Torsión De La Serie Por La Trama: El Caso De the Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya

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Torsión De La Serie Por La Trama: El Caso De the Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya Actas – IV Congreso Internacional Latina de Comunicación Social – IV CILCS – Universidad de La Laguna, diciembre 2012 Torsión de la serie por la trama: el caso de The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya Antonio Loriguillo López - Universitat Jaume I de Castellón [email protected] Resumen: Existe a día de hoy una aceptación generalizada de la llamada complex television (Mittel:2006: tramas dislocadas, saltos temporales y universos heterogéneos dentro de ficciones televisivas cada vez más complejas. Este tipo de tratamiento de la trama encuentra especial acomodo en las posibilidades que las series de ficción televisivas ofrecen: la continuidad episódica, la entropía narrativa y falsa nuclearidad han sido las bases sobre la que se alzan los cimientos de series americanas como 24 (J. Surnow y R. Cochran, Fox, 2001-2010) o Perdidos (J. Lieber, J.J. Abrams, D. Lindelof, ABC, 2004-2010). La progresiva introducción de elementos que reclaman la interpretación del espectador no ha pasado desapercibida para los creadores de animación japonesa, los mayores productores de audiovisual comercial para televisión de nuestra era. Nos disponemos a abordar la problemática de la torsión del argumento por la trama (Palao:2007) relacionada con las características del anime comercial contemporáneo mediante uno de los mayores hitos en la animación japonesa para televisión: el caso de The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya (Suzumiya Haruhi no Y ūutsu , Tatsuya Ishihara, Kyoto Animation, Tokyo MX, 2006 y 2009). Mientras que con sus dos temporadas reformuló muchas de las convenciones y condicionantes estructurales de la experiencia televisiva mediante la emisión no lineal de sus episodios, en su salto al celuloide ‒The Disappearance of Haruhi Suzumiya (Suzumiya Haruhi no Sh ōshitsu, Tatsuya Ishihara, Kyoto Animation, 2010) ‒ encontramos desarrollado otro de los rasgos de esta tendencia: la existencia de universos heterogéneos dentro de la ficción. Por último, reflexionamos también sobre las prácticas de consumo derivadas de los avances tecnológicos en relación a este tipo de ficción. Las apariciones del DVD y de Internet nos llevan a reflexionar en última instancia acerca de la noción de Texto barthesiana. Palabras clave: Anime; Ficción televisiva; Trama; Fan Communities; Texto; Narrativa ISBN-13: 978-84-15698-06-7 / D.L.: TF-969-2012 Página 1 Actas on-line: http://www.revistalatinacs.org/12SLCS/2012_actas.html Actas – IV Congreso Internacional Latina de Comunicación Social – IV CILCS – Universidad de La Laguna, diciembre 2012 El espectador/consumidor de medios contemporáneos cuenta en la actualidad con diversas opciones a la hora de destinar su tiempo de ocio hacia el audiovisual. Por un lado, dispone de innumerables productos audiovisuales en los que su participación es del todo accesoria, algo muy conveniente a la cómoda postura de “pasar el tiempo”: Modo de Representación Institucional (Burch) dominante en el caso del cine, grandes seriales televisivos lineales, videojuegos de final inequívoco y navegación por Internet mediante hipervínculos. Son muestras palpables de la vigencia del Paradigma Informativo y del Paradigma Comunicativo en sus dos vertientes: el Modelo Clásico –nos interesan de aquí el cine y la televisión– y el Modelo Reticular – con la hipertextualidad e interactividad que brinda Internet– (Palao, 2011:140). Por otro lado, existe una demanda cada vez más notable de productos audiovisuales más complejos que desafían la acomodada posición de los espectadores: puzzle films (Buckland, 2007), series de televisión donde los flashforward se hacen indiscernibles de los flashback , o visual novels con finales alternativos válidos. Pensar en si este tipo de productos que fuerzan una al espectador a salir de la pasividad habitual pueden llegar a ser tan diferentes a los convencionales –a fin de cuentas lo que intenta el espectador es ordenar el argumento (la historia que se cuenta) y deshacer la confusión establecida por la trama (su articulación textual, Palao, 2007:178)– o en si suponen una forma de entretenimiento más legítima –subyace una cultura de que la recompensa vendrá tras el esfuerzo– es algo que se encuentra fuera de nuestros objetivos 1. Nuestro interés se centrará en estudiar cómo los espectadores contemporáneos, con todas las facilidades que ofrecen las sucesivas realidades tecnológicas (DVD, Blu-ray, Internet) actúan ante la aparición de una serie de televisión voluntariamente confusa desde su emisión. 1. Torsión de la serie por la trama: narrativas postclásicas en televisión No ajena a la experimentación y consolidación de las puzzle films en el panorama cinematográfico contemporáneo y tras décadas de progresiva introducción de nuevos códigos de lectura de ficción televisiva, en el último lustro se ha producido una masiva aceptación por parte de las audiencias a series de televisión americanas que presentan unas tramas que dislocan el argumento de las más diversas formas. Estamos hablando no sólo de «la angustia del flashforward » (Bort, 2011: 54) de Perdidos (Lost , J. Lieber, J.J. Abrams, D. Lindelof, ABC, 2004-2010) 2 o su efímero corolario Flashforward (B. Braga, D. S. Goyer, R. J. Sawyer, ABC, 2010-2011), sino los universos alternativos paralelos en Fringe: Al límite (Fringe , J.J. Abrams, A. Kurtzman, R. 1 Aunque en este punto estamos de acuerdo con Jason Mittel: “Arguably, the pleasures potentially offered by complex narratives are richer and more multifaceted than conventional programming, but value judgments should be tied to individual programs rather than claiming the superiority of an entire narrational mode or genre.” (Mittel, 2006: 29-30) 2 Empleamos para la cita de series televisivas el modelo propuesto por Ivan Bort (2012): Título en español (Título original , Creador, TV: año inicio- año fin). Seguiremos también su modelo para la cita de episodios: #0x00: Título del episodio , Director, TV: año de emisión). ISBN-13: 978-84-15698-06-7 / D.L.: TF-969-2012 Página 2 Actas on-line: http://www.revistalatinacs.org/12SLCS/2012_actas.html Actas – IV Congreso Internacional Latina de Comunicación Social – IV CILCS – Universidad de La Laguna, diciembre 2012 Orci, Fox, 2008-) o la propuesta más audaz de todas en cuanto a juego con las formas televisivas: 24 (J. Surnow y R. Cochran, Fox, 2001-2010). Este tipo de narrativas cruzadas, de múltiples focalizaciones en torno a un mismo suceso al estilo de las películas de González Iñarritu, estructuran algunos de los episodios más estilizados de Breaking Bad (#1x01: Pilot , V. Gillian, AMC: 2008) o de Mad Me n (#5x06: Far Away Places , S. Hornbacher, AMC: 2012), series que no tienen a la innovación formal por seña pero que se han visto influenciadas por esta corriente de complejidad. Lo cierto es que el serial televisivo presenta unas características propias que dotan a las narrativas catódicas de independencia respecto a las innovaciones narrativas cinematográficas que presentan las puzzle films : la continuidad entre episodios (agrupados en entregas o temporadas) y la entropía narrativa y falsa nuclearidad (Bort, 2012). Estos factores únicos hacen de la ficción televisiva un rico ámbito en términos de producción, de recepción y de experimentación. Por ejemplo, nos encontramos comúnmente con episodios que hacen escasas referencias a anteriores entregas de una misma temporada ya que su línea argumental es auto-conclusiva. Es el caso de los denominados standalone episodes que abundan tanto en series dramáticas como House (House, M.D., D. Shore, Fox: 2004-2012) como en sitcom s al estilo de The Office (G. Daniels, NBC: 2005-), y que encuentran su máximo exponente en la franquicia CSI: Crime Scene Investigation . Esto permite que cada episodio tenga la apariencia de ser nuclear en el argumento de la serie, permitiendo así prolongar la duración de ésta en el tiempo 3. Es la aceptación de características como ésta la que permite a las series conseguir un impacto mayor con su transgresión, proveyendo al espectador de nuevas reglas del juego que debe aprender para poder seguir con garantías el argumento, en la línea de las mind-game films: “Mind-game films at the narrative level, offer –with their plot twists and narrational double-takes – a range of strategies that could be summarized by saying that they suspend the common contract between the film and its viewers“ (Elssaesser, 2007: 19-20) Jason Mittel se ha encargado de estudiar con atención este fenómeno en EEUU que él llama complex televisión (Mittel, 2006), cuyo auge asocia a diversos factores. El primero de ellos se debería a una mayor valoración entre los públicos de la complejidad en series que en filmes, en gran parte debido a que puede exprimir todas las ventajas de los seriales: el tiempo para desarrollar situaciones y personajes en profundidad y un control para el creador original que no se tiene en el modelo director-centrista de Hollywood. En segundo 3 La realidad es que la presencia de episodios de relleno es prácticamente unánime en todas las series de ficción y se hacen indispensables por su función catalizadora, incluso en narrativas complejas como Los Soprano (#1x05: College , A. Coulter, HBO: 1999) o la propia Perdidos (#3x13: Exposé , S. Williams, ABC: 2007). ISBN-13: 978-84-15698-06-7 / D.L.: TF-969-2012 Página 3 Actas on-line: http://www.revistalatinacs.org/12SLCS/2012_actas.html Actas – IV Congreso Internacional Latina de Comunicación Social – IV CILCS – Universidad de La Laguna, diciembre 2012 lugar, existe una coyuntura favorable del sistema industrial: la multiplicación de los canales de pago y la consecuente
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