DOCSLIB.ORG

Solution to Online Exercise 2016 Mandatory Exercise

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Solution to Online Exercise 2016 Mandatory Exercise !!The History of Svalbard – Solution to online exercise 2016 Mandatory exercise. 66 % correct answers required to pass for final exam Discovery and early history 1. According to Norwegian tradition Norse sailors discovered Svalbard – when? In 1194 992. Which of the following persons took part in the expedition that discovered Svalbard in 1596? Jan Cornelisz Rijp, Jacob Heemskerk, Gerrit de Veer, Willem Barentsz (3 out 4 accepted) 3. How many Arctic expeditions did Willem Barentsz take part in, and when did they take place? Three expeditions, in 1594, 1595 and 1596-97 4. In the early 1600s the British claimed that Svalbard had been discovered i 1553 – by whom? Hugh Willoughby 5. What is Svalbard called on the first map of the islands published by Cornelis Claesz in 1598? Het Nieuwe Land (The New Land) Whaling and sealing 6. Which nationalities participated in whaling at Svalbard before 1620? British, Dutch, French, Scandinavian (British and Dutch accepted as correct) 7. Which whale species was the most important in 17th Century whaling at Svalbard? Bowhead (Greenland) whale 8. Which of these products of 17th Century whaling had commercial value? Oil, Baleen 99. When did traditional whaling at Svalbard come to an end? Around 1850 10. Which species of seal were hunted commercially in the North Atlantic before 1900? Hooded seal, Harp seal, Walrus (Hooded and Harp seal accepted as correct) Hunters and trappers 11. Who were the first hunters and trappers to winter regularly on Svalbard? Russians 12. Which geographical region did the Pomors come from? White Sea 13. When did the Russian hunting and trapping on Svalbard come to an end? Around 1850 14. Which were the commercially most valuable products of Norwegian winter trapping? XXFurs of polar bear and fox 15. Which period saw the highest number of Norwegian winter trapping expeditions to Svalbard? 1900-1950 Exploration and science 16. When was the first Russian scientific expedition to Svalbard, and who was leader of it? In 1764-66, headed by Vasilij Chichagov (Chichagov 1765-66 accepted as correct) 17. The Swedish scientists Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld wintered once on Svalbard – where and when? At Polhem in Mosselbukta, 1872-73 918. New scientific winter stations were built on Svalbard during the International Geophysical Year – which? Hornsund, Kinnvika (Bjørnøya and Kapp Linnée existed, but were expanded during IGY) XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 19. Which scientific organization stood behind the station that was operated in Ny-Ålesund 1967-1974? European Space Research Organization - ESRO (NTNF, the Norwegian operator, also accepted as correct) 99999999999920. When was the University Center on Svalbard UNIS established? 1993 !Polar Expeditions from Svalbard 21. Who was the first to try and go across the ice to the North Pole instead of using a ship, and when was it? Willian Edward Parry, in 1827 22. Who was the LAST of the following to attempt to reach the North Pole by aircraft? Umberto Nobile 23. How many polar expeditions did Roald Amundsen carry out starting from Ny-Ålesund? 2 (in 1925 and 1936) !The industrial era 24. Which company is associated with the establishment of Longyearbyen in 1906? Arctic Coal Co. 25. What is the name of the Russian coal mining company that operates on Svalbard today? Trust Arktikugol (Arktikugol accepted as correct) 26. Which of these mines actually produced coal during the period 2000-2010? Sveagruva, Longyearbyen, Barentsburg Political history 27. Which of the following states did NOT sign the original Svalbard Treaty in 1920? Russia (signed in 1935) 28. What is the title of the highest ranking Government official on Svalbard, an when was the office established? Sysselmannen på Svalbard (Governor of Svalbard), established in 1925 29. The population of Svalbard was evacuated during World War 2 – when? 1941 30. In 1978 there was a confrontation between Norway and the Soviet Union 99999999999999999999999999999regarding Svalbard – about what? A Soviet military aircraft crashed on Hopen. Apart from being a breach of the Svalbard Treaty (article 9), there was a controversy over the rescue operation and the analysis of the so-called black boxes. A Soviet military vessel appeared on the territorial border, but was denied access until the investigations was finished. 31. When was local democracy (Lokalstyret) established in Longyearbyen? 2002 End of exercise! .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Of Penguins and Polar Bears Shapero Rare Books 93
    OF PENGUINS AND POLAR BEARS Shapero Rare Books 93 OF PENGUINS AND POLAR BEARS EXPLORATION AT THE ENDS OF THE EARTH 32 Saint George Street London W1S 2EA +44 20 7493 0876 [email protected] shapero.com CONTENTS Antarctica 03 The Arctic 43 2 Shapero Rare Books ANTARCTIca Shapero Rare Books 3 1. AMUNDSEN, ROALD. The South Pole. An account of “Amundsen’s legendary dash to the Pole, which he reached the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition in the “Fram”, 1910-1912. before Scott’s ill-fated expedition by over a month. His John Murray, London, 1912. success over Scott was due to his highly disciplined dogsled teams, more accomplished skiers, a shorter distance to the A CORNERSTONE OF ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION; THE ACCOUNT OF THE Pole, better clothing and equipment, well planned supply FIRST EXPEDITION TO REACH THE SOUTH POLE. depots on the way, fortunate weather, and a modicum of luck”(Books on Ice). A handsomely produced book containing ten full-page photographic images not found in the Norwegian original, First English edition. 2 volumes, 8vo., xxxv, [i], 392; x, 449pp., 3 folding maps, folding plan, 138 photographic illustrations on 103 plates, original maroon and all full-page images being reproduced to a higher cloth gilt, vignettes to upper covers, top edges gilt, others uncut, usual fading standard. to spine flags, an excellent fresh example. Taurus 71; Rosove 9.A1; Books on Ice 7.1. £3,750 [ref: 96754] 4 Shapero Rare Books 2. [BELGIAN ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION]. Grande 3. BELLINGSHAUSEN, FABIAN G. VON. The Voyage of Fete Venitienne au Parc de 6 a 11 heurs du soir en faveur de Captain Bellingshausen to the Antarctic Seas 1819-1821.
    [Show full text]
  • Constraints on the Timescale of Animal Evolutionary History
    Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history Michael J. Benton, Philip C.J. Donoghue, Robert J. Asher, Matt Friedman, Thomas J. Near, and Jakob Vinther ABSTRACT Dating the tree of life is a core endeavor in evolutionary biology. Rates of evolution are fundamental to nearly every evolutionary model and process. Rates need dates. There is much debate on the most appropriate and reasonable ways in which to date the tree of life, and recent work has highlighted some confusions and complexities that can be avoided. Whether phylogenetic trees are dated after they have been estab- lished, or as part of the process of tree finding, practitioners need to know which cali- brations to use. We emphasize the importance of identifying crown (not stem) fossils, levels of confidence in their attribution to the crown, current chronostratigraphic preci- sion, the primacy of the host geological formation and asymmetric confidence intervals. Here we present calibrations for 88 key nodes across the phylogeny of animals, rang- ing from the root of Metazoa to the last common ancestor of Homo sapiens. Close attention to detail is constantly required: for example, the classic bird-mammal date (base of crown Amniota) has often been given as 310-315 Ma; the 2014 international time scale indicates a minimum age of 318 Ma. Michael J. Benton. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Philip C.J. Donoghue. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Robert J.
    [Show full text]
  • Written Exam SH-201 the History of Svalbard the University Centre in Svalbard, Monday 6 February 2012
    Written exam SH-201 The History of Svalbard The University Centre in Svalbard, Monday 6 February 2012 The exam is a 3 hour written test. It consists of two parts: Part I is a multiple choice test of factual knowledge. Note: This sheet with answers to part I shall be handed in. Part II (see below) is an essay part where you write extensively about one of two alternative subjects. No aids except dictionary are permitted. You may answer in English, Norwegian, Swedish or Danish. 1 2 Part I counts approximately /3 and part II counts /3 of the grade at the evaluation, but adjustment may take place. Both parts must be passed in order to pass the whole exam. Part I: Multiple choice test. Make only one cross for each question. In what year was Bjørnøya discovered by Willem 1. 1569 1596 1603 Barentsz? 2. When did land-based whaling end on Svalbard? ca. 1630 ca. 1680 ca. 1720 Which geographical region did most Russian 3. Pechora Murmansk White Sea hunters and trappers come from? When did Norwegian hunters and trappers start 4. ca. 1700 the 1750s the 1820s going to Svalbard regularly? From when dates the first map to show the whole 5. 1598 1714 1872 Svalbard archipelago? A famous scientific expedition visited Svalbard in 6. Chichagov Fram 1838–39. Which name is it known under? Recherche Svalbard was for a long time a no man’s land. In 7. Norway Sweden Russia 1871, who took an initiative to annex the islands? 8. When did Norway formally take over sovereignty? 1916 1920 1925 When was the Sysselmann (Governor of Svalbard) 9.
    [Show full text]
  • AMNH Digital Library
    "^^ Ji\!*"^ ^i r ^ THE GREATEST RISK IS NOT TAKING ONE. for years? What does it take to break through a foundation of thinking that's been accepted all A bold stroke. But, it doesn't mean turning things on their heads without understanding the possible consequences, it takes a complete understanding of what lies on the other side. No one is in a better position to help guide clients than AiG. With operations in 130 countries and jurisdictions throughout the world, we have an unmatched knowledge of local conditions and regulations to help manage risks. So, when you're ready to take on a risky venture, contact AIG. We'll help knock down the barriers that may be holding you back. WORLD LEADERS IN INSURANCE AND FINANCIAL SERVICES AIG Insurance and services provided by members of American International Group. Inc.. 70 Pine Street, Department A, New York. New York 10270. With Bristol-Myers Squibb research, , a tiny pair of chromosomes could make a huge difference to this pair of Armstrongs. W" 4^ ^>i, '•^l ^ii^S^BKmKEt ^^W«» mmm^m^^' ";'*•" mmmmam m;s!J5i-i'iw^.^ "''^''. Three-time Tour de France winner ^i''^v% • Lance Armstrong, with his son Luke. gj^^2 ^'^^^^^^^^'^^-i'^^^S!^iSK jgmLiJmL Five years ago, cyclist Lance Armstrong was diagnosed with testicular cancer. It had already spread to his abdomen, lungs and brain. But with aggressive treatments, including three Bristol-Myers Squibb medicines. Lance conquered his cancer. He has gone on to win the Tour de France three times, and even to have a wonderful son— Luke.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 2. Animals
    AC20 Doc. 8.5 Annex (English only/Seulement en anglais/Únicamente en inglés) REVIEW OF SIGNIFICANT TRADE ANALYSIS OF TRADE TRENDS WITH NOTES ON THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF SELECTED SPECIES Volume 2. Animals Prepared for the CITES Animals Committee, CITES Secretariat by the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre JANUARY 2004 AC20 Doc. 8.5 – p. 3 Prepared and produced by: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK UNEP WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE (UNEP-WCMC) www.unep-wcmc.org The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre is the biodiversity assessment and policy implementation arm of the United Nations Environment Programme, the world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental organisation. UNEP-WCMC aims to help decision-makers recognise the value of biodiversity to people everywhere, and to apply this knowledge to all that they do. The Centre’s challenge is to transform complex data into policy-relevant information, to build tools and systems for analysis and integration, and to support the needs of nations and the international community as they engage in joint programmes of action. UNEP-WCMC provides objective, scientifically rigorous products and services that include ecosystem assessments, support for implementation of environmental agreements, regional and global biodiversity information, research on threats and impacts, and development of future scenarios for the living world. Prepared for: The CITES Secretariat, Geneva A contribution to UNEP - The United Nations Environment Programme Printed by: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK © Copyright: UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre/CITES Secretariat The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP or contributory organisations.
    [Show full text]
  • Russia in Early Modern English Travel Accounts
    Lloyd E. Berry, Robert O. Crummey, eds.. Rude and Barbarous Kingdom: Russia in the Accounts of Sixteenth-Century English Voyagers. 1968; Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2012. xxiii + 391 pp. $34.95, paper, ISBN 978-0-299-04764-1. Reviewed by Maike Sach Published on H-HistGeog (August, 2013) Commissioned by Eva M. Stolberg (University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany) For a long time, European travel accounts on material in this edition, repeatedly reprinted in Muscovy and Russia have been valuable sources older editions and compilations, was modernized for researching late medieval and early modern in spelling, punctuation, and capitalization by Russian history.[1] Using various methods and ap‐ Lloyd E. Berry, a specialist in English literature. proaches, publications originally written and Robert O. Crummey, well known for his excellent printed in the sixteenth century depict Muscovy studies in premodern Russian history, was re‐ in general, and its rulers and form of government sponsible for the general introduction, placing the in particular. The reports can be divided into two writings--which are very different in extent, con‐ major groups: texts of continental origin and writ‐ tent, and comprehension--clearly and briefly in ings by English authors. This classification is not historical context. He also wrote the essays that merely a geographical one but rather a funda‐ introduce the primary texts and their authors. mental matter of perspective defined by the very The annotation of the travel accounts was a col‐ nature of the encounters of trading Englishmen laborative effort of both editors. The book was and Russians on the one side and the violent con‐ first published in 1968, and soon became a suc‐ flict of Russians and their continental neighbors cessful standard sourcebook both in research and in the long-lasting Livonian War (1558-82/83) on university teaching.
    [Show full text]
  • MARITIME ACTIVITY in the HIGH NORTH – CURRENT and ESTIMATED LEVEL up to 2025 MARPART Project Report 1
    MARITIME ACTIVITY IN THE HIGH NORTH – CURRENT AND ESTIMATED LEVEL UP TO 2025 MARPART Project Report 1 Authors: Odd Jarl Borch, Natalia Andreassen, Nataly Marchenko, Valur Ingimundarson, Halla Gunnarsdóttir, Iurii Iudin, Sergey Petrov, Uffe Jacobsen and Birita í Dali List of authors Odd Jarl Borch Project Leader, Nord University, Norway Natalia Andreassen Nord University, Norway Nataly Marchenko The University Centre in Svalbard, Norway Valur Ingimundarson University of Iceland Halla Gunnarsdóttir University of Iceland Iurii Iudin Murmansk State Technical University, Russia Sergey Petrov Murmansk State Technical University, Russia Uffe Jakobsen University of Copenhagen, Denmark Birita í Dali University of Greenland 1 Partners MARPART Work Package 1 “Maritime Activity and Risk” 2 THE MARPART RESEARCH CONSORTIUM The management, organization and governance of cross-border collaboration within maritime safety and security operations in the High North The key purpose of this research consortium is to assess the risk of the increased maritime activity in the High North and the challenges this increase may represent for the preparedness institutions in this region. We focus on cross-institutional and cross-country partnerships between preparedness institutions and companies. We elaborate on the operational crisis management of joint emergency operations including several parts of the preparedness system and resources from several countries. The project goals are: • To increase understanding of the future demands for preparedness systems in the High North including both search and rescue, oil spill recovery, fire fighting and salvage, as well as capacities fighting terror or other forms of destructive action. • To study partnerships and coordination challenges related to cross-border, multi-task emergency cooperation • To contribute with organizational tools for crisis management Project characteristics: Financial support: -Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, -the Nordland county Administration -University partners.
    [Show full text]
  • Development and Achievements of Dutch Northern and Arctic Cartography
    ARCTIC’ VOL. 37, NO. 4 (DECEMBER 1984) P. 493.514 Development and Achievements of Dutch Northern and Arctic Cartography. in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth :Centuries GUNTER. SCHILDER* ther north, as far as the Shetlands the Faroes, in line with INTRODUCTION and the expansion of the Dutch .fishing and trading areas. The During the sixteenth and .seventeenth. centuries, the Dutch Thresmr contains a number of coastal viewsfrom the voyage made. a vital contribution to. the mapphg of the northern and around the North Capeas far as ‘‘Wardhuys”. Although there arctic regions, and their caPtographic work piayed a decisive is no mapofthis region, there is.a map of the coasts of Karelia part in expanding. the ,geographical .knowledgeof that time. and Russia to the east of the White Sea asfar as the Pechora, Amsterdam became the centre.of international map production accompanied by a text with instructionsfor navigation as far as and the map trade. Its Cartographers and publishers acquired Vaygach and Novaya Zemlya (Waghenaer, 1592:fo101-105). their knowledge partly from the results of expeditions fitted A coastal view.of the latter is also given.s The fact that Wag- out by theirfellow countrymen and, partlyfrom foreign henaer had access to original sources is shown by the inclusion voyages of discovery. This paper will describe the growing- in the Thresoor of the only known accountof Olivier Brunel’s Dutch..awarenessof .the northern and arctic regions. stage by voyage to-NovayaZemlya in 1584 (Waghenaer, ‘1592:P104).6 stage and region by region, with the aid of Dutch. maps. Anotherimportant document is WillemBiuentsz’s map of northern Scandinavia, which extends as faras the entrance to THE PROGRESS OF DUTCH KNOWLEDGE IN THE NORTH .the White Sea, and shows.al1 the reefs and shallows(Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Winning Coal at 78° North : Mining, Contingency and the Chaîne Opératoire in Old Longyear City
    Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports - Open Reports 2009 Winning coal at 78° North : mining, contingency and the Chaîne Opératoire in old Longyear City Seth C. DePasqual Michigan Technological University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Copyright 2009 Seth C. DePasqual Recommended Citation DePasqual, Seth C., "Winning coal at 78° North : mining, contingency and the Chaîne Opératoire in old Longyear City", Master's Thesis, Michigan Technological University, 2009. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etds/308 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Winning Coal at 78˚ North: Mining, Contingency and the Chaîne Opératoire in Old Longyear City By Seth C. DePasqual A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2009 This thesis, “Winning Coal at 78˚ North: Mining, Contingency and the Chaîne Opératoire in Old Longyear City” is hereby approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY. DEPARTMENT: Social Sciences Signatures: Thesis Advisor: ________________________________ Dr. Patrick E. Martin Department Chair: ______________________________ Dr. Patrick E. Martin Date: ______________________________ Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the encouraging words and guidance of my advisor Patrick Martin. His unremitting support saw me through a number of matters both academic and personal. I’d like to thank Carol MacLennan, who fostered my attention to socialized aspects of the Arctic Coal Company mining system and those related to the environment.
    [Show full text]
  • 19990004632.Pdf
    ...3 INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION Jointly operated by the University of Alabama in Huntsville arm Universities Space Research Association Quadrennial Report for September 1, 1993 - February 28, 1998 "GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH RELATED TO THE EARTH'S ENERGY AND HYDROLOGIC CYCLE" Under w m m Cooperative Agreement: NCC8-22 Submitted to t.__ THE GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER = HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA 35812 L_ [] by THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA IN HUNTSVILLE U on behalf of the [] INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION W Global Hydrology and Climate Center 977 Explorer Drive m Huntsville, Alabama 35806 u VK_ [] m w z liw 1 8 m U | | M ii me | m i II m m m i [] d I I i I g m m tO U i H [] g INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION Jointly operated by the University of Alabama in Huntsville and Universities Space Research Association Quadrennial Report for September 1, 1993 - February 28, 1998 "GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH RELATED TO THE EARTH'S ENERGY AND HYDROLOGIC CYCLE" Under Cooperative Agreement: NCC8-22 w Submitted to = = THE GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA 35812 by THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA IN HUNTSVILLE on behalf of the INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION Global Hydrology and Climate Center 977 Explorer Drive Huntsville, Alabama 35806 Approved by: = 2 w fd-J aerkey,Oire or Date Institute for Global Chhnge Research w and Education w w Introduction and Overview I Background Ig The Institute for Global Change Research and Education (IGCRE) is a joint initiative of the Universities Space Research Association (USRA) and the University of I Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) for coordinating and facilitating research and education relevant to global environmental change.
    [Show full text]
  • T Avel Technology Rganisation
    T avel Technology rganisation Ill Ill Medieval Europe Papers of the 'Medieval Europe Brugge 1997' Conference Volume 8 edited by Guy De Boe & Frans Verhaeghe LA.P. Rapporten 8 Zellik 1997 I.A.P. Rapporten uitgegeven door I edited by Prof Dr. Guy De Boe T avel echnology ganisation in Medieval Europe Papers of the 'Medieval Europe Brugge 1997' Conference Volume 8 edited by Guy De Boe & Frans Verhaeghe I.A.P. Rapporten 8 Zellik 1997 Een uitgave van het Published by the Instituut voor het Archeologisch Patrimonium Institute for the Archaeological Heritage W etenschappelijke instelling van de Scientific Institution of the Vlaamse Gemeenschap Flemish Community Departement Leefmilieu en Infrastructuur Department of the Environment and Infrastructure Administratie Ruimtelijke Ordening, Huisvesting Administration of Town Planning, Housing en Monumenten en Landschappen and Monuments and Landscapes Doomveld Industrie Asse 3 nr. 11, Bus 30 B -1731 Zellik- Asse Tel: (02) 463.13.33 (+ 32 2 463 13 33) Fax: (02) 463.19.51 (+ 32 2 463 19 51) DTP: Arpuco. Seer.: M. Lauwaert & S. Van de Voorde. ISSN 1372-0007 ISBN 90-75230-09-5 D/1997 /6024/8 08 TRAVEL, TECHNOLOGY AND 0RGANISATION - VERKEERSTECHNOLOGIE EN REIZEN TRANSPORTS ET VOYAGES - VERKEHRSTECHNOLOGIE UND REISEN was organized by Karel Vlierman werd georganiseerd door Hubert De Witte fut organisee par wurde veranstaltet von Preface The medieval world is often perceived as a fairly onwards but also of wrecks dating from Early Modem closed and static society where traffic and travelling times illustrate the point. The technological develop­ was fairly limited apart from such exceptions as the ments they reflect and which can often be identified Scandinavian regions in the Viking Age and the and documented only through archaeological evidence growing international trading systems which charac­ deserve attention not only because of their significance terize the development of the economic world parti­ for trade and exchange but also because they reveal cularly from the 12th century onwards.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sea: Its Stirring Story of Adventure, Peril, {Protect
    The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Sea: Its Stirring Story of Adventure, Peril, & Heroism. Volume 3 by Frederick Whymper This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: The Sea: Its Stirring Story of Adventure, Peril, & Heroism. Volume 3 Author: Frederick Whymper Release Date: April 1, 2012 [Ebook 39343] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SEA: ITS STIRRING STORY OF ADVENTURE, PERIL, & HEROISM. VOLUME 3*** MORGAN’S ATTACK ON GIBRALTAR. THE SEA Its Stirring Story of Adventure, Peril, & Heroism. BY F. WHYMPER, AUTHOR OF “TRAVELS IN ALASKA,” ETC. ivThe Sea: Its Stirring Story of Adventure, Peril, & Heroism. Volume 3 ILLUSTRATED. *** CASSELL,PETTER,GALPIN &CO.: LONDON, PARIS & NEW YORK. [ALL RIGHTS RESERVED] [iii] CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. THE PIRATES AND BUCANIERS. PAGE Who was the First Pirate?—The Society of Bu- 1 caniers—Home of the Freebooters—Rise of the Band—Impecunious Spanish Governors and their Roguery—Great Capture of Spanish Treasure—An Un- just Seizure, but no Redress—Esquemeling’s Narra- tive—Voyage from Havre—“Baptism” of the French Mariners—Other Ceremonies—At Tortuga—Occupied and Reoccupied by French and Spanish—The French West India Company—Esquemeling twice Sold as a Slave—He Joins the Society of Pi- rates—Wild Boars and Savage Mastiffs—How the Wild Dogs came to the Islands—Cruelty of the Planters—A Terrible Case of Retribution—The Mur- derer of a Hundred Slaves—The First Tortugan Pi- rate—Pierre le Grand—A Desperate Attack—Rich Prize Taken—Rapid Spread of Piracy—How the Rovers Armed their Ships—Regulations of their Voy- ages—“No Prey, no Pay”—The richly-laden Vessels of New Spain—The Pearl Fisheries—An Enterprising Pirate—Success and Failure—His Final Surrender CHAPTER II.
    [Show full text]