ECOTONE, Volume 1 (1): 21-31, July 2020 p-ISSN: 2746-4849 Doi. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ecotone.v1i1.p.21-31 e-ISSN: 2746-5640

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Carrying Capacity Analysis of Aquatic Environment in the Fishery Reserves Area of Terubuk Fish in Province Hendra Saputra1*, Deni Efizon2, Asmika Harnalin2 1Management of Aquatic Resources, Masters in Marine Sciences, Riau University 2 Department of Marine Sciences, Riau University *Correspondent email : [email protected]

Received: 1 May 2020 | Accepted: 25 July 2020 | Published: 30 July 2020

Abstract. This study aims to determine and analyze the carrying capacity of that area and to estimate the potency of the fish based on the Net Primary Productivity (NPP) and it was conducted in February 2018. Samplings were conducted 6 times, once/ week. Parameters measured were temperature, brightness, current speed, salinity, N, P, pH, DO, and chlorophyll-a concentration. Data on sea surface temperature, PAR (Photosynthetic Active Radiation), and chl-a concentration were also obtained from Aqua MODIS provided by NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group. Based on data obtained from the field, the NPP distribution value ranged from 18.27 to 74.98 mg C/m2/day, while the NPP value that was calculated from the Aqua MODIS data was ranged from 2,208 to 3,272 mg C/m2/day.Based on field obtained data, the carrying capacity of the study area, in general, was 97.92 tons and the potency was 48.86 tons. Based on Aqua MODIS data, the carrying capacity was 7,356.02 tons and the potency was 3,678.01. In that area, the amount of T. macrura was around 40% of total capture and it can be predicted that the carrying capacity of T. macrura39.09 tons and the potency was 19.54 tons (based on field data) or the carrying capacity was 2,942.41 tons and the potency was 1,471.20 tons (based on aqua MODIS data). Results of field data-based calculation indicate that the carrying capacity and the potency of T. macrura in the study area was lead to overfishing.

Keywords: Fish potency, net primary productivity, overfishing, migratory fish

Introduction Regency is one of the districts located on the east coast of , has a strategic area in Riau Province because it is directly adjacent to the country of Malaysia. In terms of fisheries resource management, the waters of is part of Fisheries Management Area 571 Malacca Strait, which level of exploitation is already quite high. As a coastal Regency, Bengkalis has a wealth of marine biological resources that are the potential to be developed now and in the future. One type of marine biological resources that have high economic value is terubuk fish (Tenualosa macrura). Terubuk fish is a type of schooling fish, lives in the sea, and migrates into freshwater for spawning. From the study of the life history of terubuk fish (T.macrura) around Bengkalis. It is believed that the fish spawning season lasts between September and November, especially in the dark moon period (for 3 days). Spawning ground is known to be in Teluk Padang (Sei Pakning). Spawning ground is also the main fishing ground for fish terubuk by gill nets targeting female mature fish. On that basis, the Bengkalis Regency government has prohibited fishing (close area) around the spawning ground for 3 days during the dark moon period between the months (close season) regarding terubuk fish being in the spawning period. In line with the increasing number of human populations and the increasing need for marine biological resources has resulted in a decrease in the population of several aquatic biotas, including terubuk fish populations. Excessive use of terubuk fish (overfishing) has caused a

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ECOTONE, Volume 1 (1): 21-31, July 2020 p-ISSN: 2746-4849 Doi. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ecotone.v1i1.p.21-31 e-ISSN: 2746-5640 drastic decline in terubuk fish populations (Efizon and Djunaedi, 2012). Besides being caused by fishing pressure, the decline in terubuk population is also caused by environmental degradation. The high pollution in waters along the Siak River to the mouth of the Bengkalis Strait due to the industrial activities of the wood industry and the high activity of sea transportation has caused a serious threat to the survival of terubuk fish in the Bengkalis waters (Efizon and Djunaedi, 2012). Concrete step to save terubuk fish is the Government of Bengkalis Regency, have issued Bengkalis Regent Regulation Number 15 of 2010 dated July 20, 2010, concerning the Reserved Fish Fishery Reserved Area in Bengkalis Regency, which was later strengthened by Decree of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Number KEP.59/MEN/ 2011 dated October 12, 2011, concerning the Determination of the Limited Protection Status of Terubuk Fish Species (Tenualosa macrura). Finally, the Riau Provincial Government issued Riau Governor Regulation No. 78 of 2012 dated 18 December 2012 concerning Terubuk Fish Fishery Reserves in Riau Province. Carrying capacity is the maximum quantity of fish that can be carried by the water for a certain period. Water carrying capacity plays a role in maintaining the maximum potential of a species or population concerning natural food sources and water quality (Kenchington and Hudson, 1984 in Burhanuddin, 2017). Primary productivity is one of the parameters that can be used in determining the carrying capacity in maintaining the balance of aquatic ecosystems. High primary productivity values indicate good water quality, this is because the increase in primary productivity is proportional to the levels of dissolved oxygen in the water by producer organisms such as plankton and algae. Primary productivity is the rate of additional energy carried out by the producer. According to Campbell (2002), primary productivity shows the amount of light energy that is converted into chemical energy by autotrophs of an ecosystem over a certain period. Net primary productivity (NPP) equals gross primary productivity minus the energy used by producers for respiration (Campbell, 2002). Primary productivity also means the number of grams of carbon in living material produced in one square meter of water column per day (g C / m2 / day) or one cubic meter per day (g C / m3 / day) (Levinton, 1982). According to Parson et al., (1984) the NPP (Net Primary Productivity) value illustrates the fertility of waters that can determine the carrying capacity of waters. Because it is in a location that is vulnerable to the threat of contamination, it is important to observe the quality of the aquatic environment in the Terubuk fish fishery reserve. The objectives of this study are 1). Know the environmental conditions (physical and chemical) waters of the terubuk fish fishery reserve; 2). Analyzing the carrying capacity of the aquatic environment in the terubuk fishery reserve; 3). Determine the carrying capacity of the Terubuk Fish in the terubuk fish fishery reserve 4). Analyze the estimated potential for fish based on Net Primary Productivity (NPP).

Material and Methods This research will be carried out during the period January to February 2018 in the Bengkalis Strait waters to the estuary of the Siak River, Riau Province. Research locations

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ECOTONE, Volume 1 (1): 21-31, July 2020 p-ISSN: 2746-4849 Doi. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ecotone.v1i1.p.21-31 e-ISSN: 2746-5640 include: Bengkalis Strait Waters, Sei Pakning waters (Bengkalis Regency), Lalang Strait Waters () and Siak River estuary ().

Figure 1. Research Location Map Aspects of oceanographic parameters for which data are taken include temperature, salinity, pH (acidity), DO (Dissolved Oxygen / Dissolved Oxygen) data, water and current brightness (direction and speed), Nitrate, Phosphate, and Chlorophyll-a. The collection of oceanographic data is done using standard oceanographic survey equipment. The oceanography station is located in Bengkalis Strait (Station 1-2), Lalang Strait (Station 3-4), and Siak River (Station 5-6) and Siak River (Station 5-6). The NPP calculation used refers to the Vertical Generalized Productivity Model (Behrenfeld and Falkowski, 1997) as follows below:

NPP = 0.66125 x PBopt x Eo x Chl x Zeu x DL Eo + 4.1 Remarks: Chl = Chlorophyll-a concentration on the surface (mg/m3) DL = Day length (in decimal hours)

Eo = PAR (Photosyntetic Active Radiation) daily surface (mole quanta / m2 / day)

Zeu = Depth of the euphotic zone (m) PBopt = Optimum carbon fixation rate (mgC / mg Chl / day)

PBopt calculated from sea surface temperature by the 7-level polynomial formula

(Behrenfel and Falkowski, 1997). Calculation PBopt as in the following formula: PBopt = - 3.27 x 10-8 x T7 + 3.4132 x 10-6 x T6- 1.348 x 10-4 x T5 + 2.462 x 10-3 x T4- 0.0205 x T3 + 0.0617 x T2 + 0.2749 x T + 1.2956 Estimation of fish standing stock from NPP values is carried out using the general formula according to Parson et al., (1984) as follows:

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P = BEn Remarks: P = Fish production (mgC m-2 thn-2) B = Primary production /NPP (gC m-2 thn-2) E = Ecological efficiency (%) N = Number of tropical levels To get the amount of production or potential fish (tons) at the survey location, fish production in mg C m-2 yr-1 is multiplied by the area of the survey. Fish production (tons), was obtained based on the assumption put forward by Parson et al., (1984) that the ratio of fish wet weight and carbon weight according to the type of sea area.

Results and Discussion General Conditions of Oceanography. Based on research results the average value of brightness during the study ranged from 28.75-115 cm. Water currents range from 0.30-1.40 m / sec. The average temperature at the research location is almost the same as in the range of 30.58 0C to 31.70 0C. The highest average salinity value occurred at Station 1 of 30.00 ‰ while the lowest salinity occurred at Station 6 of 8 ‰. The average degree of acidity (pH) during the study ranged from 6.46-7.88. Furthermore DO concentrations during the study ranged from 2.70 to 5.20 mg / L. The highest average nitrate concentration occurred at station 6 of 1.66 mg/L while the lowest nitrate occurred at station 3 of 0.66 mg /L. The average phosphate concentration during the study ranged from 0.100 to 0.167 mg/ L.

Carrying Capacity of the Environment. The average distribution of chlorophyll-a during the study ranged from 0.141 to 0.263 mg / L. Highest at stations 4 and 6 and lowest at station 1.

0.3

0.25 a (mg/l)a

- 0.2 0.15 0.1

Chlorophyll 0.05 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Station

Figure 2. Chlorophyll-a distribution value at each measurement station Based on Aqua MODIS data, the monthly distribution value of chl-a in Bengkalis waters at the time of measurement ranged from 3,673-5,559 mg / m2 with an average of 4,951 mg / m2. The monthly value of PAR in Bengkalis waters at the time of measurement ranged from 50.70- 56.23 mol quanta / m2 / day with an average annual value of 53.90 mol quanta / m2 / day. While the value of the distribution of Sea Surface Temperature (SPL) is 26.85-29.70 0C.

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ECOTONE, Volume 1 (1): 21-31, July 2020 p-ISSN: 2746-4849 Doi. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ecotone.v1i1.p.21-31 e-ISSN: 2746-5640

Figure 3. Distribution of chlorophyll-a image values for the February 2018 period

The results of measurements at the research location NPP values ranged from 9.45 to 84.11 mg C / m2 / day. The results of the measurement of NPP waters during the study using Aqua Modis data ranged from 2,410-3,133 mg C / m2 / day with an average NPP value of waters was 2,886.76 mg C / m2 / day.

80

70

60 50 40 30 20

10 NPP (mgC/m2/day) NPP 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Station

Figure 4. NPP distribution value at each measurement station

Figure 5. NPP Imagery for the February 2018 Period

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ECOTONE, Volume 1 (1): 21-31, July 2020 p-ISSN: 2746-4849 Doi. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ecotone.v1i1.p.21-31 e-ISSN: 2746-5640

Estimation of Potential and Carrying Capacity of Fish Estimation of the potential and carrying capacity of fish in the Terubuk Fish Fishery Reserve Area through the NPP content of the Waters using the data from field calculations and the results of the aqua MODIS data calculation. Estimation of fish potential and carrying capacity based on NPP content values at the time of field measurements (Table 1). Tabel 1. Estimation of fish potential and carrying capacity based on NPP content values at the time of field measurements Area of Carrying Potential of Measurement NPP (B) Carrying Capacity of Fish Fish Potential Waters Capacity of Fish Terubuk Fish Time gC/m2 2 (ton) (km2) mgC/m Ton Terubuk (ton) (ton) I 424,70 3,79 11,37 96,58 48,29 38,63 19,32

II 424,70 3,49 10,47 89,93 44,47 35,57 17,79

III 424,70 4,47 13,41 113,90 56,95 45,56 22,78

IV 424,70 3,59 10,77 91,48 45,74 36,59 18,30

Average 3,84 11,51 97,92 48,86 39,09 19,54 Based on calculations using Aqua MODIS data during the February 2018 period the primary productivity value contained an average of 288.68 g C / m2 (Table 2).

Table 2. Estimation of fish potential and carrying capacity based on analysis of Aqua Modis measurement results Area of Carrying Potential of Measure-ment NPP (B) Carrying Capacity of Fish Fish Potential Waters Capacity of Fish Terubuk Fish Time g C/m2 (ton) (km2) Mg C/m2 Ton Terubuk (ton) (ton)

I 424,70 313,30 939,90 7.983,51 3.572,58 3.139,40 1.596,70

II 424,70 241,00 723,00 6.141,16 3.329,45 2.456,46 1.228,23

III 424,70 287,10 861,30 7.315,88 3.657,30 2.926,35 1.463,18

IV 424,70 313,30 939,90 7.983,51 4.485,68 3.193,40 1.596,70

Average 3,84 288,68 866,03 7.356,02 3.678,01 2.942,41

Water Quality Parameters The brightness of the Bengkalis Strait in the north and northeast of the Straits of Malacca (stations 1,2,3 and 4) is higher and the water mass is relatively clearer. This is influenced by the clearer water mass of the Straits of Malacca. The waters around the estuary of the Siak River and the Strait of Lalang (stations 5 and 6) are generally more turbid, this is influenced by the more murky flow of water coming from the Siak River. In general, the movement of currents in Bengkalis waters is strongly influenced by the movement of tides and tides. Tidal mass impetus enters the Bengkalis Strait from the direction of the Malacca Strait in the North-East and the South-Southeast. Besides, the mass push of the tide also came from the Strait of Lalang. The mass of high tides will push the mass of water at the estuary of the Siak River so that the seawater goes far enough to the Sungai Apit.

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Temperature conditions in the Terubuk Fish Fishery Reservation Area are still in the optimum limit for the growth of Terubuk Fish, this is because the Terubuk Fish is a plankton- eating organism where the results of the study indicate that the waters are in optimum condition for phytoplankton growth. Effect of temperature on the content of chlorophyll-a on the process of photosynthesis which at low temperatures can maintain a large concentration of photosynthetic pigments, enzymes, and carbon. This is because phytoplankton more efficiently uses light at low temperatures and the maximum photosynthetic rate will increase at higher temperatures Asriyana and Yuliana, 2002 in (Hasibuan, 2008). The tendency of the distribution of higher salinity values occurs between stations 1,2,3 and 4 which are the waters of Bengkalis Strait and Lalang Strait with Stations 5 and 6 which are estuaries of the Siak River estuary. The low salinity value of waters at Stations 5 and 6 due to the location of Stations 5 and 6 is the estuary of the Siak River so that the flow of freshwater originating from the Siak River still influences especially Station 6. Amri et al., (2018) states that the low salinity in Strait waters Padang and Sungai Pakning because of its position right in front of the estuary of the Siak River and the Siak Kecil river. This also causes a low pH value in these waters. The pH condition in the waters of the Terubuk Fish Fishery Reservoir is still within the optimum limit for the growth of the Terubuk Fish, this is because pH is one of the parameters that can determine the productivity of an aquatic and the ideal pH for life. Dissolved oxygen conditions under normal circumstances for the life of terubuk fish. This is according to Swingle (1968) said in Salmin (2005) that the minimum dissolved oxygen (DO) content in water is 2 mg / L under normal conditions and is not polluted by toxic compounds. If the nitrate concentration is related to the chlorophyll-a concentration the high nitrate content at stations 2.4 and 6 is in line with the high value of the chlorophyll-a concentration at stations 2.4 and 6. This is consistent with Effendi et al., (2012) that the concentration of chlorophyll-a in waters is highly dependent on the availability of nutrients and the intensity of sunlight. With an average phosphate concentration during the study ranging from 0.100 to 0.167 mg/L, the Terubuk Fish Fishery Reservation Area still allows for the growth of phytoplankton even though it is not at its optimum condition. It is still possible for the growth of phytoplankton in the Terubuk Fish Fishery Reservation Area also has an impact on the growth of Terubuk Fish in the region because phytoplankton is a food source for Terubuk Fish

Carrying Capacity of the Environment The high concentration of chlorifil-a at stations 4 and 6 is thought to be due to the large influence of the mass flow of water in the Siak River which carries nutrients that originate from the upstream. This is consistent with the results of research by the Research Institute for Fisheries and Fisheries Research and Development at the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia in collaboration with the Department of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries in 2014 which stated that the waters around the Siak River estuary such as in Pakning and Lalang Strait are generally more turbid, this is influenced by the flow of more turbid water mass originating from the Siak River. The high level of nutrients influences the high content of chlorophyll-a at stations 4 and 6.

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ECOTONE, Volume 1 (1): 21-31, July 2020 p-ISSN: 2746-4849 Doi. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ecotone.v1i1.p.21-31 e-ISSN: 2746-5640

If the distribution value of chlorophyll-a measurement results in the field compared with the results of measurements through the Aqua MODIS Image, shows a fairly high difference. this is alleged because the research location is waters classified in waters of case 2 with high turbidity so that suspended material and organic material are the main factors affecting the optical properties of the waters. This is following the opinion of Robinson (2004) in Fahane (2015) which says waters are divided into two types namely case 1 waters and case 2 waters. Case 1 waters are waters where phytoplankton are the main components that affect the optical properties of seawater and are in the area offshore, while the waters of case 2 are areas that are dominated by suspended material and organic material (yellow substance), usually located in coastal areas. The value of NPP distribution in the study location did not experience significant fluctuations. The highest NPP (70 mg C / m2 / day) was found at Station 4, while the lowest (an average of 13.07 mg C / m2 / day) at Station 5. The high NPP value at station 4 was influenced by high concentrations of nitrates and phosphates during the study. This is following the opinion of Tambaru (2008) who said that nitrates and phosphates in the waters will also be absorbed and used by phytoplankton in carrying out photosynthesis. While for station 6 which also has a high nitrate and phosphate content it has a low NPP value because the location of station 6 is at the estuary of the Siak River, so it is suspected that the high nitrate and phosphate content at the station is influenced by the mass flow of water from the Siak River in allegedly tainted. This is following what Vallina et al., (2017) said in Muhtadi (2017) that the presence of nutrients in waters is strongly influenced by human activities on land, water mass movements (especially in sea waters), and the activity of decaying organic materials. The distribution of nutrients and autotrophic organisms (phytoplankton) in different waters greatly affects the primary productivity in the waters.

Estimation of Potential and Carrying Capacity of Fish Based on the estimation presented in Table 1 and Table 2 there is a very significant difference between the measurement of field data and the data obtained from Aqua Modis, this is suspected because in measurements using Aqua MODIS data the standard chlorophyll algorithm is used accurately only in waters of case 1 namely waters in which only chlorophyll and its properties. Inaccurate in case 2 waters where in addition to chlorophyll there are solid particles and suspensions in these waters. The results of the calculation of the estimated value of the potential of fish resources based on landing statistics with a surplus production method (2013), the potential of fish in Bengkalis waters is 5,120 tons (pelagic, demersal and shrimp). While the results of the study of the potential of marine fisheries (2009), the potential value of fish (pelagic) ranges from 3,350 to 5,900 tons with biomass of 10,467.9 tons. Based on Statistics of Capture Fisheries, the Department of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries in Bengkalis Regency in 2017 total capture fisheries production was 6,567.30 tons and in 2018 amounted to 6,268.40 tons. The area of water in Bengkalis Regency is based on research results from the Marine Fisheries Research Institute - Balitbang KP of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia in collaboration with the Department of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries in Bengkalis Regency amounting to 5,514.75 km2. If using these assumptions, based

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ECOTONE, Volume 1 (1): 21-31, July 2020 p-ISSN: 2746-4849 Doi. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ecotone.v1i1.p.21-31 e-ISSN: 2746-5640 on data from field measurements the total potential of fish biomass in the Bengkalis Regency is 1,268.94 tons with the fish potential of 634.47 tons. Meanwhile, if we use Aqua Modis data, the total potential of fish biomass in the Bengkalis Regency is 95,518.23 tons with a fish potential of 47,759.11 tons. Based on the calculation of biomass, stock density and potential of terubuk fish carried out by the Maritime and Fisheries Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia in collaboration with the Department of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Bengkalis Regency in 2015 using the acoustic method in which the total area of the waters being the location of the study was around 173 nmi2 or 590 km2, the total biomass obtained for pias (terubuk male) is 17 tons with a stock density of only about 9.6 kg / km2 and for terubuk of 36.8 tons with a stock density of about 24.9 kg / km2. If added together, the total biomass of the terubuk fish based on the results of this study is 53.8 tons. When compared to the calculation results of powdered fish biomass using an acoustic method in 2015 with a research area of around 590 km2 of 53.8 tons, while the results of this study with a research area of 424.70 km2 of fish biomass using a field measurement of 39.09 tons and using aqua Modis data of 2,942.41 tons. It can be concluded that the results of the field measurements approach the measurement results using the acoustic method that has been done before. Data and information on terubuk fishery production in Kab. Bengkalis during 2013 reached 74.92 tons while until the 3rd quarter of 2014, terubuk production reached 54.28 tons. While the estimated terrestrial biomass results of the study in 2015 were 53.8 tons and the results of calculations in this study estimated terubuk fish biomass amounted to 39.09 tons. If the sustainable potential is assumed to be half of the biomass (26.9 tons in 2015 and 19.54 tons in 2018), then the level of utilization of the fisheries in the Bengkalis waters has exceeded their conservation potential. If you look at the assumptions above and based on research data on biomass and potential of fish in the waters of Bengkalis Regency as well as the potential and biomass of terubuk fish in fish reserves, it can be concluded that the field measurements have estimated values that are close to calculations derived from previous studies. If you look at the results of field measurements and also the results of previous measurements related to the carrying capacity of the aquatic environment for terubuk fish and when compared to the production of terubuk fishing obtained from the Department of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, Bengkalis Regency, it can be concluded that the catch of terubuk fish in the Terubuk Fisheries Fisheries Area in the Province Riau has exceeded its carrying capacity (over fishing) so a more comprehensive management policy is needed for terubuk fish.

Conclusion Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the results of the measurement of the environmental parameters of the waters in the study location are still feasible for the growth of organisms including terubuk fish. The results of the analysis of the carrying capacity of the aquatic environment in the Terubuk Fish Fishery Reserve Area show that the potential of fish that can be accommodated based on the results of field measurements is 97.92 tons while the results of measurements using Aqua MODIS data are 7,356 tons. The carrying capacity of

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ECOTONE, Volume 1 (1): 21-31, July 2020 p-ISSN: 2746-4849 Doi. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ecotone.v1i1.p.21-31 e-ISSN: 2746-5640 cucumber fish based on the results of field measurements is 39.09 tons while based on the results of measurements using aqua Modis of 2,942.41 tons. Potential fish terubuk in Riau Province Terubuk Fishery Reserved Area based on field measurement results is 19.54 tons while based on measurement results using Aqua Modis data of 1,471 tons.

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ECOTONE, Volume 1 (1): 21-31, July 2020 p-ISSN: 2746-4849 Doi. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ecotone.v1i1.p.21-31 e-ISSN: 2746-5640

Authors: Hendra Saputra, Management of Aquatic Resources, Masters in Marine Sciences, Riau University, Kampus Bina Widya, Km. 12.5, Simpang Panam, Pekanbaru 28293, Indonesia, e-mail: [email protected]. Deni Efizon, Department of Marine Sciences, Riau University, Kampus Bina Widya, Km. 12.5, Simpang Panam, Pekanbaru 28293, Indonesia, e-mail: [email protected]. Asmika Harnalin, Department of Marine Sciences, Riau University, Kampus Bina Widya, Km. 12.5, Simpang Panam, Pekanbaru 28293, Indonesia, e-mail: [email protected].

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

How to cite this article: Saputra, H., Efizon, D., Harnalin, A. 2020. Carrying Capacity Analysis of Aquatic Environment in the Fishery Reserves Area of Terubuk Fish in Riau Province. Ecotone, 1(1): 21-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ecotone.v1i1.p.21-31.

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