff's Association; district attorneys; youth services; the Law Enforcement Planning Division; com puterized law enforcement agencies; the FBI; and BJS. The committee was established to review Alabama's eXisting incident reporting sys tem and to determine whether any changes were needed to make the reports more useful for law enforcement. The Department of Justice's Blueprint for the Future of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program was taken into consideration in this review. A proposed reporting instru ment was developed and test sites were set up. Fiscal 1985-86 will see fruition of the UCR Committee's efforts. I I~ I" 62 Bureau of Justice Statistics Alaska administrators of the Alaska State Depart ment of Corrections. In Federal fiscal year 1985, the Justice The Justice Center also completed an Center-the research wing of the School of evaluation in June 1985 for the Alaska Justice at the University of Alaska, An State Office of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse chorage-broadened its statistical research on the feasibility of determining the effects capability. The Justice Center was assum of the Alaska Alcohol Local Option Law. An ing responsibility for operation of the Alaska statute permits rural communities to Alaska Statistical Analysis Center (SAC) vote to control the sale and availability of during this period. During the interim since alcohol. This preliminary investigation, dissolution of the Alaska Criminal Justice which was conducted by Dr. Steven M. Planning Agency, where it was originally Edwards of the Justice Center in conjunc established, the SAC has been under the tion with Dr. Thomas Lonner of the Center purview of the Alaska Department of Public for Alcohol and Addictfon Studies, Univer Safety. sity of Alaska, Anchorage, identified data bases for future statistical analysis of the The Justice Center has acquired the effects of adoption of the local option in complete Uniform Crime Report (UCR) village communities. tapes and it now can provide Alaska with completed nationwide UCR data since The Justice Center continued an ongoing 1974. It is in the process of establishing data assessment for the Pretrial Services additional data bases related to crime, section, Alaska Department of Law, to delinquency, and the administration of provide quantitative summaries on the justice in Alaska. It has also been actively effects of pretrial intervention programs. involved in development and testing of Statistical findings related to demographic statistical models for forecasting crime and factors, offense records, and success and arrest levels and prison populations. failure rates of participants in various pretrial programs are being used by the The first phase of a three-part study, Pretrial Services section to improve man funded by the Alaska State Department of agement and operational decision-making Corrections to assess the need for and and to evaluate department efforts in the feasibility of building a maximum security handling of pretrial services. The Justice prison on Fire Island, in the Cook Inlet off Center has been performing these statis Anchorage, was conducted during fiscal tical analysis services for the past 3 years 1985. This phase of the project involved and will continue to do so at least through projection of the prison population of fiscal 1987. Alaska through the year 2000. Dr. Allen Barnes of the School of Justice and Dr. The University of Alaska, Anchorage, has Richard McCleary of the University of New assigned a high priority to upgrading and Mexico conducted the statistical study, developing the capacity and utility of the using models developed by McCleary in Alaska Statistical Analysis Unit in fiscal conjunction with Justice Center staff and 1986 and future years. 1985 Annual Report 63 .. State narratives Arizona Finally, the SAC provided State legislators with a research paper discussing reasons During fiscal 1985, the Arizona Statistical for the recent decrease in crime as Analysis Center (SAC) continued its study measured by State and Federal crime of major criminal justice issues in the statistics. This paper reviewed ecological, State. The unit also continued to function economic, and sociological theories of as a clearinghouse for crime Information crime and the possible contribution of each and statistics. In this capacity, for example, to the drop in crime. More specifically. the the SAC responded to a number of mechanisms of deterrence and incapacita inquiries from the media and legislators for tion and their connection with adequate explsnation and analysis of crime trends. criminal justice system funding were cited Additionally, as in past years, the SAC was as likely short-term influences on the partially responsible for the distribution and current trends. The paper apparently was interpretation of State Uniform Crime Re used to support policy decisions In the porting (UCR) statistics and contributed areas of prison reform and agency funding. significant technical and analytical assis tance to the compilation the Department of Public Safety's annual report, Crime in Arizona, \C research was centered largely around .. le issue of drinking and driving, which, while a dominant concern of the State's criminal justice community, has not re ceived its share of attention from State researchers. Of particular Importance, the SAC is conducting a total impact assess ment of Arizona's new drunk-driving law and the accompanying crackdown efforts. This investigation has thus far determined the deterrent effect on drinking drivers through 1983 and, with a special grant awarded by BJS in 1985, will evaluate the impact of the new law on the State's criminal justice system. During the past 1iscal year, the SAC also completed a study of the deterrent impact of OWl roadblocks used by the Department of Public Safety. 64 Bureau of Justice Statistics Arkansas Of the 759 respondents- o 81 % felt that rulings by the courts had Crime In Arkansas 1984 hindered the pOlice in their efforts to control crime. This annual report provides an overview of a 62% felt that they would be a victim of crime based on statistics submitted by law crime within the next year. enforcement agencies as a part of the o 91 % support the death sentence for at Uniform Crime Reporting Program. It in least one type of crime. cludes the number of arrests and incidents .. 46% had been a victim of crime. known and reported by law enforcement 4» 54% were in favor of allowing conjugal agencies, but it does not include data on visits for inmates who have good behavior prosecution, adjudication, or corrections. records. o 26% felt stiffer punishment and penalties Rape In Arkansas 1984 are the solution to crime. This annual report is based on the Uniform Crime Reporting Program and includes a statewide summary of supplemental infor mation, including victim and offender data, time/place of occurrence, weapon used, and victim/offender reiationship. Arkansas Crime Poll 1984 A survey questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 1500 citizens from all 75 counties. It requested their views on (1) the effectiveness of criminal justice, (2) fear of crime, (3) punishment, (4) crime events during the previous year, (5) selected current issues, and (6) Arkansas residents' perception of problems within the community. 1985 Annual Report 65 State narratl'/es Califomia The Bureau of Criminal Statistics (BCS). of the California Attorney General's Office. is statutorily mandated to compile, analyze, and publish data on crimes, criminals, and the criminal justice system. The following is a summary of the major projects, activities, and accomplishments that have contributed to development of criminal justice law and policy in California. Special requests program Each year. BCS answers more than 2500 requests for statistical information from the Governor, Legislature, other State and Federal agencies, researchers, and the public. These range from providing individ ual crime statistics to literature searches, special computer runs. and extensive anal ysis of BCS and other data. Publications program BCS published approximately 15 reports during the year, including: Out/ooks, brief, single-issue, statistical publications on top ics of special interest; Annual Reports on crime and delinquency, disposition of adult felony arrests, the juvenile justice system, and homicide: Special Reports on issues such as tracking juvenile recidivists and the pro!:eedings of a major conference; and a FOCUS, describing the findings of a major research project. 66 Bureau of Justice Statistics Adult criminal justice statistical system Crime conference '85 (ACJSS) longitudinal file The California Attorney General sponsored This data system, implemented in May a 2-day conference addressing the ques 1985, is a powerful tool for studying the tion "Why is Crime Down?", as the California criminal justice system. The previous 4-year decline in reported crime longitudinal file contains the entire criminal suggested. Many of the most notable 1. histories (e.g., previous arrests, convic criminologists in the country were as ,~ tions) of offenders whose first arrest oc sembled, along with legislators, practi ! curred on or after January 1, 1973. The tioners, and media representatives. The t data base is continually updated to reflect conference provided a forum for dialog on f an offender's involvement with the justice current criminal justice research and signifi i system. Selected cohorts of arrestees can cant policy implications. Proceedings of the f be drawn from the file for special studies, conference were published in fall 1985. i such as recidivism rates and the charac j teristics and patterns of specific groups of offenders. I California Attorney General's criminal I justice fellowship program The California Attorney General initiated an ongoing program to fund 1-year research I projects undertaken by doctoral candidates f and postdoctoral research fellows in the field of criminal justice. The goal of the program is to accomplish greater and more sophisticated analysis of the data collected I by BCS, by working more closely with the f academic community and allied practitioner agencies. First-year projects included stUd ies of the impact of Proposition 8, ''The California Victim's Bill of Rights," plea I bargaining practices, and the disposition of I felony cases. The findings were sum marized in a widely distributed publication and were highlighted by articles in several I major newspapers. I ! t ,I I 1985 Annual Report 67 tj I State narratives ·•· There is no other research data base of Colorado ~ criminal justice information available in the Felony court cases data base State. All other data bases, such as 1 Judicial, CBI, PROM IS, and DOC, are This data base consists of a 20% sample designed for administrative purposes and of cases filed in district criminal courts from not for research on problems in the 1979 to June 1985. Data are collected on criminal justice system. the offender (age, sex, education, employ I Survey of Colorado citizens, criminal justice I ment, drug and alcohol abuse, mental health needs, criminal history); on the officials, legislators, and legislative offense at filing and at conviction (type, candidates felony class, number of offenses charged, I! Respondents were questioned about their number of offenses convicted); and the ! disposition (dismissed, guilty plea, deferred attitudes toward crime, fear of crime, crime , prosecution or sentence, type of sentence, prevention measures, victimization, and length of sentence, fees or fines imposed, sentencing and their assessment of crimi , nal justice/law enforcement agencies. The restitution, recidivism). These data were i used to provide information to the legis findings reflected public support for com lature, the Governor's office, the Judicial munity placement of first-time and non Department, and other users of criminal violent felons. justice data. I Survey of prison population f The types of analysis done include the following: Data were used for implementation of the 13 a description of criminal court filing NIC Classification System in the Depart I patterns by volume, type, and region ment of Corrections. Also, an updated risk G a description of criminal court sentencing and custody profile of DOC inmates was i practices including plea bargaining; number prepared. It was found that inmate popula I of convictions; sentences to prison, com tion can be safely housed at a lower munity corrections, probation; changes in custody level than currently held and that type of offenses filed; type of offender; and the Iowa risk assessment model classifies t type and length of sentence imposed about 60% of the inmate population as '" an analysis of felony filings, convictions, good risks for parole or community place and court dispositions to assess effec ment. This model is proving to have one of tiveness of the criminal justice system, to the highest predictive accuracy rates of monitor implementation of new policies or models currently in use. I, legislation, and to estimate the impact of I policies and legislation. 68 Bureau of Justice Statistics Connecticut Support was also provided to the Connecti cut Prison and Jail Overcrowding Commis The Connecticut Statistical Analysis Center sion in the form of analysis to- (SAC) is located within the Justice Plan o determine the rationale for low cash ning Division of the Connecticut Office of bonds rather than release on recognizance Policy and Management. Connecticut's in certain cases SAC has conducted or provided assistance o measure the impact of recent felony case for a number of projects during the past processing and sentencing practices on year that included but were not limited to a prison and jail overcrowding brief report on criminal justice expenditures o update projections of prison and jail within the State, an analysis of felony case populations with a computer simulation processing, a study of the nature and model of Connecticut's criminal justice extent of family violence within the State, system. and a report on the State of Connecticut's criminal justice system from 1980 through 1985. Products of the family violence study were- o a report documenting the number of instances of reported family violence, the type of incidents and victims involved, and the current response of both the criminal justice system and social services agen cies to this problem. The report also provides estimates of the actual level of family violence in Connecticut compared to the reported level. o family violence social service directory showing the extent and types of services I available throughout the State to assist f victims and in some cases perpetrators. In September 1985, the Governor of ! Connecticut accepted the primary recom mendation of the study and named a task force to investigate the problem further. I The task force work is now nearly complete and recommendations requiring appropria tions will as far as possible be included in the Governor's budget proposal to the Connecticut Legislature. I( I 1985 Annual Report 69 f State narratives Delaware During Federal fiscal year 1985, the Dela ware Statistical Analysis Center produced three major studies- Time Served in Prison was a three-part study that examined the time served by all persons released in calendar years 1980-82 by the length of sentence, type of offense, and method of release. This provides one significant part of the equa tion in predicting future prison population in the State. Recidivism in Delaware examined, for the first time, the rearrest of persons released from prison. The report found that there was no difference in rearrest rates whether or not the release was unconditional or conditional, that maximum arrests occurred in the first 90 days (the period of initial readjustment), and that property offenders were rearrested at a much higher rate than violent offenders. Lifers in Delaware described the costs to be incurred by the State in keeping the existing lifer populations plus the fore casted lifer population input in the next decade until these populations either are released or expire. Several scenarios of inflation rate, parole ratt:!, and life expectan cy are included. Under existing conditions the population of lifers will almost double to 438 in 10 years. The cost to keep this population will be $523 million. 70 Bureau of Justice Statistics - District of Columbia Over the past year, SAC accomplishments inclUded the following: The District's Statistical Analysis Center o a special parole report accompanied by (SAC) is a unit within the Office of Criminal several studies which resulted in the Justice Plans and Analysis (OCJPA). This development of empirically based parole office provides staff support in the criminal decision-mal A second major task that FDLE has undertaken, with mandates from the 1985 Florida Legislature, is a major revamping of the method of reporting criminal justice data in Florida. FDLE is developing state wide uniform offense, arrest, and disposi tion report forms that will provide the basis of a new UCR program, an Offender-Based Transaction Statistics System, and improve ments in the CCH records beginning in 72 Bureau of Justice Statistics I········~·------~-----~- t Hawaii implemented in order to capture court ! disposition data required to maintain com i Criminal justice information plete and accurate criminal-history i system (CJIS) information. The State has embarked on a project to Management and administrative develop a well functioning, integrated crimi statistics (MAS) report nal justice information system by improving and building upon that which is already in This report presents the resources of existence for the short term and at the criminal justice agencies in Hawaii for the same time to examine its directions and purpose of assisting Federal, State, and design strategies for the long term through local criminal justice administrations in establishment of a Criminal Justice Data evaluating agency performance and to Interagency Board. assist in decision making. Juvenile justice information Recidivism study system (JJIS) This study tracked prisoners released from As part of the continuing project under prison in 1978 and 1979 until 1984 to taken by the Juvenile Justice Interagency examine the characteristics of recidivists in Board to develop a juvenile justice informa order to provide a basis for predicting tion o;ystem for the State, studies have recidivism prior to the release of prisoners. been completed defining all the data elements to be included in the proposed Penal summons system as well as defining any legal requirements such a system will entail. Implementation of Act 119, Session Laws of Hawaii, 1985, which allows for the entry Electronic fund transfer (EFT) of penal summons cases into the OBTSI crimes report CCH system to reflect more accurate and complete criminal-history record As part of a grant from BJS, a study was information. undertaken to assess the nature and volume of electronic fund transfer crimes in Acts 208-209, Session Laws of Hawaii, Hawaii, and it was found that such crimes 1985, relating to criminal records clearance are not yet a major problem in Hawaii. The purpose of these acts is to require Hawaii judicial information criminal-history record checks for all oper system (HAJIS) ators, staff or employees, or prospective employees of child care, detention, and An automated transfer of information be correction/treatment facilities in the State. tween the Hawaii Judicial Information Sys The acts conform to the requirements of tem (HAJIS) and Offender-Based Public Law 98·473 and Public Law 92-544. Transaction Statistics (OBTS/CCH) was 1985 Annual Report 73 State narratives Idaho Activities during the period included- o production of a statistical summary of drug enforcement activity by the Depart ment of Law Enforcement, including types and amounts of drugs seized during en forcement activities, estimated street value of drugs, value of property seized as allowed by Idaho statute, and number and type of arrests. This information is used in law enforcement planning by the depart ment and as a source of information for the Governor and the legislature. G prodUction of an analysis of Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) dala collected by that program. Results are published yearly in Crime in Idaho. Information is used by a variety of government agencies and educa tional institutions. o production of a one-time report, based on a survey, of the statistical crime analysis electronic data processing capabilities of 10 local jurisdictions in Idaho. This informa tion has been and is being used as the basis of recommendations to the Idaho Criminal Justice Council for training of local officers. 74 Bureau of Justice Statistics Illinois allocation. Although map production Is stili in the development stage, seven law The Illinois Criminal Justice Information enforcement departments are currently uti Authority undertook numerous statistical lizing these maps. and information systems projects during Federal fiscal year 1985. These projects The primary goal of the agency's Pretrial can be generally classified into three Decision Project is to describe the pretrial categories as follows: research and statis process in the Circuit Court of Cook tical analysis, management operations County and assess the quality and avail analysis, and information systems develop ability of information pertaining to bail ment. Highlights of each primary program decisions. This project is one part of the area are given below. State's larger effort to improve the criminal justice decision making process by making Research and statistical analysis available more accurate and complete criminal-history information. The agency's Information Resource Center, a clearinghouse of criminal justice informa Originally supported by a 1-year Federal tion, greatly expanded its capabilities by grant, the Repeat Offender Project has utilizing graduate student interns and by become a 3-year study of approximately developing new data management tech 700 serious offenders in Illinois. The niques. The number of information re primary goal of the project is to determine quests handled nearly doubled from the the volume and type of contacts the previous fiscal year. offenders have with the criminal justice system after being released. Preliminary Under a Federal cooperative agreement, findings have recentiy been published. the Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Crime Project was initiated. The goal of this A study has been initiated to determine project is to develop and implement an whether, by advanced prediction models, it is possible to accurately predict 1 month or automatic system for detecting patterns of crime using geographic and time data. This 1 year ahead, the number of Index robberies, larcenies, burglaries, and aggra system is being designed as a tactical tool vated assaults occurring in specific Illinois for deployment of police personnel and as a hypothesis-generating device that will jurisdictions using advanced prediction models. suggest to investigators links between crimes which might otherwise be overlooked. Over the past 4 years the agency has developed the capability of analyzing pat terns of change over time in crime data. The Police Information Management Sys tems (PIMS) Mapping Project is designed This capability has been thoroughly docu mented and has recently been applied to to produce computerized maps which dis determine the relationship between homi play crime data and assist police manage ment in strategic and tactical resource cides and the change of Chicago's popula tion over a 17-year period. 1985 Annual Report 75 State narratives I•·" I Management operations analysis Information systems development t 1 An annual audit of the State's central The Police Information Management Sys repository for criminal-history records was tem (PiMS) is an automated system for the : conducted. Findings from this audit are collection and maintenance of law enforce ~ currently being used to assist in the ment records, which also assists inves redesign of the Department of State Po tigators in analyzing crimes. During this I lice's computerized criminal-history system. time period, more than a dozel) depart ments have joined the PIMS network, and The Uniform Disposition Reporting Project system enhancements were developed is an ongoing project designed to assure which greatly expand the system's I full implementation of the Uniform Disposi capabiiities. tion Reporting (UDR) Act and to assist in the resolution of any policy or procedural The Correctional Institution Management I issues associated with the reporting of Information System (CIMIS), which criminal-history information. provides online booking, inmate tracking and scheduling, facility utiiization reports, Also in progress is the Juvenile Justice and management reports, continues to information Policy Project. This project is develop and implement system designed to evaluate how current policiel:. enhancements. and procedures affect the abiiity of criminal Justice agencies to collect, manage, and The Rapid Automated Prosecution System disseminate information about juveniles. (RAPS), originally designed to support all aspects of felony prosecution in the Cook A project was undertaken to document and County State's Attorney's office, is currently assess the problems associated with identi being redeSigned for implementation in fying and processing serious repeat offend jurisdictions statewide. The system will ers in Illinois. This study was conducted in support case tracking and scheduling, as support of the Federal Justice Assistance well as document production including Act program in Illinois. informations, motions, orders, subpoenae, victim/witness letters, and a wide range of management reports. 76 Bureau of Justice Statistics Iowa Iowa remained the only State to annually collect and analyze data pertaining to law enforcement management issues, including salaries, budgets, manpower, equipment, and unionization. These projects are done in conjunction with the Iowa State Sheriffs' and Deputies' Association and the Iowa Association of Chiefs of Police and Peace Officers, Inc. Further law enforcement research was begun pertaining to the adequacy of law enforcement training in Iowa. The Iowa SAC during fiscal 1985 also began collection and analysis of statewide sentencing data in Iowa, and was made the collection point for monthly sentencing and disposition data beginning In July 1985. Specific work was devoted to determining the outcome of cases of driving while intoxicated, including analysis to determine how much time drunken drivers are actually spending in local jails and holding facilities following arrest and/or conviction. Iowa continued its refinement of tools for offender risk assessment in 1985, as well, and provided assistance to a number of other States in modifying the Iowa Risk Assessment tool for use in other Jurisdictions. 1985 Annual Report 77 Kansas The SAC also attempts to respond to requosts for justice system data and The Kansas Bureau of Investigation Is the continually works with other justice system "central repository" for an extensive amount members to elevate all data to a usable of information concerning justice activities level for persons in Kansas. Finally, training in the State. The Statistical Analysis Center in mandatory reporting procedures is (SAC), consisting of 11 people, is the provided by SAC staff. component of the bureau responsible for data and Information system development, research and statistical activities, and pub lication of reports from these data sets. Three major programs recently developed are-- o an Incident-Based Reporting System which allows the col/ection of standardized crime data on offenses occurring in specific jurisdictions o the State Juvenile Justice Information System which receives data from justice entities on JUVeniles, both as victims and offenders o the State Missing Persons System. Other SAC programs include data sets on justice systems employment and expen ditures, probation, the Justice System Di rectory, traffic safety and law enforcement officers killed or assaulted, and a number of statistical reports and speci.,' studies including: Quarterly Crime Statistics Crime in Kansas (annual report) Juvenile Justice (annual report) Missing Children Bulletin Justice Systems Employment and Expenditure Justice System Directory Highway Traffic Safety 78 Bureau of Justice Statistics Kentucky An Offender-Based Tracking System Study of Three Judicial Districts in the Since September 1984, the Kentucky Crim Commonwealth of Kentucky, by Dr. inal Statistical Analysis Center (SAC), Gennaro Vito and Jack Ellis funded by a BJS grant, has been housed A Data Inventory of Kentucky's Criminal in the Attorney General's Office and oper Justice Agencies, by Jack Ellis ated by the Urban Studies Center. (USC is Strengthening Kentucky's Capacity to the policy research component of the Produce Criminal Justice Statistical College of Urban and Public Affairs at the Information: A Needs-Use Assess University of Louisville.) It was assumed ment, by Dr. Knowlton Johnson, Linda such a State government-university part Burgess, ~nd Sherry Hutchinson. nership would be more efficient than developing the necessary research exper The results of these studies have been tise and capabilities within the Office of the disseminated in a variety of ways. In Attorney General. Thus, (he Honorable August 1985, the SAC held a 2-day David L. Armstrong (Kentucky Attorney statewide conference featuring panel dis General) provides policy guidance, and the cussions of the preliminary results from Unive;sity of Louii;iville research center, in each study for nearly 100 decision-makers cooperation with faculty from other Ken from agencies across the State. In October tucky universities, conducts and dissemi and November, detailed results of the nates the research. Additionally, a SAC Persistent Felony Offenders and OBTS Steering Committee, composed of repre studies were also presented to various sentatives from a variety of agencies that legislative and policy-making groups. The deal with criminal justice issues, advises six final reports were released in De the Attorney General on research matters cember, along with a SAC research bulletin in the Commonwealth. highlighting the results of the statewide victim study. The Kentucky SAC's first full year of operation has been productive, with six major studies completed: Persistent Felony Offenders in Kentucky: A Profile of the Institutional Population, by Dr. Deborah G. Wilson Child Abuse and Neglect in Kentucky: 1978-1984, by Dr. Gordon Bonham The Aftermath of Criminal Victimization: A Statewide Survey, by Dr. Knowlton Johnson, Dr. Gary Sykes, and Ned Snow 1985 Annual Report 79 1 State narratives f il Il The Kentucky SAC plans for 1986 in Louisiana I~ elude- o conducting a followup study of the 557 The Louisiana Statistical Analysis Center randomly selected citizens who particI (SAC), a division of the Louisiana Commis pated in the 1985 crime survey sion on Law El"'forcement, was the first o conducting a randomized social policy such organization funded under the experiment that tests the impact of a SAC Federal Comprehensive Data Systems pro affiliate program on the use of statistical gram. Since Its establishment In 1975, the information mission of SAC has undergone significant (I expanding the persistent felony study by evolution: from a statistical information I comparing this group of inmates wi!il a 1 reporting agency in the early years, to the ~ control group from the general prison policy directed research and technical ! population assistance organization it is today. Statis o conducting a child abuse disposition tical research remains the primary tool at t study SAC, but its use is more clearly focused on o developing an OBTS plan for com critical policy issues confronting State and puterizing criminal justice statistics in local criminal justice systems in Louisana. Kentucky o conducting agency-requested studies (to In 1984 and 1985, SAC efforts focused on I include an inmate population projections the largest single problem confronting the study, an analysis of arson data, an State's criminal justice policy makers: the examination of the capital punishment crisis in the State's prisons and jails. issue in Kentucky, and an examination of Louisiana has one of the most severely I probable causes case data for developing crowded State and local correctional sys f police training material). tems in the Nation, a condition clearly reflected by the backlog of 3000 State ~ prisoners in local facilities, and the fact that ali parish prisons and major city jails as t well as the State institutions are currently I operating under Federal Court Orders. The problem is rendered more complex by the severe fiscal crisis confronting the State. f Fiscal considerations cannot be the sole criteria when the safety of the public is I involved; however, a correctional budget t which had grown by nearly 600% in 10 ! years seemed to indicate a system out of control, especially when the State is enter I ing a period of fiscal scarcity. SAC was r assigned to support the work of the ~ Governor's Prison Overcrowding Policy Task Force in dealing with ihis issue. 80 Bureau of Justice Statistics II f It was the desire of the Task Force to struction, and programmatic changes asso fashion legislation, based on solid empirical ciated with all major sentencing or evidence, which would make the State's correctional law reforms Which may be correctional system more cost efficient proposed. Concurrently, SAC has entered while still providing a high level of public into a joint project with the Law Institute of safety. The SAC research effort uncovered the Louisiana State University Law Center a number of promising policy options. to revise and simplify the State's sentenc These include- ing and correctional laws. As a result, State o Reserving State prison beds for serious, policy makers will have available the violent, or high-risk offenders who should information needed to avoid a prison/ be incapacitated for substantial periods of correctional cost crisis in the future. time o Placing less dangerous offenders in less SAC's contributions to the correctional body expensive local facilities on a contract of knowledge are of great importance in basis determining effective and efficient criminal o Improving the State probation system by justice policy in Louisiana. limiting each officer's caseload to a point where adequate supervision co:n be main tained to ensure public safety o Helping to defray the cost of crime by requiring offenders to pay supervision fees and make restitution to their victims and the community at large o Providing offender risk information to Judges at the time of sentencing o Providing offender risk information to the Parole Board to aid in parole decision making. Most of these policy options have already been enacted into law or policy, and all remaining options are being considered by the Task Force for submittal to the legis lature during the 1986 Regular Session. SAC is also deeply involved in the imple mentation of these programs. Development of both sentencing and parole-level risk assessment instruments is underway. Fur ther, a correctional policy simulation model has been developed that enables SAC to provide information on the costs, con- 1985 Annual Report 81 State narratives Maine Finally, the Data Center works closely with the Uniform Crime Reporting Division of The Maine Criminal Justice Data Center the Department of Public Safety in assist has been active in the planning and ing with their Crime in Maine publication implementation of two criminal justice infor and their 5-year Municipal Crime Analysis mation systems-one for the Department reports. The Data Center and the Uniform of Corrections and one for the Admin Crime Reporting Division are soon to istrative Office of the Courts. The role of publish an extensive analysis of crime the Data Center in each of these projects patterns in Maine covering the years 1976 has been to provide technical assistance through 1985. and guidance on how each system should be designed in order to allow information to flow between these two components of the criminal justice system. The correctional informational system in particular has been designed to incorporate all the required and "desired" data ele ments for participation in the Offender Based Transactional Statistics (OBTS) Pro gram as well as the National Corrections Reporting Program. BJS uses data from these State-level programs for national reports. The Data Center has worked with both the courts and the police to implement their portions of the OBTS system. It is possible that these efforts might come to fruition in 1986 as the criminal justice community is unified in its support for OBTS. The Data Center has produced several documents which have received good re views in Maine. The Directory of Criminal Justice Practitioners and the Juvenile Crime Data Book are used by various committees. The Adult Crime Data Book (due for publication in January 1986) is already being requested. 82 Bureau of Justice Statistics Maryland of these offenders. The report established the scope of the problem in Maryland, Governor Harry Hughes directed the Statis recommended changes in legislation and in tical Analysis Center (SAC) to assist other polices and procedures, and proposed a State agencies in the analysis of these way to monitor progress in solving the issues of vital concern to policy makers in problems identified in the report. Many of the State of Maryland: prison overcrowding, these recommendations have been imple mentally ill offenders, and the cost of the mented and the monitoring mechanism death penalty. Working with representatives recommended by the report has been of .all branches of government, reports were activated. prepared on each of these topics and recommendations were made for the reso Cost of death penalty lution of the problems of prison overcrowd ing and the handling of mentally ill At the request of General Assembly, the offenders. SAC conducted a study of the prosecution, defense, and court costs associated with Prison overcrowding the conduct of a death penalty case. Through a review of a sample of death The SAC provided statistical and analytical penalty cases recently tried in Maryland, support for a comprehensive analysis of estimates of the trial costs were developed the current and expected level and sources and reviewed with all interested parties. A of overcrowding of Maryland's prison sys report was prepared for the General As tem. This analysis provided the basis for sembly's deliberations of this topic during the development of recommendations for its 1986 session. executive, judicial, and legislative changes to reduce overcrowding without endanger In sum, the Maryland Justice Analysis ing public safety. This report was approved Center continues to be centrally involved in by the Governor and has prompted a major the consideration of the major criminal effort to reduce overcrowding, to improve justice policy issues facing the State. By inmate programming, and to renovate exist providing relevant statistical data, analysis ing institutions. skills, and SUbstantive expertise, the MJAC is able to encourage informed and rational Mentally ill offenders consideration of the problems being con sidered by all branches of government. In response to assertions by correctional administrators that the number of mentally ill offenders in prison and jails was increas ing, the SAC prepared a report document ing tn ..=; extent of this problem and making recoi'r'h"lendations to improve the handling 1985 Annual Report 83 State narratives Massachusetts States; serving as a clearinghouse for the identification and circulation of studies and Tile Massachusetts Committee on Criminal reports and/or performing independent sta Justice (MCCJ), which houses the SAC, tistical analyses; and facilitating or monitor has two broad statutory mandates: to ing the implementation of new measures. administer Federal law enforcement grants and to advise the Governor on the full In 1985, the Governor also designated the range of criminal justice issues confronting MCCJ as the agency to administer the the Commonwealth. Federal Justice Assistance Act of 1984 in Massachusetts. Since 1983, the MCCJ has been active in the analysis, formulation, implementation, and coordination of criminal justice policies and programs. The agency's executive director and staff have fulfilled this mission by functioning as executive director and staff to the Governor's Statewide Anti Crime Council, which was created by Governor Dukakis' executive order in Feb ruary 1983. The council is composed of some 40 leaders or representatives of every segment of the criminal justice system in Massachusetts. The Governor chairs monthly meetings of the council to review and advise him on specific crime fighting initiatives. The MCCJ/Anti-Crime Council staff has worked on a wide variety of issues and measures addressed by the Governor and the council, ranging from prison overcrowd ing to child abuse reporting; from sentenc ing reform to the uses of high technology in controlling crime; and from drunk driving to domestic violence. Work on these initiatives required surveying and researching pro grams in Massachusetts as well as in other 84 Bureau of' Justice Statistics Michigan The Michigan Statistical Analysis Center (SAC) had a year of changing personnel in 1984-85. The SAC received a large number of requests for State and local data and for graphical presentation of data. In all cases the SAC responded with the most recent information available, obtaining some directly from the source whenever possible. The most frequently used sources are Michigan's Uniform Crime Reports, the Department of Corrections' Annual Statis tical Summary, the Supreme Court Admin istrator's Office and Office of Criminal Justice Juvenile Detention's Monitoring Data for 1984, which is now computerized. The SAC supported the Seconaary Road Patrol Report and the Justice Training Act Report. The SAC computer processed all grant monies under the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 as amended, all Secondary Road Patrol grants, and all Justice Training Act grants, in addition to retention of statistics on 1984 juvenile detention in jails, lockups, and detention homes. 1985 Annual Report 85 --- State narratives Minnesota G reviewed criminal justice legislation pro posed by other State departments. As part During 1985 the Minnescta Statistical Anal of the State Planning Agency's respon ysis Center, which is part of the State sibility to monitor legislation, numerous Planning Agency, made major contributions legislative committee hearings were to criminal justice policy making in the attended. State. The Statistical Analysis Center (SAC)- o completed an analysis of Minnesota's juvenile court that examined dispositions given, the legal representation of juveniles, and the referring of juveniles to adult court. The information gained is proving to be a valuable resource in the current debate over revision of the State's juvenile code. G carried out a thorough analysis of adult felony cases that assessed current sen tencing practices and their impact on the State's jails and prisons. The study led to recommendations on extending sentencing guidelines to jail terms when they are a condition of a stayed sentence. Other recommendations concerned reducing bias in the sentencing of minority race offenders. o began a project that will try to forecast the future of criminal justice in Minnesota through the year 2010. The project will identify counties and cities likely to have especially large crime increases. The fore casts will help the State plan for future service and institution needs. o responded to hundreds of requests from State and local criminal justice agencies for technical assistance, statistics, and library materials. A large computer data base was set up to give immediate access to all of the State's major criminal stati .. :!cs. 86 Bureau of Justice Statistics Mississippi publication can be beneficial as well as informative to administrators, planners, and The Mississippi Statistical Analysis Center researchers throughout the criminal justice (MSAC) is a function of The Governor's community. Office of Criminal Justice Planning. MSAC serves as a clearinghouse for criminal In conducting Its activities, MSAC tries to justice information and statistics in the maintain a close working relationship with State. To assist in this activity, MSAC the Bureau of Justice Statistics, many maintains a file of statistical reports, crimi national criminal justice associations, and nal justice newsletters, and other publica State and local agencies. tions from numerous Federal and State agencies in addition to nongovernmental sources. MSAC also attempts to maintain a current list of names, addresses, and telephone numbers of various criminal justice sources in' order to refer inquiries to the most appropriate parties. The MSAC also provides analytical support for both The Office of Criminal Justice Planning and The Board on Law Enforce ment Officer Standards and Training. As sistance in the area of data collection and analysis, needs assessment, and task analysis have been provided on a regular basis. The MSAC annually publishes Crime in Mississippi, which presents a variety of crime statistics for the State. In addition, MSAC will soon be publishing a quarterly newsletter focusing on the individual com ponents of the criminal justice system. Surveys conducted throughout the year provide the basic information for the news letter Much of this data is not readily available from any other single source in the State. It is therefore, believed that the 1985 Annual Report 87 Missouri o The Missouri SAC processed a total of 381 traffic safety and criminal justice The following are major work accomplish related requests for studies, reports, and ments of the Missouri Statistical Analysis SAC library publications for Federal, State, Center (SAC) from October 1, 1984, and local authorities. Criminal justice re through September 30, 1985: lated studies completed included con o The Missouri SAC developed and pub ducting surveys of Missouri criminal justice lished a set of standardized reports de authorities to assist in the evaluation of signed to assist public officials in proposed legislation as well as the develop identifying the traffic safety and criminal ment of a comprehensive Justice Assis justice problems which confront the State. tance Act Block Grant Program for the During this period the following major State. Studies were also completed to publications were produced and dissemi assist criminal justice authorities in the nated to Federal, State, and local development of internal policies and pro authorities: grams to increase their effectiveness and 1983 Missouri Crime and Arrest Digest efficiency in addressing Missouri's traffic 1983 Missouri Law Enforcement Employ safety and crime problems. ment and Assault Report 1982 Missouri Law Enforcement Employ ment and Assault Report Highway Safety Problem Analysis Man ual. o The Missouri SAC completed an exten sive formal research project designed to identify confinement policies and practices associated with preadjudicated juveniles in the State to identify the probable effects of eliminating the practice of detaining pread judicated juveniles in an adult facility or lockup and to evaluate alternative detention mechanisms. The results of this research were used by Missouri juvenile justice authorities to implement legislation which precludes the confining of such juveniles in adult facilities. 88 Bureau of Justice Statistics Montana Based on the work of the jail study group, the State UCR program is being revised to Law enforcement training collect additional jail inmate data to accom modate the planning needs of local jail Montana's attorney general, Mike Greely, administrators, and an effort is being requested the Montana Board of Crime considered to recodify all Montana jail Control (MBCC) to conduct an assessment statutes. of how well the Montana Law Enforcement Academy was fulfilling the training needs of the State's law enforcement agencies. As a result of this assessment and its rec ommendations, the attorney general has appointed a committee to guide a reorgan ization of the academy and to implement changes for facility improvement policies and procedures and Improvement of the quality and content of the curriculum offered. Local jails The status, condition, and size of Mon tana's local jails and the related increase of jail liabilities and litigation prompted the Montana Board of Crime Control (MBCC) to form a study group to address the jail situation. A study of local jail conditions and their operation was conducted and an analysis made of the results. The results of this study prompted the passing of a major piece of legislation which allows for alter native methods of operation and financing for new jail facilities. 1985 Annual Report 89 State narratives Nebraska In 1981 the Nebraska State Crime Com mission conducted a study on assaults on Offender-Based Transaction Statistics law enforcement officers in Nebraska. This (OBTS) study concluded that assaults on an officer were becoming "a casual offense" in Nebraska began participating in the OBTS Nebraska; because of this conclusion, program in August 1985. The OBTS Nebraska Statute 28-929 was passed to program tracks a felony offender through protect officers from assaults. the Nebraska criminal justice system. This program is intended to fulfill the urgent The followup study had similar results and need for comprehensive and detailed infor recommended stronger support of existing mation about what happens between arrest statutes pertaining to assaults on law and final disposition. An OBTS record enforcement offi'Cers. consists of selected facts about an arrested offender and the actions taken by the Jailer job task analysis survey police, prosecutor, and courts. The sum of these activities for all adult offenders A jailer job task analysis survey was sent handled by the States can provide a out to approximately 300 jailers In the national, as well as statewide, description State. The survey was done to collect facts of the administration of adult criminal regarding the task of persons employed in justice in terms of the flow of offenders a jail and what abilities must be possessed through the system and the time intervals to do the job adequately. The results of the between various events. survey will form the factual basis for developing training material for Nebraska Assaults on law enforcement jail officers. officers survey The job analysis identifies all of the tasks, The risk of physical confrontation has the importance of each task, and the always been a hazard of the work per freedom of action they have when perform formed by law enforcement officers. Be ing their duties. cause of the nature of an Officer's duties and responsibilities, exposure to violence The results are being tabulated at the by persons resisting arrest or numerous present time and will be available in the other reasons Is presumable. Since officers very near future. are bound by duty to become involved in potentially harmful situations, legislators Jail population report have traditionally extended special protec tion through enhanced penalties for as In conjunction with the Jail Standards saulting officers whilE) they are performing Division, the Statistical Analysis Center their duties. When a new State criminal (SAC) began production of a jail population code was enacted in 1978, the separate annual report. The 1984 Nebraska Jail statutory offense of assaulting a law enfor Population Report presents data collected cement officer was dElleted. on persons held in Nebraska city and 90 Bureau of Justice Statistics county jails in 1984. All of the jails in The newsletter features different aspects of Nebraska are represented in this report the commission Including the following: (1) with the exception of the Omaha City Jail, availability of films from the film library, (2) Douglas County Corrections, and Lan monthly publication features of the clear caster County Corrections. inghouse library, (3) Federal/State grant information. (4) gubernatorial appOintments, The data obtained from local jails provides (5) inservice jail bulletin. and much more. detailed statistical information on the flow of Inmates through the jails and demo Computer assistance graphic characteristics of those confined. The data provides a source of information The SAC is also beginning to give com on jail use on both a statewide and local puter assistance to law enforcement agen level. Readers should keep in mind, cies requesting assistance. The assistance however, that the inmates held In Douglas includes simple to complex systems includ and Lancaster Counties represent almost ing software and hardware applications. half the total number of inmates confined in Nebraska jails at any given time. Because With the new automation systems avail they are not included in this report, the able. and with computer personnel limited statewide statistics reflect only the charac in law enforcement agencies (especially in teristics of the jail population held in rural areas). technical assistance is needed facilities outside these metropolitan areas. to become familiar with the computer world. The assistance is a relatively new Criminal justice directory fLlnction of the SAC. The SAC obtained all Information needed to complete the first Criminal Justice Directory. The directory includes all agen cies which are related to the criminal justice system. Names, addresses, and phone numbers are included for each entry. The directory is divided into the following categories: (1) law enforcement. (2) courtsiadjudication, (3) corrections, (4) education, (5) mis cellaneous. and (6) State agencies. Crime Commission Newsletter A monthly newsletter is published and sent to approximately 640 agencies/persons related to the criminal justice system. 1985 Annual Reoort 91 State narratives New Hampshire individual arrested. However, again, unlike other States, the central repository has no The New Hampshire Statistical Analysis problem in obtaining dispositions. The Center (SAC) has been deeply involved disposition data for each case in the court with the Office of the New Hampshire system is sent to the repository on certified Attomey General in implementing the Com court abstracts. These abstracts contain prehensive Crime Control Act of 1984. In data. to identify the offender, provide data March 1985, the Governor designated the on the offense, pre- and postsentencing, Office of Attorney General as the responsi conviction and nonconviction date, etc. ble agency for administering the act. While the lack of mandatory fingerprint reporting may be the weak link in the During the period, the New Hampshire OBTS scheme, the 100% abstract report SAC received a competitive cooperative ing provided sufficient information to create agreement award from BJS, "Investigation a limited manual OBTS program. of Issues in Criminal Justice and Develop ment of Analytic Methods and Techniques." The report covered all persons who re In keeping with the prescribed criteria, the ceived court dispositions for specific fel SAC conducted a study that tracked and onies during a 6-month time frame in 1984 recorded felony offenders' arrests, convic (about 2,000 individuals). The report was tions, and dispositions in a manual mode disseminated to criminal justice agencies in to create a limited OBTS (Offender-Based and out of New Hampshire, and it was well Transaction Statistics System). The ab received. stracts were made available from the records section of the Department of State Police, which is the Central repository for all criminal-history records in New Hampshire. The criminal history of an individual is contained on "rap sheets" maintained by the State Police. The source documents for the manual rap sheets consist of fingerprint cards and court abstracts. These docu ments provide the necessary data ele ments which are posted to the rap sheets. The criminal history of an individual show ing arrests, appearances, and dispositions is shown on these rap sheets. Unlike other States, New Hampshire's central repository does not receive fingerprint cards on every 92 Bureau of Justice Statistics New York . ing, and coordinating statistical data sys tems in the agency and for disseminating The New York State Division of Criminal statistical information on crime, offenders, Justice Services (DCJS) has broad respon criminal justice system processing, and the sibility in criminal justice matters. Its central administration of justice in New York State. mission is to increase the overall effec tiveness of the system of criminal justice in During the past year, the office's statistical New York State. This is accomplished focus was expanded to address the needs through the- of local-government officials for criminal @ Office of Identification and Data Sys justice information through development of tems, which maintains criminal history a county-based "Profiles" data base and a records on offenders and other operational corresponding statistical publication. The data systems County Profiles project complements the o Bureau for Municipal Police, which information in two BJS-funded directories provides training to police officers and produced by the office: the Directory of coordinates programs on highway safety, New York State Criminal Justice Informa crime prevention, and arson awareness tion Sources and the Directory of New York I) Office of Funding and Program Assis State Cdminal Justice Agencies. Together, tance, which monitors and evaluates local these publications provide local officials criminal justice programs and disburses and administrators with comprehensive in State and Federal funds to localities on formation resources for their work. behalf of the Crime Control Planning Board. For several years the office has refined and developed its Offender-Based Transaction The fourth major unit within DCJS is the Statistics (OBTS) capabilities through an Office of Policy Analysis, Research and important cooperative agreement with the Statistical Services (OPARSS). This unit is Bureau of Justice Statistics. The office has the policy-oriented research and statistical developed one of the most sophisticated arm of the agency and perforrTls many of OBTS case-tracking systems in the country the functions of the Statistical Analysis for felonies and misd&meanors, and in Center for New York State. 1985 it produced its first misdemeanor arrest processing report. Additionally, The mission of OPARSS is to advise and OBTS capabilities have been expanded to assist the Governor and the cabinet-level provide processing trend data going back Director of Criminal Justice in developing to 1970. pOI~ies, plans, and programs for improving the criminal justice system. It conducts In 1984, the State Legislature mandated empirical research to test assumptions that creation of a Missing Children's Registry are central to the development of criminal and in 1985 the Legislature created a justice policy, provides policy analysis, and Missing Children's Clearinghouse to ad monitors the legislative process. OPARSS dress this issue. DCJS was chosen to also is responsible for designing, maintain- maintain the registry and clearinghouse 1985 Annual Report 93 State narratives and the office has been closely involved in The PINS (Persons in Need of Supervi development of this project. sion) Intake Project was undertaken in anticipation of mandatory diversion legisla The office has developed and is using tion (later enacted in 1985) in New York computer simulation models that help in State. The project examined the then assessing the impact of changes in law existing PINS intake practices and as and policy on the State's prison population. sessed the capacity of local probation The model's parameters provide for arrest departments to implement a policy of rates, transition rates between arrest and mandatory diversion. The final project disposition crimes, processing time be report had significant effect on PINS tween arrest and disposition, and incar diversion in New York and should have ceration probabilities given felony value to other States concerning a diver conviction-with data disaggregated by sionary policy for status offenders. crime type, by prior felony conviction, and demographically. The model is "driven" by In December 1984, Governor Mario M. future population estimates. A "scenario" Cuomo asked the division to examine the component of the model enables testing for use of deadly force by police. A report was a variety of "what if" alternatives. issued in May 1985 that recommended establishment of a centralized statewide Policy papers were produced for the Direc reporting system on the discharge of tor of Criminal Justice and Division of firearms by police to address the lack of Budget analyzing policy issues relating to a information on such incidents. It also variety of criminal justice issues. provided a detailed analysis of many of the other issues surrounding the police use of The report on Female Offenders in New force, including the minority community's York State draws on State criminal justice lack of faith in the investigation of deadly agency data to examine trends in female force incidents and the handling of men crime and the processing of women tally or emotionally disturbed suspects. As through the justice system. The report a direct result of the report, a high-level raises a number of issues that have commission was established by the Gover implications for State-level policy and pro nor to further the review of these complex gram development. Issues identified in the issues and to implement change. report include-- o Increasing female prison commitments Public concern with the incidence of crime and planning for prison expansion and the handling of criminal offenders has " Disparity between men and women in led to greater public criminal justice expen sentencing ditures in order to more effec~ively deal " The relationship between domestic vio with specific crime-related issues. In re lence and female crime sponse, OPARSS has produced the New o The lack of attention to the special York State Criminal Justice Expenditures needs and problems of women in jail, report, which identifies criminal justice including child-care needs and other family expenditures throughout New York State for related problems. 94 Bureau of Justice Statistics - LEWE all county, city, town, and village govern ments. This report will provide the impetus for the effective and efficient allocation of public dollars in criminal justice appropriations. A Policy Study Group on Terrorism was established in June 1984 to assess the i~vel of threat posed by terrorist groups for New York State. The group will examine the State's planning and preparedness for criminal justice interventions in terrorist events and the prosecution and incarcera tion of terrorists. The office provides staff and analytic support to the group. 1985 Annual Report 95 State narratives North Carolina sources that will maintain public safety and at the same time address the problem of During Federal fiscal year 1985, the North prison overcrowding. A preliminary report Carolina Criminal Justice Analysis Center dealing mainly with the prison overcrowd assisted the Governor's Crime Commission ing problem on a short-term basis, will be in its analysis of the problem of substance developed and presented in the late spring abuse in North Carolina. The Analysis of 1986 for the short session of the Center staff was primarily responsible for General Assembly. A comprehensive, long collecting, analyzing, and presenting the term report will be prepared for the 1987 data and information to describe and session in the fall of 1986. quantify the extent of the substance abuse problem in North Carolina from both a demand and supply perspective. As a result of this work the Crime Commission presented a 52-page report with 32 rec ommendations to newly elected Governor James G. Martin in March 1985. The comprehensive report addressed the need to have a continuum of substance abuse services and interdiction strategies throughout the State, attacking both the supply and demand for psychoactive substances. In accordance with several recommend ations in the report, expansion budget appropriations totaling $2.4 million were approved by the General Assembly during the 1985 session for the Departments of Human Resources and Public Instruction. In addition, numerous administrative ac tions have been implemented by the Human Resources Department as a result of specific recommendations in the report. The Analysis Center is presently working with the Sentencing Committee of the Governor's Crime Commission in its study of sentencing practices and punishment alternatives in North Carolina. The empha sis of this committee will be on the cost effective utilization of criminal justice re- 96 Bureau of Justice Statistics a a North Dakota The North Dakota SAC produces annual publications including- The North Dakota Statistical Analysis Cen Crime in North Dakota ter (SAC) is staffed by only two persons Homicide in North Dakota but has a great deal of responsibility. The Crime Enforcement Officers Assaulted State Uniform Crime Reporting Program is Arson operated by the SAC, which collects crime Drug Offense Arrests statistics from 77 contributing agencies in Incarcerations in Local Correctional the State. The SAC also manages a Facilities. unique Correctional Facility Information System through which data are collected Research projects are undertaken to ad on all incarcerations occurring in the 44 dress current relevant issues. In 1985, the local correctional facilities in North Dakota. SAC conducted a survey on Law Enforce Through this system, the SAC is able to ment Vehicle Accidents, analyzed the de monitor the nature and extent of the use tention of juveniles in local correctional being made of all of the State's local jails. facilities, and conducted numerous smaller The data generated by this system are projects in response to requests for specific used to recommend staffing plans and kinds of criminal justice data. advise in budget preparation, and they have been extremely useful in planning for The SAC also serves a staff function for the remodeling of old jail structures and the the Attorney General's Justice Records construction of new facilities. This system Advisory Committee and coordinates and serves as a very accurate tool in monitor promotes efforts to establish an integrated ing the detention of juveniles and incar justice system and Offender-Based Trans ceration of DUI offenders, two important action Statistics (OBTS) data in the State. issues in the State and across the country. In fact, because the justice system in North Dakota is much smaller than that in most The office also maintains employment and other States, the SAC believes that it can training records for all law enforcement accomplish much more in the area of officers in the State for the purpose of integrating justice services and records monitoring compliance with general and than might be possible in more populous sidearm certification standards for peace States. With this in mind the SAC has officers. In 1985, the office began restruc initiated planning for a model Justice turing this system, which was originally Information Center that would function as a created in 1976, and replacing old com central repository for all criminal justice puter programs with newer more respon data including criminal-history records. sive software. This system coordinates very closely with the peace officer training programs to contribute to the increasing professionalism of law enforcement in North Dakota. 1985 Annual Report 97 State narratives Ohio and resource book for all major criminal justice issues in the State. Law enforcement training policy research Offender-Based Tracking Statistics (OBTS) In August 1985, the Statistical Analysis Center's (SAC) 1982 Task Analysis Study In fall 1984, aided by BJS funds, the SAC came to full fruition in a way that has completed Ohio's first comprehensive radically redefined the position of the entry OBTS study. This was a nonautomated level peace officer in the State. On the 30th effort requiring thousands of hours and of that month, the Ohio Peace Officer miles in securing individual data on 2,500 Training Academy in London graduated major felons processed through 62 Ohio Ohio's first recruit class trained under the criminal courts in 28 Ohio counties. For the new curriculum which was developed on first time the SAC can now answer the the foundation of the earlier Task Analysis question, "What happens to persons ar research. Henceforth, all entry-level law rested for major crimes in Ohio?" A enforcement officers in Ohio will receive followup 1 ,ODD-case study was planned more than 500 hours of basic training, during fiscal year 1984-85 to be conducted almost double the 292 hours previously within the next 6 months. required. The SAC invested 2 112 years on the massive Task Analysis Study, gathering Law Enforcement Reporting over 4 million pieces of data from 3,500 Project (LEMS) officers in 400 agencies, a task greatly aided by a grant from BJS. LEMS, nearing the completion of a BJS grant, is analyzing operation, admin "State of Crime and Criminal istrative, and crime report data in over 100 Justice in Ohio" Ohio law enforcement agencies. It has been structured to provide relevant feed Ohio is currently receiving BJS funds to back to chiefs and sheriffs about the become one of the Nation's first two States operations of agencies similar to their own to develop this comprehensive report on in size and jurisdictional environment. crime and justice at the State level, an emulation of the BJS Report to the Nation Probation officers study on Crime and Justice of 2 years ago. It has taken Ohio's SAC 7 years to gather the full This survey, completed late in 1984, ana range of criminal justice system data lyzed the attitudes and work practices of necessary to support this type of demand half of all Federal, State, and local proba ing document. The resulting publication tion officers in Ohio. It is the most (winter/spring, 1986) will be the first of its comprehensive such profile produced in the kind attempted on this State. It is antici State and could affect significant policy pated that it will serve as both a textbook issues now being discussed in the legis lature (e.g., disclosure of the contents of the presentence investigative report) . 98 Bureau of Justice Statistics Oregon citizens who receive the questionnaire. The survey provides statewide information in The Oregon Crime Analysis Center is a three topical areas: (1) victimization data unit with three professional/technical staff including costs (losses) and a measure of whose purpose is to assist the State and citizens' reporting and nonreporting of local criminal justice system policymakers crime to police; (2) citizens' involvement in and the public through their products and crime prevention activities; and (3) citizens' services. The continuing goal of the center opinions about current criminal justice is to be an objective, independent, and problems and issues. The victimization competent source of policy-relevant crimi data provide a more complete measure of nal justice data and information. certain crimes occurring in Oregon and augment understanding of crime beyond The primary functions of the center are that attainable from official statistics only. to- This year's survey is the eighth annual o collect, analyze, and interpret criminal survey and, thus, is one of the data base justice data series collected and maintained by the o develop and maintain a statistical series center. Results are distributed to legislators of selected criminal justice data and other elected officials, criminal justice II prepare and disseminate reports on agencies, other government officials, repre crime, criminal offenders, and the opera sentatives of the media, and to private tions of the criminal justice system citizens upon request. III help to maintain and improve the quality of data in established criminal justice data bases within the State Prison population forecasts CD provide technical assistance in data analysis/statistical issues and criminal jus The center staff has developed short-range tice policy research to State and local (1- and 2-year) forecasts of prison and field agencies populations for use by the Corrections o serve as an information center and Division, along with the Executive and repository for criminal justice data and Legislative branches. The forecasts are documents to governmental agencies and used in developing service needs (primarily the public prison bedspace requirements). o provide and coordinate the data for Oregon to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. The center recently completed a separate study to produce a measure of time Major products and services of the center actually served in prison by newly com include the following: mitted prisoners. The results from this study will prove beneficial in the develop Oregon Serious Crime Survey ment of prison population forecasts, as time served is one of the primary compo This is an annual mail-out survey which is nents in determining bedspace needs. filled out and returned by approximately 80% of the 1,500 randomly selected 1985 Annual Report 99 Survey of juveniles' service needs variety of areas- statistical analyses to provide information; research and program The center staff will have completed a evaluation design; forms design; survey major statewide survey of the service design and sampling strategies; and liter needs of children in the juvenile courts and ature reviews. Children's Services Division. The survey was carried out through a contractual Information center and repository for arrangement and is the most comprehen criminal justice data and materials sive conducted on this population in recent history. Another primary service the center per forms is to provide criminal justice data and The results of the survey will be utilized by materials to a wide variety of State and the juvenile courts, Children's Services local criminal justice agencies; legislative Divi3ion, and the Governor's Task Force on members; colleges and universities; private Juvenile Correctional Alternatives, as well organizations; the media; special study as the Executive and Legislative branches. groups or advisory boards, such as the The information provided will help in setling Governor's Commission on Violent Crime; priorities and resources for this study and the public. population over the next few years. The requests include specific crime and Special statistical studies arrest data for a particular county or jurisdiction, criminal case filings, prison The center has also performed statistical population numbers, demographic informa and policy studies on different issues for tion and specific criminal justice topics. the State and BJS. The most recent Other requests fall in the general category studies produced are- of which agency to contact for specific A Comparison of Sentence Lengths and information. Time Served in Prison Recidivism of Releasees from Oregon Focal center for BJS data requests Corrections Institutions A Study of Juveniles Remanded to Adult The center also serves as the primary Courts. contact for Oregon data and/or special study requests from the Bureau of Justice Technical assistance to State Statistics. Some recent requests fulfilled and local agencies related to an analysis of Oregon data on prison time served compared to sentence Over the years, one of the primary func lengths, together with recidivism data of tions of the center has been to provide prison releasees. technical assistance to State and local criminal justice agencies and organizations. The technical assistance is provided in a 100 Bureau of Justice Statistics Pennsylvania The PCCD makes effective use of appoint ed task forces, advisory groups, and The Bureau of Statistics and Policy Re planning committees comprised of commis search of the Pennsylvania Commission on sion and noncommission members to as Crime and Delinquency (PCCD) plays an sist the agency with advice on how to integral part in the agency's role of address and resolve specific criminal jus examining criminal justice problems and tice problems the State is experiencing. needs, researching and proposing sug The bureau is often involved in coordinat gested strategies, and assessing the re ing these efforts and conducting analysis sults of these strategies on affected and research for the advisory groups. A components of the justice system. As the prime example of this work is the PCCD's criminal justice Statistical Analysis Center Prison and Jail Overcrowding Task Force, (SAC) for the Commonwealth of Pennsyl which was established to discuss, debate, vania, the bureau conducts analysis of and put forth proposals to address the legislative issues concerning criminal jus State's prison and jail crowding problem. tice topics, recently including such topics Bureau staff assisted the Task Force in as missing children, private prisons, and developing a report that details the magni sentencing reform. tude of the problem and presents rec ommendations for its alleviation. Related to The bureau fosters the development of this effort, the bureau also has respon criminal justice policy by conducting re sibility for the agency's County Jail Over search on timely criminal justice matters. crowding Technical Assistance Program. Recently completed was a report on the Through this program, bureau staff assists preliminary impact of the State's new DUI counties in analyzing the flow of offenders law. Highway safety and criminal justice through their local systems to determine data before and after passage of the law the magnitude, type, and causes of local were analyzed in order to develop a profile crowding problems and to implement of the changes occurring on the highways changes to effectively deal with the prob as well as in the criminal justice system. lem. The bureau also provides staff to a Another recently com;Jleted research report Corrections/Mental Health Task Force, provided insight into the possible effects of Which was appointed to research issues the State's new "guilty but mentally ill" requiring legislative or administrative action legislation, which provides for an alternative and to coordinate the delivery of services verdict or plea of "guilty but mentally ill." A pertaining to insuring mental health serv final example of the bureau's research ices for county jail and State prison efforts is a soon-to-be completed final inmates. report on the deterrent effects of the State's new mandatory sentencing law. A prelimin Integral to the bureau's role in criminal ary bureau study found that there has been justice analysis and coordination is its a decline in the incidence of robberies and continuing work toward full implementation aggravated assaults with a firearm. of a State Offender-Based Transaction 1985 Annual Report 101 State narratives Statistics system (OBTS) and the imple Puerto Rico mentation of an integrated criminal justice information system. OBTS allows any crim At the beginning of the Federal fiscal year, inal justice agency to determine the status Puerto Rico submitted a petition for of a criminal without going through various Federal funds that was granted as a complicated criminal justice data bases, cooperative agreement. The purpose of the and allows the bureau to study the criminal project is to provide the staff with a justice system as a whole. The develop microcomputer and advanced statistical ment of an integrated information system analysis techniques and data interpretation. coordinated by the bureau will facilitate The staff will also be provided with training statewide sharing of data among criminal in the use and application of a statistical justice agencies to enhance the efficiency package, Statistical Analysis System of the entire system. OBTS provides the (SAS). tool for planning, evaluation, and research; the integrated information system will Necessary arrangements are being made provide an on-line, interagency communi to gain access to the statistical packages cation capability within the State. through the University of Puerto Rico. To comply with the objectives of this project, a contract was granted to the officials of the Instituto de Estadisticas, Economia Aplicada y Servicios-IDEAS, Inc. (Institute of Statistics, Applied Econo my and Services-IDEAS, Inc.) to provide the Statistical Analysis Center (SAC) per sonnel with training in statistical methods. On February 11 and 12, two conferences took place with representatives of BJS and the FBI. The themes discussed were Federal funding and the Uniform Crime Reporting Program. The Statistical Analysis Center participated in the National UCR Conference at the FBI Academy on April 8-12,1985. Technical assistance was provided to legis lators, university students, criminal justice agency personnel, and personnel from other public agencies in PUerto Rico and the United States. 102 Bureau of Justice Statistics Some reports have been published in Rhode Island Spanish and English, and copies are available to the public in general. These The Rhode Island Statistical Analysis Cen publications are- ter (SAC) has been a unit of the Governor's Violent Crimes in Puerto Rico: 1982-83 Justice Commission since 1975. Amongst Overcrowding in the Penal Institutions of its major accomplishments and ongoing Puerto Rico, 1984 services are the following: Police Officers Killed During the Years 1980 to 1984 Statistical Women Victims of Crime, 1979 to 1983 (translation to English is in progress). The SAC produces an annual report on Serious Crime in Rhode Island. This report focuses on the eight most serious crimes and is generally released in May of each year. The SAC also produces many spedal reports and studies concerning important issues, such as drug abuse, rape, motor vehicle theft, stolen property, female crimi nality, robbery, arson, and clearances by arrests. Presently, the SAC is preparing data for the future release of a juvenile statistics report and a crime vs. unemploy ment study. Thus, the SAC has become a recognized clearinghouse and authority for much of the public- and private-sectors' needs for criminal justice statistics. Further, the SAC makes press releases and provides radio and television interviews. In short, the SAC has been able to take complex data and translate them into more understandable terms for both the business person and general public. Information systems Over the past 10 years, the SAC has been the catalyst agency in Rhode Island for planning, funding, and coordinating modern computerized information systems for the State's criminal justice system. For exam- 1985 Annual Report 103 State narratives pie, with Federal and State funds, the SAC Criminal SentenCing Practices: Back has had a direct hand in implementing the ground Information for Policy Makers following statewide computer programs: Special Commission to Combat Auto It the State Police's message switcher (a Theft: A Report to the Governor and system capable of transferring and receiv General Assembly ing a vast flow of communications by Recommendations of the Juvenile Jus computer from local as well as national tice Committee of the Governor's Jus sources) tice Commission I!I the court's Wang computer system (a Fire Fighters Training and Education: system installed throughout the entire court Recommendations of the Fire Educa system) tion and Training and Task Force e a recently installed computer system at Prepared for the Governor and Gener the Attorney General's Bureau of Criminal al Assembly Identification (BCI). Fitting the Pieces Together Through Juvenile Probation: The Major Findings Additionally, the SAC acts as resource, and Recommendations of the Rhode coordinator, and liaison for the State's Island Task Force on Juvenile ongoing Criminal Justice Information Sys Probation tems (CJIS) Subcommittee. Governor's Justice Commission's 1984 Annual Report to the Governor and Governor's Justice Commission liaison! General Assembly. coordination All of the preceding documents are avail The SAC unit and the Governor's Justice able by simply contacting the Rhode Island Commission (GJC) are under the same Governor's Justice Commission. Further, organizational umbrella, that is, the Gover the GJC is presently active with and nor's Executive Office. As such, the GJC coordinating the following Rhode Island has a major role in developing and based groups: Probation Task Force, State implementing criminal justice policy, gener National Crime Prevention Act, Youth Ad ally having statewide impact. Therefore, the vocacy Organization, and the Crime and SAC is frequently requested by the GJC to Delinquency Prevention Task Force. provide statistics and data toward the eventual completion of a special report or study. The GJC has been directly instrumental in bringing about recent policy change through the production of the following documents: Rhode Island's Overcrowded Prisons: Recommendations to the Governor from the Task Force on Prison Overcrowding 104 Bureau of Justice Statistics South Carolina tions as the policy board for the Office of Criminal Justice Programs and also for the Established by legislation during the 1978 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Preven session, the Office of Criminal Justice tion Act of 1974 (Public law 93-415). The Programs, which includes the Statistical Committee advises the Office of Criminal Analysis Center (SAC), is located within the Justice Programs and the Governor's Office Division of Public Safety in the Governor's on Criminal and Juvenile Justice policy and Office. issues and makes recommendations for administration and legislative improvements Some of the functions mandated in the to the system. legislation include- o collecting and disseminating information Additionally, the office works with the concerning crime and criminal justice for Juvenile Justice Advisory Council also the purpose of assisting the General established by the same legislation. The Assembly and enhancing the quality of Advisory Council advises the Committee criminal justice at all levels of government and the Office on all matters referred to as in the State relevant to juvenile justice, recommends o analyzing activities and problems in the priorities for the improvement of juvenile administration of criminal justice and de justice services, and offers technical assis veloping plans for improvement for consid tance to State and local agencies in the eration and implementation by State and planning and implementation of programs local agencies for the improvement of juvenile justice. o advising and assisting law enforcement agencies in the State to improve their law In support of legislative mandates, the SAC enforcement systems and their relationship provides the Office of Criminal Justice with other agencies and the statewide Programs with technical support in many system areas. During the past Federal fiscal year o stimulating and seeking financial support some of the more important tasks sup from Federal, state and local governments ported by the Office of Criminal Justice and private sources for programs and Programs include- projects designed to improve the admin istration of criminal justice, court systems, Missing Person Information Center. It was law enforcement, prosecution, corrections, discovered during victim/witness hearings probation and parole, juvenile delinquency that South Carolina had a serious problem programs, and related fields. in the missing person area. A committee was appointed to address the issue. As a These activities are performed in conjunc result of the committee's work, legislation tion with the Governor's Committee on was introduced, passed, and signed into Criminal Justice, Crime, and Delinquency. law creating the Missing Person Information The Governor's Committee, which was Center. established in the same legislation as the Office of Criminal Justice Programs, func- Coroners system. A special subcommittee was appointed by the Governor's Commit- 1985 Annual Report 105 .. State narratives tee to examine the coroner system and croWded. In January 1985 the State agreed develop recommendations. After consider to the settlement of a Federal suit mandat able research and numerous meetings, five ing minimum square footage requirements recommendations were presented to, and and "safe and reasonable" prison operating approved by, the Governor's Committee. levels. In response to this problem, the Legislation was introduced to establish a Governor initialed a comprehensive correc Forensic Death Investigation Center. The tional and public safety reform package center will provide a major improvement to titled The Omnibus Criminal Justice Im the coroner system in South Carolina. The provements Act. This legislation would legislation was introduced late in the 1985 encourage the use of restitution, communi session and is now pending action in a ty service, and work release for short-term, legislative subcommittee. nonviolent offenders on the local level. By keeping these offenders in their commu State raw enforcement division (SLED) nities, bedspace in the State correctional crime lab. While judicial reform has re system would be made available for per sulted in many improvements for the sons sentenced for violent crimes. The bill judicial system, the increased caseload has passed the State Senate and is and, specifically, the 180-day rule have awaiting consideration by the House when resulted in an unmanageable burden for the next session is convened in January SLED in performing the requisite technical 1986. work for evidence. SLED performs 95% of the technical work in the State in a lab that Crime booklet. The Office of Criminal is seriously inadequate in terms of equip Justice Programs/SAC provides a wide ment and manpower. SLED estimates that range of criminal justice data to the it is currently 200-300 days behind in its criminal justice system at the national, lab work. Much of the lab equipment is State, and local level. Additionally, similar outmoded and needs replacing and addi data are also provided to units of govern tional criminalists are needed to do the lab ment at the same level as well as the work and provide court testimony. The SAC general public. One method utilized to director toured the Georgia Crime lab in provide data is the publication of crime Atlanta in order to make a funding recom booklets. These booklets concern the crim mendation to the Governor. Additional staff inal and juvenile justice system in South work by the Office of Criminal Justice Carolina. They are intended to help correct Programs has resulted in the Governor's or clarify some of the misinformation and supporting the allocation of additional funds myths about crime and criminal justice in to upgrade SLED's crime lab. A bond issue South Carolina. They provide facts on the is currently under consideratjon by the incidence of crime and the population that General Assembly. passes through the criminal and juvenile justice systems. The books are aimed at The Omnibus Criminal Justice rmprove the general public and the legislature as ments Act. Like many other States, South well as groups within the criminal justice Carolina's prisons are severely over- system. 106 Bureau of Justice Statistics South Dakota Presently, South Dakota does not have 100% compliance of agencies with the The Statistical Analysis Center (SAC) of Federal Uniform Crime Reporting Program. South Dakota was involved in a number of In 1985, the Statistical Analysis Center projects during the 1985 Federal fiscal sponsored a training program taught by year. The primary task is providing informa FBI personnel. Such classes were held tion to interested groups or agencies that throughout the State. It is hoped that such make inquiries regarding criminal justice. instruction will increase the quality and quantity of data submitted to the program. In the latter part of 1984, the South Dakota Such data could then give a clearer picture SAC compiled a complete criminal justice of crime in South Dakota. directory. This listed the addresses, phone numbers, and positions of all people One of the many criminal justice controver involved in the criminal justice system in sies in South Dakota has been a proposed South Dakota. This directory was then regional jail concept. The South Dakot& made available to whomever requested it. SAC did a study of jails in the State. This This has facilitated access of individuals study was aimed at the number of pris between one another and between their oners, number of days in the year of which respective agencies. the jail was utilized, number of employees assigned to the jail, and other pertinent The SAC completed a study of South data. Such information has been made Dakota law enforcement agencies' salary available to the South Dakota legislators, and fringe benefit packages. This was a constitutional officers, and correctional comparative study between county and city personnel. police agencies. Upon completion of this document, many South Dakota police ad In the latter part of 1985, and continuing to ministrators were equipped with information the present, an ambitious survey was never before available to them. Many begun of a representative sample of South administrative decisions were made on the Dakotans to elicit their thoughts and feel basis of this information. ings about the criminal justice system. The purpose is to learn how victims and Every year the Federal Bureau of Investiga nonvictims of crime view the effectiveness tion's Crime in the United States report has of the criminal justice system in accom covered crime in South Dakota. This is plishing its goals. Upon completion, the based on information received by contribut results of this survey will be made public. ing agencies within the State. The SAC has compared those figures with those of The South Dakota SAC has conducted the other 50 States. This shows South research to answer many other questions Dakota's statistical crime rate when com about the criminal justice system and has pared to such States. attempted to respond adequately and cor rectly to such inquiries. It has also acted as a clearinghouse for information, directory 1985 Annual Report 107 State narratives inquiries, and other such questions. It is Texas the SAC's desire to continue functioning in this role as educator, researcher, and Created by State statute effective Sep provider of information. With such informa tember 1983, the Texas Criminal Justice tion the criminal justice system will operate Policy Council was fully staffed and opera more efficiently and better serve the public. tional by early 1984. The 1984-85 fiscal year was the first full year of operation for the council. It was also the year that the 69th State legislative session was called to order, providing the first real test of the ability of the council to respond to its mandates. Composed of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Speaker of the House, and their appointees, the council was charged to develop "means to promote a more effec tive and cohesive State criminal justice system." The mandates in the enabling legislation clearly indicate that data gather ing and analysis would be the primary focus of the council, and the staff has concentrated on that area. The council has received data from all 10 of the State criminal justice agencies and from 6 of the 7 largest urban counties in . the State. These data sets have formed the data base used for conducting an unprece dented research effort in this State. This data base was used to issue two different types of legislative impact statements: o 7 bills passed in the 68th legislative session (1983) were analyzed to determine their actual impact o 42 bills introduced in the 69th legislative session were analyzed to project their impact if they were to become law. Ten reports were researched and written in response to direct inquires from State officials. The council provided staff support to the Commission on Sentencing Prac- 108 Bureau of Justice Statistics tices and Procedures and produced two Utah related reports: The Utah Commission on Criminal and Impact Analysis of Selected Proposals Juvenile Justice was created by the Utah Made to the Commission on Sentencing Legislature for the principal purpose of Practices and Procedures ensuring broad philosophical agreement Impact AnalysIs of Sentencing Commis concerning the objectives of the criminal sion Recommendations to the Criminal and juvenile justice system in Utah and to Justice Policy Council. provide a mechanism for coordinating the functions of the various branches and At the request of the Chief Justice of the levels of government to achieve those Supreme Court of Texas, the council objectives. The commission has 17 mem surveyed the trial courts in the State to bers representing key leaders from the determine how many courts have court legislative, judicial, and executive branches coordinators or administrators working di of State and local governments. The rectly for the judge and how many courts commission has a small staff and is have automated data processing systems attached to the Governor's Office. available. The results from 371 district courts and 133 county courts at law were The specific statutury charges of the compiled in Court Technology and Assis Commission are to- tance. III promote the coordination of all criminal justice agencies In response to concern over the problems 4) provide analysis and recommendations facing the State prison system, a systemic on all criminal and juvenile justice legisla analysis, Texas Correctional System: tion, State budget and facility requests, Growth and Policy Alternatives, was writ including program and fiscal impact on all ten. It examines the dynamics of the components of the criminal and juvenile growing corrections systems and discusses justice system alternatives for short- and long-term action. " provide public information on the criminal and juvenile justice system and give tech The council has taken on the role of being nical assistance to agencies or local units the State's data manager and statistical of government on methods to promote research center, having conducted research public awareness projects at the request of elected officials II promote research and program evalua from every branch of State government. tion as an integral part of the criminal and Steps were initiated by the council during juvenile justice system fiscal 1985 to develop a full partnership Cl provide a comprehensive criminal justice with BJS for the mutual benefit of both plan annually parties. o develop, monitor, and evaluate sentenc ing and release guidelines for adults and juveniles 1985 Annual Report 109 State narratives o forecast demands on the criminal justice Basic research was conducted to estimate system, including specific projections for the impact of the sentence and release secure bed space. guidelines on the amount of correctional resources needed. Research was also The budget of the commission was supple conducted on the relative impact of the mented by a grant from BJS during fiscal probation officer on offender recidivism and 1985. This funding was used to gather and the amount and type of supervision disseminate important information on the provided to juvenile offenders. This will Utah criminal justice system. help the juvenile court as it faces man power and budget decisions. A report, The Utah Criminal Justice Sys tem, 1984, was published. It detailed a Other commission activities included- description and the costs of tile Utah o the review of criminal justice budgets at criminal justice system, provided a sum the State level as well as the review of mary history of the system, dealt with proposed legislation crime trends in the State, looked at the o serving as the lead State agency on flow of offenders through the criminal matters related to the Justice Assistance justice system, and examined charac Act, the Victims of Crime Act, and the teristics of the offender. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Sentencing and release guidelines for e sponsoring and staffing a task force to offenders were developed with input and develop legislation on victims' rights and endorsement of the entire Utah criminal compensation justice system. o cosponsoring and costaffing a task force to recommend an implementation plan for Data and communications standards were the judicial article revision that resulted established to enhance the ability of from a recent constitutional amendment. criminal justice agencies to share and electronically transfer information on crimi nal offenders, thus increasing the capability of the system to identify and deal with habitual and violent offenders. A "Criminal Justice Information Systems Cooperation" was established to jointly address informa tion system planning and problems at all levels of government. The commission served as a clearinghouse to disseminate reports produced by BJS and other quality information to concerned agencies in the State. This made the best nationally available information accessible to policy makers as they made decisions. 110 Bureau of Justice Statistics Virginia magistrates in making difficult release deci sions. This effort also was funded in part In the past fiscal year, the Virginia Statis by BJS funds. tical Analysis Center (SAC) was heavily involved in data collection and the develop Efforts continued to coordinate criminal ment of information systems; in cases justice information systems statewide to where existing data sources did not meet avoid duplication and wasted resources. current management information needs, Coordination activities included an annual new sources were constructed to fill such conference, a quarterly newsletter, tech information voids. nical assistance to the State and localities, and a State-level coordination committee. In cooperation with the Virginia State SAC staff is continuing to provide technical Police, the Virginia SAC collected statewide assistance to the coordination committee to OBTS data and contributed to the BJS assist in the procurement of a stateWide National OBTS Program. Efforts were also automated fingerprint identification system. initiated to redesign the State arrest form which is the basis of OBTS reporting. The new form and reporting procedures will provide much more specific offense infor mation. Additionally, the offense information will be summarized using standardized offense codes tailored to coincide with the Code of Virginia statutes. Continuing an effort that began several years earlier, State support was provided to the Virginia judiciary. Funded in part by BJS funds, a statewide data base on Virginia offenders was developed which contains approximately 240 items of infor mation on the offender's background, histo ry, and criminal record. This information will be analyzed to provide sentencing informa tion to the judiciary to better ensure consistency in sentencing. Similar to assisting the decision making of the judiciary, a pilot study was initiated to construct a pretrial risk assessment instru ment. The instrument is being piloted in Northern Virginia for later implementation statewide and will be used to assist 1985 Annual Report 111 .. ilL rrm ., State narratives Virgin Islands During fiscal 1985, the Virgin Islands Statistical Analysis Center (SAC) (formally titled the Office of Justice Research Serv- ices, Law Enforcement Planning Commis sion) continued to develop its capability to provide the criminal justice community with research and statistical resources. The SAC maintains detailed data bases on offenses, suspects, victims, and arrests. In this fiscal year the SAC was able to respond to numerous special requests for data and reports from the Legislature. the Executive branch, operational agencies, private organizations, the College of the Virgin Islands, and the Caribbean Re search Institute. Of particular note during the year was the Virgin Islands' ability to be one of the few SAC's to participate in the BJS Offender Based Transaction Statistics (OBTS) re porting program. In addition, the SAC completed a major research project in cooperation with the Council on Alcoholism with the Survey of Juvenile Substance Abuse. The survey involved the entire Virgin Islands secondary school popUlation, public and private. Washington recidivism. The findings show that with careful selection, prisoners can-up to a Inmate population forecast point-be released early without adversely affecting public safety. The study also Under the direction of the Governor's shows. that early release to reduce prison Interagency Criminal Justice Work Group, overcrowding is short-term and therefore the inmate forecast was updated in 1985. should not be considered as a long-term For the next 3 years, the inmate population policy. is expected to stabilize near 7,200. This is the first slowdown in the growth of the Policy implications of forecasting inmate population since 1973, when the inmate population was near 4,000. The Using demographic, crime, prison admis inmate population is stabilizing because sion, and length of stay information, a shorter prison sentences are being granted study was published that shows that a under the Sentencing Reform Act (determi criminal justice policy decision in one State nate sentencing), and because of two State that proves useful and safe could be Supreme Court decisions that caused problematic or ineffective in another State. prison sentences to be reduced for pre The study shows that demographic and imprisonment time spent in jail or a mental criminal justice characteristics differ widely hospital. among the States and that sharing pro grams among the States must be accom Juvenile institutions forecast panied by careful analysis. During the year, a components-of-change Administering OWl funds forecast model for juvenile institutions was developed. The methodology for this fore The State allocated $3 million for the cast is similaJ to the inmate forecasting enhanced prosecution and adjudication of model. The juvenile institutions forecast persons charged with driving While intoxi allows assumptions to be set and cated. The funds were distributed on the monitored for juvenile crime activity, basis of need to 50 cities and counties in changes in the youthful target populations, Washington State. criminal history, the probability of admis sion, and the length of stay. Prison early release study A study showing the effects of early release of prisoners to help control for prison overcrowding was published. This study compared the benefit of reducing prison overcrowding through early release programs to the public safety cost of 1985 Annual Report 113 State narratives Wisconsin Publications during the period The Wisconsin Statistical Analysis Center Wisconsin Crime and Arrests: Semi (SAC) is a program of the Wisconsin Annual 1984 Council on Criminal Justice. The SAC Wisconsin Crime and Arrests: 1984 collects, analyzes, and disseminates a Sexual Assaults in Wisconsin: variety of criminal justice data in January-June 1984 Wisconsin. Juvenile Detention Reports-1984 (West Central Wisconsin, South Central The Wisconsin SAC was originally estab Wisconsin, Northwest Wisconsin, Fond lished in November 1981 by Executive du Lac and Brown Counties) Order of the Governor and was fully Annual Jail Reports-1984 (Jackson, supported by Federal funds through March Juneau, Kewaunee, LaCrosse, Sauk, 1985. The SAC is currently funded 50% by and Wasburn Counties) the Bureau of Justice Statistics and 50% Special Jail Studies (Inmate Profiles and by the State of Wisconsin. Population Forecasts) (Jackson, Out agamie, Portage, St. Croix, Washburn, The Wisconsin SAC maintains the Uniform and Wood Counties) Criminal Reporting (UCR) system for the Juvenile Restitution Programs-1984 An State, as well as some ~omponents of a nual Report Jail Information System (JIS) and a Juve The Impact of Drunk Driving Legislation nile Detention Information System (JDIS). in Wisconsin The SAC also conducts special research studies on criminal/juvenile justice topics Major research projects and other activities and responds to approximately 200 infor during the period mation requests each year from con gressional and State legislators, justice Sexual Assaults in Wisconsin 1984 system professionals, the media, students, Secure Detentions of Juveniles in and other citizens. In addition, the SAC Wisconsin in 1984 provides technical assistance to local crimi Homicides by Juveniles in Wisconsin: nal justice agencies and promotes the 1972-1983 coordination and development of criminal Development of Felony Data Base justice sltatistical programs in Wisconsin. UCR-Related Training (on a regional basis and specialized for individual departments). 114 Bureau of Justice Statistics Wyoming The center is also responsible for operation of the correctional management information The Center for Criminal Justice Research system ODDS. Designed to provide man is the Statistical Analysis Center (SAC) for agement information for correctional admin Wyoming. Located in the Division of Crimi istrators and to esiablish a data base from nal Identification of the Attorney General's which additional research can be initiated, Office, the center administers three sepa the ODDS system supports the publication rate computerized information systems of quarterly and annual reports on correc o the Uniform Crime Reporting program tions in Wyoming. These reports inform key (UCR) policy decision makers of correctional I) a correctional management information trends and sentencing practices. system (ODDS) I) the JUdicial Sentencing Information Sys During the past year the center, in coopera tem (JSIS). tion with the district judges of Wyoming, implemented a Judicial Sentencing Infor In addition, the center also provides assis mation System (JSIS). An action research tance to various agencies in the analysis, project, the JSIS program collects data interpretation, and dissemination of criminal regarding the sentencing practices of a justice data. majority of the district judges throughout the State. These data are analyzed and The Uniform Crime Reporting program reports produced to assist the judges in publishes quarterly, semiannual, and sum determining the factors that influence their mary annual reports, as well as a detailed decision making and in establishing gener annual report, Crime in Wyoming. These al trends in sentencing practices. reports are distributed to law enforcement agencies, media representatives, judges, attorneys, legislators, libraries, and re search groups throughout the region. A recent survey of Wyoming law enforcement administrators indicated that a vast majority consider the reports helpful in planning, evaluation, internal management, and providing" information to the public. The UCR program also responded to over 20 special requests for crime data during the past year, Which were used to evaluate law enforcement, drug and sexual violence programs, training of merchants and others in crime prevention, and community re source planning. 1985 Annual Report 115 Appendix A Sources of narratives on State activities Alabama California Ron Shum, Deputy Director Steve Crawford, Program Manager Alabama Criminal Justice Bureau of Criminal Statistics and Special Information Center Services 858 South Court Street Department of Justice Montgomery, Alabama 36130-5201 Post Office Box 13427 (205) 832-4930 Sacramento, California 95813 (916) 739-5568 Alaska John E. Angell Colorado Director, Justice Center Mary J. Mande, SAC Director University of Alaska, Anchorage Division of Criminal Justice 3211 Providence Drive Department of Public Safety Anchorage, Alaska 99508 1325 S. Colorado Blvd., B-700 (907) 786-1810 Denver, Colorado 80222 (303) 691-8131 Arizona Tom Epperlein, SAC Director Connecticut Operational & Management Gerald F. Stowell, Chief of Research Analysis Section Justice Planning Division Department of Public Safety Office of Policy and Management Post Office Box 6638 80 Washington Street Phoenix, Arizona 85005 Hartford, Connecticut 06106 (602) 262-8082 (203) 566-3522 Arkansas Delaware Larry Cockrell, Manager Michael H. Rabasca, Director Research and Statistics Statistical Analysis Center Arkansas Crime Information Center 60 The Plaza One Capitol Mall Dover, Delaware 19901 Little Rock, Arkansas 72201 (302) 736-4626 (501) 371-2221 1985 Annual Report 117 Appendix A District of Columbia Iowa Steven Rickman Paul Stageberg, Director Director of Statistical Analysis Statistical Analysis Center Office of Criminal Justice Plans and Office for Planning and Programming Analysis 523 East 12th Street 421 8th Street, N.W. Des Moines, Iowa 50319 Washington, D.C. 20004 (515) 281-3108 (202) 727-6554 Kansas Florida Michael E. Boyer, Supervisor Patrick J. Doyle, Director Statistical Analysis Center/UCR Criminal Justice Information Systems Kansas Bureau of Investigation I Department of Law Enforcement Division of the Office of the Attorney I p. O. Box 1489 General Tallahassee, Florida 32302 1620 Tyler t (904) 487-4360 Topeka, Kansas 66612 f (913) 232-6000, ext. 312 Hawaii I Steven E. Vidinha, Director Kentucky Hawaii Criminal Justice Data Center C. Bruce Traughber, Co-Director I Department of the Attorney General Statistical Analysis Center I 465 South King Street Attorney General's Office 1 Honolulu, Hawaii 96813 Capitol Building f (808) 548-2090 Frankfort, Kentucky 40601 (502) 564-4(}02 I• Idaho William C. Overton, SAC Director Louisiana t Police Services Division Carle L. Jackson, Research Director i, Department of Law Enforcement Louisiana Commission on Law I 6081 Clinton Street Enforcement Boise, Idaho 83704 2121 Wooddale Boulevard f (208) 334-3161 Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70806 I' (504) 925-4440 I illinois ! Scott M. Levin Maine Deputy Executive Director Steven Woodard, Director i Illinois Criminal Justice Maine Criminal Justice Data Center i Information Authority Department of Corrections 120 South Riverside Plaza, 10th Floor State Office Building, Station 111 i Chicago, Illinois 60606 Augusta, Maine 04333 I (312) 793-8550 (207) 289-2711 ! f 118 Bureau of Justice Statistics ~ I f Maryland Missouri Charles F. Wellford, Director Martin P. Carso Jr., Director MD Justice Analysis Center Statistical Analysis Center Institute of Criminal Justice and Department of Public Safety Criminology Missouri Highway Patrol University of Maryland Box 568 College Park, Maryland 20742 Jefferson City, Missouri 65101 (301) 454-4538 (314) 751-4026 Massachusetts Montana Patrick M. Hamilton A. Laurence Petersen, Chief Executive Director Research Planning Bureau Committee on Criminal Justice Board of Crime Control 100 Cambridge Street, 21 st Floor 303 North Roberts Street Boston, Massachusetts 02202 Helena, Montana 59620 (617) 727-7096 (406) 444-3604 Michigan Nebraska George Roehm, Director Mark A. Spurgeon Research and Statistical Analysis Statistical Analysis Center Director Office of Criminal Justice Commission on Law Enforcement and Lewis Cass Building, PO Box 30026 Criminal Justice Lansing, Michigan 48909 Box 94946 (517) 373-6510 Lincoln, Nebraska 68509-4946 (402) 471-2194 Minnesota Kathryn Guthrie, Research Specialist New Hampshire Criminal Justice Statistical Analysis Center Mark C. Thompson State Planning Agency Director of Administration 550 Cedar Street Statistical Analysis Center St. Paul, Minnesota 55101 Office of the Attorney General (612) 296-7819 State House Annex Concord, New Hampshire 03301-6397 Mississippi (603) 271-3658 Karen Skadden Systems Analyst III Statistical Analysis Center Office of Criminal Justice Planning 301 West Pearl Street Jackson, Mississippi 39203 (601) 949-2006 1985 Annual Report 119 Appendix A New York Pennsylvania Richard A. Rosen, Chief Phillip J. Renninger, Director Bureau of Statistical Services Bureau of Statistics and Policy Research Div. of Criminal Justice Services PA Commission on Crime Executive Park Tower and Delinquency Stuyvesant Plaza p. O. Box 1167, Federal Square Station Albany, New York 12203 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17108-1167 (518) 453-6901 (717) 787-5152 North Carolina Puerto Rico David E. Jones Ana Leticia Jimenez, Acting Director Governor's Crime Commission Statistical Analysis Center Department of Crime Control Office of the Attorney General Post Office Box 27687 Post Office Box 192 Raleigh, North Carolina 27611 San Juan, Puerto Rico 00902 (919) 733-5013 (809) 783-3382 North Dakota Rhode Island Robert J. Helten, Coordinator Norman Dakake, Director Criminal Justice Research Statistical Analysis Center Office of the Attorney Gen6ral Governor's Justice Commission State Capitol 222 Quaker Lane, Suite 100 Bismark, North Dakota 58505 West Warwick, Rhode Island 02893 (701) 224-2594 (401) 277-2620 Ohio South Carolina Jeffrey K. Knowles, Chief Ernest C. Euler Bureau of Research and Statistics Assislant Deputy Director Office of Criminal Justice Services Office of Criminal Justice Programs Capitol Square, 65 East State Street, Division of Public Safety Program Suite 312 Office of the Governor Columbus, Ohio 43215 1205 Pendleton Street (614) 466-0310 Columbia, South Carolina 29201 (803) 758-8940 Oregon Clinton Goff, Supervisor Crime Analysis Center Department of Justice Justice Building Salem, Oregon 97310 (503) 378-8056 120 Bureau of Justice Statistics South Dakota Washington Donald E. Gromer, Director Jack O'Connell, Executive Policy Analyst Statistical Analysis Center Forecasting and .Estimation Division Criminal Justice Training Center Office of Financial Management Division of Criminal Investigation Insurance Building, M.S. AQ44 Office of the Attorney General Olympia, Washington 98504 Pierre, South Dakota 57501-5050 (206) 753-1758 (605) 773-3331 Wisconsin Texas Harry A. Yates, Administrator Ronald D. Champion Wisconsin Statistical Analysis Center Executive Director Council on Criminal Justice Criminal Justice Policy Council 30 West Mifflin Street, Suite 1000 p. O. Box 13332 Capitol Station Madison, Wisconsin 53702 Austin, Texas 78711-3332 (608) 266-7646 (512) 463-1810 Wyoming Utah David J. Roberts, Director Richard J. Oldroyd Center for Criminal Justice Research Director of Research Division of Criminal Identification Commission on Criminal Office of the Attorney General and Juvenile Justice Boyd Building, 4th Floor 101 State Capitol Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002 Salt Lake City, Utah 84114 (307) 777-7512 (801) 533-7932 Virgin Islands William Hamm, Director Office of Justice Research Services Law Enforcement Planning Commission Office of the Governor Post Office Box 3807 SI. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands 00801 (809) 774-6400 Virginia Paul F. Kolmetz, Director Information Systems Department of Criminal Justice Services 805 East Broad Street Richmond, Virginia 23219 (804) 786-7811 1985 Annual Report 121 Appendix B Reports issued by BJS during fiscal 1985 October 1984 Tracking offenders: The child victim (BJS Bulletin), NCJ-95785 Case filings in State courts, 1983 (BJS Bulletin), NCJ-95111 The prevalence of guilty pleas (BJS Special Report), NCJ-96018 Sentencing practices in 13 States (BJS Special Report), NCJ-95399 Prisoners in State and Federal Institutions 12131182 Sourcebook of criminal justice (final report), NCJ-87933 statistics, 1983, NCJ-91534 November 1984 January 1985 BJS telepllone contacts, Victimlwitness legislation: NCJ-95505 An overview, NCJ-94365 The 1983 Jail census (BJS Bulletin), NCJ-95536 Household burglary (BJS Bulletin), NCJ-96021 Capital punishment 1982 (final report), NCJ-91533 Pretrial release and misconduct: Federal offenses and offenders Returning to prison (BJS Special Report), NCJ-96132 (BJS Special Report), NCJ-95700 February 1985 December 1984 The growth of appeals: 1973-83 trends Justice expenditure and employment (BJS Bulletin), NCJ-96381 in the U.S., 1971-79, NCJ-92596 Victimization and fear of crime: National Crime Survey working papers, World perspectives, NCJ-93872 Vol. II, Methodological Studies, NCJ-90307 Examining recidivism (BJS Special Report), NCJ-96501 Criminal victimization in the U.S., 1982 (final report), NCJ-92820 1985 Annual Report 123 Appendix B March 1985 Prison admissions and releases, 1982 (BJS Special Report), NCJ-97995 Electronic fund transfer fraud (BJS Special Report), NCJ-96666 The prevalence of imprisonment (BJS Special Report), NCJ-93657 The crime of rape (BJS Bulletin), NCJ-96777 August 1985 Justice expenditure and employment, April 1985 1982, NCJ-98327 Intelligence and Investigative records: Capital punishment, 1984 Criminal justice Information policy (BJS Bulletin), NCJ-98399 series, NCJ-95787 Telephone contacts '85, Prisoners in 1984 NCJ-98292 (BJS Bulletin), NCJ-97118 September 1985 May 1985 Criminal victimization of District of The risk of violent crime Columbia residents and Capitol Hill employees, April 1982-May (BJS Special Report), NCJ-97119 1983 (full report), NCJ-97982 Criminal victimization of District of Columbia residents and Capitol Hill June 1985 employees: Summary, NCJ-98567 Justice expenditure and employment Compendium of State privacy and se extracts: 1980 and NCJ-96007 1981, curity legislation, 1984 edition: Felony sentencing in 18 local jurisdic Overview, NCJ-98077 tions (BJS Special Report), Supplement to the State court model NCJ-97681 statistical dictionary, NCJ-98326 Households touched by crime, 1984 (BJS Bulletin), NCJ-97689 July 1985 Response to screening questions In the National Crime Survey (BJS Technical Report), NCJ-97624 124 Bureau of Justice Statistics Appendix C Source notes Single copies of any report with an NCJ Criminal defense systems: A national number can be obtained free from the survey (8JS Special Report, August 1984, National Criminal Justice Reference NCJ-94630) Service (NCJRS), P. O. Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20850, toll-free Criminal Justice Statistics Association, 800-732-3277 (local number Washington, D.C. 301-251-5500). Criminal victimization in the United Bank robbery: Federal offenses and States 1983 (full report, October 1985, offel'<:iers (BJS Bulletin, August 1984, NCJ-96459) NCJ-94463) Criminal victimization 1984 (BJS Bulletin, Blueprint for the future of the Uniform October 1985, NCJ-98904) Crime Reporting Program: Final report of the UCR study (May 1985, NCJ-98348) Criminal victimization of District of Columbia residents and Capitol Hill Capital punishment, 1984 (BJS Bulletin, employees: Summary (September 1985, August 1985, NCJ-98399) NCJ-98567) Career patterns in crime (BJS Special Data quality of criminal history records Report, June 1983, NCJ-88672) (October 1985, NCJ-98079) Case filings in State courts 1983 (BJS Economic cost to society of alcohol and Bulletin, October 1984, NCJ-95111) drug abuse and mental illness: 1980, Henrick J. Harwood, Diane M. Napolitano, Compendium of State privacy and and James J. Collins (Research Triangle security legislation, 1984 edition: Park, NC; Research Triangle Institute, June Overview (September 1985, NCJ-98077) 1984), as cited in Statement of Steven R. Schlesinger before the Joint Economic Compendium of State privacy and Committee, U.S. Congres's, Utica, New security legislation, 1984 (microfiche, York, August 8, 1985. NCJ-95506) Electronic fund transfer fraud (BJS Crime control and criminal records (BJS Special Report, March 1985, NCJ-96666) Special Report, October 1985, NCJ-99176) 1985 Annual Report 125 Appendix C Examining recidivism (BJS Special Justice expenditure and employment Report, February 1985, NCJ-96501) extracts: 1982 and 1983 (full report, forthcoming) Family violence (BJS Special Report, April 1984, NCJ-93449) Locating city, suburban and rural crime (BJS Special Report, December 1985, Federal drug law violators (BJS Bulletin, NCJ-99535) February 1984, NCJ-92692) Pretrial release and misconduct: Federal Felony sentencing In 18 local offenses and offenders (BJS Special jurisdictions (BJS Special Report, June Report, January 1985, NCJ-96132) 1985, NCJ-97681) Prison admissions and releases, 1982 Habeas corpus: Federal review of State (BJS Special Report, July 1985, prisoner petitions (BJS Special Report, NCJ-97995) March 1984, NCJ-92948) Prisoners and alcohol (BJS Bulletin, Household burglary (BJS Bulletin, January 1983, NCJ-86223) January 1985, NCJ-96021) Prisoners and drugs (BJS Bulletin, March Households touched by crime, 1984 1983, NCJ-87575) (BJS Bulletin, June 1985, NCJ-97689) Prisoners in 1984 (BJS Bulletin, April How to gain access to BJS data 1985, NCJ-97118, see also September 15, (brochure) 1985, BJS press release for June 30,1985 prisoner counts) Intelligence and investigative records: Criminal justice information policy Prisoners in 1985 (forthcoming) series (April 1985, NCJ-95787) Probation and parole 1984 (BJS Bulletin, Jail Inmates 1983 (BJS Bulletin, February 1986, NCJ-100181) November 1985, NCJ-99175) Prosecution of felony arrests, 1980 (full Jail inmates 1984 (forthcoming) report, October 1985, NCJ-97684) Justice expendituft; and employment, Reporting crimes to the police (BJS 1982 (BJS Bulletin, August 1985, Special Report, December 1985, NCJ-98327) NCJ-99432) Justice expenditure and employment Report to the Nation on crime and extracts: 1980 and 1981 (full report, June justice (October 1983, NCJ-87068) 1985, NCJ-96007) 126 Bureau of Justice Statistics Returning to prison (BJS Special Report, The prevalence of Imprisonment (BJS November 1984, NCJ-95700) Special Report, July 1985, NCJ-93657) Sentencing practices in 13 States (BJS The risk of violent crime (BJS Special Special Report, October 1984, NCJ-95399) Report, May 1985, NCJ-97119) Setting prison terms (BJS Bulletin, The 1983 jail census (BJS Bulletin, August 1983, NCJ-76218) November 1984, NCJ-95536) Sourcebook of criminal justice The severity of crime (BJS Bulletin, statistics, 1984 (October 1985, January 1984, NCJ-92326) NCJ-96382) Tracking offenders: The child victim State court caseload statistics, (BJS Bulletin, December 1984, 1977-1981 (BJS Special Report, February NCJ-95785) 1983, NCJ-87587) Victim/witness legislation: An overview State criminal records repositories (BJS (January 1984, NCJ-94365) technical report, October 1985, NCJ-99017) Victim/witness legislation (microfiche, NCJ-94263) Supplement to the State court model statistical dictionary (September 1985, Violent crime by strangers (BJS Bulletin, NCJ-98326) April 1982, NCJ-80829) Telephone contacts '85 (BJS Bulletin, August 1985, NCJ-98292) The crime of rape (BJS Bulletin, March 1985, NCJ-96777) The economic cost of crime to victims (BJS Special Report, April 1984, NCJ-93950) The growth of appeals: 1973-83 trends (BJS Bulletin, February 1985, NCJ-96381) The prevalence of guilty pleas (BJS Special Report, December 1984, NCJ-96018) *U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1986-491-510:40088 1985 Annual Report 127 u.s. Department of Justice Official Business Bureau of Justice Statistics Penalty for Private Use $300 BULK RATE POSTAGE & FEES PAID DOJ/BJS Permit No. G-9J Washillxtoll. D.C. 20531