Challenges in Electronics Recovery, Reuse and Recycling

AER Worldwide Global WEEE Recycling ITAM, ITAD and Materials Recovery Services

Thomas Q. Hogye Speaker’s Bio:

Thomas Hogye is Director of Business Development and is responsible for the development and implementation of new and existing opportunities within the Business Development Department to provide for a complete, effective and efficient electronics recovery and recycling process for AER Worldwide.

Mr. Hogye has ten years of experience in the recovery of electronics for effective reuse recycling and for the environmentally sound recycling of related materials and components when they reach their end of life. He is also well versed in the processes of metals and materials recovery related to secondary smelting and refining practices. Mr. Hogye originated some of the largest electronics recycling events in the state of California and has developed long-term comprehensive recycling plans for major OEM’s, municipalities and other organizations. Mr. Hogye was a charter stakeholder in the establishment of California’s E-Waste recycling Law and currently serves as U.S. Industry Expert on electronics recycling for NEMA and the (IEC) International Electro-technical Commission.

Mr. Hogye earned his Bachelor’s of Science degree in Finance and Communications at San Jose State University. Originally from Ohio, Mr. Hogye lives in Ben Lomond, California with his wife, Mona and two children, Emily and Tommy. Who We Are

AER Worldwide was formed in January of 1996 as a recycling company specializing in proper recycling of electronic waste (e-Scrap / e-Waste), new excess component purchasing and component pulling.

Over time we have evolved into one of the strongest global providers of electronic waste recycling, IT asset management and re-distribution of electronic hardware and components.

AER Worldwide Confidential What We Do

Brand Protection – Secure Destruction and Recycling. – Data Erasure

Environmental Stewardship – Ensuring commodities are sent to environmentally sound, audited and approved downstream processors

– Transparent reporting of all downstream activities.

Value Recovery – Resale of nonproprietary equipment, peripherals, and components – Metals recovery – ferrous, non-ferrous, precious metals – Internal reuse and redeployment

AER Worldwide Confidential Memberships

StEP – Solving the E-Waste Problem – United Nations University sponsored group to develop a clean E-Waste process throughout the world – Charter member since 2005 – Leader in the Task Force ReUse

ISRI – Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries, Inc. – Private, non-profit trade association that is the "Voice of the Recycling Industry." – Based in Washington, D.C., represents more than 1,600 private, for-profit companies that process, broker, and industrially consume scrap commodities.

AER Worldwide Confidential What is Recycling?

Main Entry: 1re·cy·cle

Pronunciation: rE-'sI-k&l Date: 1926 transitive senses 1 : to pass again through a series of changes or treatments: as a : to process in order to regain material for human use b : RECOVER 2 : to adapt to a new use : ALTER 3 : to bring back : REUSE 4 : to make ready for reuse intransitive senses 2 : to return to an original condition so that operation can begin again -- used of an electronic device

Webster’s 9th Collegiate Dictionary AER Worldwide Confidential Economics and Environment

Most people have no idea of the potential their materials end up here.

“We aren’t junking up your backyard – and we don’t ship to a landfill.”

Most developing countries don’t have “landfills”.

The Issue: Air and Water. Life doesn’t exist when they’re dirty.

Everything flows downstream Economics

Iron, Plastics, Aluminum, Copper, CRT Glass - Lead • “…but it still works!” Fiberglass, Tin, Lead, Arsenic, Beryllium Plastics, Copper, Mercury, Cadmium, Lithium, Nickel, Circuit Board Bismuth, Antimony, Tantalum, Gold Iron, Aluminum, Silver, Palladium, Platinum, … phosphor, • “What do you mean it costs graphite,… money to recycle?

• “Isn’t there gold and silver in this computer?”

• Recyclers regularly offer me money and have “free” recycling events.

• We provide jobs “over there”

Plastics – keyboard, mouse, speakers, printer, fax

AER Worldwide Confidential Where’s the Value?

Metals Value – Ferrous, Non-Ferrous Plastics Recycling and Glass to Precious and Heavy metals Glass Recycling

What’s in a computer Percentage Commodity Percentage Iron 44% CRT Glass 54% Aluminum (non-ferrous) 9% Plastic 18% Plastics 31% LG PC Boards 11% Glass (Fiberglass,…) 4% Scrap Iron 5% Copper Wiring 9% Copper Yokes 5% Circuit Boards (PCBA) 3% Copper Cables 4% Copper content of PCBA (18-25%) Aluminum 1% fiberglass aluminum Other recycling values sometimes called “sham” recycling: plastics tin lead silver Flux Value – silica based and BTU Value- organics such as gold palladium other materials are key plastics and petroleum based arsenic cadmium ingredients in smelting and materials create 20-25% beryllium bismuth refining process reduction in natural resource antimony (makes things flow nicely!) requirements

AER Worldwide Confidential Reuse or Misuse?

•Images for “reusable computers” •Reusable? Where?

• Images for “refurbished computers” • Know the difference.

• These systems may have 5+ more years life in them.

• Not knowing what will happen to this equipment when it reachs end of life is of some concern.

AER Worldwide Confidential Simplified Process Overview with Reuse/Refurbishment

Receive / Audit

Sort Options

Material Fractions FAIL PASS

Manual /Mechanical separation Material Fractions Refurbishment Inventory Remarketing

Non-polluting Downstream Processing Transparent Reporting

AER Worldwide Confidential Recycling Process Begins Manually

Almost every recycling process begins manually.

A great deal of efficiencies can be derived from manual disassembly.

Manually removing a memory device or a socket pull IC may be very equitable, while manually cutting the leaded glass away from the clean panel glass on a CRT will be costly.

AER Worldwide Confidential Large Scale Mechanical Separation

Effective for receiving and processing large streams of recyclable materials – ferrous, non-ferrous, glass, plastics…

Almost no reuse/refurbishment done in facilities of this nature.

Innovation is limited because diversification is expensive and focus is on volume.

SSI Shred Systems, Inc. AER Worldwide Confidential Smelting, Refining, Recycling

•Secondary smelters provide “sampled” assessment of alloys prior to being shipped to primary smelting and refining operations.

•Primary smelter/refineries use secondary materials for flux, BTU value and additional efficiencies when running primary ore stocks

.Facilities of this nature require highest standards in preventing dangerous discharges to air and water, and must provide for highest level of safety to employees. Some “informal” recycling in developing .Costly. Environmental permits are countries isn’t far from this, and is one of the difficult to obtain. Necessary part of environmental challenges we face today. the recycling industry.

AER Worldwide Confidential 70,000 Sq. Ft. vs 60,000 Acres

Recycling, secondary smelting and refining operations prepare materials on a smaller footprint recovering a higher concentration of metals vs. mining from ore.

The Morenci mine in Arizona Approximately 60,000 acres.

Morenci is the largest copper mine in North America and one of the largest open pit mines in the world.

The world's largest producer of copper - 840 million pounds per year

AER Worldwide Confidential Copper Mining vs. Recycling

• 300 pounds of copper ore = 1 pound of refined copper

• A computer system contains ~ 7 lbs. copper or over 2,100 pounds of ore.

• 1,000,000 computers = 2.1 billion pounds of ore = 10 days extraction in the Morenci, AZ mine

• 30 million computers become obsolete every year.

• 30 million computers = 210 million pounds of recoverable copper or almost ½ the annual production of the Morenci mine!

• The challenge to innovation is the high costs of recovering these materials in an environmentally sound manner. “Informal” recycling may cause as much damage – or more - to the environment.

AER Worldwide Confidential Lead Recovery

• 30 million computers = 111 million pounds of lead – every year.

• U.S. lead production from mining is 980 million pounds per year.

• The first step in retrieving lead- bearing ore is to mine it underground. Workers using heavy machinery drill the rock from deep tunnels with heavy machinery or blast it with dynamite.

• One typically does not use dynamite in recycling!

• Introduction of the LCD and LED will lead to a reduction in lead reducing potentially hazardous downstream recycling methods of CRTs

• New challenges: CFLs (mercury) Pin Dale Lead Mine, near Castleton, Derbyshire

AER Worldwide Confidential Integrated Circuit – Reuse vs. Recycle

Destruction Recycling Precious Metals value can range from $0.28 to $50.00 per pound (.5 oz/ton to 85 oz/ton of Gold at ~ $1,100 per troy ounce.)

On average 20-750 Integrated Circuits may exist in one pound. (Older Ceramic Processors  Flash memory)

Reuse Recycling An individual IC can achieve reuse value an average of $.10 -$50.00 each.

Challenge Counterfeiting and fake parts Test / X-ray equipment Availability of pull / refurbishment quantities Cost of pull / refurbishment over new Other…

AER Worldwide Confidential Plastics – separation and consolidation

California official says toys and fast-food don't mix The Associated Press

Plastics are challenging to recycle. 50 types?

BTU value is often a part of plastics recycling. BUT…

The challenge is to mitigate wasting energy and resources to make, ship and distribute products made from recycled plastics that get thrown away in 1/100 the time taken to produce them. AER Worldwide Confidential Ethics - From 80% to 50%

Almost every recycler says – “We don’t export”.

500 Containers/month for “Re-use“ in Nigeria alone.

Here, equitable reuse recovery of this material is not an option in a formal recycling facility.

Courtesy of BAN AER Worldwide Confidential Challenges of Recovery and Refurbishment

• Why do we let this happen?

• Some materials that are not equitably recovered contain Beryllium, Cadmium, Arsenic, PVC…, which can cause lifelong illnesses. Most “informal” recyclers do not know this or ‘can’t’ care.

• These activities occur mostly in developing countries where labor costs are low and environmental protection requirements are almost non-existent. But, the ROI is high.

Budget for costs to sound recycling and managing downstream flow of materials. Do your best to ensure the recycling stays close to source. Know your recycler well.

AER Worldwide Confidential The “Certificate of Destruction”

AER Worldwide Confidential Ensuring Environmental Benefits

1200

1000

800

600 KW/ year

400 CO2/Mt. Ton

200

0 PC/CRT Monitor Server Laptop

While we have reduced the amount of energy required to operate equipment, our CO2 emissions continue to escalate.

Sound recycling is one way to reduce this problem.

AER Worldwide Confidential Consumer/Producer Responsibility

WEEE Directive Restriction of the use of Certain Hazardous Substances

Manufacturers are choosing more environmentally sound methods of manufacturing; (DFE/DFR) making products that are more recyclable and easier to recycle. The consumer is learning that their role in recycling stewardship is Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment. not free AER Worldwide Confidential . A delicate balance: Economics, Ethics and Environment

Thomas Q. Hogye

Director, Business Development [email protected] 510/933-0538

AER Worldwide Confidential Thank You!

Corporate Headquarters: 42744 Boscell Road Fremont, CA 94538 www.AerWorldwide.com